201
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Kwok KTT, de Rooij MMT, Messink AB, Wouters IM, Smit LAM, Cotten M, Heederik DJJ, Koopmans MPG, Phan MVT. Establishing farm dust as a useful viral metagenomic surveillance matrix. Sci Rep 2022; 12:16308. [PMID: 36175536 PMCID: PMC9521564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-20701-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Farm animals may harbor viral pathogens, some with zoonotic potential which can possibly cause severe clinical outcomes in animals and humans. Documenting the viral content of dust may provide information on the potential sources and movement of viruses. Here, we describe a dust sequencing strategy that provides detailed viral sequence characterization from farm dust samples and use this method to document the virus communities from chicken farm dust samples and paired feces collected from the same broiler farms in the Netherlands. From the sequencing data, Parvoviridae and Picornaviridae were the most frequently found virus families, detected in 85-100% of all fecal and dust samples with a large genomic diversity identified from the Picornaviridae. Sequences from the Caliciviridae and Astroviridae familes were also obtained. This study provides a unique characterization of virus communities in farmed chickens and paired farm dust samples and our sequencing methodology enabled the recovery of viral genome sequences from farm dust, providing important tracking details for virus movement between livestock animals and their farm environment. This study serves as a proof of concept supporting dust sampling to be used in viral metagenomic surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty T T Kwok
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK.
| | - Myrna M T de Rooij
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Aniek B Messink
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Inge M Wouters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lidwien A M Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthew Cotten
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow, UK
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Dick J J Heederik
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - My V T Phan
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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202
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Wernike K, Drewes S, Mehl C, Hesse C, Imholt C, Jacob J, Ulrich RG, Beer M. No Evidence for the Presence of SARS-CoV-2 in Bank Voles and Other Rodents in Germany, 2020–2022. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11101112. [PMID: 36297169 PMCID: PMC9610409 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11101112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rodentia is the most speciose mammalian order, found across the globe, with some species occurring in close proximity to humans. Furthermore, rodents are known hosts for a variety of zoonotic pathogens. Among other animal species, rodents came into focus when the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread through human populations across the globe, initially as laboratory animals to study the viral pathogenesis and to test countermeasures. Under experimental conditions, some rodent species including several cricetid species are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection and a few of them can transmit the virus to conspecifics. To investigate whether SARS-CoV-2 is also spreading in wild rodent populations in Germany, we serologically tested samples of free-ranging bank voles (Myodes glareolus, n = 694), common voles (Microtus arvalis, n = 2), house mice (Mus musculus, n = 27), brown or Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus, n = 97) and Apodemus species (n = 8) for antibodies against the virus. The samples were collected from 2020 to 2022 in seven German federal states. All but one sample tested negative by a multispecies ELISA based on the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of SARS-CoV-2. The remaining sample, from a common vole collected in 2021, was within the inconclusive range of the RBD-ELISA, but this result could not be confirmed by a surrogate virus neutralization test as the sample gave a negative result in this test. These results indicate that SARS-CoV-2 has not become highly prevalent in wild rodent populations in Germany.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Wernike
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- Correspondence:
| | - Stephan Drewes
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Calvin Mehl
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Christin Hesse
- Rodent Research, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Imholt
- Rodent Research, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Jens Jacob
- Rodent Research, Institute for Epidemiology and Pathogen Diagnostics, Julius Kühn-Institute (JKI), Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, 48161 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer G. Ulrich
- Institute of Novel and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
| | - Martin Beer
- Institute of Diagnostic Virology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
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203
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GPS Tracking of Free-Roaming Cats (Felis catus) on SARS-CoV-2-Infected Mink Farms in Utah. Viruses 2022; 14:v14102131. [PMID: 36298686 PMCID: PMC9611678 DOI: 10.3390/v14102131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic transmission of SARS-CoV-2 from infected humans to other animals has been documented around the world, most notably in mink farming operations in Europe and the United States. Outbreaks of SARS-CoV-2 on Utah mink farms began in late July 2020 and resulted in high mink mortality. An investigation of these outbreaks revealed active and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in free-roaming and in feral cats living on or near several mink farms. Cats were captured using live traps, were sampled, fitted with GPS collars, and released on the farms. GPS tracking of these cats show they made frequent visits to mink sheds, moved freely around the affected farms, and visited surrounding residential properties and neighborhoods on multiple occasions, making them potential low risk vectors of additional SARS-CoV-2 spread in local communities.
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204
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Fernández‐Bastit L, Marfil S, Pradenas E, Valle R, Roca N, Rodon J, Pailler‐García L, Trinité B, Parera M, Noguera‐Julian M, Martorell J, Izquierdo‐Useros N, Carrillo J, Clotet B, Blanco J, Vergara‐Alert J, Segalés J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and humoral responses against different variants of concern in domestic pet animals and stray cats from North-Eastern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3518-3529. [PMID: 36167932 PMCID: PMC9538463 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in humans, is able to infect several domestic, captive and wildlife animal species. Since reverse zoonotic transmission to pets has been demonstrated, it is crucial to determine their role in the epidemiology of the disease to prevent further spillover events and major spread of SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we determined the presence of virus and the seroprevalence to SARS-CoV-2, as well as the levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against several variants of concern (VOCs) in pets (cats, dogs and ferrets) and stray cats from North-Eastern of Spain. We confirmed that cats and dogs can be infected by different VOCs of SARS-CoV-2 and, together with ferrets, are able to develop nAbs against the ancestral (B.1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.315), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (BA.1) variants, with lower titres against the latest in dogs and cats, but not in ferrets. Although the prevalence of active SARS-CoV-2 infection measured as direct viral RNA detection was low (0.3%), presence of nAbs in pets living in COVID-19-positive households was relatively high (close to 25% in cats, 10% in dogs and 40% in ferrets). It is essential to continue monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infections in these animals due to their frequent contact with human populations, and we cannot discard the probability of a higher animal susceptibility to new potential SARS-CoV-2 VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leira Fernández‐Bastit
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | | | | | - Rosa Valle
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | - Núria Roca
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | - Jordi Rodon
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | - Lola Pailler‐García
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | | | - Mariona Parera
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Vic‐Central University of Catalonia (UVic‐UCC)Barcelona08500Spain
| | - Marc Noguera‐Julian
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Vic‐Central University of Catalonia (UVic‐UCC)Barcelona08500Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERINFEC)Carlos III Health InstituteMadridSpain
| | - Jaume Martorell
- Departament de Medicina i Cirugia AnimalsUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Spain
| | - Nuria Izquierdo‐Useros
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERINFEC)Carlos III Health InstituteMadridSpain,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)Can Ruti CampusBadalona08916Spain
| | - Jorge Carrillo
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERINFEC)Carlos III Health InstituteMadridSpain,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)Can Ruti CampusBadalona08916Spain
| | - Bonaventura Clotet
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Vic‐Central University of Catalonia (UVic‐UCC)Barcelona08500Spain,Lluita contra la SIDA FoundationHospital Universitari Germans Trias i PujolBadalona08916Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research InstituteBadalona08916Spain,Infectious Diseases and Immunity, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Vic‐Central University of Catalonia (UVic‐UCC)Barcelona08500Spain,Infectious Disease Networking Biomedical Research Center (CIBERINFEC)Carlos III Health InstituteMadridSpain,Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP)Can Ruti CampusBadalona08916Spain
| | - Júlia Vergara‐Alert
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,IRTA. Programa de Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain
| | - Joaquim Segalés
- Unitat mixta d'Investigació IRTA‐UAB en Sanitat Animal. Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA)Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)BellaterraCatalonia08193Spain,Departament de Sanitat i Anatomia Animals, Facultat de VeterinàriaUniversitat Autònoma de BarcelonaCerdanyola del Vallès08193Spain
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205
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Sah R, Hada V, Mohanty A, Alshahrani NZ, Chakraborty S, Bhattacharya M, Chakraborty C, Dhama K. Recent first report of human-to-dog transmission of Monkeypox virus emphasizes an urgent need of enhancing surveillance and strengthen further explorative research to reveal its real magnitude of reverse zoonosis from other animals including pets as like that happened with SARS-CoV-2 / COVID-19 pandemic - Correspondence. Int J Surg 2022; 106:106949. [PMID: 36174830 PMCID: PMC9534089 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine, Kathmandu, 44600, Nepal; Research Scholar, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vivek Hada
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273008, India.
| | - Aroop Mohanty
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Gorakhpur, Uttar Pradesh, 273008, India.
| | | | - Sandip Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, R.K. Nagar, West Tripura, Tripura, Pin, 799008, India.
| | - Manojit Bhattacharya
- Department of Zoology, Fakir Mohan University, Vyasa Vihar, Balasore, 756020, Odisha, India.
| | - Chiranjib Chakraborty
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Adamas University, Kolkata, 700126, West Bengal, India.
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- Division of Pathology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Bareilly, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 243122, India.
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206
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An ACE2-dependent Sarbecovirus in Russian bats is resistant to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. PLoS Pathog 2022; 18:e1010828. [PMID: 36136995 PMCID: PMC9498966 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Spillover of sarbecoviruses from animals to humans has resulted in outbreaks of severe acute respiratory syndrome SARS-CoVs and the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. Efforts to identify the origins of SARS-CoV-1 and -2 has resulted in the discovery of numerous animal sarbecoviruses–the majority of which are only distantly related to known human pathogens and do not infect human cells. The receptor binding domain (RBD) on sarbecoviruses engages receptor molecules on the host cell and mediates cell invasion. Here, we tested the receptor tropism and serological cross reactivity for RBDs from two sarbecoviruses found in Russian horseshoe bats. While these two viruses are in a viral lineage distinct from SARS-CoV-1 and -2, the RBD from one virus, Khosta 2, was capable of using human ACE2 to facilitate cell entry. Viral pseudotypes with a recombinant, SARS-CoV-2 spike encoding for the Khosta 2 RBD were resistant to both SARS-CoV-2 monoclonal antibodies and serum from individuals vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2. Our findings further demonstrate that sarbecoviruses circulating in wildlife outside of Asia also pose a threat to global health and ongoing vaccine campaigns against SARS-CoV-2 SARS-CoV-2, the sarbecovirus behind COVID-19, emerged in the human population after cross-species transmission from an animal source. While hundreds of sarbecoviruses have been discovered, predominantly in bats in Asia, the majority are not capable of infecting human cells. Khosta-2, a sarbecovirus discovered in Russia, has been shown to interact with the same entry receptor as SARS-CoV-2. In this study, we tested how well the spike proteins from these bat viruses infect human cells under different conditions. We found that the spike from virus, Khosta-2, could infect cells similar to human pathogens using the same entry mechanisms, but was resistant to neutralization by serum from individuals who had been vaccinated for SARS-CoV-2.
