201
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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202
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Kromer JA, Khaledi-Nasab A, Tass PA. Impact of number of stimulation sites on long-lasting desynchronization effects of coordinated reset stimulation. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:083134. [PMID: 32872805 DOI: 10.1063/5.0015196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excessive neuronal synchrony is a hallmark of several neurological disorders, e.g., Parkinson's disease. An established treatment for medically refractory Parkinson's disease is high-frequency deep brain stimulation. However, it provides only acute relief, and symptoms return shortly after cessation of stimulation. A theory-based approach called coordinated reset (CR) has shown great promise in achieving long-lasting effects. During CR stimulation, phase-shifted stimuli are delivered to multiple stimulation sites to counteract neuronal synchrony. Computational studies in plastic neuronal networks reported that synaptic weights reduce during stimulation, which may cause sustained structural changes leading to stabilized desynchronized activity even after stimulation ceases. Corresponding long-lasting effects were found in recent preclinical and clinical studies. We study long-lasting desynchronization by CR stimulation in excitatory recurrent neuronal networks of integrate-and-fire neurons with spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP). We focus on the impact of the stimulation frequency and the number of stimulation sites on long-lasting effects. We compare theoretical predictions to simulations of plastic neuronal networks. Our results are important regarding CR calibration for two reasons. We reveal that long-lasting effects become most pronounced when stimulation parameters are adjusted to the characteristics of STDP-rather than to neuronal frequency characteristics. This is in contrast to previous studies where the CR frequency was adjusted to the dominant neuronal rhythm. In addition, we reveal a nonlinear dependence of long-lasting effects on the number of stimulation sites and the CR frequency. Intriguingly, optimal long-lasting desynchronization does not require larger numbers of stimulation sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justus A Kromer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Ali Khaledi-Nasab
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Peter A Tass
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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203
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Nishioka T, Hamaguchi K, Yawata S, Hikida T, Watanabe D. Chemogenetic Suppression of the Subthalamic Nucleus Induces Attentional Deficits and Impulsive Action in a Five-Choice Serial Reaction Time Task in Mice. Front Syst Neurosci 2020; 14:38. [PMID: 32714157 PMCID: PMC7344274 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2020.00038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The subthalamic nucleus (STN), a key component of the basal ganglia circuitry, receives inputs from broad cerebral cortical areas and relays cortical activity to subcortical structures. Recent human and animal studies have suggested that executive function, which is assumed to consist of a set of different cognitive processes for controlling behavior, depends on precise information processing between the cerebral cortex and subcortical structures, leading to the idea that the STN contains neurons that transmit the information required for cognitive processing through their activity, and is involved in such cognitive control directly and dynamically. On the other hand, the STN activity also affects intracellular signal transduction and gene expression profiles influencing plasticity in other basal ganglia components. The STN may also indirectly contribute to information processing for cognitive control in other brain areas by regulating slower signaling mechanisms. However, the precise correspondence and causal relationship between the STN activity and cognitive processes are not fully understood. To address how the STN activity is involved in cognitive processes for controlling behavior, we applied Designer Receptors Exclusively Activated by Designer Drugs (DREADD)-based chemogenetic manipulation of neural activity to behavioral analysis using a touchscreen operant platform. We subjected mice selectively expressing DREADD receptors in the STN neurons to a five-choice serial reaction time task, which has been developed to quantitatively measure executive function. Chemogenetic suppression of the STN activity reversibly impaired attention, especially required under highly demanding conditions, and increased impulsivity but not compulsivity. These findings, taken together with the results of previous lesion studies, suggest that the STN activity, directly and indirectly, participates in cognitive processing for controlling behavior, and dynamically regulates specific types of subprocesses in cognitive control probably through fast synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadaaki Nishioka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kosuke Hamaguchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yawata
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Dai Watanabe
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
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204
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Off-Peak 594-nm Light Surpasses On-Peak 532-nm Light in Silencing Distant ArchT-Expressing Neurons In Vivo. iScience 2020; 23:101276. [PMID: 32599561 PMCID: PMC7326739 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
For large brain volume manipulations using optogenetics, both effective opsin excitation and efficient light delivery with minimal light absorption are required to minimize the illuminating light intensity and concomitant off-target effects. ArchT, a widely used potent inhibitory opsin, is commonly activated by 532-nm light, which lies on its in vitro excitation peak. However, 532-nm light also lies on a peak range of the hemoglobin absorption spectrum. Therefore, we predicted that 594-nm light is superior in suppressing distant ArchT-expressing neurons, which is slightly off the ArchT-excitation-plateau and largely off the peak of the hemoglobin absorption spectrum. We quantitatively tested this prediction by the electrophysiological recording of the rat cortex in vivo. At illumination distances greater than 500 μm, 594-nm light was more effective than 532-nm light. Its superiority increased with distance. These results validate our prediction and highlight the significance of excitation-absorption trade-off in selecting illumination wavelength for optogenetics in vivo. Wavelength-dependency of optogenetic neuronal control was directly measured in vivo Off-peak light silence 1-mm-distant ArchT-neuron twice more than on-peak light in vivo Superiority of off-peak light at distance arose from its less absorption of light Simulation of light propagation supported unexpectedly large effect of hemoglobin
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205
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Duriez P, Bou Khalil R, Chamoun Y, Maatoug R, Strumila R, Seneque M, Gorwood P, Courtet P, Guillaume S. Brain Stimulation in Eating Disorders: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E2358. [PMID: 32717984 PMCID: PMC7465000 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The management of eating disorders (EDs) is still difficult and few treatments are effective. Recently, several studies have described the important contribution of non-invasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, transcranial direct current stimulation, and electroconvulsive therapy) and invasive brain stimulation (deep brain stimulation and vagal nerve stimulation) for ED management. This review summarizes the available evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in ED. All published studies on brain stimulation in ED as well as ongoing trials registered at clinicaltrials.gov were examined. Articles on neuromodulation research and perspective articles were also included. This analysis indicates that brain stimulation in EDs is still in its infancy. Literature data consist mainly of case reports, cases series, open studies, and only a few randomized controlled trials. Consequently, the evidence supporting the use of brain stimulation in EDs remains weak. Finally, this review discusses future directions in this research domain (e.g., sites of modulation, how to enhance neuromodulation efficacy, personalized protocols).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philibert Duriez
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Rami Bou Khalil
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
| | - Yara Chamoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Hotel Dieu de France- Saint Joseph University, 166830 Beirut, Lebanon; (R.B.K.); (Y.C.)
| | - Redwan Maatoug
- Sorbonne Université, AP-HP, Service de Psychiatrie Adulte de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, Institut du Cerveau, ICM, 75013 Paris, France;
| | - Robertas Strumila
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Psychiatric Clinic, Vilnius University, 03101 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Maude Seneque
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Philip Gorwood
- GHU Paris Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Clinique des Maladies Mentales et de l’Encéphale (CMME), Sainte-Anne Hospital, 75014 Paris, France; (P.D.); (P.G.)
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences of Paris (IPNP), UMR_S1266, INSERM, Université de Paris, 102-108 rue de la Santé, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Philippe Courtet
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
| | - Sébastien Guillaume
- Neuropsychiatry: Epidemiological and Clinical Research, Université Montpellier, INSERM, CHU de Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France; (M.S.); (P.C.)
- Department of Emergency Psychiatry and Post-Acute Care, CHRU Montpellier, 34295 Montpellier, France
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206
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Octeau JC, Gangwani MR, Allam SL, Tran D, Huang S, Hoang-Trong TM, Golshani P, Rumbell TH, Kozloski JR, Khakh BS. Transient, Consequential Increases in Extracellular Potassium Ions Accompany Channelrhodopsin2 Excitation. Cell Rep 2020; 27:2249-2261.e7. [PMID: 31116972 PMCID: PMC6582980 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.04.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Channelrhodopsin2 (ChR2) optogenetic excitation is widely used to study neurons, astrocytes, and circuits. Using complementary approaches in situ and in vivo, we found that ChR2 stimulation leads to significant transient elevation of extracellular potassium ions by ~5 mM. Such elevations were detected in ChR2-expressing mice, following local in vivo expression of ChR2(H134R) with adeno-associated viruses (AAVs), in different brain areas and when ChR2 was expressed in neurons or astrocytes. In particular, ChR2-mediated excitation of striatal astrocytes was sufficient to increase medium spiny neuron (MSN) excitability and immediate early gene expression. The effects on MSN excitability were recapitulated in silico with a computational MSN model and detected in vivo as increased action potential firing in awake, behaving mice. We show that transient, physiologically consequential increases in extracellular potassium ions accompany ChR2 optogenetic excitation. This coincidental effect may be important to consider during astrocyte studies employing ChR2 to interrogate neural circuits and animal behavior. Using multiple approaches, Octeau et al. discover that optogenetic excitation of ChR2-expressing cells leads to significant transient extracellular potassium ion elevations that increase neuronal excitability and immediate early gene expression in neurons following in vivo stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Christopher Octeau
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Mohitkumar R Gangwani
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Sushmita L Allam
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Duy Tran
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Shuhan Huang
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Tuan M Hoang-Trong
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Peyman Golshani
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA
| | - Timothy H Rumbell
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - James R Kozloski
- IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, P.O. Box 218, 1101 Kitchawan Road, Yorktown Heights, NY 10598, USA
| | - Baljit S Khakh
- Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA; Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1751, USA.
