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High M, Cho HY, Marzec J, Wiltshire T, Verhein KC, Caballero MT, Acosta PL, Ciencewicki J, McCaw ZR, Kobzik L, Miller-DeGraff L, Gladwell W, Peden DB, Serra ME, Shi M, Weinberg C, Suzuki O, Wang X, Bell DA, Polack FP, Kleeberger SR. Determinants of host susceptibility to murine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease identify a role for the innate immunity scavenger receptor MARCO gene in human infants. EBioMedicine 2016; 11:73-84. [PMID: 27554839 PMCID: PMC5049919 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2016.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the global leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection in infants. Nearly 30% of all infected infants develop severe disease including bronchiolitis, but susceptibility mechanisms remain unclear. Methods We infected a panel of 30 inbred strains of mice with RSV and measured changes in lung disease parameters 1 and 5 days post-infection and they were used in genome-wide association (GWA) studies to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) and susceptibility gene candidates. Findings GWA identified QTLs for RSV disease phenotypes, and the innate immunity scavenger receptor Marco was a candidate susceptibility gene; targeted deletion of Marco worsened murine RSV disease. We characterized a human MARCO promoter SNP that caused loss of gene expression, increased in vitro cellular response to RSV infection, and associated with increased risk of disease severity in two independent populations of children infected with RSV. Interpretation Translational integration of a genetic animal model and in vitro human studies identified a role for MARCO in human RSV disease severity. Because no RSV vaccines are approved for clinical use, genetic studies have implications for diagnosing individuals who are at risk for severe RSV disease, and disease prevention strategies (e.g. RSV antibodies). In a panel of inbred strains of mice, RSV disease phenotypes were characterized that resemble those in human disease. We identified Marco as a susceptibility gene, and a human MARCO mutation increased risk of disease severity in children. These studies have implications for diagnosing individuals who are at risk for severe RSV disease and prevent disease.
RSV disease is the primary global cause for hospitalization one year after birth but the causes of differential RSV disease severity are not understood. We show that RSV disease phenotypes vary significantly between inbred strains of mice, and resemble those in human disease. We used genetic approaches to identify and validate the innate immunity gene Marco as a host susceptibility determinant for murine RSV disease. We then characterized a loss of function polymorphism in human MARCO that increases risk of severe RSV disease risk in infants. Results have important implications for identifying genetic risk factors for severe RSV disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica High
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Hye-Youn Cho
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jacqui Marzec
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Tim Wiltshire
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kirsten C Verhein
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | | | - Patricio L Acosta
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Jonathan Ciencewicki
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Zackary R McCaw
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Miller-DeGraff
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Wes Gladwell
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - David B Peden
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma and Lung Biology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Min Shi
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Clarice Weinberg
- Biostatistics and Computational Biology Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Oscar Suzuki
- Division of Pharmacotherapy and Experimental Therapeutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xuting Wang
- Genome Integrity & Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Douglas A Bell
- Genome Integrity & Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Fernando P Polack
- Fundación INFANT, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Pediatrics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
| | - Steven R Kleeberger
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Diseases Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA.
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202
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Maysinger D, Zhang I. Nutritional and Nanotechnological Modulators of Microglia. Front Immunol 2016; 7:270. [PMID: 27471505 PMCID: PMC4945637 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the essential responders to alimentary, pharmacological, and nanotechnological immunomodulators. These neural cells play multiple roles as surveyors, sculptors, and guardians of essential parts of complex neural circuitries. Microglia can play dual roles in the central nervous system; they can be deleterious and/or protective. The immunomodulatory effects of alimentary components, gut microbiota, and nanotechnological products have been investigated in microglia at the single-cell level and in vivo using intravital imaging approaches, and different biochemical assays. This review highlights some of the emerging questions and topics from studies involving alimentation, microbiota, nanotechnological products, and associated problems in this area of research. Some of the advantages and limitations of in vitro and in vivo models used to study the neuromodulatory effects of these factors, as well as the merits and pitfalls of intravital imaging modalities employed are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dusica Maysinger
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
| | - Issan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University , Montreal, QC , Canada
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203
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204
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Watson DC, Bayik D, Srivatsan A, Bergamaschi C, Valentin A, Niu G, Bear J, Monninger M, Sun M, Morales-Kastresana A, Jones JC, Felber BK, Chen X, Gursel I, Pavlakis GN. Efficient production and enhanced tumor delivery of engineered extracellular vesicles. Biomaterials 2016; 105:195-205. [PMID: 27522254 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV), including exosomes and microvesicles, are nano-sized intercellular communication vehicles that participate in a multitude of physiological processes. Due to their biological properties, they are also promising candidates for the systemic delivery of therapeutic compounds, such as cytokines, chemotherapeutic drugs, siRNAs and viral vectors. However, low EV production yield and rapid clearance of administered EV by liver macrophages limit their potential use as therapeutic vehicles. We have used a hollow-fiber bioreactor for the efficient production of bioactive EV bearing the heterodimeric cytokine complex Interleukin-15:Interleukin-15 receptor alpha. Bioreactor culture yielded ∼40-fold more EV per mL conditioned medium, as compared to conventional cell culture. Biophysical analysis and comparative proteomics suggested a more diverse population of EV in the bioreactor preparations, while serum protein contaminants were detectable only in conventional culture EV preparations. We also identified the Scavenger Receptor Class A family (SR-A) as a novel monocyte/macrophage uptake receptor for EV. In vivo blockade of SR-A with dextran sulfate dramatically decreased EV liver clearance in mice, while enhancing tumor accumulation. These findings facilitate development of EV therapeutic methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dionysios C Watson
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Department of Medicine, University of Patras, Greece
| | - Defne Bayik
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
| | - Avinash Srivatsan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Cristina Bergamaschi
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Antonio Valentin
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jenifer Bear
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mitchell Monninger
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Mei Sun
- Pathology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Aizea Morales-Kastresana
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C Jones
- Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Barbara K Felber
- Human Retrovirus Pathogenesis Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ihsan Gursel
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Bilkent University, Ankara, 06800 Turkey
| | - George N Pavlakis
- Human Retrovirus Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, United States.