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207
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Wang Y, Sun K, Pan Y, Yi L, Huo D, Wu Y, Dong S, Guo J, Dou X, Wang W, Wu S, Bai X, Yu H, Wang Q. SARS-CoV-2 containment was achievable during the early stage of the pandemic: a retrospective modelling study of the Xinfadi outbreak in Beijing. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.09.12.22279850. [PMID: 36263065 PMCID: PMC9580389 DOI: 10.1101/2022.09.12.22279850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Prior to the emergence of the Omicron variant, many cities in China had been able to maintain a "Zero-COVID" policy. They were able to achieve this without blanket city-wide lockdown and through widespread testing and an extensive set of nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), such as mask wearing, contact tracing, and social distancing. We wanted to examine the effectiveness of such a policy in containing SARS-CoV-2 in the early stage of the pandemic. Therefore, we developed a fully stochastic, spatially structured, agent-based model of SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strain and reconstructed the Beijing Xinfadi outbreak through computational simulations. We found that screening for symptoms and among high-risk populations served as methods to discover cryptic community transmission in the early stage of the outbreak. Effective contact tracing could greatly reduce transmission. Targeted community lockdown and temporal mobility restriction could slow down the spatial spread of the virus, with much less of the population being affected. Population-wide mass testing could further improve the speed at which the outbreak is contained. Our analysis suggests that the containment of SARS-CoV-2 ancestral strains was certainly possible. Outbreak suppression and containment at the beginning of the pandemic, before the virus had the opportunity to undergo extensive adaptive evolution with increasing fitness in the human population, could be much more cost-effective in averting the overall pandemic disease burden and socioeconomic cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Kaiyuan Sun
- Division of International Epidemiology and Population Studies, Fogarty International Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-2220, USA
| | - Yang Pan
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
| | - Lan Yi
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Da Huo
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
| | - Yanpeng Wu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuaibing Dong
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
| | - Jinxin Guo
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiangfeng Dou
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Shuangsheng Wu
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xufang Bai
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Hongjie Yu
- School of Public Health, Fudan University, Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Quanyi Wang
- Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control (CDC), Beijing 100013, China
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208
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Li Q, Bergquist R, Grant L, Song JX, Feng XY, Zhou XN. Consideration of COVID-19 beyond the human-centred approach of prevention and control: the ONE-HEALTH perspective. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2520-2528. [PMID: 36102336 PMCID: PMC9621238 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2125343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Most of the new emerging and re-emerging zoonotic virus outbreaks in recent years stem from close interaction with dead or alive infected animals. Since late 2019, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread into 221 countries and territories resulting in close to 300 million known infections and 5.4 million deaths in addition to a huge impact on both public health and the world economy. This paper reviews the COVID-19 prevalence in animals, raise concerns about animal welfare and discusses the role of environment in the transmission of COVID-19. Attention is drawn to the One Health concept as it emphasizes the environment in connection with the risk of transmission and establishment of diseases shared between animals and humans. Considering the importance of One Health for an effective response to the dissemination of infections of pandemic character, some unsettled issues with respect to COVID-19 are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Li
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
| | - Robert Bergquist
- Ingerod, Brastad, Sweden (formerly at the UNICEF/UNDP/World Bank/WHO Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases (TDR), World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Liz Grant
- Global Health, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jun-Xia Song
- Food and Agriculture Organization of United Nations, Rome, Italy
| | - Xin-Yu Feng
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
- Department of Biology, College of Life Sciences, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010070, China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- School of Global Health, Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 20025, China
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research); NHC Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases; National Center for International Research on Tropical Diseases, China
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209
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Neerukonda SN, Wang R, Vassell R, Baha H, Lusvarghi S, Liu S, Wang T, Weiss CD, Wang W. Characterization of Entry Pathways, Species-Specific Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Residues Determining Entry, and Antibody Neutralization Evasion of Omicron BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Variants. J Virol 2022; 96:e0114022. [PMID: 36000843 PMCID: PMC9472608 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01140-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants were first detected in November 2021, and several Omicron lineages (BA.1, BA.2, BA.3, BA.4, and BA.5) have since rapidly emerged. Studies characterizing the mechanisms of Omicron variant infection and sensitivity to neutralizing antibodies induced upon vaccination are ongoing by several groups. In the present study, we used pseudoviruses to show that the transmembrane serine protease 2 (TMPRSS2) enhances infection of BA.1, BA.1.1, BA.2, and BA.3 Omicron variants to a lesser extent than ancestral D614G. We further show that Omicron variants have higher sensitivity to inhibition by soluble angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and the endosomal inhibitor chloroquine compared to D614G. The Omicron variants also more efficiently used ACE2 receptors from 9 out of 10 animal species tested, and unlike the D614G variant, used mouse ACE2 due to the Q493R and Q498R spike substitutions. Finally, neutralization of the Omicron variants by antibodies induced by three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine was 7- to 8-fold less potent than the D614G. These results provide insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread. IMPORTANCE The ongoing emergence of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants with an extensive number of spike mutations poses a significant public health and zoonotic concern due to enhanced transmission fitness and escape from neutralizing antibodies. We studied three Omicron lineage variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.3) and found that transmembrane serine protease 2 has less influence on Omicron entry into cells than on D614G, and Omicron exhibits greater sensitivity to endosomal entry inhibition compared to D614G. In addition, Omicron displays more efficient usage of diverse animal species ACE2 receptors than D614G. Furthermore, due to Q493R/Q498R substitutions in spike, Omicron, but not D614G, can use the mouse ACE2 receptor. Finally, three doses of Pfizer/BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination elicit high neutralization titers against Omicron variants, although the neutralization titers are still 7- to 8-fold lower those that against D614G. These results may give insights into the transmissibility and immune evasion capacity of the emerging Omicron variants to curb their ongoing spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabari Nath Neerukonda
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Richard Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Russell Vassell
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Sabrina Lusvarghi
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Carol D. Weiss
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- US Food and Drug Administration, Office of Vaccine Research and Review, Center for Biologics Evaluation, Research and Review, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is transmitted between humans and minks, and some mutations in the spike (S) protein, especially in the receptor-binding domain (RBD), have been identified in mink-derived viruses. Here, we examined binding of the mink angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor to mink-derived and important human-originating variants, and we demonstrated that most of the RBD variants increased the binding affinities to mink ACE2 (mkACE2). Cryo-electron microscopy structures of the mkACE2-RBD Y453F (with a Y-to-F change at position 453) and mkACE2-RBD F486L complexes helped identify the key residues that facilitate changes in mkACE2 binding affinity. Additionally, the data indicated that the Y453F and F486L mutations reduced the binding affinities to some human monoclonal antibodies, and human vaccinated sera efficiently prevented infection of human cells by pseudoviruses expressing Y453F, F486L, or N501T RBD. Our findings provide an important molecular mechanism for the rapid adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 in minks and highlight the potential influence of the main mink-originating variants for humans. IMPORTANCE Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a broad range of hosts. Mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 can transmit back to humans. There is an urgent need to understand the binding mechanism of mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants to mink receptor. In this study, we identified all mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike (S) protein from mink-derived SARS-CoV-2, and we demonstrated the enhanced binding affinity of mink angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) to most of the mink-derived RBD variants as well as important human-originating RBD variants. Cryo-electron microscopy structures revealed that the Y453F and F486L mutations enhanced the binding forces in the interaction interface. In addition, Y453F and F486L mutations reduced the binding affinities to some human monoclonal antibodies, and the SARS-CoV-2 pseudoviruses with Y453F, F486L, or N501T mutations were neutralized by human vaccinated sera. Therefore, our results provide valuable information for understanding the cross-species transmission mechanism of SARS-CoV-2.
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211
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Wang Q, Ye S, Zhou Z, Li J, Lv J, Hu B, Yuan S, Qiu Y, Ge X. Key mutations on spike protein altering ACE2 receptor utilization and potentially expanding host range of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. J Med Virol 2022; 95:e28116. [PMID: 36056469 PMCID: PMC9538830 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports inter-species transmission of SARS-CoV-2 variants from humans to domestic or wild animals during the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, which is posing great challenges to epidemic control. Clarifying the host range of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants will provide instructive information for the containment of viral spillover. The spike protein (S) of SARS-CoV-2 is the key determinant of receptor utilization, and therefore amino acid mutations on S will probably alter viral host range. Here, to evaluate the impact of S mutations, we tested 27 pseudoviruses of SARS-CoV-2 carrying different spike mutants by infecting Hela cells expressing different angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) orthologs from 20 animals. Of these 27 pseudoviruses, 20 bear single mutation and the other 7 were cloned from emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants, including D614G, Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2), Lambda (B.1.429), and Mu (B.1.621). Using pseudoviral reporter assay, we identified that the substitutions of T478I and N501Y enabled the pseudovirus to utilize chicken ACE2, indicating potential infectivity to avian species. Furthermore, the S mutants of real SARS-CoV-2 variants comprising N501Y showed significantly acquired abilities to infect cells expressing mouse ACE2, indicating a critical role of N501Y in expanding SARS-CoV-2 host range. In addition, A262S and T478I significantly enhanced the utilization of various mammal ACE2. In summary, our results indicated that T478I and N501Y substitutions were two S mutations important for receptor adaption of SARS-CoV-2, potentially contributing to the spillover of the virus to many other animal hosts. Therefore, more attention should be paid to SARS-CoV-2 variants with these two mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Sheng‐Bao Ye
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Zhi‐Jian Zhou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Jin‐Yan Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Ji‐Zhou Lv
- Institute of Animal Inspection and QuarantineChinese Academy of Inspection and QuarantineBeijingChina
| | - Bodan Hu
- Department of Microbiology, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Shuofeng Yuan
- Department of Microbiology, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Ye Qiu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
| | - Xing‐Yi Ge
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Virology, Institute of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, College of BiologyHunan UniversityChangshaChina
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212
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Susceptibility of Domestic Goat ( Capra aegagrus hircus) to Experimental Infection with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) B.1.351/Beta Variant. Viruses 2022; 14:v14092002. [PMID: 36146808 PMCID: PMC9503527 DOI: 10.3390/v14092002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A wide range of animal species are susceptible to the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. Natural and/or experimental infections have been reported in pet, zoo, farmed and wild animals. Interestingly, some SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as B.1.1.7/Alpha, B.1.351/Beta, and B.1.1.529/Omicron, were demonstrated to infect some animal species not susceptible to classical viral variants. The present study aimed to elucidate if goats (Capra aegagrus hircus) are susceptible to the B.1.351/Beta variant. First, an in silico approach was used to predict the affinity between the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.351/Beta variant and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 from goats. Moreover, we performed an experimental inoculation with this variant in domestic goat and showed evidence of infection. SARS-CoV-2 was detected in nasal swabs and tissues by RT-qPCR and/or immunohistochemistry, and seroneutralisation was confirmed via ELISA and live virus neutralisation assays. However, the viral amount and tissue distribution suggest a low susceptibility of goats to the B.1.351/Beta variant. Therefore, although monitoring livestock is advisable, it is unlikely that goats play a role as SARS-CoV-2 reservoir species, and they are not useful surrogates to study SARS-CoV-2 infection in farmed animals.