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207
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Gong X, Mendoza-Halliday D, Ting JT, Kaiser T, Sun X, Bastos AM, Wimmer RD, Guo B, Chen Q, Zhou Y, Pruner M, Wu CWH, Park D, Deisseroth K, Barak B, Boyden ES, Miller EK, Halassa MM, Fu Z, Bi G, Desimone R, Feng G. An Ultra-Sensitive Step-Function Opsin for Minimally Invasive Optogenetic Stimulation in Mice and Macaques. Neuron 2020; 107:38-51.e8. [PMID: 32353253 PMCID: PMC7351618 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Optogenetics is among the most widely employed techniques to manipulate neuronal activity. However, a major drawback is the need for invasive implantation of optical fibers. To develop a minimally invasive optogenetic method that overcomes this challenge, we engineered a new step-function opsin with ultra-high light sensitivity (SOUL). We show that SOUL can activate neurons located in deep mouse brain regions via transcranial optical stimulation and elicit behavioral changes in SOUL knock-in mice. Moreover, SOUL can be used to modulate neuronal spiking and induce oscillations reversibly in macaque cortex via optical stimulation from outside the dura. By enabling external light delivery, our new opsin offers a minimally invasive tool for manipulating neuronal activity in rodent and primate models with fewer limitations on the depth and size of target brain regions and may further facilitate the development of minimally invasive optogenetic tools for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gong
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Diego Mendoza-Halliday
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Jonathan T Ting
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Human Cell Types, Allen Institute for Brain Science, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Tobias Kaiser
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Xuyun Sun
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; College of Computer Science and Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - André M Bastos
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralf D Wimmer
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Baolin Guo
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Qian Chen
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yang Zhou
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Maxwell Pruner
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Carolyn W-H Wu
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Demian Park
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Karl Deisseroth
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Boaz Barak
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Edward S Boyden
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Earl K Miller
- The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Michael M Halassa
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Zhanyan Fu
- Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Guoqiang Bi
- Center for Integrative Imaging, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China; Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Robert Desimone
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
| | - Guoping Feng
- McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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208
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Men J, Li A, Jerwick J, Li Z, Tanzi RE, Zhou C. Non-invasive red-light optogenetic control of Drosophila cardiac function. Commun Biol 2020; 3:336. [PMID: 32601302 PMCID: PMC7324573 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-1065-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Drosophila is a powerful genetic model system for cardiovascular studies. Recently, optogenetic pacing tools have been developed to control Drosophila heart rhythm noninvasively with blue light, which has a limited penetration depth. Here we developed both a red-light sensitive opsin expressing Drosophila system and an integrated red-light stimulation and optical coherence microscopy (OCM) imaging system. We demonstrated noninvasive control of Drosophila cardiac rhythms using a single light source, including simulated tachycardia in ReaChR-expressing flies and bradycardia and cardiac arrest in halorhodopsin (NpHR)-expressing flies at multiple developmental stages. By using red excitation light, we were able to pace flies at higher efficiency and with lower power than with equivalent blue light excitation systems. The recovery dynamics after red-light stimulation of NpHR flies were observed and quantified. The combination of red-light stimulation, OCM imaging, and transgenic Drosophila systems provides a promising and easily manipulated research platform for noninvasive cardiac optogenetic studies. Men et al. develop an optogenetic pacing tool to control Drosophila heart rhythm noninvasively with red light. Using optical coherence microscopy imaging, they demonstrate effective light-induced tachypacing, bradypacing, and restorable cardiac arrest in transgenic fly models. This study provides a user-friendly research platform for noninvasive cardiac optogenetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Men
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA
| | - Airong Li
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Jason Jerwick
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA
| | - Zilong Li
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Rudolph E Tanzi
- Genetics and Aging Research Unit, McCance Center for Brain Health, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Chao Zhou
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63105, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, 18015, USA.
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209
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Prefrontal - subthalamic pathway supports action selection in a spatial working memory task. Sci Rep 2020; 10:10497. [PMID: 32591609 PMCID: PMC7320162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-67185-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Subthalamic nucleus (STN) is the main source of feed-forward excitation in the basal ganglia and a main target of therapeutic deep brain stimulation in movement disorders. Alleviation of motor symptoms during STN stimulation can be accompanied by deterioration of abilities to quickly choose between conflicting alternatives. Cortical afferents to the subthalamic region (ST), comprising STN and zona incerta (ZI), include projections from the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), yet little is known about prefrontal-subthalamic coordination and its relevance for decision-making. Here we combined electrophysiological recordings with optogenetic manipulations of projections from mPFC to ST in mice as they performed a spatial working memory task (T-maze) or explored an elevated plus maze (anxiety test). We found that gamma oscillations (30–70 Hz) are coordinated between mPFC and ST at theta (5–10 Hz) and, less efficiently, at sub-theta (2–5 Hz) frequencies. An optogenetic detuning of the theta/gamma cross-frequency coupling between the regions into sub-theta range impaired performance in the T-maze, yet did not affect anxiety-related behaviors in the elevated plus maze. Both detuning and inhibition of the mPFC-ST pathway led to repeated incorrect choices in the T-maze. These effects were not associated with changes of anxiety and motor activity measures. Our findings suggest that action selection in a cognitively demanding task crucially involves theta rhythmic coordination of gamma oscillatory signaling in the prefrontal-subthalamic pathway.
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210
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Richardson RT, Ibbotson MR, Thompson AC, Wise AK, Fallon JB. Optical stimulation of neural tissue. Healthc Technol Lett 2020; 7:58-65. [PMID: 32754339 PMCID: PMC7353819 DOI: 10.1049/htl.2019.0114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation has been used for decades in devices such as pacemakers, cochlear implants and more recently for deep brain and retinal stimulation and electroceutical treatment of disease. However, current spread from the electrodes limits the precision of neural activation, leading to a low quality therapeutic outcome or undesired side-effects. Alternative methods of neural stimulation such as optical stimulation offer the potential to deliver higher spatial resolution of neural activation. Direct optical stimulation is possible with infrared light, while visible light can be used to activate neurons if the neural tissue is genetically modified with a light sensitive ion channel. Experimentally, both methods have resulted in highly precise stimulation with little spread of activation at least in the cochlea, each with advantages and disadvantages. Infrared neural stimulation does not require modification of the neural tissue, but has very high power requirements. Optogenetics can achieve precision of activation with lower power, but only in conjunction with targeted insertion of a light sensitive ion channel into the nervous system via gene therapy. This review will examine the advantages and limitations of optical stimulation of neural tissue, using the cochlea as an exemplary model and recent developments for retinal and deep brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Theresa Richardson
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, Melbourne, 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - Michael R Ibbotson
- National Vision Research Institute, Australian College of Optometry, and Department of Optometry and Vision Science, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Andrew K Wise
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, Melbourne, 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Melbourne, 3002, Australia
| | - James B Fallon
- Bionics Institute, Melbourne 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Medical Bionics Department, Melbourne, 3002, Australia.,University of Melbourne, Department of Surgery (Otolaryngology), Melbourne, 3002, Australia
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211
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Internal States Influence the Representation and Modulation of Food Intake by Subthalamic Neurons. Neurosci Bull 2020; 36:1355-1368. [PMID: 32567027 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-020-00533-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective therapy for motor deficits in Parkinson's disease (PD), but commonly causes weight gain in late-phase PD patients probably by increasing feeding motivation. It is unclear how STN neurons represent and modulate feeding behavior in different internal states. In the present study, we found that feeding caused a robust activation of STN neurons in mice (GCaMP6 signal increased by 48.4% ± 7.2%, n = 9, P = 0.0003), and the extent varied with the size, valence, and palatability of food, but not with the repetition of feeding. Interestingly, energy deprivation increased the spontaneous firing rate (8.5 ± 1.5 Hz, n = 17, versus 4.7 ± 0.7 Hz, n = 18, P = 0.03) and the depolarization-induced spikes in STN neurons, as well as enhanced the STN responses to feeding. Optogenetic experiments revealed that stimulation and inhibition of STN neurons respectively reduced (by 11% ± 6%, n = 6, P = 0.02) and enhanced (by 36% ± 15%, n = 7, P = 0.03) food intake only in the dark phase. In conclusion, our results support the hypothesis that STN neurons are activated by feeding behavior, depending on energy homeostatic status and the palatability of food, and modulation of these neurons is sufficient to regulate food intake.