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Lebre F, Hearnden CH, Lavelle EC. Modulation of Immune Responses by Particulate Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:5525-5541. [PMID: 27167228 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201505395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Many biomaterials that are in both preclinical and clinical use are particulate in nature and there is a growing appreciation that the physicochemical properties of materials have a significant impact on their efficacy. The ability of particulates to modulate adaptive immune responses has been recognized for the past century but it is only in recent decades that a mechanistic understanding of how particulates can regulate these responses has emerged. It is now clear that particulate characteristics including size, charge, shape and porosity can influence the scale and nature of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. The potential to tailor biomaterials in order to regulate the type of innate immune response induced, offers significant opportunities in terms of designing systems with increased immune-mediated efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipa Lebre
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Claire H Hearnden
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
| | - Ed C Lavelle
- Adjuvant Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Science Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices (CRANN) & Advanced Materials Bio-Engineering Research Centre (AMBER), Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, D02 PN40, Ireland
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206
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Isidro RA, Appleyard CB. Colonic macrophage polarization in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 311:G59-73. [PMID: 27229123 PMCID: PMC4967174 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00123.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our review focuses on the colonic macrophage, a monocyte-derived, tissue-resident macrophage, and the role it plays in health and disease, specifically in inflammatory conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease and cancer of the colon and rectum. We give special emphasis to macrophage polarization, or phenotype, in these different states. We focus on macrophages because they are one of the most numerous leukocytes in the colon, and because they normally contribute to homeostasis through an anti-inflammatory phenotype. However, in conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease, proinflammatory macrophages are increased in the colon and have been linked to disease severity and progression. In colorectal cancer, tumor cells may employ anti-inflammatory macrophages to promote tumor growth and dissemination, whereas proinflammatory macrophages may antagonize tumor growth. Given the key roles that this cell type plays in homeostasis, inflammation, and cancer, the colonic macrophage is an intriguing therapeutic target. As such, potential macrophage-targeting strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Isidro
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, 395 Zona Industrial Reparada 2, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00716
| | - Caroline B Appleyard
- Department of Basic Sciences, Ponce Health Sciences University-Medical School and Ponce Research Institute, 395 Zona Industrial Reparada 2, Ponce, Puerto Rico 00716
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207
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Zhang J, Zu Y, Dhanasekara CS, Li J, Wu D, Fan Z, Wang S. Detection and treatment of atherosclerosis using nanoparticles. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 9. [PMID: 27241794 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is the key pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease, which is a silent killer and a leading cause of death in the United States. Atherosclerosis starts with the adhesion of inflammatory monocytes on the activated endothelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli. These monocytes can further migrate into the intimal layer of the blood vessel where they differentiate into macrophages, which take up oxidized low-density lipoproteins and release inflammatory factors to amplify the local inflammatory response. After accumulation of cholesterol, the lipid-laden macrophages are transformed into foam cells, the hallmark of the early stage of atherosclerosis. Foam cells can die from apoptosis or necrosis, and the intracellular lipid is deposed in the artery wall forming lesions. The angiogenesis for nurturing cells is enhanced during lesion development. Proteases released from macrophages, foam cells, and other cells degrade the fibrous cap of the lesion, resulting in rupture of the lesion and subsequent thrombus formation. Thrombi can block blood circulation, which represents a major cause of acute heart events and stroke. There are generally no symptoms in the early stages of atherosclerosis. Current detection techniques cannot easily, safely, and effectively detect the lesions in the early stages, nor can they characterize the lesion features such as the vulnerability. While the available therapeutic modalities cannot target specific molecules, cells, and processes in the lesions, nanoparticles appear to have a promising potential in improving atherosclerosis detection and treatment via targeting the intimal macrophages, foam cells, endothelial cells, angiogenesis, proteolysis, apoptosis, and thrombosis. Indeed, many nanoparticles have been developed in improving blood lipid profile and decreasing inflammatory response for enhancing therapeutic efficacy of drugs and decreasing their side effects. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1412. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1412 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Yujiao Zu
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Jun Li
- Laboratory Animal Center, Peking University, Beijing, PR China
| | - Dayong Wu
- Nutritional Immunology Laboratory, Jean Mayer Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Nano Tech Center, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Ogle ME, Segar CE, Sridhar S, Botchwey EA. Monocytes and macrophages in tissue repair: Implications for immunoregenerative biomaterial design. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2016; 241:1084-97. [PMID: 27229903 PMCID: PMC4898192 DOI: 10.1177/1535370216650293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes and macrophages play a critical role in tissue development, homeostasis, and injury repair. These innate immune cells participate in guiding vascular remodeling, stimulation of local stem and progenitor cells, and structural repair of tissues such as muscle and bone. Therefore, there is a great interest in harnessing this powerful endogenous cell source for therapeutic regeneration through immunoregenerative biomaterial engineering. These materials seek to harness specific subpopulations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair by influencing their recruitment, positioning, differentiation, and function within a damaged tissue. Monocyte and macrophage phenotypes span a continuum of inflammatory (M1) to anti-inflammatory or pro-regenerative cells (M2), and their heterogeneous functions are highly dependent on microenvironmental cues within the injury niche. Increasing evidence suggests that division of labor among subpopulations of monocytes and macrophages could allow for harnessing regenerative functions over inflammatory functions of myeloid cells; however, the complex balance between necessary functions of inflammatory versus regenerative myeloid cells remains to be fully elucidated. Historically, biomaterial-based therapies for promoting tissue regeneration were designed to minimize the host inflammatory response; although, recent appreciation for the roles that innate immune cells play in tissue repair and material integration has shifted this paradigm. A number of opportunities exist to exploit known signaling systems of specific populations of monocytes/macrophages to promote repair and to better understand the biological and pathological roles of myeloid cells. This review seeks to outline the characteristics of distinct populations of monocytes and macrophages, identify the role of these cells within diverse tissue injury niches, and offer design criteria for immunoregenerative biomaterials given the intrinsic inflammatory response to their implantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E Ogle
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Claire E Segar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Sraeyes Sridhar
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Edward A Botchwey
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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209
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Nekolla K, Kick K, Sellner S, Mildner K, Zahler S, Zeuschner D, Krombach F, Rehberg M. Influence of Surface Modifications on the Spatiotemporal Microdistribution of Quantum Dots In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2641-2651. [PMID: 27028603 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
For biomedical applications of nanoconstructs, it is a general prerequisite to efficiently reach the desired target site. In this regard, it is crucial to determine the spatiotemporal distribution of nanomaterials at the microscopic tissue level. Therefore, the effect of different surface modifications on the distribution of microinjected quantum dots (QDs) in mouse skeletal muscle tissue has been investigated. In vivo real-time fluorescence microscopy and particle tracking reveal that carboxyl QDs preferentially attach to components of the extracellular matrix (ECM), whereas QDs coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) show little interaction with tissue constituents. Transmission electron microscopy elucidates that carboxyl QDs adhere to collagen fibers as well as basement membranes, a type of ECM located on the basolateral side of blood vessel walls. Moreover, carboxyl QDs have been found in endothelial junctions as well as in caveolae of endothelial cells, enabling them to translocate into the vessel lumen. The in vivo QD distribution is confirmed by in vitro experiments. The data suggest that ECM components act as a selective barrier depending on QD surface modification. For future biomedical applications, such as targeting of blood vessel walls, the findings of this study offer design criteria for nanoconstructs that meet the requirements of the respective application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Nekolla
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Kerstin Kick
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Sellner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Karina Mildner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Butenandtstr. 5-13, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Dagmar Zeuschner
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehberg
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Marchioninistr, 15, 81377, Munich, Germany
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210
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Abstract
The immune system is an incredibly complex biological network that plays a significant role in almost all disease pathogenesis. With an increased understanding of how this vital system operates, there has been a great emphasis on leveraging, manipulating, and/or supplementing endogenous immunity to better prevent or treat different disease states. More recently, the advent of nanotechnology has ushered in a plethora of new nanoparticle-based platforms that can be used to improve existing immunomodulation modalities. As the ability to engineer at the nanoscale becomes increasingly sophisticated, nanoparticles can be finely tuned to effect the desired immune responses, leading to exciting new avenues for addressing pressing issues in public health. In this review, we give an overview of the different areas in which nanoparticle technology has been applied toward modulating the immune system and highlight the recent advances within each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie H Fang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Liangfang Zhang
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
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211
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Biodegradable antigen-associated PLG nanoparticles tolerize Th2-mediated allergic airway inflammation pre- and postsensitization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:5059-64. [PMID: 27091976 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505782113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Specific immunotherapy (SIT) is the most widely used treatment for allergic diseases that directly targets the T helper 2 (Th2) bias underlying allergy. However, the most widespread clinical applications of SIT require a long period of dose escalation with soluble antigen (Ag) and carry a significant risk of adverse reactions, particularly in highly sensitized patients who stand to benefit most from a curative treatment. Thus, the development of safer, more efficient methods to induce Ag-specific immune tolerance is critical to advancing allergy treatment. We hypothesized that antigen-associated nanoparticles (Ag-NPs), which we have used to prevent and treat Th1/Th17-mediated autoimmune disease, would also be effective for the induction of tolerance in a murine model of Th2-mediated ovalbumin/alum-induced allergic airway inflammation. We demonstrate here that antigen-conjugated polystyrene (Ag-PS) NPs, although effective for the prophylactic induction of tolerance, induce anaphylaxis in presensitized mice. Antigen-conjugated NPs made of biodegradable poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (Ag-PLG) are similarly effective prophylactically, are well tolerated by sensitized animals, but only partially inhibit Th2 responses when administered therapeutically. PLG NPs containing encapsulated antigen [PLG(Ag)], however, were well tolerated and effectively inhibited Th2 responses and airway inflammation both prophylactically and therapeutically. Thus, we illustrate progression toward PLG(Ag) as a biodegradable Ag carrier platform for the safe and effective inhibition of allergic airway inflammation without the need for nonspecific immunosuppression in animals with established Th2 sensitization.