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213
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On the Origins of Omicron's Unique Spike Gene Insertion. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10091509. [PMID: 36146586 PMCID: PMC9504260 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a heavily mutated SARS-CoV-2 variant (Omicron; Pango lineage B.1.1.529 and BA sublineages) and its rapid spread to over 75 countries raised a global public health alarm. Characterizing the mutational profile of Omicron is necessary to interpret its clinical phenotypes which are shared with or distinctive from those of other SARS-CoV-2 variants. We compared the mutations of the initially circulating Omicron variant (now known as BA.1) with prior variants of concern (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, and Delta), variants of interest (Lambda, Mu, Eta, Iota, and Kappa), and ~1500 SARS-CoV-2 lineages constituting ~5.8 million SARS-CoV-2 genomes. Omicron's Spike protein harbors 26 amino acid mutations (23 substitutions, 2 deletions, and 1 insertion) that are distinct compared to other variants of concern. While the substitution and deletion mutations appeared in previous SARS-CoV-2 lineages, the insertion mutation (ins214EPE) was not previously observed in any other SARS-CoV-2 lineage. Here, we consider and discuss various mechanisms through which the nucleotide sequence encoding for ins214EPE could have been acquired, including local duplication, polymerase slippage, and template switching. Although we are not able to definitively determine the mechanism, we highlight the plausibility of template switching. Analysis of the homology of the inserted nucleotide sequence and flanking regions suggests that this template-switching event could have involved the genomes of SARS-CoV-2 variants (e.g., the B.1.1 strain), other human coronaviruses that infect the same host cells as SARS-CoV-2 (e.g., HCoV-OC43 or HCoV-229E), or a human transcript expressed in a host cell that was infected by the Omicron precursor.
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214
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Zhang Z, Wang N, Liu X, Lv J, Jing H, Yuan X, Chen D, Lin X, Wu S. A Novel, Reverse Transcription, Droplet Digital PCR Assay for the Combined, Sensitive Detection of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 with Swine Acute Diarrhea Syndrome Coronavirus. J AOAC Int 2022; 105:1437-1446. [DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has rapidly spread over the world since its emergence. Although the dominant route of SARS-CoV-2 infection is respiratory, a number of studies revealed infection risk from contaminated surfaces and products, including porcine-derived food and other products. The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak has been severely threatening public health, and disrupting porcine products trade and the pig industry. Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS-CoV), which was responsible for large-scale, fatal disease in piglets, emerged in 2017 and has caused enormous economic losses in the pig industry. Currently, reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-rPCR) is the gold standard method for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis and is most commonly used for SADS-CoV detection. However, inaccurate detection of the SARS-CoV-2 infection obtained by RT-rPCR is increasingly reported, especially in specimens with low viral load.
Objective
This study aimed to develop an accurate reverse transcription droplet digital PCR (RT-ddPCR) assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 and SADS-CoV simultaneously.
Methods
Two pairs of primers and one double-quenched probe targeting the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP) region of the open reading frame 1ab (ORF1ab) gene of SARS-CoV-2 and the corresponding ORF1ab region of SADS-CoV were designed to develop the RT-ddPCR assay. The sensitivity, specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility were tested using complementary RNAs (cRNAs) and clinical specimens.
Results
The detection limits of RT-ddPCR were 1.48 ± 0.18 and 1.38 ± 0.17 copies in a 20 μL reaction for SARS-CoV-2 and SADS-CoV cRNAs, respectively (n = 8), showing approximately 4- and 10-fold greater sensitivity than the RT-rPCR assay. This assay also exhibited good specificity, repeatability, and reproducibility.
Conclusion
The established RT-ddPCR assay was shown to be a highly effective, accurate, and reliable method for the sensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 and SADS-CoV.
Highlights
This RT-ddPCR assay could be used to detect both SARS-CoV-2 and SADS-CoV in a sample with one double-quenched probe, and is also the first reported RT-ddPCR assay for SADS-CoV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Na Wang
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiaofei Liu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Jizhou Lv
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Hongli Jing
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiangfen Yuan
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Dongjie Chen
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Xiangmei Lin
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
| | - Shaoqiang Wu
- Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Institute of Animal Inspection and Quarantine , Beijing 100176, China
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215
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Sikkema RS, Begeman L, Janssen R, Wolters WJ, Geurtsvankessel C, de Bruin E, Hakze‐van der Honing RW, Eblé P, van der Poel WHM, van den Brand JMA, Slaterus R, La Haye M, Koopmans MP, Velkers F, Kuiken T. Risks of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between free-ranging animals and captive mink in the Netherlands. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3339-3349. [PMID: 35988158 PMCID: PMC9538022 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, 69 of the 126 (55%) mink farms in total became infected with SARS-CoV-2 in 2020. Despite strict biosecurity measures and extensive epidemiological investigations, the main transmission route remained unclear. A better understanding of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between mink farms is of relevance for countries where mink farming is still common practice and can be used as a case study to improve future emerging disease preparedness. We assessed whether SARS-CoV-2 spilled over from mink to free-ranging animals, and whether free-ranging animals may have played a role in farm-to-farm transmission in the Netherlands. The study encompassed farm visits, farm questionnaires, expert workshops and SARS-CoV-2 RNA and antibody testing of samples from target animal species (bats, birds and free-ranging carnivores). In this study, we show that the open housing system of mink allowed access to birds, bats and most free-ranging carnivores, and that direct and indirect contact with mink was likely after entry, especially for free-ranging carnivores and birds. This allowed SARS-CoV-2 exposure to animals entering the mink farm, and subsequent infection or mechanical carriage by the target animal species. Moreover, mink can escape farms in some cases, and two SARS-CoV-2-positive mink were found outside farm premises. No other SARS-CoV-2-RNA-positive free-ranging animals were detected, suggesting there was no abundant circulation in the species tested during the study period. To investigate previous SARS-CoV-2 infections, SARS-CoV-2 antibody detection using lung extracts of carcasses was set up and validated. One tested beech marten did have SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, but the closest SARS-CoV-2-infected mink farm was outside of its home range, making infection at a mink farm unlikely. Knowing that virus exchange between different species and the formation of animal reservoirs affects SARS-CoV-2 evolution, continued vigilance and monitoring of mink farms and surrounding wildlife remains vital.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wendy J. Wolters
- Division Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Erwin de Bruin
- Viroscience, ErasmusMCRotterdamThe Netherlands,Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Phaedra Eblé
- Wageningen Bioveterinary ResearchLelystadThe Netherlands
| | | | - Judith M. A. van den Brand
- Division of Pathology, Department of Biomedical Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands,Dutch Wildlife Health CentreUtrecht UniversityThe Netherlands
| | - Roy Slaterus
- Sovon, Dutch Centre for Field OrnithologyNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | - Francisca Velkers
- Division Farm Animal Health, Department Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary MedicineUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
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216
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Lederman Z. Zoonoses and Animal Culling: The Need for One Health Policy. Hastings Cent Rep 2022; 52:6-7. [DOI: 10.1002/hast.1415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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217
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Colombo VC, Sluydts V, Mariën J, Vanden Broecke B, Van Houtte N, Leirs W, Jacobs L, Iserbyt A, Hubert M, Heyndrickx L, Goris H, Delputte P, De Roeck N, Elst J, Ariën KK, Leirs H, Gryseels S. SARS-CoV-2 surveillance in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from Antwerp sewer system, Belgium. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3016-3021. [PMID: 34224205 PMCID: PMC8447303 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 human-to-animal transmission can lead to the establishment of novel reservoirs and the evolution of new variants with the potential to start new outbreaks in humans. We tested Norway rats inhabiting the sewer system of Antwerp, Belgium, for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 following a local COVID-19 epidemic peak. In addition, we discuss the use and interpretation of SARS-CoV-2 serological tests on non-human samples. Between November and December 2020, Norway rat oral swabs, faeces and tissues from the sewer system of Antwerp were collected to be tested by RT-qPCR for the presence of SARS-CoV-2. Serum samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies using a Luminex microsphere immunoassay (MIA). Samples considered positive were then checked for neutralizing antibodies using a conventional viral neutralization test (cVNT). The serum of 35 rats was tested by MIA showing three potentially positive sera that were later negative by cVNT. All tissue samples of 39 rats analysed tested negative for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. This is the first study that evaluates SARS-CoV-2 infection in urban rats. We can conclude that the sample of rats analysed had never been infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, monitoring activities should continue due to the emergence of new variants prone to infect Muridae rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Carolina Colombo
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET)Buenos AiresArgentina
| | - Vincent Sluydts
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Joachim Mariën
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Bram Vanden Broecke
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Natalie Van Houtte
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Wannes Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Lotte Jacobs
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Arne Iserbyt
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Marine Hubert
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Leo Heyndrickx
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Hanne Goris
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Peter Delputte
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Naomi De Roeck
- Laboratory for MicrobiologyParasitology and Hygiene (LMPH)University of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Joris Elst
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Virology UnitDepartment of Biomedical SciencesInstitute of Tropical MedicineAntwerpBelgium
| | - Herwig Leirs
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
| | - Sophie Gryseels
- Evolutionary Ecology GroupDepartment of BiologyUniversity of AntwerpAntwerpBelgium
- OD Taxonomy and PhylogenyRoyal Belgian Institute of Natural SciencesBrusselsBelgium
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218
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Mitra J, Kodavati M, Provasek VE, Rao KS, Mitra S, Hamilton DJ, Horner PJ, Vahidy FS, Britz GW, Kent TA, Hegde ML. SARS-CoV-2 and the central nervous system: Emerging insights into hemorrhage-associated neurological consequences and therapeutic considerations. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 80:101687. [PMID: 35843590 PMCID: PMC9288264 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to impact our lives by causing widespread illness and death and poses a threat due to the possibility of emerging strains. SARS-CoV-2 targets angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) before entering vital organs of the body, including the brain. Studies have shown systemic inflammation, cellular senescence, and viral toxicity-mediated multi-organ failure occur during infectious periods. However, prognostic investigations suggest that both acute and long-term neurological complications, including predisposition to irreversible neurodegenerative diseases, can be a serious concern for COVID-19 survivors, especially the elderly population. As emerging studies reveal sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection in different parts of the brain, potential causes of chronic lesions including cerebral and deep-brain microbleeds and the likelihood of developing stroke-like pathologies increases, with critical long-term consequences, particularly for individuals with neuropathological and/or age-associated comorbid conditions. Our recent studies linking the blood degradation products to genome instability, leading to cellular senescence and ferroptosis, raise the possibility of similar neurovascular events as a result of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we discuss the neuropathological consequences of SARS-CoV-2 infection in COVID survivors, focusing on possible hemorrhagic damage in brain cells, its association to aging, and the future directions in developing mechanism-guided therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joy Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Manohar Kodavati
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Vincent E Provasek
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; College of Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - K S Rao
- Department of Biotechnology, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation Deemed to be University, Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502, India
| | - Sankar Mitra
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Philip J Horner
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Farhaan S Vahidy
- Center for Outcomes Research, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Gavin W Britz
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA
| | - Thomas A Kent
- Center for Genomics and Precision Medicine, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Muralidhar L Hegde
- Division of DNA Repair Research, Center for Neuroregeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, USA.