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212
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Menardy F, Varani AP, Combes A, Léna C, Popa D. Functional Alteration of Cerebello-Cerebral Coupling in an Experimental Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:1752-1766. [PMID: 30715237 PMCID: PMC6418382 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhy346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of the midbrain dopaminergic neurons is consistently associated with modified metabolic activity in the cerebellum. Here we examined the functional reorganization taking place in the cerebello-cerebral circuit in a murine model of Parkinson's disease with 6-OHDA lesion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Cerebellar optogenetic stimulations evoked similar movements in control and lesioned mice, suggesting a normal coupling of cerebellum to the motor effectors after the lesion. In freely moving animals, the firing rate in the primary motor cortex was decreased after the lesion, while cerebellar nuclei neurons showed an increased firing rate. This increase may result from reduced inhibitory Purkinje cells inputs, since a population of slow and irregular Purkinje cells was observed in the cerebellar hemispheres of lesioned animals. Moreover, cerebellar stimulations generated smaller electrocortical responses in the motor cortex of lesioned animals suggesting a weaker cerebello-cerebral coupling. Overall these results indicate the presence of functional changes in the cerebello-cerebral circuit, but their ability to correct cortical dysfunction may be limited due to functional uncoupling between the cerebellum and cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabien Menardy
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Andrés Pablo Varani
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Adèle Combes
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Clément Léna
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
| | - Daniela Popa
- Neurophysiology of Brain Circuits Team, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS), Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, INSERM, PSL Research University, Paris, France
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Chen W, de Hemptinne C, Miller AM, Leibbrand M, Little SJ, Lim DA, Larson PS, Starr PA. Prefrontal-Subthalamic Hyperdirect Pathway Modulates Movement Inhibition in Humans. Neuron 2020; 106:579-588.e3. [PMID: 32155442 PMCID: PMC7274135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The ability to dynamically change motor outputs, such as stopping an initiated response, is an important aspect of human behavior. A hyperdirect pathway between the inferior frontal gyrus and subthalamic nucleus is hypothesized to mediate movement inhibition, but there is limited evidence for this in humans. We recorded high spatial and temporal resolution field potentials from both the inferior frontal gyrus and subthalamic nucleus in 21 subjects. Cortical potentials evoked by subthalamic stimulation revealed short latency events indicative of monosynaptic connectivity between the inferior frontal gyrus and ventral subthalamic nucleus. During a stop signal task, stopping-related potentials in the cortex preceded stopping-related activity in the subthalamic nucleus, and synchronization between these task-evoked potentials predicted the stop signal reaction time. Thus, we show that a prefrontal-subthalamic hyperdirect pathway is present in humans and mediates rapid stopping. These findings may inform therapies to treat disorders featuring perturbed movement inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witney Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Coralie de Hemptinne
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Andrew M Miller
- School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | | | - Simon J Little
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Paul S Larson
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
| | - Philip A Starr
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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214
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Li H, McConnell GC. Intraoperative Microelectrode Recordings in Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata in Anesthetized Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:367. [PMID: 32410946 PMCID: PMC7201294 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The Substantia Nigra pars reticulata (SNr) is a promising target for deep brain stimulation (DBS) to treat the gait and postural disturbances in Parkinson’s disease (PD). Positioning the DBS electrode within the SNr is critical for the development of preclinical models of SNr DBS to investigate underlying mechanisms. However, a complete characterization of intraoperative microelectrode recordings in the SNr to guide DBS electrode placement is lacking. In this study, we recorded extracellular single-unit activity in anesthetized rats at multiple locations in the medial SNr (mSNr), lateral SNr (lSNr), and the Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA). Immunohistochemistry and fluorescently dyed electrodes were used to map neural recordings to neuroanatomy. Neural recordings were analyzed in the time domain (i.e., firing rate, interspike interval (ISI) correlation, ISI variance, regularity, spike amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, half-width, asymmetry, and latency) and the frequency domain (i.e., spectral power in frequency bands of interest). Spike amplitude decreased and ISI correlation increased in the mSNr versus the lSNr. Spike amplitude, signal-to-noise ratio, and ISI correlation increased in the VTA versus the mSNr. ISI correlation increased in the VTA versus the lSNr. Spectral power in the VTA increased versus: (1) the mSNr in the 20–30 Hz band and (2) the lSNr in the 20–40 Hz band. No significant differences were observed between structures for any other feature analyzed. Our results shed light on the heterogeneity of the SNr and suggest electrophysiological features to promote precise targeting of SNr subregions during stereotaxic surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
| | - George C McConnell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, United States
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215
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Gundelach LA, Hüser MA, Beutner D, Ruther P, Bruegmann T. Towards the clinical translation of optogenetic skeletal muscle stimulation. Pflugers Arch 2020; 472:527-545. [PMID: 32415463 PMCID: PMC7239821 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-020-02387-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Paralysis is a frequent phenomenon in many diseases, and to date, only functional electrical stimulation (FES) mediated via the innervating nerve can be employed to restore skeletal muscle function in patients. Despite recent progress, FES has several technical limitations and significant side effects. Optogenetic stimulation has been proposed as an alternative, as it may circumvent some of the disadvantages of FES enabling cell type–specific, spatially and temporally precise stimulation of cells expressing light-gated ion channels, commonly Channelrhodopsin2. Two distinct approaches for the restoration of skeletal muscle function with optogenetics have been demonstrated: indirect optogenetic stimulation through the innervating nerve similar to FES and direct optogenetic stimulation of the skeletal muscle. Although both approaches show great promise, both have their limitations and there are several general hurdles that need to be overcome for their translation into clinics. These include successful gene transfer, sustained optogenetic protein expression, and the creation of optically active implantable devices. Herein, a comprehensive summary of the underlying mechanisms of electrical and optogenetic approaches is provided. With this knowledge in mind, we substantiate a detailed discussion of the advantages and limitations of each method. Furthermore, the obstacles in the way of clinical translation of optogenetic stimulation are discussed, and suggestions on how they could be overcome are provided. Finally, four specific examples of pathologies demanding novel therapeutic measures are discussed with a focus on the likelihood of direct versus indirect optogenetic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili A Gundelach
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Marc A Hüser
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Beutner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Patrick Ruther
- Microsystem Materials Laboratory, Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- BrainLinks-BrainTools Cluster of Excellence at the University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tobias Bruegmann
- Institute of Cardiovascular Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany.
- DZHK e.V. (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
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Valverde S, Vandecasteele M, Piette C, Derousseaux W, Gangarossa G, Aristieta Arbelaiz A, Touboul J, Degos B, Venance L. Deep brain stimulation-guided optogenetic rescue of parkinsonian symptoms. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2388. [PMID: 32404907 PMCID: PMC7220902 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16046-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus is a symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease but benefits only to a minority of patients due to stringent eligibility criteria. To investigate new targets for less invasive therapies, we aimed at elucidating key mechanisms supporting deep brain stimulation efficiency. Here, using in vivo electrophysiology, optogenetics, behavioral tasks and mathematical modeling, we found that subthalamic stimulation normalizes pathological hyperactivity of motor cortex pyramidal cells, while concurrently activating somatostatin and inhibiting parvalbumin interneurons. In vivo opto-activation of cortical somatostatin interneurons alleviates motor symptoms in a parkinsonian mouse model. A computational model highlights that a decrease in pyramidal neuron activity induced by DBS or by a stimulation of cortical somatostatin interneurons can restore information processing capabilities. Overall, these results demonstrate that activation of cortical somatostatin interneurons may constitute a less invasive alternative than subthalamic stimulation. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a symptomatic treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) that benefits only a minority of patients. Here, the authors show that activation of cortical somatostatin interneurons alleviates motor symptoms in a mouse model of PD and may constitute a less invasive alternative than DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Valverde
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vandecasteele
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Piette
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France.,Department of Mathematics and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Willy Derousseaux
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Giuseppe Gangarossa
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Asier Aristieta Arbelaiz
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jonathan Touboul
- Department of Mathematics and Volen National Center for Complex Systems, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Bertrand Degos
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France.,Department of Neurology, Avicenne University Hospital, Sorbonne Paris Nord University, 93009, Bobigny, France
| | - Laurent Venance
- Dynamics and Pathophysiology of Neuronal Networks Team, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, CNRS UMR7241/INSERM U1050, MemoLife Labex, 75005, Paris, France.
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217
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Bucurenciu I, Staack AM, Gharabaghi A, Steinhoff BJ. High-frequency electrical stimulation of the anterior thalamic nuclei increases vigilance in epilepsy patients during relaxed and drowsy wakefulness. Epilepsia 2020; 61:1174-1182. [PMID: 32385944 DOI: 10.1111/epi.16514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of anterior thalamic nuclei (ANT) reduces the frequency and intensity of focal and focal to bilateral tonic-clonic epileptic seizures. We investigated the impact of high-frequency ANT-DBS on vigilance in epilepsy patients during relaxed and drowsy wakefulness, to better understand the effects and the mechanisms of action of this intervention in humans. METHODS Four patients with different structural epileptic pathologies were included in this retrospective case-cohort study. Short- and long-term electroencephalography (EEG) was used to determine states of relaxed or drowsy wakefulness and the vigilance changes during stimulation-on and stimulation-off intervals. RESULTS In relaxed, wakeful patients with eyes closed, the eyelid artifact rate increased acutely and reproducibly during stimulation-on intervals, suggesting an enhanced vigilance. This effect was accompanied by a slight acceleration of the alpha rhythm. In drowsy patients with eyes closed, stimulation generated acutely and reproducibly alpha rhythms, similar to the paradoxical alpha activation during eyes opening. The occurrence of the alpha rhythms reflected an increase in the vigilance of the drowsy subjects during ANT-DBS. SIGNIFICANCE This is the first demonstration that ANT-DBS increases the vigilance of wakeful epilepsy patients. Our results deliver circumstantial evidence that high-frequency ANT-DBS activates thalamocortical connections that promote wakefulness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Alireza Gharabaghi