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212
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Ramadi KB, Mohamed YA, Al-Sbiei A, Almarzooqi S, Bashir G, Al Dhanhani A, Sarawathiamma D, Qadri S, Yasin J, Nemmar A, Fernandez-Cabezudo MJ, Haik Y, Al-Ramadi BK. Acute systemic exposure to silver-based nanoparticles induces hepatotoxicity and NLRP3-dependent inflammation. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1061-74. [DOI: 10.3109/17435390.2016.1163743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saeeda Almarzooqi
- Department of Pathology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,
| | - Ghada Bashir
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, and
| | | | | | - Shahnaz Qadri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,
| | | | - Abderrahim Nemmar
- Department of Physiology, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates, and
| | - Maria J. Fernandez-Cabezudo
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yousef Haik
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates,
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Rehberg M, Nekolla K, Sellner S, Praetner M, Mildner K, Zeuschner D, Krombach F. Intercellular Transport of Nanomaterials is Mediated by Membrane Nanotubes In Vivo. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:1882-1890. [PMID: 26854197 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201503606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
So-called membrane nanotubes are cellular protrusions between cells whose functions include cell communication, environmental sampling, and protein transfer. It has been previously reported that systemically administered carboxyl-modified quantum dots (cQDs) are rapidly taken up by perivascular macrophages in skeletal muscle of healthy mice. Expanding these studies, it is found, by means of in vivo fluorescence microscopy on the mouse cremaster muscle, rapid uptake of cQDs not only by perivascular macrophages but also by tissue-resident cells, which are localized more than 100 μm distant from the closest vessel. Confocal microscopy on muscle tissue, immunostained for the membrane dye DiI, reveals the presence of continuous membranous structures between MHC-II-positive, F4/80-positive cells. These structures contain microtubules, components of the cytoskeleton, which clearly colocalize with cQDs. The cQDs are exclusively found inside endosomal vesicles. Most importantly, by using in vivo fluorescence microscopy, this study detected fast (0.8 μm s(-1) , mean velocity), bidirectional movement of cQDs in such structures, indicating transport of cQD-containing vesicles along microtubule tracks by the action of molecular motors. The findings are the first to demonstrate membrane nanotube function in vivo and they suggest a previously unknown route for the distribution of nanomaterials in tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rehberg
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nekolla
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Sabine Sellner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marc Praetner
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Fritz Krombach
- Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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214
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Loukov D, Naidoo A, Puchta A, Marin JLA, Bowdish DME. Tumor necrosis factor drives increased splenic monopoiesis in old mice. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:121-9. [DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ma0915-433rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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215
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Abstract
The undesired destruction of healthy cells, either endogenous or transplanted, by the immune system results in the loss of tissue function or limits strategies to restore tissue function. Current therapies typically involve nonspecific immunosuppression that may prevent the appropriate response to an antigen, thereby decreasing humoral immunity and increasing the risks of patient susceptibility to opportunistic infections, viral reactivation, and neoplasia. The induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance to block undesired immune responses to self- or allogeneic antigens, while maintaining the integrity of the remaining immune system, has the potential to transform the current treatment of autoimmune disease and serve as a key enabling technology for therapies based on cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunrong Luo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, and
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109;
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216
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Lawlor C, O’Connor G, O’Leary S, Gallagher PJ, Cryan SA, Keane J, O’Sullivan MP. Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-Infected Macrophages with Poly(Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid) Microparticles Drives NFκB and Autophagy Dependent Bacillary Killing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149167. [PMID: 26894562 PMCID: PMC4760758 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multiple-drug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) has pushed our available repertoire of anti-TB therapies to the limit of effectiveness. This has increased the urgency to develop novel treatment modalities, and inhalable microparticle (MP) formulations are a promising option to target the site of infection. We have engineered poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) MPs which can carry a payload of anti-TB agents, and are successfully taken up by human alveolar macrophages. Even without a drug cargo, MPs can be potent immunogens; yet little is known about how they influence macrophage function in the setting of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection. To address this issue we infected THP-1 macrophages with Mtb H37Ra or H37Rv and treated with MPs. In controlled experiments we saw a reproducible reduction in bacillary viability when THP-1 macrophages were treated with drug-free MPs. NFκB activity was increased in MP-treated macrophages, although cytokine secretion was unaltered. Confocal microscopy of immortalized murine bone marrow-derived macrophages expressing GFP-tagged LC3 demonstrated induction of autophagy. Inhibition of caspases did not influence the MP-induced restriction of bacillary growth, however, blockade of NFκB or autophagy with pharmacological inhibitors reversed this MP effect on macrophage function. These data support harnessing inhaled PLGA MP-drug delivery systems as an immunotherapeutic in addition to serving as a vehicle for targeted drug delivery. Such “added value” could be exploited in the generation of inhaled vaccines as well as inhaled MDR-TB therapeutics when used as an adjunct to existing treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran Lawlor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gemma O’Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seonadh O’Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Paul J. Gallagher