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219
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Allender MC, Adkesson MJ, Langan JN, Delk KW, Meehan T, Aitken‐Palmer C, McEntire MM, Killian ML, Torchetti M, Morales SA, Austin C, Fredrickson R, Olmstead C, Ke R, Smith R, Hostnik ET, Terio K, Wang L. Multi-species outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant in a zoological institution, with the detection in two new families of carnivores. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3060-e3075. [PMID: 35839756 PMCID: PMC9349917 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has a worldwide distribution in humans and many other mammalian species. In late September 2021, 12 animals maintained by the Chicago Zoological Society's Brookfield Zoo were observed with variable clinical signs. The Delta variant of SARS-CoV-2 was detected in faeces and nasal swabs by qRT-PCR, including the first detection in animals from the families Procyonidae and Viverridae. Test positivity rate was 12.5% for 35 animals tested. All animals had been vaccinated with at least one dose of a recombinant vaccine designed for animals and all recovered with variable supportive treatment. Sequence analysis showed that six zoo animal strains were closely correlated with 18 human SARS-CoV-2 strains, suggestive of potential human-to-animal transmission events. This report documents the expanding host range of COVID-19 during the ongoing pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Allender
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Veterinary Diagnostic LabUniversity of Illinois Wildlife Epidemiology LaboratoryUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Jennifer N. Langan
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Katie W. Delk
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Thomas Meehan
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | | | - Michael M. McEntire
- Illinois Zoological and Aquatic Animal ResidencyUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Mary L. Killian
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAmesIowaUSA
| | - Mia Torchetti
- National Veterinary Services Laboratories, Animal and Plant Health Inspection ServiceUnited States Department of AgricultureAmesIowaUSA
| | | | - Connie Austin
- Illinois Department of Public HealthSpringfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Richard Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Colleen Olmstead
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Ruian Ke
- T‐6, Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, T DivisionLos Alamos National LaboratoryLos AlamosNew MexicoUSA
| | - Rebecca Smith
- Department of PathobiologyUniversity of Illinois at Urbana–ChampaignUrbanaIllinoisUSA
| | - Eric T. Hostnik
- Brookfield ZooChicago Zoological SocietyBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical SciencesOhio State UniversityColumbusOhioUSA
| | - Karen Terio
- Zoological Pathology Program, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisBrookfieldIllinoisUSA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of IllinoisUrbanaIllinoisUSA
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Islam A, Ferdous J, Islam S, Sayeed MA, Rahman MK, Saha O, Hassan MM, Shirin T. Transmission dynamics and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic, farmed and wild animals: Sustainable One Health surveillance for conservation and public health to prevent future epidemics and pandemics. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:2523-2543. [PMID: 34694705 PMCID: PMC8662162 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The exact origin of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and source of introduction into humans has not been established yet, though it might be originated from animals. Therefore, we conducted a study to understand the putative reservoirs, transmission dynamics, and susceptibility patterns of SARS-CoV-2 in animals. Rhinolophus bats are presumed to be natural progenitors of SARS-CoV-2-related viruses. Initially, pangolin was thought to be the source of spillover to humans, but they might be infected by human or other animal species. So, the virus spillover pathways to humans remain unknown. Human-to-animal transmission has been testified in pet, farmed, zoo and free-ranging wild animals. Infected animals can transmit the virus to other animals in natural settings like mink-to-mink and mink-to-cat transmission. Animal-to-human transmission is not a persistent pathway, while mink-to-human transmission continues to be illuminated. Multiple companions and captive wild animals were infected by an emerging alpha variant of concern (B.1.1.7 lineage) whereas Asiatic lions were infected by delta variant, (B.1.617.2). To date, multiple animal species - cat, ferrets, non-human primates, hamsters and bats - showed high susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 in the experimental condition, while swine, poultry, cattle showed no susceptibility. The founding of SARS-CoV-2 in wild animal reservoirs can confront the control of the virus in humans and might carry a risk to the welfare and conservation of wildlife as well. We suggest vaccinating pets and captive animals to stop spillovers and spillback events. We recommend sustainable One Health surveillance at the animal-human-environmental interface to detect and prevent future epidemics and pandemics by Disease X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Centre for Integrative Ecology, School of Life and Environmental ScienceDeakin UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Jinnat Ferdous
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Shariful Islam
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Abu Sayeed
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Md. Kaisar Rahman
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
| | - Otun Saha
- EcoHealth AllianceNew YorkUnited States
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
- Department of MicrobiologyUniversity of DhakaDhakaBangladesh
| | - Mohammad Mahmudul Hassan
- Faculty of Veterinary MedicineChattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityChattogramBangladesh
| | - Tahmina Shirin
- Institute of EpidemiologyDisease Control and Research (IEDCR)DhakaBangladesh
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Li M, Cheng X, Qin C. Reverse spillover of SARS-CoV-2 from human to wild animals. SCIENCE CHINA LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 65:1902-1904. [PMID: 35657469 PMCID: PMC9162899 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-022-2124-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Murugan NA, Javali PS, Pandianb CJ, Ali MA, Srivastava V, Jeyaraman J. Computational investigation of the increased virulence and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:20371-20380. [PMID: 35983778 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00469k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
New variants of SARS-CoV-2 are being reported worldwide. The World Health Organization has reported Alpha (B.1.1.7), Beta (B.1.351), Gamma (P.1), Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529) as the variants of concern. There are speculations that the variants might evade the host immune responses induced by currently available vaccines and develop resistance to drugs under consideration. The first step of viral infection in COVID-19 occurs through the interaction of the spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) with the peptidase domain of the human ACE-2 (hACE-2) receptor. This study aims to get a molecular-level understanding of the mechanism behind the increased infection rate in the alpha variant. We have computationally studied the spike protein interaction in both the wild-type and B.1.1.7 variant with the hACE-2 receptor using molecular dynamics and MM-GBSA based binding free energy calculations. The binding free energy difference shows that the mutant variant of the spike protein has increased binding affinity for the hACE-2 receptor (i.e. ΔG(N501Y,A570D) is in the range -7.2 to -7.6 kcal mol-1) and the results were validated using Density functional theory. We demonstrate that with the use of state-of-the-art computational approaches, we can, in advance, predict the virulent nature of variants of SARS-CoV-2 and alert the world healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Arul Murugan
- Department of Computer Science, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, S-100 44, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Prashanth S Javali
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, Tamilnadu, India
| | | | - Muhammad Akhtar Ali
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vaibhav Srivastava
- Division of Glycoscience, Department of Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
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223
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Opriessnig T, Huang YW. SARS-CoV-2 does not infect pigs, but this has to be verified regularly. Xenotransplantation 2022; 29:e12772. [PMID: 36039616 PMCID: PMC9538518 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
For successful xenotransplantation, freedom of the xenocraft donor from certain viral infections that may harm the organ recipient is important. A novel human coronavirus (CoV) with a respiratory tropism, designated as SARS-CoV-2, was first identified in January 2020 in China, but likely has been circulating unnoticed for some time before. Since then, this virus has reached most inhabited areas, resulting in a major global pandemic which is still ongoing. Due to a high number of subclinical infections, re-infections, geographic differences in diagnostic tests used, and differences in result reporting programs, the percentage of the population infected with SARS-CoV-2 at least once has been challenging to estimate. With continuous ongoing infections in people and an overall high viral load, it makes sense to look into possible viral spillover events in pets and farm animals, who are often in close contact with humans. The pig is currently the main species considered for xenotransplantation and hence there is interest to know if pigs can become infected with SARS-CoV-2 and if so what the infection dynamics may look like. This review article summarizes the latest research findings on this topic. It would appear that pigs can currently be considered a low risk species, and hence do not pose an immediate risk to the human population or xenotransplantation recipients per se. Monitoring the ever-changing SARS-CoV-2 variants appears important to recognize immediately should this change in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Yao-Wei Huang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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224
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Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E, Moshiri N, Izhikevich K, Havens JL, Gangavarapu K, Malpica Serrano LM, Crits-Christoph A, Matteson NL, Zeller M, Levy JI, Wang JC, Hughes S, Lee J, Park H, Park MS, Ching KZY, Lin RTP, Mat Isa MN, Noor YM, Vasylyeva TI, Garry RF, Holmes EC, Rambaut A, Suchard MA, Andersen KG, Worobey M, Wertheim JO. The molecular epidemiology of multiple zoonotic origins of SARS-CoV-2. Science 2022; 377:960-966. [PMID: 35881005 PMCID: PMC9348752 DOI: 10.1126/science.abp8337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the circumstances that lead to pandemics is important for their prevention. We analyzed the genomic diversity of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) early in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. We show that SARS-CoV-2 genomic diversity before February 2020 likely comprised only two distinct viral lineages, denoted "A" and "B." Phylodynamic rooting methods, coupled with epidemic simulations, reveal that these lineages were the result of at least two separate cross-species transmission events into humans. The first zoonotic transmission likely involved lineage B viruses around 18 November 2019 (23 October to 8 December), and the separate introduction of lineage A likely occurred within weeks of this event. These findings indicate that it is unlikely that SARS-CoV-2 circulated widely in humans before November 2019 and define the narrow window between when SARS-CoV-2 first jumped into humans and when the first cases of COVID-19 were reported. As with other coronaviruses, SARS-CoV-2 emergence likely resulted from multiple zoonotic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Pekar
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Andrew Magee
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edyth Parker
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Niema Moshiri
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Katherine Izhikevich
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Department of Mathematics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Havens
- Bioinformatics and Systems Biology Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karthik Gangavarapu
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Alexander Crits-Christoph
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Matteson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Zeller
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Joshua I. Levy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jade C. Wang
- New York City Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Scott Hughes
- New York City Public Health Laboratory, New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, New York, NY 11101, USA
| | - Jungmin Lee
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Heedo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Man-Seong Park
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Viral Diseases, Biosafety Center, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
- BK21 Graduate Program, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Raymond Tzer Pin Lin
- National Public Health Laboratory, National Centre for Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Mohd Noor Mat Isa
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yusuf Muhammad Noor
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, Jalan Bangi, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tetyana I. Vasylyeva
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Robert F. Garry
- Tulane University, School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
- Zalgen Labs, LCC, Frederick, MD 21703 USA
- Global Virus Network (GVN), Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Edward C. Holmes
- Sydney Institute for Infectious Diseases, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew Rambaut
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Marc A. Suchard
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biomathematics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Kristian G. Andersen
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Michael Worobey
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Joel O. Wertheim
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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225
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Choudhary OP, Priyanka, Saied AA. COVID-19 vaccination in animals: A strategy for combating the global outbreak. Int J Surg 2022; 105:106848. [PMID: 36028140 PMCID: PMC9398550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijsu.2022.106848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Om Prakash Choudhary
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Histology, College of Veterinary Sciences and Animal Husbandry, Central Agricultural University (I), Selesih, Aizawl, 796015, Mizoram, India.