- Division of Functional and Restorative Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Eberhard-Karls University Hospital, Tübingen, Germany
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218
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Meier JM, van der Burgh HK, Nitert AD, Bede P, de Lange SC, Hardiman O, van den Berg LH, van den Heuvel MP. Connectome-Based Propagation Model in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2020; 87:725-738. [PMID: 32072667 PMCID: PMC7186838 DOI: 10.1002/ana.25706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Clinical trials in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) continue to rely on survival or functional scales as endpoints, despite the emergence of quantitative biomarkers. Neuroimaging-based biomarkers in ALS have been shown to detect ALS-associated pathology in vivo, although anatomical patterns of disease spread are poorly characterized. The objective of this study is to simulate disease propagation using network analyses of cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data to predict disease progression. METHODS Using brain networks of ALS patients (n = 208) and matched controls across longitudinal time points, network-based statistics unraveled progressive network degeneration originating from the motor cortex and expanding in a spatiotemporal manner. We applied a computational model to the MRI scan of patients to simulate this progressive network degeneration. Simulated aggregation levels at the group and individual level were validated with empirical impairment observed at later time points of white matter and clinical decline using both internal and external datasets. RESULTS We observe that computer-simulated aggregation levels mimic true disease patterns in ALS patients. Simulated patterns of involvement across cortical areas show significant overlap with the patterns of empirically impaired brain regions on later scans, at both group and individual levels. These findings are validated using an external longitudinal dataset of 30 patients. INTERPRETATION Our results are in accordance with established pathological staging systems and may have implications for patient stratification in future clinical trials. Our results demonstrate the utility of computational models in ALS to predict disease progression and underscore their potential as a prognostic biomarker. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:725-738.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jil M. Meier
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Hannelore K. van der Burgh
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Abram D. Nitert
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Peter Bede
- Computational Neuroimaging GroupTrinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of NeurologyPitié‐Salpêtrière University HospitalParisFrance
- Biomedical Imaging Laboratory, Sorbonne University, National Center for Scientific ResearchNational Institute of Health and Medical ResearchParisFrance
| | - Siemon C. de Lange
- Dutch Connectome Lab, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceFree University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
| | - Orla Hardiman
- Academic Unit of Neurology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublinIreland
- Department of NeurologyBeaumont HospitalDublinIreland
| | - Leonard H. van den Berg
- Department of Neurology, UMC Utrecht Brain CenterUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtthe Netherlands
| | - Martijn P. van den Heuvel
- Dutch Connectome Lab, Center for Neurogenomics and Cognitive Research, Amsterdam NeuroscienceFree University AmsterdamAmsterdamthe Netherlands
- Department of Clinical GeneticsAmsterdam University Medical CenterAmsterdamthe Netherlands
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Abstract
The search for more effective treatments for depression is a long-standing primary objective in both psychiatry and translational neuroscience. From initial models centered on neurochemical deficits, such as the monoamine hypothesis, research toward this goal has shifted toward a focus on network and circuit models to explain how key nodes in the limbic system and beyond interact to produce persistent shifts in affective states. To build these models, researchers have turned to two complementary approaches: neuroimaging studies in human patients (and their healthy counterparts) and neurophysiology studies in animal models, facilitated in large part by optogenetic and chemogenetic techniques. As the authors discuss, functional neuroimaging studies in humans have included largely task-oriented experiments, which have identified brain regions differentially activated during processing of affective stimuli, and resting-state functional MRI experiments, which have identified brain-wide networks altered in depressive states. Future work in this area will build on a multisite approach, assembling large data sets across diverse populations, and will also leverage the statistical power afforded by longitudinal imaging studies in patient samples. Translational studies in rodents have used optogenetic and chemogenetic tools to identify not just nodes but also connections within the networks of the limbic system that are both critical and permissive for the expression of motivated behavior and affective phenotypes. Future studies in this area will exploit mesoscale imaging and multisite electrophysiology recordings to construct network models with cell-type specificity and high statistical power, identifying candidate circuit and molecular pathways for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Spellman
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York
| | - Conor Liston
- Department of Psychiatry and Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York
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220
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Frequency-Specific Optogenetic Deep Brain Stimulation of Subthalamic Nucleus Improves Parkinsonian Motor Behaviors. J Neurosci 2020; 40:4323-4334. [PMID: 32312888 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3071-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) is an effective therapy for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the neural elements mediating symptom relief are unclear. A previous study concluded that direct optogenetic activation of STN neurons was neither necessary nor sufficient for relief of parkinsonian symptoms. However, the kinetics of the channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) used for cell-specific activation are too slow to follow the high rates required for effective DBS, and thus the contribution of activation of STN neurons to the therapeutic effects of DBS remains unclear. We quantified the behavioral and neuronal effects of optogenetic STN DBS in female rats following unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion using an ultrafast opsin (Chronos). Optogenetic STN DBS at 130 pulses per second (pps) reduced pathologic circling and ameliorated deficits in forelimb stepping similarly to electrical DBS, while optogenetic STN DBS with ChR2 did not produce behavioral effects. As with electrical DBS, optogenetic STN DBS exhibited a strong dependence on stimulation rate; high rates produced symptom relief while low rates were ineffective. High-rate optogenetic DBS generated both increases and decreases in firing rates of single neurons in STN, globus pallidus externa (GPe), and substantia nigra pars reticular (SNr), and disrupted β band oscillatory activity in STN and SNr. High-rate optogenetic STN DBS can indeed ameliorate parkinsonian motor symptoms through reduction of abnormal oscillatory activity in the STN-associated neural circuit, and these results highlight that the kinetic properties of opsins have a strong influence on the effects of optogenetic stimulation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whether STN local cells contribute to the therapeutic effects of subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS) in Parkinson's disease (PD) remains unclear. We re-examined the role of STN local cells in mediating the symptom-relieving effects of STN DBS using cell type-specific optogenetic stimulation with a much faster opsin, Chronos. Direct optogenetic stimulation of STN neurons was effective in treating the symptoms of parkinsonism in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) lesion rat. These results highlight that the kinetic properties of opsins can have a strong influence on the effects of optogenetic activation/inhibition and must be considered when employing optogenetic to study high-rate neural stimulation.
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Reversal of hyperactive subthalamic circuits differentially mitigates pain hypersensitivity phenotypes in parkinsonian mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:10045-10054. [PMID: 32312820 PMCID: PMC7211985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916263117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatments for pain symptoms in patients with Parkinson’s disease (PD) show inconsistent efficacy across clinical trials, largely owing to our limited understanding of the mechanisms underlying PD pain. Here, we demonstrate that overactivation of subthalamic nucleus (STN) neurons and their projections is adequate to produce a pain hypersensitivity phenotype, and that such overactivation is essential for the hypersensitivity in pain processing pathways and the maintenance of pain hypersensitivity observed in parkinsonian mice. These results suggest that inhibition of STN neurons may be a potential therapeutic strategy for pain relief in PD. Our finding that individual STN projections differentially regulate mechanical and thermal pain thresholds raises the possibility that individual STN projections may be optimal therapeutic targets for different pain phenotypes. Although pain is a prevalent nonmotor symptom in Parkinson’s disease (PD), it is undertreated, in part because of our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Considering that the basal ganglia are implicated in pain sensation, and that their synaptic outputs are controlled by the subthalamic nucleus (STN), we hypothesized that the STN might play a critical role in parkinsonian pain hypersensitivity. To test this hypothesis, we established a unilateral parkinsonian mouse model with moderate lesions of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The mice displayed pain hypersensitivity and neuronal hyperactivity in the ipsilesional STN and in central pain-processing nuclei. Optogenetic inhibition of STN neurons reversed pain hypersensitivity phenotypes in parkinsonian mice, while hyperactivity in the STN was sufficient to induce pain hypersensitivity in control mice. We further demonstrated that the STN differentially regulates thermal and mechanical pain thresholds through its projections to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) and the internal segment of the globus pallidus (GPi)/ventral pallidum (VP), respectively. Interestingly, optogenetic inhibition of STN-GPi/STN-VP and STN-SNr projections differentially elevated mechanical and thermal pain thresholds in parkinsonian mice. In summary, our results support the hypothesis that the STN and its divergent projections play critical roles in modulating pain processing under both physiological and parkinsonian conditions, and suggest that inhibition of individual STN projections may be a therapeutic strategy to relieve distinct pain phenotypes in PD.
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Full activation pattern mapping by simultaneous deep brain stimulation and fMRI with graphene fiber electrodes. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1788. [PMID: 32286290 PMCID: PMC7156737 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15570-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous deep brain stimulation (DBS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) constitutes a powerful tool for elucidating brain functional connectivity, and exploring neuromodulatory mechanisms of DBS therapies. Previous DBS-fMRI studies could not provide full activation pattern maps due to poor MRI compatibility of the DBS electrodes, which caused obstruction of large brain areas on MRI scans. Here, we fabricate graphene fiber (GF) electrodes with high charge-injection-capacity and little-to-no MRI artifact at 9.4T. DBS-fMRI with GF electrodes at the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in Parkinsonian rats reveal robust blood-oxygenation-level-dependent responses along the basal ganglia-thalamocortical network in a frequency-dependent manner, with responses from some regions not previously detectable. This full map indicates that STN-DBS modulates both motor and non-motor pathways, possibly through orthodromic and antidromic signal propagation. With the capability for full, unbiased activation pattern mapping, DBS-fMRI using GF electrodes can provide important insights into DBS therapeutic mechanisms in various neurological disorders. Combination of fMRI and deep brain stimulation (DBS) allows for large-scale mapping of brain responses to DBS. Here the authors develop highly MRI compatible graphene fiber electrodes for full brain activation pattern mapping under DBS in Parkinsonian rats.