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland
- Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary P. O’Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, and St. James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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217
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Novakowski KE, Huynh A, Han S, Dorrington MG, Yin C, Tu Z, Pelka P, Whyte P, Guarné A, Sakamoto K, Bowdish DME. A naturally occurring transcript variant of MARCO reveals the SRCR domain is critical for function. Immunol Cell Biol 2016; 94:646-55. [PMID: 26888252 PMCID: PMC4980223 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2016.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) is a Class A Scavenger Receptor (cA-SR) that recognizes and phagocytoses of a wide variety of pathogens. Most cA-SRs that contain a C-terminal Scavenger Receptor Cysteine Rich (SRCR) domain use the proximal collagenous domain to bind ligands. In contrast, for the role of the SRCR domain of MARCO in phagocytosis, adhesion and pro-inflammatory signalling is less clear. The discovery of a naturally-occurring transcript variant lacking the SRCR domain, MARCOII, provided the opportunity to study the role of the SRCR domain of MARCO. We tested whether the SRCR domain is required for ligand binding, promoting downstream signalling, and enhancing cellular adhesion. Unlike cells expressing full-length MARCO, ligand binding was abolished in MARCOII-expressing cells. Furthermore, co-expression of MARCO and MARCOII impaired phagocytic function, indicating that MARCOII acts as a dominant negative variant. Unlike MARCO, expression of MARCOII did not enhance Toll-Like Receptor 2 (TLR2)-mediated pro-inflammatory signalling in response to bacterial stimulation. MARCO-expressing cells were more adherent and exhibited a dendritic-like phenotype, while MARCOII-expressing cells were less adherent and did not exhibit changes in morphology. These data suggest the SRCR domain of MARCO is the key domain in modulating ligand binding, enhancing downstream pro-inflammatory signalling, and MARCO-mediated cellular adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E Novakowski
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Angela Huynh
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - SeongJun Han
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael G Dorrington
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles Yin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhongyuan Tu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter Pelka
- Department of Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Peter Whyte
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alba Guarné
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kaori Sakamoto
- Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Dawn M E Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
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218
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Shmuel-Galia L, Aychek T, Fink A, Porat Z, Zarmi B, Bernshtein B, Brenner O, Jung S, Shai Y. Neutralization of pro-inflammatory monocytes by targeting TLR2 dimerization ameliorates colitis. EMBO J 2016; 35:685-98. [PMID: 26884587 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201592649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Monocytes have emerged as critical driving force of acute inflammation. Here, we show that inhibition of Toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) dimerization by a TLR2 transmembrane peptide (TLR2-p) ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by interfering specifically with the activation of Ly6C(+) monocytes without affecting their recruitment to the colon. We report that TLR2-p directly interacts with TLR2 within the membrane, leading to inhibition of TLR2-TLR6/1 assembly induced by natural ligands. This was associated with decreased levels of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK) signaling and reduced secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-23, IL-12, and IL-1β. Altogether, our study provides insights into the essential role of TLR2 dimerization in the activation of pathogenic pro-inflammatory Ly6C(hi) monocytes and suggests that inhibition of this aggregation by TLR2-p might have therapeutic potential in the treatment of acute gut inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liraz Shmuel-Galia
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Tegest Aychek
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avner Fink
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ziv Porat
- Department of Biological Services, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Batya Zarmi
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Biana Bernshtein
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ori Brenner
- Department of Veterinary Resources, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Yechiel Shai
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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219
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Puchta A, Naidoo A, Verschoor CP, Loukov D, Thevaranjan N, Mandur TS, Nguyen PS, Jordana M, Loeb M, Xing Z, Kobzik L, Larché MJ, Bowdish DME. TNF Drives Monocyte Dysfunction with Age and Results in Impaired Anti-pneumococcal Immunity. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005368. [PMID: 26766566 PMCID: PMC4713203 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte phenotype and output changes with age, but why this occurs and how it impacts anti-bacterial immunity are not clear. We found that, in both humans and mice, circulating monocyte phenotype and function was altered with age due to increasing levels of TNF in the circulation that occur as part of the aging process. Ly6C+ monocytes from old (18–22 mo) mice and CD14+CD16+ intermediate/inflammatory monocytes from older adults also contributed to this “age-associated inflammation” as they produced more of the inflammatory cytokines IL6 and TNF in the steady state and when stimulated with bacterial products. Using an aged mouse model of pneumococcal colonization we found that chronic exposure to TNF with age altered the maturity of circulating monocytes, as measured by F4/80 expression, and this decrease in monocyte maturation was directly linked to susceptibility to infection. Ly6C+ monocytes from old mice had higher levels of CCR2 expression, which promoted premature egress from the bone marrow when challenged with Streptococcus pneumoniae. Although Ly6C+ monocyte recruitment and TNF levels in the blood and nasopharnyx were higher in old mice during S. pneumoniae colonization, bacterial clearance was impaired. Counterintuitively, elevated TNF and excessive monocyte recruitment in old mice contributed to impaired anti-pneumococcal immunity since bacterial clearance was improved upon pharmacological reduction of TNF or Ly6C+ monocytes, which were the major producers of TNF. Thus, with age TNF impairs inflammatory monocyte development, function and promotes premature egress, which contribute to systemic inflammation and is ultimately detrimental to anti-pneumococcal