| | - Priyanka
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, College of Veterinary Science, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (GADVASU), Rampura Phul, Bathinda, 151103, Punjab, India
| | - AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan, 81511, Egypt; Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan, 81511, Egypt
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226
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Lewis J, Zhan S, Vilander AC, Fagre AC, Kiaris H, Schountz T. SARS-CoV-2 infects multiple species of North American deer mice and causes clinical disease in the California mouse. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2022:2022.08.22.504888. [PMID: 36052372 PMCID: PMC9435398 DOI: 10.1101/2022.08.22.504888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus that causes coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19), emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China and its rapid global spread has resulted in millions of deaths. An important public health consideration is the potential for SARS-CoV-2 to establish endemicity in a secondary animal reservoir outside of Asia or acquire adaptations that result in new variants with the ability to evade the immune response and reinfect the human population. Previous work has shown that North American deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus ) are susceptible and can transmit SARS-CoV-2 to naïve conspecifics, indicating its potential to serve as a wildlife reservoir for SARS-CoV-2 in North America. In this study, we report experimental SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility of two additional subspecies of the North American deer mouse and two additional deer mouse species, with infectious virus and viral RNA present in oral swabs and lung tissue of infected deer mice and neutralizing antibodies present at 15 days post-challenge. Moreover, some of one species, the California mouse ( P. californicus ) developed clinical disease, including one that required humane euthanasia. California mice often develop spontaneous liver disease, which may serve as a comorbidity for SARS-CoV-2 severity. The results of this study suggest broad susceptibility of rodents in the genus Peromyscus and further emphasize the potential of SARS-CoV-2 to infect a wide array of North American rodents. IMPORTANCE A significant concern is the spillback of SARS-CoV-2 into North American wildlife species. We have determined that several species of peromyscine rodents, the most abundant mammals in North America, are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 and that infection is likely long enough that the virus may be able to establish persistence in local rodent populations. Strikingly, some California mice developed clinical disease that suggests this species may be useful for the study of human co-morbidities often associated with severe and fatal COVID-19 disease.
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Genome Similarities between Human-Derived and Mink-Derived SARS-CoV-2 Make Mink a Potential Reservoir of the Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081352. [PMID: 36016239 PMCID: PMC9415835 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has RNA as the genome, which makes the virus more prone to mutations. Occasionally, mutations help a virus to cross the species barrier. SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and minks (Neovison vison) are examples of zoonotic spillover. Many studies on the mutational analysis of human-derived SARS-CoV-2 have been published, but insight into the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome of mutations is still required. Here, we performed a mutation analysis of the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences. We analyzed all available full-length mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences on GISAID (214 genome sequences from the Netherlands and 133 genome sequences from Denmark). We found a striking resemblance between human-derived and mink-derived SARS-CoV-2. Our study showed that mutation patterns in the SARS-CoV-2 genome samples from the Netherlands and Denmark were different. Out of the 201 mutations we found, only 13 mutations were shared by the Netherlands' and Denmark's mink-derived samples. We found that six mutations were prevalent in the mink-derived SARS-CoV-2 genomes, and these six mutations are also known to be prevalent in human-derived SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our study reveals that the G27948T mutation in SARS-CoV-2 leads to truncation of ORF8, which was also reported in human-derived SARS-CoV-2, thus indicating that the virus can replicate without the full-length ORF8. These resemblances between mink-derived and human-derived SARS-CoV-2 enable the virus to cross the species barrier and suggest mink a potential reservoir for the virus.
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228
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Deng K, Uhlig S, Goodman LB, Ip HS, Killian ML, Nemser SM, Ulaszek J, Kiener S, Kmet M, Frost K, Hettwer K, Colson B, Nichani K, Schlierf A, Tkachenko A, Mlalazi-Oyinloye M, Scott A, Reddy R, Tyson GH. Second round of an interlaboratory comparison of SARS-CoV2 molecular detection assays used by 45 veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States. J Vet Diagn Invest 2022; 34:825-834. [PMID: 35983593 PMCID: PMC9446291 DOI: 10.1177/10406387221115702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic presents a continued public health challenge. Veterinary diagnostic laboratories in the United States use RT-rtPCR for animal testing, and many laboratories are certified for testing human samples; hence, ensuring that laboratories have sensitive and specific SARS-CoV2 testing methods is a critical component of the pandemic response. In 2020, the FDA Veterinary Laboratory Investigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) led an interlaboratory comparison (ILC1) to help laboratories evaluate their existing RT-rtPCR methods for detecting SARS-CoV2. All participating laboratories were able to detect the viral RNA spiked in buffer and PrimeStore molecular transport medium (MTM). With ILC2, Vet-LIRN extended ILC1 by evaluating analytical sensitivity and specificity of the methods used by participating laboratories to detect 3 SARS-CoV2 variants (B.1; B.1.1.7 [Alpha]; B.1.351 [Beta]) at various copy levels. We analyzed 57 sets of results from 45 laboratories qualitatively and quantitatively according to the principles of ISO 16140-2:2016. More than 95% of analysts detected the SARS-CoV2 RNA in MTM at ≥500 copies for all 3 variants. In addition, for nucleocapsid markers N1 and N2, 81% and 92% of the analysts detected ≤20 copies in the assays, respectively. The analytical specificity of the evaluated methods was >99%. Participating laboratories were able to assess their current method performance, identify possible limitations, and recognize method strengths as part of a continuous learning environment to support the critical need for the reliable diagnosis of COVID-19 in potentially infected animals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gregory H Tyson
- Division of Food Processing Science and Technology, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bedford Park, IL, USA
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229
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Co-existence and co-infection of influenza A viruses and coronaviruses: Public health challenges. Innovation (N Y) 2022; 3:100306. [PMID: 35992368 PMCID: PMC9384331 DOI: 10.1016/j.xinn.2022.100306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the 20th century, humans have lived through five pandemics caused by influenza A viruses (IAVs) (H1N1/1918, H2N2/1957, H3N2/1968, and H1N1/2009) and the coronavirus (CoV) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). IAVs and CoVs both have broad host ranges and share multiple hosts. Virus co-circulation and even co-infections facilitate genetic reassortment among IAVs and recombination among CoVs, further altering virus evolution dynamics and generating novel variants with increased cross-species transmission risk. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 may maintain long-term circulation in humans as seasonal IAVs. Co-existence and co-infection of both viruses in humans could alter disease transmission patterns and aggravate disease burden. Herein, we demonstrate how virus-host ecology correlates with the co-existence and co-infection of IAVs and/or CoVs, further affecting virus evolution and disease dynamics and burden, calling for active virus surveillance and countermeasures for future public health challenges.
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230
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Hogerwerf L, Post PM, Bom B, van der Hoek W, van de Kassteele J, Stemerding AM, de Vries W, Houthuijs D. Proximity to livestock farms and COVID-19 in the Netherlands, 2020-2021. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2022; 245:114022. [PMID: 35987164 PMCID: PMC9376334 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2022.114022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objectives In the Netherlands, during the first phase of the COVID-19 epidemic, the hotspot of COVID-19 overlapped with the country's main livestock area, while in subsequent phases this distinct spatial pattern disappeared. Previous studies show that living near livestock farms influence human respiratory health and immunological responses. This study aimed to explore whether proximity to livestock was associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods The study population was the population of the Netherlands excluding the very strongly urbanised areas and border areas, on January 1, 2019 (12, 628, 244 individuals). The cases are the individuals reported with a laboratory-confirmed positive SARS-CoV-2 test with onset before January 1, 2022 (2, 223, 692 individuals). For each individual, we calculated distance to nearest livestock farm (cattle, goat, sheep, pig, poultry, horse, rabbit, mink). The associations between residential (6-digit postal-code) distance to the nearest livestock farm and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was studied with multilevel logistic regression models. Models were adjusted for individuals' age categories, the social status of the postal code area, particulate matter (PM10)- and nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-concentrations. We analysed data for the entire period and population as well as separately for eight time periods (Jan–Mar, Apr–Jun, Jul–Sep and Oct–Dec in 2020 and 2021), four geographic areas of the Netherlands (north, east, west and south), and for five age categories (0–14, 15–24, 25–44, 45–64 and > 65 years). Results Over the period 2020–2021, individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status was associated with living closer to livestock farms. This association increased from an Odds Ratio (OR) of 1.01 (95% Confidence Interval [CI] 1.01–1.02) for patients living at a distance of 751–1000 m to a farm to an OR of 1.04 (95% CI 1.04–1.04), 1.07 (95% CI 1.06–1.07) and 1.11 (95% CI 1.10–1.12) for patients living in the more proximate 501–750 m, 251–500m and 0–250 m zones around farms, all relative to patients living further than 1000 m around farms. This association was observed in three out of four quarters of the year in both 2020 and 2021, and in all studied geographic areas and age groups. Conclusions In this exploratory study with individual SARS-CoV-2 notification data and high-resolution spatial data associations were found between living near livestock farms and individuals' SARS-CoV-2 status in the Netherlands. Verification of the results in other countries is warranted, as well as investigations into possible underlying exposures and mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenny Hogerwerf
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Pim M Post
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth Observation (ITC), University of Twente, P.O Box 217, Enschede, 7500 AE, the Netherlands.