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Bahuguna J, Sahasranamam A, Kumar A. Uncoupling the roles of firing rates and spike bursts in shaping the STN-GPe beta band oscillations. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007748. [PMID: 32226014 PMCID: PMC7145269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The excess of 15-30 Hz (β-band) oscillations in the basal ganglia is one of the key signatures of Parkinson's disease (PD). The STN-GPe network is integral to generation and modulation of β band oscillations in basal ganglia. However, the role of changes in the firing rates and spike bursting of STN and GPe neurons in shaping these oscillations has remained unclear. In order to uncouple their effects, we studied the dynamics of STN-GPe network using numerical simulations. In particular, we used a neuron model, in which firing rates and spike bursting can be independently controlled. Using this model, we found that while STN firing rate is predictive of oscillations, GPe firing rate is not. The effect of spike bursting in STN and GPe neurons was state-dependent. That is, only when the network was operating in a state close to the border of oscillatory and non-oscillatory regimes, spike bursting had a qualitative effect on the β band oscillations. In these network states, an increase in GPe bursting enhanced the oscillations whereas an equivalent proportion of spike bursting in STN suppressed the oscillations. These results provide new insights into the mechanisms underlying the transient β bursts and how duration and power of β band oscillations may be controlled by an interplay of GPe and STN firing rates and spike bursts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyotika Bahuguna
- Aix Marseille University, Institute for Systems Neuroscience, Marseille, France
- * E-mail: (JB); (AK)
| | | | - Arvind Kumar
- Department of Computational Science and Technology, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail: (JB); (AK)
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Ramirez-Zamora A, Giordano J, Gunduz A, Alcantara J, Cagle JN, Cernera S, Difuntorum P, Eisinger RS, Gomez J, Long S, Parks B, Wong JK, Chiu S, Patel B, Grill WM, Walker HC, Little SJ, Gilron R, Tinkhauser G, Thevathasan W, Sinclair NC, Lozano AM, Foltynie T, Fasano A, Sheth SA, Scangos K, Sanger TD, Miller J, Brumback AC, Rajasethupathy P, McIntyre C, Schlachter L, Suthana N, Kubu C, Sankary LR, Herrera-Ferrá K, Goetz S, Cheeran B, Steinke GK, Hess C, Almeida L, Deeb W, Foote KD, Okun MS. Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Deep Brain Stimulation Think Tank: Advances in Neurophysiology, Adaptive DBS, Virtual Reality, Neuroethics and Technology. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:54. [PMID: 32292333 PMCID: PMC7134196 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The Seventh Annual Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) Think Tank held on September 8th of 2019 addressed the most current: (1) use and utility of complex neurophysiological signals for development of adaptive neurostimulation to improve clinical outcomes; (2) Advancements in recent neuromodulation techniques to treat neuropsychiatric disorders; (3) New developments in optogenetics and DBS; (4) The use of augmented Virtual reality (VR) and neuromodulation; (5) commercially available technologies; and (6) ethical issues arising in and from research and use of DBS. These advances serve as both "markers of progress" and challenges and opportunities for ongoing address, engagement, and deliberation as we move to improve the functional capabilities and translational value of DBS. It is in this light that these proceedings are presented to inform the field and initiate ongoing discourse. As consistent with the intent, and spirit of this, and prior DBS Think Tanks, the overarching goal is to continue to develop multidisciplinary collaborations to rapidly advance the field and ultimately improve patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Ramirez-Zamora
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - James Giordano
- Departments of Neurology and Biochemistry, and Neuroethics Studies Program—Pellegrino Center for Clinical Bioethics, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Aysegul Gunduz
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jose Alcantara
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Jackson N. Cagle
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Stephanie Cernera
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Parker Difuntorum
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Robert S. Eisinger
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Julieth Gomez
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Sarah Long
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Brandon Parks
- J. Crayton Pruitt Family Department of Biomedical Engineering, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Joshua K. Wong
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Shannon Chiu
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Bhavana Patel
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Harrison C. Walker
- Department of Neurology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, United States
| | - Simon J. Little
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Ro’ee Gilron
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurological Surgery, Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gerd Tinkhauser
- Department of Neurology, Bern University Hospital and the University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wesley Thevathasan
- Department of Neurology, The Royal Melbourne and Austin Hospitals, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Nicholas C. Sinclair
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Bionics Institute, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Andres M. Lozano
- Department of Surgery, Division of Neurosurgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Thomas Foltynie
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alfonso Fasano
- Edmond J. Safra Program in Parkinson’s Disease, Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Clinic, Toronto Western Hospital, UHN, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurology, University of Toronto, Krembil Brain Institute, Center for Advancing Neurotechnological Innovation to Application (CRANIA), Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sameer A. Sheth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Katherine Scangos
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Terence D. Sanger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Neurology, Biokinesiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Jonathan Miller
- Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Audrey C. Brumback
- Departments of Neurology and Pediatrics at Dell Medical School and the Center for Learning and Memory, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
| | - Priya Rajasethupathy
- Laboratory for Neural Dynamics and Cognition, Rockefeller University, New York, NY, United States
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Cameron McIntyre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Leslie Schlachter
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Health System, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nanthia Suthana
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Cynthia Kubu
- Department of Neurology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Lauren R. Sankary
- Center for Bioethics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | | | - Steven Goetz
- Medtronic Neuromodulation, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Binith Cheeran
- Neuromodulation Division, Abbott, Plano, TX, United States
| | - G. Karl Steinke
- Boston Scientific Neuromodulation, Valencia, CA, United States
| | - Christopher Hess
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Leonardo Almeida
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Wissam Deeb
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Kelly D. Foote
- Department of Neurosurgery, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Center for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Michael S. Okun
- Department of Neurology, Norman Fixel Institute for Neurological Diseases, Program for Movement Disorders and Neurorestoration, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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225
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The globus pallidus orchestrates abnormal network dynamics in a model of Parkinsonism. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1570. [PMID: 32218441 PMCID: PMC7099038 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15352-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The dynamical properties of cortico-basal ganglia (CBG) circuits are dramatically altered following the loss of dopamine in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The neural circuit dysfunctions associated with PD include spike-rate alteration concomitant with excessive oscillatory spike-synchronization in the beta frequency range (12–30 Hz). Which neuronal circuits orchestrate and propagate these abnormal neural dynamics in CBG remains unknown. In this work, we combine in vivo electrophysiological recordings with advanced optogenetic manipulations in normal and 6-OHDA rats to shed light on the mechanistic principle underlying circuit dysfunction in PD. Our results show that abnormal neural dynamics present in a rat model of PD do not rely on cortical or subthalamic nucleus activity but critically dependent on globus pallidus (GP) integrity. Our findings highlight the pivotal role played by the GP which operates as a hub nucleus capable of orchestrating firing rate and synchronization changes across CBG circuits both in normal and pathological conditions. Oscillatory changes between basal ganglia nuclei occur in Parkinson’s disease. Here the authors determine that the globus pallidus is the source of beta oscillation generation in a rodent model of the disease.
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226
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Lehto LJ, Canna A, Wu L, Sierra A, Zhurakovskaya E, Ma J, Pearce C, Shaio M, Filip P, Johnson MD, Low WC, Gröhn O, Tanila H, Mangia S, Michaeli S. Orientation selective deep brain stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in rats. Neuroimage 2020; 213:116750. [PMID: 32198048 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an important tool in the management of a wide spectrum of diseases in neurology and psychiatry. Target selection is a vital aspect of DBS so that only the desired areas are stimulated. Segmented leads and current steering have been shown to be promising additions to DBS technology enabling better control of the stimulating electric field. Recently introduced orientation selective DBS (OS-DBS) is a related development permitting sensitization of the stimulus to axonal pathways with different orientations by freely controlling the primary direction of the electric field using multiple contacts. Here, we used OS-DBS to stimulate the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in healthy rats while simultaneously monitoring the induced brain activity with fMRI. Maximal activation of the sensorimotor and basal ganglia-thalamocortical networks was observed when the electric field was aligned mediolaterally in the STN pointing in the lateral direction, while no cortical activation was observed with the electric field pointing medially to the opposite direction. Such findings are consistent with mediolateral main direction of the STN fibers, as seen with high resolution diffusion imaging and histology. The asymmetry of the OS-DBS dipolar field distribution using three contacts along with the potential stimulation of the internal capsule, are also discussed. We conclude that OS-DBS offers an additional degree of flexibility for optimization of DBS of the STN which may enable a better treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauri J Lehto
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Antonietta Canna
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, Scuola Medica Salernitana, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Lin Wu
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Zhurakovskaya
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jun Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Clairice Pearce
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Maple Shaio
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Pavel Filip
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA; First Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University and University Hospital of St. Anne, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Matthew D Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Walter C Low
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Olli Gröhn
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heikki Tanila
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Silvia Mangia
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Shalom Michaeli
- Center for Magnetic Resonance Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.
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227
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Latency of subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation-evoked cortical activity as a potential biomarker for postoperative motor side effects. Clin Neurophysiol 2020; 131:1221-1229. [PMID: 32299006 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2020.02.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Revised: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, we investigate whether cortical activation predicts motor side effects of deep brain stimulation (DBS) and whether these potential biomarkers have utility under general anesthesia. METHODS We recorded scalp potentials elicited by DBS during surgery (n = 11), both awake and under general anesthesia, and in an independent ambulatory cohort (n = 8). Across a range of stimulus configurations, we measured the amplitude and timing of short- and long-latency response components and linked them to motor side effects. RESULTS Regardless of anesthesia state, in both cohorts, DBS settings with capsular side effects elicited early responses with peak latencies clustering at <1 ms. This early response was preserved under anesthesia in all participants (11/11). In contrast, the long-latency components were suppressed completely in 6/11 participants. Finally, the latency of the earliest response could predict the presence of postoperative motor side effects both awake and under general anesthesia (84.8% and 75.8% accuracy, awake and under anesthesia, respectively). CONCLUSION DBS elicits short-latency cortical activation, both awake and under general anesthesia, which appears to reveal interactions between the stimulus and the corticospinal tract. SIGNIFICANCE Short-latency evoked cortical activity can potentially be used to aid both DBS lead placement and post-operative programming.