immunity. As we age, levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood and tissues increase. Although this appears to be an inevitable part of aging, it ultimately contributes to declining health. Epidemiological studies indicate that older adults with higher than age-average levels of inflammatory cytokines are at increased risk of acquiring, becoming hospitalized with and dying of Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia but how age-associated inflammation increased susceptibility to was not entirely clear. We demonstrate that the increase in the inflammatory cytokine TNF that occurs with age cause monocytes to leave the bone marrow prematurely and these immature monocytes produce more inflammatory cytokines when stimulated with bacterial products, thus further increasing levels of inflammatory cytokines in the blood. Furthermore, although old mice have higher levels of these inflammatory monocytes arriving at the site of S. pneumoniae, they are not able to clear the bacteria. By pharmacologically or genetically removing the inflammatory cytokine TNF or reducing the number of inflammatory monocytes we were able to restore antibacterial immunity in aged mice. Thus we demonstrate that monocytes are both influenced by and contributors to age-associated inflammation and that chronic exposure to age-associated inflammation increases susceptibility to S. pneumoniae due to altering monocyte maturity and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Puchta
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Avee Naidoo
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Chris P. Verschoor
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Dessi Loukov
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Netusha Thevaranjan
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Talveer S. Mandur
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Phuong-son Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Manel Jordana
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Mark Loeb
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Zhou Xing
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Lester Kobzik
- Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Dawn M. E. Bowdish
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- * E-mail:
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220
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Shao WH. The Role of Microparticles in Rheumatic Diseases and their Potentials as Therapeutic Tools. JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 1:101. [PMID: 29984366 PMCID: PMC6034695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) play important roles in intercellular communication, including adhesion, signal transduction, cell activation, and apoptosis. They possess a wide spectrum of biological effects in the immune responses. MPs could be immunotolerogenic or immunogenic depending on the contents and composition. Elevated levels of MPs have been reported in many forms for rheumatic diseases. This review focuses on the immunopathogenic and therapeutic role of MPs in rheumatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Hai Shao
- Corresponding author: Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, University of Cincinnati, Medical Science Building, Room 7410, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati OH 45267, United States, Tel: 001-215-707-8751; Fax: 001-215-707-6353;
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221
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Zhang AH, Rossi RJ, Yoon J, Wang H, Scott DW. Tolerogenic nanoparticles to induce immunologic tolerance: Prevention and reversal of FVIII inhibitor formation. Cell Immunol 2015; 301:74-81. [PMID: 26687613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The immune response of hemophilia A patients to administered FVIII is a major complication that obviates this very therapy. We have recently described the use of synthetic, biodegradable nanoparticles carrying rapamycin and FVIII peptide antigens, to induce antigen-specific tolerance. Herein we test the tolerogenicity of nanoparticles that contains full length FVIII protein in hemophilia A mice, focusing on anti-FVIII humoral immune response. As expected, recipients of tolerogenic nanoparticles remained unresponsive to FVIII despite multiple challenges for up to 6 months. Furthermore, therapeutic treatments in FVIII-immunized mice with pre-existing anti-FVIII antibodies resulted in diminished antibody titers, albeit efficacy required longer therapy with the tolerogenic nanoparticles. Interestingly, durable FVIII-specific tolerance was also achieved in animals co-administered with FVIII admixed with nanoparticles encapsulating rapamycin alone. These results suggest that nanoparticles carrying rapamycin and FVIII can be employed to induce specific tolerance to prevent and even reverse inhibitor formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Hong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J Rossi
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeongheon Yoon
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David W Scott
- Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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222
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Central nervous system myeloid cells as drug targets: current status and translational challenges. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2015; 15:110-24. [DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2015.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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223
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Hyperpolarized nanodiamond with long spin-relaxation times. Nat Commun 2015; 6:8459. [PMID: 26450570 PMCID: PMC4633625 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms9459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of hyperpolarized agents in magnetic resonance, such as 13C-labelled compounds, enables powerful new imaging and detection modalities that stem from a 10,000-fold boost in signal. A major challenge for the future of the hyperpolarization technique is the inherently short spin-relaxation times, typically <60 s for 13C liquid-state compounds, which limit the time that the signal remains boosted. Here we demonstrate that 1.1% natural abundance 13C spins in synthetic nanodiamond can be hyperpolarized at cryogenic and room temperature without the use of free radicals, and, owing to their solid-state environment, exhibit relaxation times exceeding 1 h. Combined with the already established applications of nanodiamonds in the life sciences as inexpensive fluorescent markers and non-cytotoxic substrates for gene and drug delivery, these results extend the theranostic capabilities of nanoscale diamonds into the domain of hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. Hyperpolarized carbon nuclei are promising contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, but typically possess relaxation times below one minute. Here, the authors demonstrate cryogenic and room temperature hyperpolarization of 13C in synthetic nanodiamonds with relaxation times exceeding one hour.