| | - Ben Bom
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Wim van der Hoek
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Jan van de Kassteele
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | | | - Wilco de Vries
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Danny Houthuijs
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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231
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Manifestation of SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Mink Related to Host-, Virus- and Farm-Associated Factors, The Netherlands 2020. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081754. [PMID: 36016375 PMCID: PMC9414453 DOI: 10.3390/v14081754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks on 69 Dutch mink farms in 2020 were studied to identify risk factors for virus introduction and transmission and to improve surveillance and containment measures. Clinical signs, laboratory test results, and epidemiological aspects were investigated, such as the date and reason of suspicion, housing, farm size and distances, human contact structure, biosecurity measures, and presence of wildlife, pets, pests, and manure management. On seven farms, extensive random sampling was performed, and age, coat color, sex, and clinical signs were recorded. Mild to severe respiratory signs and general diseases such as apathy, reduced feed intake, and increased mortality were detected on 62/69 farms. Throat swabs were more likely to result in virus detection than rectal swabs. Clinical signs differed between virus clusters and were more severe for dark-colored mink, males, and animals infected later during the year. Geographical clustering was found for one virus cluster. Shared personnel could explain some cases, but other transmission routes explaining farm-to-farm spread were not elucidated. An early warning surveillance system, strict biosecurity measures, and a (temporary) ban on mink farming and vaccinating animals and humans can contribute to reducing the risks of the virus spreading and acquisition of potential mutations relevant to human and animal health.
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232
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Hu Y, Buehler MJ. Nanomechanical analysis of SARS-CoV-2 variants and predictions of infectiousness and lethality. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:5833-5842. [PMID: 35899933 PMCID: PMC9364333 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01181b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As variants of the pathogen that causes COVID-19 spread around the world, estimates of infectiousness and lethality of newly emerging strains are important. Here we report a predictive model that associates molecular motions and vibrational patterns of the virus spike protein with infectiousness and lethality. The key finding is that most SARS-CoV-2 variants are predicted to be more infectious and less lethal compared to the original spike protein. However, lineage B.1.351 (Beta variant) is predicted to be less infectious and more lethal, and lineage B.1.1.7 (Alpha variant) is predicted to have both higher infectivity and lethality, showing the potential of the virus to mutate towards different performance regimes. The relatively more recent lineage B.1.617.2 (Delta variant), although contains a few key spike mutations other than D614G, behaves quite similar to the single D614G mutation in both vibrational and predicted epidemiological aspects, which might explain its rapid circulation given the prevalence of D614G. This work may provide a tool to estimate the epidemiological effects of new variants, and offer a pathway to screen mutations against high threat levels. Moreover, the nanomechanical approach, as a novel tool to predict virus-cell interactions, may further open up the door towards better understanding other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwen Hu
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Markus J Buehler
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics (LAMM), Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Center for Computational Science and Engineering, Schwarzman College of Computing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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233
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A strategy to assess spillover risk of bat SARS-related coronaviruses in Southeast Asia. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4380. [PMID: 35945197 PMCID: PMC9363439 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31860-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging diseases caused by coronaviruses of likely bat origin (e.g., SARS, MERS, SADS, COVID-19) have disrupted global health and economies for two decades. Evidence suggests that some bat SARS-related coronaviruses (SARSr-CoVs) could infect people directly, and that their spillover is more frequent than previously recognized. Each zoonotic spillover of a novel virus represents an opportunity for evolutionary adaptation and further spread; therefore, quantifying the extent of this spillover may help target prevention programs. We derive current range distributions for known bat SARSr-CoV hosts and quantify their overlap with human populations. We then use probabilistic risk assessment and data on human-bat contact, human viral seroprevalence, and antibody duration to estimate that a median of 66,280 people (95% CI: 65,351–67,131) are infected with SARSr-CoVs annually in Southeast Asia. These data on the geography and scale of spillover can be used to target surveillance and prevention programs for potential future bat-CoV emergence. Coronaviruses may spill over from bats to humans. This study uses epidemiological data, species distribution models, and probabilistic risk assessment to map overlap among people and SARSr-CoV bat hosts and estimate how many people are infected with bat-origin SARSr-CoVs in Southeast Asia annually.
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234
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High Seroprevalence against SARS-CoV-2 among Dogs and Cats, Poland, 2021/2022. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162016. [PMID: 36009608 PMCID: PMC9404425 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for a pandemic in the human population that has unfolded since the beginning of 2020 and has led to millions of deaths globally. Apart from humans, SARS-CoV-2 has been confirmed in various animal species, including felines, canines, mustelids, and primates. Of these species, dogs and cats are the most popular companion animals worldwide. Several seroprevalence studies have already been performed in these animal species; however, the results vary depending on the location and especially the time of sampling. Here, serum samples were collected from a total of 388 dogs and 243 cats from three veterinary clinics in two cities (Gdańsk and Olsztyn) in Poland between October 2021 and February 2022, when the country was in the midst of the fourth wave of viral spread. All sera were tested for antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 by a multispecies ELISA based on the receptor-binding domain and by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (iIFA). Overall, 18.9% of the feline sera and 16.0% of the canine sera tested positive using ELISA and iIFA. This relatively high seroprevalence among randomly selected animals is most likely related to the high case numbers in the human population and indicates a continuous occurrence of transspecies virus transmissions from infected owners to their pets. Hence, dogs and cats should be included in monitoring studies and/or outbreak investigations for a better understanding of the epidemiology of this virus.
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235
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Moreno A, Lelli D, Trogu T, Lavazza A, Barbieri I, Boniotti M, Pezzoni G, Salogni C, Giovannini S, Alborali G, Bellini S, Boldini M, Farioli M, Ruocco L, Bessi O, Maroni Ponti A, Di Bartolo I, De Sabato L, Vaccari G, Belli G, Margutti A, Giorgi M. SARS-CoV-2 in a Mink Farm in Italy: Case Description, Molecular and Serological Diagnosis by Comparing Different Tests. Viruses 2022; 14:v14081738. [PMID: 36016360 PMCID: PMC9415545 DOI: 10.3390/v14081738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This study described a SARS-CoV-2 infection in minks on an Italian farm. Surveillance was performed based on clinical examination and a collection of 1879 swabs and 74 sera from dead and live animals. The farm was placed under surveillance for 4.5 months, from the end of July 2020, when a man working on the farm tested positive by RT-PCR, till mid-December 2020 when all the animals were sacrificed. Clinical examination revealed no clinical signs or increased mortality rates attributable to SARS-CoV-2, while diagnostic tests detected only four weak PCR-positive samples, but 100% of sera were positive for SARS-CoV-2 anti-S antibodies. The phylogenetic analysis of two SARS-CoV-2 sequences from two minks and the sequence of the worker showed that they belonged to different clades. It could be therefore assumed that two distinct introductions of the virus occurred on the farm, and that the first introduction probably occurred before the start of the surveillance period. From the data collected, and especially from the detection of specific antibodies through the combination of different tests, it can be postulated that syndromic surveillance combined with genome detection by PCR may not be sufficient to achieve a diagnosis in asymptomatic animals. In particular, the serological approach, especially when using tests directed towards the S protein, may be useful for improving the traceability of virus circulation in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Moreno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Davide Lelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Tiziana Trogu
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Antonio Lavazza
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Barbieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - MariaBeatrice Boniotti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giulia Pezzoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Massimo Boldini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna, IZSLER, Via Bianchi, 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Farioli
- Direzione Generale Welfare, Regione Lombardia, Piazza Città di Lombardia 1, 20124 Milano, Italy
| | - Luigi Ruocco
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Olivia Bessi
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Andrea Maroni Ponti
- Direzione Generale Sanità Animale e Farmaci Veterinari, Ministero della Salute, Via Giorgio Ribotta, 5-00144 Roma, Italy
| | - Ilaria Di Bartolo
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca De Sabato
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Vaccari
- Department of Food Safety, Nutrition and Veterinary Public Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Gabriele Belli
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Alberto Margutti
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
| | - Maurilio Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Prevenzione Veterinario, ATS Valpadana, Via Belgiardino, 6-26100 Cremona, Italy
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236
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Tai JH, Sun HY, Tseng YC, Li G, Chang SY, Yeh SH, Chen PJ, Chaw SM, Wang HY. Contrasting patterns in the early stage of SARS-CoV-2 evolution between humans and minks. Mol Biol Evol 2022; 39:6658056. [PMID: 35934827 PMCID: PMC9384665 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msac156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the unique features of SARS-CoV-2 is its apparent neutral evolution during the early pandemic (before February 2020). This contrasts with the preceding SARS-CoV epidemics, where viruses evolved adaptively. SARS-CoV-2 may exhibit a unique or adaptive feature which deviates from other coronaviruses. Alternatively, the virus may have been cryptically circulating in humans for a sufficient time to have acquired adaptive changes before the onset of the current pandemic. To test the scenarios above, we analyzed the SARS-CoV-2 sequences from minks (Neovision vision) and parental humans. In the early phase of the mink epidemic (April to May 2020), nonsynonymous to synonymous mutation ratio per site in the spike protein is 2.93, indicating a selection process favoring adaptive amino acid changes. Mutations in the spike protein were concentrated within its receptor binding domain and receptor binding motif. An excess of high frequency derived variants produced by genetic hitchhiking was found during the middle (June to July 2020) and late phase I (August to September 2020) of the mink epidemic. In contrast, the site frequency spectra of early SARS-CoV-2 in humans only show an excess of low frequency mutations, consistent with the recent outbreak of the virus. Strong positive selection in the mink SARS-CoV-2 implies the virus may not be pre-adapted to a wide range of hosts and illustrates how a virus evolves to establish a continuous infection in a new host. Therefore, the lack of positive selection signal during the early pandemic in humans deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jui Hung Tai
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.,Genome and Systems Biology Degree Program, National Taiwan University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao Yu Sun
- Taipei Municipal Zhongshan Girls High School, Taipei 10490, Taiwan
| | - Yi Cheng Tseng
- Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Guanghao Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Sui Yuan Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shiou Hwei Yeh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Pei Jer Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Hepatitis Research Center, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.,Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University College of Medicine and National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
| | - Shu Miaw Chaw
- Biodiversity Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hurng Yi Wang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10002, Taiwan.,Institute of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
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237
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Murphy H, Ly H. What are the risk levels of humans contracting SARS-CoV-2 from pets and vice versa? J Med Virol 2022; 94:5613-5614. [PMID: 35906099 PMCID: PMC9353424 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Murphy
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesSt PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Hinh Ly