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228
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Krylov D, Dylov DV, Rosenblum M. Reinforcement learning for suppression of collective activity in oscillatory ensembles. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2020; 30:033126. [PMID: 32237778 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We present the use of modern machine learning approaches to suppress self-sustained collective oscillations typically signaled by ensembles of degenerative neurons in the brain. The proposed hybrid model relies on two major components: an environment of oscillators and a policy-based reinforcement learning block. We report a model-agnostic synchrony control based on proximal policy optimization and two artificial neural networks in an Actor-Critic configuration. A class of physically meaningful reward functions enabling the suppression of collective oscillatory mode is proposed. The synchrony suppression is demonstrated for two models of neuronal populations-for the ensembles of globally coupled limit-cycle Bonhoeffer-van der Pol oscillators and for the bursting Hindmarsh-Rose neurons using rectangular and charge-balanced stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitrii Krylov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy blvd. 30/1, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Dmitry V Dylov
- Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Bolshoy blvd. 30/1, Moscow 121205, Russia
| | - Michael Rosenblum
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24/25, 14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
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229
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Lu CW, Malaga KA, Chou KL, Chestek CA, Patil PG. High density microelectrode recording predicts span of therapeutic tissue activation volumes in subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson disease. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:412-419. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
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230
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Goodman WK, Storch EA, Cohn JF, Sheth SA. Deep Brain Stimulation for Intractable Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Progress and Opportunities. Am J Psychiatry 2020; 177:200-203. [PMID: 32114787 PMCID: PMC7239379 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne K Goodman
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Goodman, Storch); the Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh (Cohn); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Sheth)
| | - Eric A Storch
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Goodman, Storch); the Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh (Cohn); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Sheth)
| | - Jeffrey F Cohn
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Goodman, Storch); the Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh (Cohn); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Sheth)
| | - Sameer A Sheth
- From the Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Goodman, Storch); the Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh (Cohn); and the Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston (Sheth)
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231
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Spierling S, de Guglielmo G, Kirson D, Kreisler A, Roberto M, George O, Zorrilla EP. Insula to ventral striatal projections mediate compulsive eating produced by intermittent access to palatable food. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:579-588. [PMID: 31593982 PMCID: PMC7021713 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-019-0538-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Compulsive eating characterizes many binge-related eating disorders, yet its neurobiological basis is poorly understood. The insular cortex subserves visceral-emotional functions, including taste processing, and is implicated in drug craving and relapse. Here, via optoinhibition, we implicate projections from the anterior insular cortex to the nucleus accumbens as modulating highly compulsive-like food self-administration behaviors that result from intermittent access to a palatable, high-sucrose diet. We identified compulsive-like eating behavior in female rats through progressive ratio schedule self-administration and punishment-resistant responding, food reward tolerance and escalation of intake through 24-h energy intake and fixed-ratio operant self-administration sessions, and withdrawal-like irritability through the bottle brush test. We also identified an endocrine profile of heightened GLP-1 and PP but lower ghrelin that differentiated rats with the most compulsive-like eating behavior. Measures of compulsive eating severity also directly correlated to leptin, body weight and adiposity. Collectively, this novel model of compulsive-like eating symptoms demonstrates adaptations in insula-ventral striatal circuitry and metabolic regulatory hormones that warrant further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Spierling
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Giordano de Guglielmo
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Dean Kirson
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alison Kreisler
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Marisa Roberto
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eric P Zorrilla
- Department of Neuroscience, The Scripps Research Institute, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550N. Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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232
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The role of coupling connections in a model of the cortico-basal ganglia-thalamocortical neural loop for the generation of beta oscillations. Neural Netw 2020; 123:381-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neunet.2019.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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233
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Imayoshi I, Tabuchi S, Matsumoto M, Kitano S, Miyachi H, Kageyama R, Yamanaka A. Light-induced silencing of neural activity in Rosa26 knock-in and BAC transgenic mice conditionally expressing the microbial halorhodopsin eNpHR3. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3191. [PMID: 32081938 PMCID: PMC7035371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59984-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An engineered light-inducible chloride pump, Natronomonas pharaonis halorhodopsin 3 (eNpHR3) enables temporally and spatially precise inhibition of genetically defined cell populations in the intact nervous tissues. In this report, we show the generation of new mouse strains that express eNpHR3-EYFP fusion proteins after Cre- and/or Flp-mediated recombination to optically inhibit neuronal activity. In these mouse strains, Cre/Flp recombination induced high levels of opsin expression. We confirmed their light-induced activities by brain slice whole-cell patch clamp experiments. eNpHR3-expressing neurons were optically hyperpolarized and silenced from firing action potentials. In prolonged silencing of action potentials, eNpHR3 was superior to eNpHR2, a former version of the engineered pump. Thus, these eNpHR3 mouse strains offer reliable genetic tools for light-induced inhibiting of neuronal activity in defined sets of neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itaru Imayoshi
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Sawako Tabuchi
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Mami Matsumoto
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Satsuki Kitano
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Miyachi
- Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Ryoichiro Kageyama
- Research Center for Dynamic Living Systems, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. .,World Premier International Research Initiative-Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiro Yamanaka
- Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
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234
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Direct Activation of Primary Motor Cortex during Subthalamic But Not Pallidal Deep Brain Stimulation. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2166-2177. [PMID: 32019827 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2480-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) and globus pallidus internus (GPi) is an effective treatment for parkinsonian motor signs. Though its therapeutic mechanisms remain unclear, it has been suggested that antidromic activation of the primary motor cortex (M1) plays a significant role in mediating its therapeutic effects. This study tested the hypothesis that antidromic activation of M1 is a prominent feature underlying the therapeutic effect of STN and GPi DBS. Single-unit activity in M1 was recorded using high-density microelectrode arrays in two parkinsonian nonhuman primates each implanted with DBS leads targeting the STN and GPi. Stimulation in each DBS target had similar therapeutic effects, however, antidromic activation of M1 was only observed during STN DBS. Although both animals undergoing STN DBS had similar beneficial effects, the proportion of antidromic-classified cells in each differed, 30 versus 6%. Over 4 h of continuous STN DBS, antidromic activation became less robust, whereas therapeutic benefits were maintained. Although antidromic activation waned over time, synchronization of spontaneous spiking in M1 was significantly reduced throughout the 4 h. Although we cannot discount the potential therapeutic role of antidromic M1 activation at least in the acute phase of STN DBS, the difference in observed antidromic activation between animals, and target sites, raise questions about its hypothesized role as the primary mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DBS. These results lend further support that reductions in synchronization at the level of M1 are an important factor in the therapeutic effects of DBS.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Recently there has been great interest and debate regarding the potential role of motor cortical activation in the therapeutic mechanisms of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for Parkinson's disease. In this study we used chronically implanted high density microelectrode arrays in primary motor cortex (M1) to record neuronal population responses in parkinsonian nonhuman primates during subthalamic nucleus (STN) DBS and globus pallidus internus (GPi) DBS. Our results suggest a contribution of antidromic activation of M1 during STN DBS in disrupting synchronization in cortical neuronal populations; however, diminishing antidromic activity over time, and differences in observed antidromic activation between animals and target sites with antidromic activation not observed during GPi DBS, raise questions about its role as the primary mechanism underlying the therapeutic effect of DBS.
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235
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Complementary Control over Habits and Behavioral Vigor by Phasic Activity in the Dorsolateral Striatum. J Neurosci 2020; 40:2139-2153. [PMID: 31969469 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1313-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite clear evidence linking the basal ganglia to the control of outcome insensitivity (i.e., habit) and behavioral vigor (i.e., its behavioral speed/fluidity), it remains unclear whether or how these functions relate to one another. Here, using male Long-Evans rats in response-based and cue-based maze-running tasks, we demonstrate that phasic dorsolateral striatum (DLS) activity occurring at the onset of a learned behavior regulates how vigorous and habitual it is. In a response-based task, brief optogenetic excitation at the onset of runs decreased run duration and the occurrence of deliberative behaviors, whereas midrun stimulation carried little effect. Outcome devaluation showed these runs to be habitual. DLS inhibition at run start did not produce robust effects on behavior until after outcome devaluation. At that time, when the DLS was plausibly most critically required for performance (i.e., habitual), inhibition reduced performance vigor measures and caused a dramatic loss of habitual responding (i.e., animals quit the task). In a second cue-based "beacon" task requiring behavior initiation at the start of the run and again in the middle of the run, DLS excitation at both time points could improve the vigor of runs. Postdevaluation testing showed behavior on the beacon task to be habitual as well. This pattern of results suggests that one role for phasic DLS activity at behavior initiation is to promote the execution of the behavior in a vigorous and habitual fashion by a diverse set of measures.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Our research expands the literature twofold. First, we find that features of a habitual behavior that are typically studied separately (i.e., maze response performance, deliberation movements, running vigor, and outcome insensitivity) are quite closely linked together. Second, efforts have been made to understand "what" the dorsolateral striatum (DLS) does for habitual behavior, and our research provides a key set of results showing "when" it is important (i.e., at behavior initiation). By showing such dramatic control over habits by DLS activity in a phasic time window, plausible real-world applications could involve more informed DLS perturbations to curb intractably problematic habits.
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Hirbec H, Déglon N, Foo LC, Goshen I, Grutzendler J, Hangen E, Kreisel T, Linck N, Muffat J, Regio S, Rion S, Escartin C. Emerging technologies to study glial cells. Glia 2020; 68:1692-1728. [PMID: 31958188 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Development, physiological functions, and pathologies of the brain depend on tight interactions between neurons and different types of glial cells, such as astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and oligodendrocyte precursor cells. Assessing the relative contribution of different glial cell types is required for the full understanding of brain function and dysfunction. Over the recent years, several technological breakthroughs were achieved, allowing "glio-scientists" to address new challenging biological questions. These technical developments make it possible to study the roles of specific cell types with medium or high-content workflows and perform fine analysis of their mutual interactions in a preserved environment. This review illustrates the potency of several cutting-edge experimental approaches (advanced cell cultures, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived human glial cells, viral vectors, in situ glia imaging, opto- and chemogenetic approaches, and high-content molecular analysis) to unravel the role of glial cells in specific brain functions or diseases. It also illustrates the translation of some techniques to the clinics, to monitor glial cells in patients, through specific brain imaging methods. The advantages, pitfalls, and future developments are discussed for each technique, and selected examples are provided to illustrate how specific "gliobiological" questions can now be tackled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Hirbec
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicole Déglon
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lynette C Foo
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Inbal Goshen
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jaime Grutzendler
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Emilie Hangen
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Tirzah Kreisel
- Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Nathalie Linck
- Institute for Functional Genomics (IGF), University of Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Muffat
- Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, and Department of Molecular Genetics, The University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sara Regio
- Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Laboratory of Neurotherapies and Neuromodulation, Neuroscience Research Center, Lausanne University Hospital and University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sybille Rion
- Neuroimmunology and Neurodegeneration Section, The Neuroscience and Rare Diseases Discovery and Translational Area, F. Hoffman-La Roche, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carole Escartin
- Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives, Département de la Recherche Fondamentale, Institut de Biologie François Jacob, MIRCen, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Neurodegenerative Diseases Laboratory, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, UMR 9199, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
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Takeuchi Y, Berényi A. Oscillotherapeutics - Time-targeted interventions in epilepsy and beyond. Neurosci Res 2020; 152:87-107. [PMID: 31954733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Oscillatory brain activities support many physiological functions from motor control to cognition. Disruptions of the normal oscillatory brain activities are commonly observed in neurological and psychiatric disorders including epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, schizophrenia, anxiety/trauma-related disorders, major depressive disorders, and drug addiction. Therefore, these disorders can be considered as common oscillation defects despite having distinct behavioral manifestations and genetic causes. Recent technical advances of neuronal activity recording and analysis have allowed us to study the pathological oscillations of each disorder as a possible biomarker of symptoms. Furthermore, recent advances in brain stimulation technologies enable time- and space-targeted interventions of the pathological oscillations of both neurological disorders and psychiatric disorders as possible targets for regulating their symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Takeuchi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Department of Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, 467-8603, Japan.