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224
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Hayder M, Varilh M, Turrin CO, Saoudi A, Caminade AM, Poupot R, Liblau RS. Phosphorus-Based Dendrimer ABP Treats Neuroinflammation by Promoting IL-10-Producing CD4(+) T Cells. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3425-33. [PMID: 26397709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b00643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are polyfunctional nano-objects of perfectly defined structure that can provide innovative alternatives for the treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases, including multiple sclerosis (MS). To investigate the efficiency of a recently described amino-bis(methylene phosphonate)-capped ABP dendrimer as a potential drug candidate for MS, we used the classical mouse model of MOG35-55-induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Our study provides evidence that the ABP dendrimer prevents the development of EAE and inhibits the progression of established disease with a comparable therapeutic benefit as the approved treatment Fingolimod. We also show that the ABP dendrimer redirects the pathogenic myelin-specific CD4(+) T cell response toward IL-10 production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cédric-Olivier Turrin
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS UPR8241-205 , route de Narbonne, 31077-BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 France.,UPS-INPT, Université de Toulouse , F31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
| | | | - Anne-Marie Caminade
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination CNRS UPR8241-205 , route de Narbonne, 31077-BP44099 Toulouse Cedex 4 France.,UPS-INPT, Université de Toulouse , F31077 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
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225
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Garapaty A, Champion JA. Biomimetic and synthetic interfaces to tune immune responses. Biointerphases 2015; 10:030801. [PMID: 26178262 PMCID: PMC4506308 DOI: 10.1116/1.4922798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Organisms depend upon complex intercellular communication to initiate, maintain, or suppress immune responses during infection or disease. Communication occurs not only between different types of immune cells, but also between immune cells and nonimmune cells or pathogenic entities. It can occur directly at the cell-cell contact interface, or indirectly through secreted signals that bind cell surface molecules. Though secreted signals can be soluble, they can also be particulate in nature and direct communication at the cell-particle interface. Secreted extracellular vesicles are an example of native particulate communication, while viruses are examples of foreign particulates. Inspired by communication at natural immunological interfaces, biomimetic materials and designer molecules have been developed to mimic and direct the type of immune response. This review describes the ways in which native, biomimetic, and designer materials can mediate immune responses. Examples include extracellular vesicles, particles that mimic immune cells or pathogens, and hybrid designer molecules with multiple signaling functions, engineered to target and bind immune cell surface molecules. Interactions between these materials and immune cells are leading to increased understanding of natural immune communication and function, as well as development of immune therapeutics for the treatment of infection, cancer, and autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anusha Garapaty
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
| | - Julie A Champion
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 311 Ferst Dr. NW, Atlanta, Georgia 30332
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226
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Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins Modulate the Distribution and Extravasation of Ly6C/Gr1(low) Monocytes. Cell Rep 2015; 12:1802-15. [PMID: 26344769 PMCID: PMC4590546 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocytes are heterogeneous effector cells involved in the maintenance and restoration of tissue integrity. However, their response to hyperlipidemia remains poorly understood. Here, we report that in the presence of elevated levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins, induced by administration of poloxamer 407, the blood numbers of non-classical Ly6C/Gr1(low) monocytes drop, while the number of bone marrow progenitors remains similar. We observed an increased crawling and retention of the Gr1(low) monocytes at the endothelial interface and a marked accumulation of CD68(+) macrophages in several organs. Hypertriglyceridemia was accompanied by an increased expression of tissue, and plasma CCL4 and blood Gr1(low) monocyte depletion involved a pertussis-toxin-sensitive receptor axis. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that a triglyceride-rich environment can alter blood monocyte distribution, promoting the extravasation of Gr1(low) cells. The behavior of these cells in response to dyslipidemia highlights the significant impact that high levels of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins may have on innate immune cells.
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227
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Roberts RA, Eitas TK, Byrne JD, Johnson BM, Short PJ, McKinnon KP, Reisdorf S, Luft JC, DeSimone JM, Ting JP. Towards programming immune tolerance through geometric manipulation of phosphatidylserine. Biomaterials 2015; 72:1-10. [PMID: 26325217 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The possibility of engineering the immune system in a targeted fashion using biomaterials such as nanoparticles has made considerable headway in recent years. However, little is known as to how modulating the spatial presentation of a ligand augments downstream immune responses. In this report we show that geometric manipulation of phosphatidylserine (PS) through fabrication on rod-shaped PLGA nanoparticles robustly dampens inflammatory responses from innate immune cells while promoting T regulatory cell abundance by impeding effector T cell expansion. This response depends on the geometry of PS presentation as both PS liposomes and 1 micron cylindrical PS-PLGA particles are less potent signal inducers than 80 × 320 nm rod-shaped PS-PLGA particles for an equivalent dose of PS. We show that this immune tolerizing effect can be co-opted for therapeutic benefit in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis and an assay of organ rejection using a mixed lymphocyte reaction with primary human immune cells. These data provide evidence that geometric manipulation of a ligand via biomaterials may enable more efficient and tunable programming of cellular signaling networks for therapeutic benefit in a variety of disease states, including autoimmunity and organ rejection, and thus should be an active area of further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reid A Roberts
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Timothy K Eitas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - James D Byrne
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Brandon M Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Patrick J Short
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Karen P McKinnon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Shannon Reisdorf
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - J Christopher Luft
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Joseph M DeSimone
- Eshelman School of Pharmacy, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
- Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Comprehensive Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jenny P Ting
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Center for Translational Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Institute for Inflammatory Diseases, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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228
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Dumont CM, Park J, Shea LD. Controlled release strategies for modulating immune responses to promote tissue regeneration. J Control Release 2015; 219:155-166. [PMID: 26264833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Advances in the field of tissue engineering have enhanced the potential of regenerative medicine, yet the efficacy of these strategies remains incomplete, and is limited by the innate and adaptive immune responses. The immune response associated with injury or disease combined with that mounted to biomaterials, transplanted cells, proteins, and gene therapies vectors can contribute to the inability to fully restore tissue function. Blocking immune responses such as with anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agents are either ineffective, as the immune response contributes significantly to regeneration, or have significant side effects. This review describes targeted strategies to modulate the immune response in order to limit tissue damage following injury, promote an anti-inflammatory environment that leads to regeneration, and induce antigen (Ag)-specific tolerance that can target degenerative diseases that destroy tissues and promote engraftment of transplanted cells. Focusing on targeted immuno-modulation, we describe local delivery techniques to sites of inflammation as well as systemic approaches that preferentially target subsets of immune populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney M Dumont
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Jonghyuck Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA.