- Comparative and Molecular Biosciences Graduate Program, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of Minnesota, Twin CitiesSt PaulMinnesotaUSA
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238
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Carlson CJ, Phelan AL. International law reform for One Health notifications. Lancet 2022; 400:462-468. [PMID: 35810748 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(22)00942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Epidemic risk assessment and response relies on rapid information sharing. Using examples from the past decade, we discuss the limitations of the present system for outbreak notifications, which suffers from ambiguous obligations, fragile incentives, and an overly narrow focus on human outbreaks. We examine existing international legal frameworks, and provide clarity on what a successful One Health approach to proposed international law reforms-including a pandemic treaty and amendments to the International Health Regulations-would require. In particular, we focus on how a treaty would provide opportunities to simultaneously expand reporting obligations, accelerate the sharing of scientific discoveries, and strengthen existing legal frameworks, all while addressing the most complex issues that global health governance currently faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Carlson
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Medical-Dental Building, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 USA; Department of Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
| | - Alexandra L Phelan
- Center for Global Health Science and Security, Medical-Dental Building, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057 USA; O'Neill Institute for National and Global Health Law, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
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239
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Zhao Y, Deng S, Bai Y, Guo J, Kai G, Huang X, Jia X. Promising natural products against SARS-CoV-2: Structure, function, and clinical trials. Phytother Res 2022; 36:3833-3858. [PMID: 35932157 PMCID: PMC9538226 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The corona virus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS‐COV‐2) poses a severe threat to human health and still spreads globally. Due to the high mutation ratio and breakthrough infection rate of the virus, vaccines and anti‐COVID‐19 drugs require continual improvements. Drug screening research has shown that some natural active products can target the critical proteins of SARS‐CoV‐2, including 3CLpro, ACE2, FURIN, and RdRp, which could produce great inhibitory effects on SARS‐COV‐2. In addition, some natural products have displayed activities of immunomodulation, antiinflammatory, and antihepatic failure in COVID‐19 clinical trials, which may relate to their non‐monomeric structures. However, further evaluation and high‐quality assessments, including safety verification tests, drug interaction tests, and clinical trials, are needed to substantiate natural products' multi‐target and multi‐pathway effects on COVID‐19. Here, we review the literature on several promising active natural products that may act as vaccine immune enhancers or provide targeted anti‐COVID‐19 drugs. The structures, mechanisms of action, and research progress of these natural products are analyzed, to hopefully provide effective ideas for the development of targeted drugs that possess better structure, potency, and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shanshan Deng
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA and Drugs, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Yujiao Bai
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA and Drugs, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinlin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Systematic Research of Distinctive Chinese Medicine Resources in Southwest China, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoyin Kai
- Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinhe Huang
- Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xu Jia
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Noncoding RNA and Drugs, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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240
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No Evidence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Wild Mink (Mustela lutreola and Neogale vison) from Northern Spain during the First Two Years of Pandemic. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12151971. [PMID: 35953960 PMCID: PMC9367499 DOI: 10.3390/ani12151971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) is a betacoronavirus (β-CoV) closely related to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV) and the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), which have also caused severe outbreaks of disease in human populations. Human-to-animal transmission events during the COVID-19 pandemic have been documented in several countries. Different animal species have been proven to be susceptible to infection with SARS-CoV-2 both naturally and by experimental infection, including mustelids such as ferrets, otters, and American mink (Neogale vison). In this sense, infected farmed American mink develop respiratory signs associated with viral pneumonia. This study evaluates the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in European mink (Mustela lutreola) and American mink from Spain, by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike protein antigen in serum samples and/or by RT-qPCR assays in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs. From January 2020 to February 2022, a total of 162 animals (127 European mink and 35 American mink) with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the study. Of the 126 serum samples analysed by serology, anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies were not detected in the mink included in this study. In the same way, SARS-CoV-2 RNA has not been detected in any of the 160 swabs samples analysed by RT-qPCR. This study shows the absence of the wild mink exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in a geographic area seriously affected by COVID-19. With these results, it can be considered that the probability that the virus is circulating in wild mink is low. With this, the risk of virus transmission to humans by this route is also considered improbable. Abstract The impact of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic on wildlife is largely unevaluated, and extended surveillance of animal species is needed to reach a consensus on the role of animals in the emergence and maintenance of SARS-CoV-2. This infection has been detected in farmed and domestic animals and wild animals, mainly in captivity. The interactions or shared resources with wildlife could represent a potential transmission pathway for the SARS-CoV-2 spill over to other wild species and could lead to health consequences or the establishment of new reservoirs in susceptible hosts. This study evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in European mink (Mustela lutreola) and American mink (Neogale vison) in Spain by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using the receptor binding domain (RBD) of Spike antigen in serum samples and/or by RT-qPCR assays in oropharyngeal and rectal swabs. From January 2020 to February 2022, a total of 162 animals (127 European mink and 35 American mink) with no evidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection were included in the study. Antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 were not found in the serum samples analysed (n = 126), nor was the virus amplified by RT-qPCR (n = 160 swabs). Our results suggest that the potential role of wild mink and the European mink bred in captivity and released to the wild as dispersers of SARS-CoV-2 is so far low. However, wildlife surveillance for early detection of human and animal risks should be continued. In this sense, epidemiological monitoring measures, including serology and molecular analysis, are necessary.
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241
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van der Giessen J, Vlaanderen F, Kortbeek T, Swaan C, van den Kerkhof H, Broens E, Rijks J, Koene M, De Rosa M, Uiterwijk M, Augustijn-Schretlen M, Maassen C. Signalling and responding to zoonotic threats using a One Health approach: a decade of the Zoonoses Structure in the Netherlands, 2011 to 2021. EURO SURVEILLANCE : BULLETIN EUROPEEN SUR LES MALADIES TRANSMISSIBLES = EUROPEAN COMMUNICABLE DISEASE BULLETIN 2022; 27. [PMID: 35929428 PMCID: PMC9358405 DOI: 10.2807/1560-7917.es.2022.27.31.2200039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, the avian influenza outbreak in poultry in 2003 and the Q fever outbreak in dairy goats between 2007 and 2010 had severe consequences for public health. These outbreaks led to the establishment of an integrated human-veterinary risk analysis system for zoonoses, the Zoonoses Structure. The aim of the Zoonoses Structure is to signal, assess and control emerging zoonoses that may pose a risk to animal and/or human health in an integrated One Health approach. The Signalling Forum Zoonoses (SO-Z), the first step of the Zoonoses Structure, is a multidisciplinary committee composed of experts from the medical, veterinary, entomology and wildlife domains. The SO-Z shares relevant signals with professionals and has monthly meetings. Over the past 10 years (June 2011 to December 2021), 390 different signals of various zoonotic pathogens in animal reservoirs and humans have been assessed. Here, we describe the Zoonoses Structure with examples from signals and responses for four zoonotic events in the Netherlands (tularaemia, Brucella canis, West Nile virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)). This may serve as an example for other countries on how to collaborate in a One Health approach to signal and control emerging zoonoses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke van der Giessen
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Frits Vlaanderen
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Titia Kortbeek
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Corien Swaan
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Hans van den Kerkhof
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Els Broens
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jolianne Rijks
- Dutch Wildlife Health Centre (DWHC), Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miriam Koene
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research (WBVR), Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro De Rosa
- Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mathilde Uiterwijk
- Centre for Monitoring of Vectors (CMV), Netherlands Institute for Vectors, Invasive plants and Plant health (NIVIP), Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NVWA), Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Catharina Maassen
- Centre of Infectious Disease Control of the National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (Cib-RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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242
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Ramanujam H, Palaniyandi K. COVID-19 in animals: A need for One Health approach. Indian J Med Microbiol 2022; 40:485-491. [PMID: 35927142 PMCID: PMC9340561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 has been identified as the cause of the COVID-19, which caused a global pandemic. It is a pathogen that causes respiratory disease and can easily navigate the interspecies barrier. A significant number of COVID-19 cases in animals have been reported worldwide, including but not limited to animals in farms, captivity, and household pets. Thus, assessing the affected population and anticipating ‘at risk’ population becomes essential. Objectives This article aims to emphasize the zoonotic potential of SARS- CoV-2 and discuss the One Health aspects of the disease. Content This is a narrative review of recently published studies on animals infected with SARS-CoV-2, both experimental and natural. The elucidation of the mechanism of infection by binding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the ACE-2 receptor cells in humans has led to bioinformatic analysis that has identified a few other susceptible species in silico. While infections in animals have been extensively reported, no intermediary host has yet been identified for this disease. The articles collected in this review have been grouped into four categories; experimental inoculations, infection in wild animals, infection in farm animals and infection in pet animals, along with a review of literature in each category. The risk of infection transmission between humans and animals and vice versa and the importance of the One Health approach has been discussed at length in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harini Ramanujam
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India
| | - Kannan Palaniyandi
- Department of Immunology, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis, Chetpet, Chennai, India.
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243
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SARS-CoV-2 VOC type and biological sex affect molnupiravir efficacy in severe COVID-19 dwarf hamster model. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4416. [PMID: 35906230 PMCID: PMC9338273 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32045-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) have triggered infection waves. Oral antivirals such as molnupiravir promise to improve disease management, but efficacy against VOC delta was questioned and potency against omicron is unknown. This study evaluates molnupiravir against VOC in human airway epithelium organoids, ferrets, and a lethal Roborovski dwarf hamster model of severe COVID-19-like lung injury. VOC were equally inhibited by molnupiravir in cells and organoids. Treatment reduced shedding in ferrets and prevented transmission. Pathogenicity in dwarf hamsters was VOC-dependent and highest for delta, gamma, and omicron. All molnupiravir-treated dwarf hamsters survived, showing reduction in lung virus load from one (delta) to four (gamma) orders of magnitude. Treatment effect size varied in individual dwarf hamsters infected with omicron and was significant in males, but not females. The dwarf hamster model recapitulates mixed efficacy of molnupiravir in human trials and alerts that benefit must be reassessed in vivo as VOC evolve. Molnupiravir was the first orally available SARS-CoV-2 antiviral approved for outpatient use against SARS-CoV-2, but its efficacy against variants of concern, especially delta, was questioned. Here the authors evaluate molnupiravir against variant of concern in numerous models, including human airway epithelium organoids, ferrets and Roborovski dwarf hamsters.