| | - Antal Berényi
- MTA-SZTE 'Momentum' Oscillatory Neuronal Networks Research Group, Department of Physiology, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; HCEMM-SZTE Magnetotherapeutics Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, 6720, Hungary; Neuroscience Institute, New York University, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Coenen VA, Schlaepfer TE, Sajonz B, Döbrössy M, Kaller CP, Urbach H, Reisert M. Tractographic description of major subcortical projection pathways passing the anterior limb of the internal capsule. Corticopetal organization of networks relevant for psychiatric disorders. Neuroimage Clin 2020; 25:102165. [PMID: 31954987 PMCID: PMC6965747 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major depression (MD) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) are psychiatric diseases with a huge impact on individual well-being. Despite optimal treatment regiments a subgroup of patients remains treatment resistant and stereotactic surgery (stereotactic lesion surgery, SLS or Deep Brain Stimulation, DBS) might be an option. Recent research has described four networks related to MD and OCD (affect, reward, cognitive control, default network) but only on a cortical and the adjacent sub-cortical level. Despite the enormous impact of comparative neuroanatomy, animal science and stereotactic approaches a holistic theory of subcortical and cortical network interactions is elusive. Because of the dominant hierarchical rank of the neocortex, corticofugal approaches have been used to identify connections in subcortical anatomy without anatomical priors and in part confusing results. We here propose a different corticopetal approach by identifying subcortical networks and search for neocortical convergences thereby following the principle of phylogenetic and ontogenetic network development. MATERIAL AND METHODS This work used a diffusion tensor imaging data from a normative cohort (Human Connectome Project, HCP; n = 200) to describe eight subcortical fiber projection pathways (PPs) from subthalamic nucleus (STN), substantia nigra (SNR), red nucleus (RN), ventral tegmental area (VTA), ventrolateral thalamus (VLT) and mediodorsal thalamus (MDT) in a normative space (MNI). Subcortical and cortical convergences were described including an assignment of the specific pathways to MD/OCD-related networks. Volumes of activated tissue for different stereotactic stimulation sites and procedures were simulated to understand the role of the distinct networks, with respect to symptoms and treatment of OCD and MD. RESULTS The detailed course of eight subcortical PPs (stnPP, snrPP, rnPP, vlATR, vlATRc, mdATR, mdATRc, vtaPP/slMFB) were described together with their subcortical and cortical convergences. The anterior limb of the internal capsule can be subdivided with respect to network occurrences in ventral-dorsal and medio-lateral gradients. Simulation of stereotactic procedures for OCD and MD showed dominant involvement of mdATR/mdATRc (affect network) and vtaPP/slMFB (reward network). DISCUSSION Corticofugal search strategies for the evaluation of stereotactic approaches without anatomical priors often lead to confusing results which do not allow for a clear assignment of a procedure to an involved network. According to our simulation of stereotactic procedures in the treatment of OCD and MD, most of the target regions directly involve the reward (and affect) networks, while side-effects can in part be explained with a co-modulation of the control network. CONCLUSION The here proposed corticopetal approach of a hierarchical description of 8 subcortical PPs with subcortical and cortical convergences represents a new systematics of networks found in all different evolutionary and distinct parts of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker A Coenen
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Breisacher Strasse 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany; Center for Basics in Neuromodulation, Freiburg University, Germany.
| | - Thomas E Schlaepfer
- Department of Interventional Biological Psychiatry, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Germany
| | - Bastian Sajonz
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Breisacher Strasse 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Máté Döbrössy
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Breisacher Strasse 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
| | - Christoph P Kaller
- Department of Neuroradiology, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Germany
| | - Horst Urbach
- Department of Neuroradiology, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Germany
| | - Marco Reisert
- Department of Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery, Freiburg University Medical Center and Medical Faculty of Freiburg University, Breisacher Strasse 64, Freiburg im Breisgau 79106, Germany
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Kastanenka KV, Moreno-Bote R, De Pittà M, Perea G, Eraso-Pichot A, Masgrau R, Poskanzer KE, Galea E. A roadmap to integrate astrocytes into Systems Neuroscience. Glia 2020; 68:5-26. [PMID: 31058383 PMCID: PMC6832773 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Systems neuroscience is still mainly a neuronal field, despite the plethora of evidence supporting the fact that astrocytes modulate local neural circuits, networks, and complex behaviors. In this article, we sought to identify which types of studies are necessary to establish whether astrocytes, beyond their well-documented homeostatic and metabolic functions, perform computations implementing mathematical algorithms that sub-serve coding and higher-brain functions. First, we reviewed Systems-like studies that include astrocytes in order to identify computational operations that these cells may perform, using Ca2+ transients as their encoding language. The analysis suggests that astrocytes may carry out canonical computations in a time scale of subseconds to seconds in sensory processing, neuromodulation, brain state, memory formation, fear, and complex homeostatic reflexes. Next, we propose a list of actions to gain insight into the outstanding question of which variables are encoded by such computations. The application of statistical analyses based on machine learning, such as dimensionality reduction and decoding in the context of complex behaviors, combined with connectomics of astrocyte-neuronal circuits, is, in our view, fundamental undertakings. We also discuss technical and analytical approaches to study neuronal and astrocytic populations simultaneously, and the inclusion of astrocytes in advanced modeling of neural circuits, as well as in theories currently under exploration such as predictive coding and energy-efficient coding. Clarifying the relationship between astrocytic Ca2+ and brain coding may represent a leap forward toward novel approaches in the study of astrocytes in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia V. Kastanenka
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Rubén Moreno-Bote
- Department of Information and Communications Technologies, Center for Brain and Cognition and Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kira E. Poskanzer
- Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
- Equally contributing authors
| | - Elena Galea
- ICREA, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament de Bioquímica, Institut de Neurociències i Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Equally contributing authors
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240
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Local Field Potentials and ECoG. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-34906-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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241
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Optogenetic inhibition of ventral hippocampal neurons alleviates associative motor learning dysfunction in a rodent model of schizophrenia. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0227200. [PMID: 31891640 PMCID: PMC6938361 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a serious and incurable mental disorder characterized by clinical manifestations of positive and negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. High-frequency deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the ventral hippocampus (VHP) has been recently applied as a therapeutic approach for SZ in both experimental and clinical studies. However, little is known about the precise mechanism of VHP-DBS treatment for SZ and the role of hippocampal cell activation in the pathogenesis of SZ. With optogenetic technology in this study, we tried to inhibit neuronal activity in the VHP which has dense projections to the prefrontal cortex, before measuring long stumulus-induced delay eyeblink conditioning (long-dEBC) in a rodent model of SZ. Rats were administrated with phencyclidine (PCP, 3 mg/kg, 1/d, ip) for successive 7 days before optogenetic intervention. The current data show that PCP administration causes significant impairment in the acquisition and timing of long-dEBC; the inhibition of bilateral VHP neurons alleviates the decreased acquisition and impaired timing of longd-dEBC in PCP-administered rats. The results provide direct evidence at the cellular level that the inhibition of VHP neuronal cells may be a prominent effect of hippocampal DBS intervention, and increased activity in the hippocampal network play a pivotal role in SZ.
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Abstract
Monkeys are a premier model organism for neuroscience research. Activity in the central nervous systems of monkeys can be recorded and manipulated while they perform complex perceptual, motor, or cognitive tasks. Conventional techniques for manipulating neural activity in monkeys are too coarse to address many of the outstanding questions in primate neuroscience, but optogenetics holds the promise to overcome this hurdle. In this article, we review the progress that has been made in primate optogenetics over the past 5 years. We emphasize the use of gene regulatory sequences in viral vectors to target specific neuronal types, and we present data on vectors that we engineered to target parvalbumin-expressing neurons. We conclude with a discussion of the utility of optogenetics for treating sensorimotor hearing loss and Parkinson's disease, areas of translational neuroscience in which monkeys provide unique leverage for basic science and medicine.
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243
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Short latency cortical evoked potentials elicited by subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation: Commentary and results from paired pulse studies. Clin Neurophysiol 2019; 131:465-467. [PMID: 31879060 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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244
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Wang KW, Ye XL, Huang T, Yang XF, Zou LY. Optogenetics-induced activation of glutamate receptors improves memory function in mice with Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2019; 14:2147-2155. [PMID: 31397354 PMCID: PMC6788230 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.262593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Optogenetics is a combination of optics and genetics technology that can be used to activate or inhibit specific cells in tissues. It has been used to treat Parkinson's disease, epilepsy and neurological diseases, but rarely Alzheimer's disease. Adeno-associated virus carrying the CaMK promoter driving the optogenetic channelrhodopsin-2 (CHR2) gene (or without the CHR2 gene, as control) was injected into the bilateral dentate gyri, followed by repeated intrahippocampal injections of soluble low-molecular-weight amyloid-β1-42 peptide (Aβ1-42). Subsequently, the region was stimulated with a 473 nm laser (1-3 ms, 10 Hz, 5 minutes). The novel object recognition test was conducted to test memory function in mice. Immunohistochemical staining was performed to analyze the numbers of NeuN and synapsin Ia/b-positive cells in the hippocampus. Western blot assay was carried out to analyze the expression levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein, NeuN, synapsin Ia/b, metabotropic glutamate receptor-1a (mGluR-1a), mGluR-5, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1, glutamate receptor 2, interleukin-1β, interleukin-6 and interleukin-10. Optogenetic stimulation improved working and short-term memory in mice with Alzheimer's disease. This neuroprotective effect was associated with increased expression of NR1, glutamate receptor 2 and mGluR-5 in the hippocampus, and decreased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein and interleukin-6. Our results show that optogenetics can be used to regulate the neuronal-glial network to ameliorate memory functions in mice with Alzheimer's disease. The study was approved by the Animal Resources Committee of Jinan University, China (approval No. LL-KT-2011134) on February 28, 2011.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Wei Wang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Ye
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xi-Fei Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Toxicology of Shenzhen, Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Liang-Yu Zou
- Department of Neurology, Shenzhen People's Hospital (First Affiliated Hospital of Southern University of Science and Technology), Second Clinical College, Jinan University, Shenzhen, Guangdong Province, China
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Vasudevan S, Kajtez J, Bunea A, Gonzalez‐Ramos A, Ramos‐Moreno T, Heiskanen A, Kokaia M, Larsen NB, Martínez‐Serrano A, Keller SS, Emnéus J. Leaky Optoelectrical Fiber for Optogenetic Stimulation and Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Exocytosis from Human Dopaminergic Neurons. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2019; 6:1902011. [PMID: 31871869 PMCID: PMC6918109 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201902011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In Parkinson's disease, the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in substantia nigra leads to a decrease in the physiological levels of dopamine in striatum. The existing dopaminergic therapies effectively alleviate the symptoms, albeit they do not revert the disease progression and result in significant adverse effects. Transplanting dopaminergic neurons derived from stem cells could restore dopamine levels without additional motor complications. However, the transplanted cells disperse in vivo and it is not possible to stimulate them on demand to modulate dopamine release to prevent dyskinesia. In order to address these issues, this paper presents a multifunctional leaky optoelectrical fiber for potential neuromodulation and as a cell substrate for application in combined optogenetic stem cell therapy. Pyrolytic carbon coated optical fibers are laser ablated to pattern micro-optical windows to permit light leakage over a large area. The pyrolytic carbon acts as an excellent electrode for the electrochemical detection of dopamine. Human neural stem cells are genetically modified to express the light sensitive opsin channelrhodopsin-2 and are differentiated into dopaminergic neurons on the leaky optoelectrical fiber. Finally, light leaking from the micro-optical windows is used to stimulate the dopaminergic neurons resulting in the release of dopamine that is detected in real-time using chronoamperometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Vasudevan
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Janko Kajtez
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ada‐Ioana Bunea
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab)Technical University of DenmarkØrsteds PladsBuilding 3472800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Ana Gonzalez‐Ramos
- Epilepsy CentreDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University Hospital221 84LundSweden
| | - Tania Ramos‐Moreno
- Lund Stem Cell CenterDivision of NeurosurgeryDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University221 84LundSweden
| | - Arto Heiskanen
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Merab Kokaia
- Epilepsy CentreDepartment of Clinical SciencesLund University Hospital221 84LundSweden
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Health Technology (DTU Health Tech)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 4232800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Alberto Martínez‐Serrano
- Department of Molecular BiologyUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid, and Department of Molecular NeuropathologyCenter of Molecular Biology Severo Ochoa (UAM‐CSIC)Nicolás Cabrera 128049MadridSpain
| | - Stephan S. Keller
- National Center for Nano Fabrication and Characterization (DTU Nanolab)Technical University of DenmarkØrsteds PladsBuilding 3472800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
| | - Jenny Emnéus
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (DTU Bioengineering)Technical University of DenmarkProduktionstorvetBuilding 423, Room 1222800Kongens LyngbyDenmark
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Abstract
This article overviews the surgical options for hypertonia management in cerebral palsy, both spasticity and dystonia. We review the history and use of intrathecal baclofen. We contrast its use with the indications for selective dorsal rhizotomy and review how it is the optimal technique to lower tone in the ambulatory spastic diplegic patient with cerebral palsy. This article reviews the advent of deep brain stimulation, with an emphasis on selection criteria and expected outcomes in this population. The article reviews the principles and use of selective peripheral neurotomy as it is applied to focal spasticity not requiring systemic tone reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi P Thomas
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1280, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1230, Houston, TX 77030, USA. https://twitter.com/ThomasMDPhD
| | - Angela P Addison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1230, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Daniel J Curry
- Department of Neurosurgery, Section of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, 6701 Fannin Street, Suite 1230, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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247
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Karube F, Takahashi S, Kobayashi K, Fujiyama F. Motor cortex can directly drive the globus pallidus neurons in a projection neuron type-dependent manner in the rat. eLife 2019; 8:e49511. [PMID: 31711567 PMCID: PMC6863630 DOI: 10.7554/elife.49511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The basal ganglia are critical for the control of motor behaviors and for reinforcement learning. Here, we demonstrate in rats that primary and secondary motor areas (M1 and M2) make functional synaptic connections in the globus pallidus (GP), not usually thought of as an input site of the basal ganglia. Morphological observation revealed that the density of axonal boutons from motor cortices in the GP was 47% and 78% of that in the subthalamic nucleus (STN) from M1 and M2, respectively. Cortical excitation of GP neurons was comparable to that of STN neurons in slice preparations. FoxP2-expressing arkypallidal neurons were preferentially innervated by the motor cortex. The connection probability of cortico-pallidal innervation was higher for M2 than M1. These results suggest that cortico-pallidal innervation is an additional excitatory input to the basal ganglia, and that it can affect behaviors via the cortex-basal ganglia-thalamus motor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuyuki Karube
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Susumu Takahashi
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Behavioral Neuroscience, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
| | - Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector DevelopmentNational Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazakiJapan
| | - Fumino Fujiyama
- Laboratory of Neural Circuitry, Graduate School of Brain ScienceDoshisha UniversityKyotanabeJapan
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248
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Beck C, Zhang D, Gong Y. Enhanced genetically encoded voltage indicators advance their applications in neuroscience. CURRENT OPINION IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2019; 12:111-117. [PMID: 32864526 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobme.2019.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Genetically encoded voltage indicators report membrane voltage with high spatiotemporal resolution. Extensive recent efforts to improve the GEVIs' brightness, sensitivity, and kinetics have greatly increased the GEVIs' signal-to-noise performance over ten-fold and lowered their response time to the sub-millisecond regime. Such capabilities have broadened the GEVIs' ability to measure membrane voltage of neural populations at cellular resolution in vitro and in vivo, all at high speeds. The GEVIs' high voltage fidelity and fast response have revealed novel physiological phenomena in multiple neuroscientific applications. Such applications portend future targeted studies of voltage activity that take advantage of the GEVIs' ability to report rapid dynamics from genetically-targeted neural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Connor Beck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Diming Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Yiyang Gong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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249
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Koelman LA, Lowery MM. Beta-Band Resonance and Intrinsic Oscillations in a Biophysically Detailed Model of the Subthalamic Nucleus-Globus Pallidus Network. Front Comput Neurosci 2019; 13:77. [PMID: 31749692 PMCID: PMC6848887 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2019.00077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased beta-band oscillatory activity in the basal ganglia network is associated with Parkinsonian motor symptoms and is suppressed with medication and deep brain stimulation (DBS). The origins of the beta-band oscillations, however, remains unclear with both intrinsic oscillations arising within the subthalamic nucleus (STN)-external globus pallidus (GPe) network and exogenous beta-activity, originating outside the network, proposed as potential sources of the pathological activity. The aim of this study was to explore the relative contribution of autonomous oscillations and exogenous oscillatory inputs in the generation of pathological oscillatory activity in a biophysically detailed model of the parkinsonian STN-GPe network. The network model accounts for the integration of synaptic currents and their interaction with intrinsic membrane currents in dendritic structures within the STN and GPe. The model was used to investigate the development of beta-band synchrony and bursting within the STN-GPe network by changing the balance of excitation and inhibition in both nuclei, and by adding exogenous oscillatory inputs with varying phase relationships through the hyperdirect cortico-subthalamic and indirect striato-pallidal pathways. The model showed an intrinsic susceptibility to beta-band oscillations that was manifest in weak autonomously generated oscillations within the STN-GPe network and in selective amplification of exogenous beta-band synaptic inputs near the network's endogenous oscillation frequency. The frequency at which this resonance peak occurred was determined by the net level of excitatory drive to the network. Intrinsic or endogenously generated oscillations were too weak to support a pacemaker role for the STN-GPe network, however, they were considerably amplified by sparse cortical beta inputs and were further amplified by striatal beta inputs that promoted anti-phase firing of the cortex and GPe, resulting in maximum transient inhibition of STN neurons. The model elucidates a mechanism of cortical patterning of the STN-GPe network through feedback inhibition whereby intrinsic susceptibility to beta-band oscillations can lead to phase locked spiking under parkinsonian conditions. These results point to resonance of endogenous oscillations with exogenous patterning of the STN-GPe network as a mechanism of pathological synchronization, and a role for the pallido-striatal feedback loop in amplifying beta oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas A. Koelman
- Neuromuscular Systems Laboratory, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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250
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McGregor MM, Nelson AB. Circuit Mechanisms of Parkinson's Disease. Neuron 2019; 101:1042-1056. [PMID: 30897356 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex, multi-system neurodegenerative disorder. The second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer's disease, it affects approximately 1% of adults over age 60. Diagnosis follows the development of one or more of the core motor features of the disease, including tremor, slowing of movement (bradykinesia), and rigidity. However, there are numerous other motor and nonmotor disease manifestations. Many PD symptoms result directly from neurodegeneration; others are driven by aberrant activity patterns in surviving neurons. This latter phenomenon, PD circuit dysfunction, is an area of intense study, as it likely underlies our ability to treat many disease symptoms in the face of (currently) irreversible neurodegeneration. This Review will discuss key clinical features of PD and their basis in neural circuit dysfunction. We will first review important disease symptoms and some of the responsible neuropathology. We will then describe the basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuit, the major locus of PD-related circuit dysfunction, and some of the models that have influenced its study. We will review PD-related changes in network activity, subdividing findings into those that touch on the rate, rhythm, or synchronization of neurons. Finally, we suggest some critical remaining questions for the field and areas for new developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M McGregor
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexandra B Nelson
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Neurology, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Weill Institute for Neurosciences, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Kavli Institute for Fundamental Neuroscience, UCSF, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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