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244
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Tang L, Zhang D, Han P, Kang X, Zheng A, Xu Z, Zhao X, Wang VYF, Qi J, Wang Q, Liu K, Gao GF. Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 and its variants binding to intermediate horseshoe bat ACE2. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:4658-4668. [PMID: 35874946 PMCID: PMC9305271 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has caused a global pandemic. Intermediate horseshoe bats (Rhinolophus affinis) are hosts of RaTG13, the second most phylogenetically related viruses to SARS-CoV-2. We report the binding between intermediate horseshoe bat ACE2 (bACE2-Ra) and SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD), supporting the pseudotyped SARS-CoV-2 viral infection. A 3.3 Å resolution crystal structure of the bACE2-Ra/SARS-CoV-2 RBD complex was determined. The interaction networks of Patch 1 showed differences in R34 and E35 of bACE2-Ra compared to hACE2 and big-eared horseshoe bat ACE2 (bACE2-Rm). The E35K substitution, existing in other species, significantly enhanced the binding affinity owing to its electrostatic attraction with E484 of SARS-CoV-2 RBD. Furthermore, bACE2-Ra showed extensive support for the SARS-CoV-2 variants. These results broaden our knowledge of the ACE2/RBD interaction mechanism and emphasize the importance of continued surveillance of intermediate horseshoe bats to prevent spillover risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingfeng Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Di Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Pu Han
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xinrui Kang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Anqi Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zepeng Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Vivien Ya-Fan Wang
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Jianxun Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qihui Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kefang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - George F Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR 999078, China
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245
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A Method for Variant Agnostic Detection of SARS-CoV-2, Rapid Monitoring of Circulating Variants, and Early Detection of Emergent Variants Such as Omicron. J Clin Microbiol 2022; 60:e0034222. [PMID: 35766514 PMCID: PMC9297815 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00342-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants raised public health questions concerning the capability of diagnostic tests to detect new strains, the efficacy of vaccines, and how to map the geographical distribution of variants to understand transmission patterns and loads on healthcare resources. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) is the primary method for detecting and tracing new variants, but it is expensive, and it can take weeks before sequence data are available in public repositories. This article describes a customizable reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR)-based genotyping approach which is significantly less expensive, accelerates reporting, and can be implemented in any lab that performs RT-PCR. Specific single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and indels were identified which had high positive-percent agreement (PPA) and negative-percent agreement (NPA) compared to NGS for the major genotypes that circulated through September 11, 2021. Using a 48-marker panel, testing on 1,031 retrospective SARS-CoV-2 positive samples yielded a PPA and NPA ranging from 96.3 to 100% and 99.2 to 100%, respectively, for the top 10 most prevalent World Health Organization (WHO) lineages during that time. The effect of reducing the quantity of panel markers was explored, and a 16-marker panel was determined to be nearly as effective as the 48-marker panel at lineage assignment. Responding to the emergence of Omicron, a genotyping panel was developed which distinguishes Delta and Omicron using four highly specific SNPs. The results demonstrate the utility of the condensed panel to rapidly track the growing prevalence of Omicron across the US in December 2021 and January 2022.
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246
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Xia S, Wang L, Zhu Y, Lu L, Jiang S. Origin, virological features, immune evasion and intervention of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron sublineages. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2022; 7:241. [PMID: 35853878 PMCID: PMC9295084 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-022-01105-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, a large number of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants continuously emerged and posed a major threat to global public health. Among them, particularly, Omicron variant (B.1.1.529), first identified in November 2021, carried numerous mutations in its spike protein (S), and then quickly spread around the world. Currently, Omicron variant has expanded into more than one hundred sublineages, such as BA.1, BA.2, BA.2.12.1, BA.4 and BA.5, which have already become the globally dominant variants. Different from other variants of concern (VOCs) of SARS-CoV-2, the Omicron variant and its sublineages exhibit increased transmissibility and immune escape from neutralizing antibodies generated through previous infection or vaccination, and have caused numerous re-infections and breakthrough infections. In this prospective, we have focused on the origin, virological features, immune evasion and intervention of Omicron sublineages, which will benefit the development of next-generation vaccines and therapeutics, including pan-sarbecovirus and universal anti-CoV therapeutics, to combat currently circulating and future emerging Omicron sublineages as well as other SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Xia
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lijue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, CAS Center for Excellence in Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lu Lu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Shibo Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (MOE/NHC/CAMS), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Pathogenic Microbes and Infection, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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247
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Davoust B, Guérin P, Orain N, Fligny C, Flirden F, Fenollar F, Mediannikov O, Edouard S. Evidence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in wild mustelids from Brittany (France). Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:e3400-e3407. [PMID: 35841263 PMCID: PMC9350122 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the French region of Brittany, mainly in the department of the Côtes d'Armor, during the first half of 2021, seropositivity for SARS‐CoV‐2 was detected in five wild mustelids out of 33 animals tested (15.6%). Anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 IgG was detected against at least four out of five recombinant viral proteins (S1 receptor binding domain, nucleocapsid, S1 subunit, S2 subunit and spike) in three pine martens (Martes martes) and in two badgers (Meles meles) using the automated western blot technique. An ELISA test also identified seropositive cases, although these did not align with western blot results. Although the 171 qPCRs carried out on samples from the 33 mustelids were all negative, these preliminary results from this observational study nevertheless bear witness to infections of unknown origin. The epidemiological surveillance of Covid‐19 in wildlife must continue, in particular with effective serology tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | | | - Camille Fligny
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Fabien Flirden
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Florence Fenollar
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France.,Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, Marseille, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Sophie Edouard
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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248
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Willgert K, Didelot X, Surendran-Nair M, Kuchipudi SV, Ruden RM, Yon M, Nissly RH, Vandegrift KJ, Nelli RK, Li L, Jayarao BM, Levine N, Olsen RJ, Davis JJ, Musser JM, Hudson PJ, Kapur V, Conlan AJK. Transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and white-tailed deer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12094. [PMID: 35840592 PMCID: PMC9284484 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16071-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of a novel pathogen in a susceptible population can cause rapid spread of infection. High prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) has been reported in multiple locations, likely resulting from several human-to-deer spillover events followed by deer-to-deer transmission. Knowledge of the risk and direction of SARS-CoV-2 transmission between humans and potential reservoir hosts is essential for effective disease control and prioritisation of interventions. Using genomic data, we reconstruct the transmission history of SARS-CoV-2 in humans and deer, estimate the case finding rate and attempt to infer relative rates of transmission between species. We found no evidence of direct or indirect transmission from deer to human. However, with an estimated case finding rate of only 4.2%, spillback to humans cannot be ruled out. The extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within deer populations and the large number of unsampled cases highlights the need for active surveillance at the human–animal interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katriina Willgert
- Disease Dynamics Unit (DDU), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Xavier Didelot
- School of Life Sciences and Department of Statistics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Meera Surendran-Nair
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Suresh V Kuchipudi
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rachel M Ruden
- Wildlife Bureau, Iowa Department of Natural Resources, Des Moines, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Michele Yon
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Ruth H Nissly
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Kurt J Vandegrift
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Rahul K Nelli
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Lingling Li
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Bhushan M Jayarao
- Animal Diagnostic Laboratory, Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Nicole Levine
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Randall J Olsen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - James J Davis
- University of Chicago Consortium for Advanced Science and Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, USA.,Division of Data Science and Learning, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - James M Musser
- Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Human Infectious Disease Research, Center for Infectious Diseases, Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Peter J Hudson
- The Center for Infectious Disease Dynamics, Department of Biology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Vivek Kapur
- Huck Institutes of Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Department of Animal Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Andrew J K Conlan
- Disease Dynamics Unit (DDU), Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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249
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An Updated Review on SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Animals. Viruses 2022; 14:v14071527. [PMID: 35891507 PMCID: PMC9323600 DOI: 10.3390/v14071527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic has lasted for two years and caused millions of infections and deaths in humans. Although the origin of SARS-CoV-2 infection in humans remains unknown, infection in animals has been frequently reported in varieties of animals all over the world. Both experimental and natural infections of SARS-CoV-2 in different animal species provide useful information on viral host range and pathogenicity. As the pandemic continues to evolve, SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals will be expanding. In this review, we summarized SARS-CoV-2 testing and infection in animals as well as SARS-CoV-2 strains and transmission in animals. Current data showed that at least 18 different animal species tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. These 18 animal species belong to pet, captive, farmed, and wild animals. Fifteen of the eighteen animal species were known to be positive for the Delta variant and ten animal species were infected with two different types of variants. Human-to-animal, animal-to-animal, and animal-to-human transmission events were suggested in different outbreaks involved in animal infection with SARS-CoV-2. Continued testing, immunization, and surveillance are warranted.
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250
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Clark D, Antwi-Boasiako G, Brook RK, Epp T, Jenkins E, Lambert S, Soos C. Understanding and strengthening wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes: A research imperative. Zoonoses Public Health 2022; 69:768-776. [PMID: 35822519 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlights the urgency and importance of monitoring, managing and addressing zoonotic diseases, and the acute challenges of doing so with sufficient inter-jurisdictional coordination in a dynamic global context. Although wildlife pathogens are well-studied clinically and ecologically, there is very little systematic scholarship on their management or on policy implications. The current global pandemic therefore presents a unique social science research imperative: to understand how decisions are made about preventing and responding to wildlife diseases, especially zoonoses, and how those policy processes can be improved as part of early warning systems, preparedness and rapid response. To meet these challenges, we recommend intensified research efforts towards: (i) generating functional insights about wildlife and zoonotic disease policy processes, (ii) enabling social and organizational learning to mobilize those insights, (iii) understanding epistemic instability to address populist anti-science and (iv) anticipating evolving and new zoonotic emergences, especially their human dimensions. Since policy processes for zoonoses can be acutely challenged during the early stages of an epidemic or pandemic, such insights can provide a pragmatic, empirically-based roadmap for enhancing their robustness and efficacy, and benefiting long-term decision-making efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Clark
- School of Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Gabriel Antwi-Boasiako
- School of Environment & Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ryan K Brook
- College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Tasha Epp
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Emily Jenkins
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Simon Lambert
- Department of Indigenous Studies, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Catherine Soos
- Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.,Environment and Climate Change, Prairie and Northern Wildlife Research Centre, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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