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229
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Shemer A, Jung S. Differential roles of resident microglia and infiltrating monocytes in murine CNS autoimmunity. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:613-23. [PMID: 26240063 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0519-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages can be of dual origin. Most tissue-resident macrophage compartments are generated before birth and subsequently maintain themselves independently from each other locally in healthy tissue. Under inflammatory conditions, these cells can however be complemented by macrophages derived from acute monocyte infiltrates. Due to the lack of suitable experimental systems, differential functional contributions of central nervous system (CNS)-resident microglia and monocyte-derived macrophages (MoMF) to CNS inflammation, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), the mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS), remain poorly understood. Here, we will review recent progress in this field that suggest distinct roles of microglia and MoMF in disease induction and progression, capitalizing on novel transgenic mouse models. The latter finding could have major implications for the rationale development of therapeutic approaches to the management of brain inflammation and MS therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anat Shemer
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Steffen Jung
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
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230
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Affiliation(s)
- R Loch Macdonald
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital, Labatt Family Centre of Excellence in Brain Injury and Trauma Research, Keenan Research Centre of the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute of St. Michael's Hospital, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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231
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Conde J, Bao C, Tan Y, Cui D, Edelman ER, Azevedo HS, Byrne HJ, Artzi N, Tian F. Dual targeted immunotherapy via in vivo delivery of biohybrid RNAi-peptide nanoparticles to tumour-associated macrophages and cancer cells. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2015; 25:4183-4194. [PMID: 27340392 PMCID: PMC4914053 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201501283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is associated with very poor prognosis and considered one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Here, we present highly potent and selective bio-hybrid RNAi-peptide nanoparticles that can induce specific and long-lasting gene therapy in inflammatory tumour associated macrophages (TAMs), via an immune modulation of the tumour milieu combined with tumour suppressor effects. Our data prove that passive gene silencing can be achieved in cancer cells using regular RNAi NPs. When combined with M2 peptide-based targeted immunotherapy that immuno-modulates TAMs cell-population, a synergistic effect and long-lived tumour eradication can be observed along with increased mice survival. Treatment with low doses of siRNA (ED50 0.0025-0.01 mg/kg) in a multi and long-term dosing system substantially reduced the recruitment of inflammatory TAMs in lung tumour tissue, reduced tumour size (∼95%) and increased animal survival (∼75%) in mice. Our results suggest that it is likely that the combination of silencing important genes in tumour cells and in their supporting immune cells in the tumour microenvironment, such as TAMs, will greatly improve cancer clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Conde
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Chenchen Bao
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Yeqi Tan
- Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daxiang Cui
- Institute of Nano Biomedicine and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Micro/Nano Fabrication Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Electronic Information and Electronical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P.R.China
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Helena S. Azevedo
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hugh J. Byrne
- Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Natalie Artzi
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Harvard-MIT Division for Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Furong Tian
- Focas Research Institute, Dublin Institute of Technology, Camden Row, Dublin, Ireland
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232
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Getts DR, Shea LD, Miller SD, King NJC. Harnessing nanoparticles for immune modulation. Trends Immunol 2015; 36:419-27. [PMID: 26088391 PMCID: PMC4603374 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
NPs can be generated from numerous biocompatible compounds. Specific physiochemical characteristics can be manipulated to modulate the immune response. Severe inflammation can be treated using NP-based approaches. Antigen delivery via NPs can restore peripheral immune tolerance.
Recent approaches using nanoparticles engineered for immune regulation have yielded promising results in preclinical models of disease. The number of nanoparticle therapies is growing, fueled by innovations in nanotechnology and advances in understanding of the underlying pathogenesis of immune-mediated diseases. In particular, recent mechanistic insight into the ways in which nanoparticles interact with the mononuclear phagocyte system and impact its function during homeostasis and inflammation have highlighted the potential of nanoparticle-based therapies for controlling severe inflammation while concurrently restoring peripheral immune tolerance in autoimmune disease. Here we review recent advances in nanoparticle-based approaches aimed at immune-modulation, and discuss these in the context of concepts in polymeric nanoparticle development, including particle modification, delivery and the factors associated with successful clinical deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Getts
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Cour Pharmaceutical Development Company, Elmhurst, IL, USA.
| | - Lonnie D Shea
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, 2200 Bonisteel Boulevard, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology and Interdepartmental Immunobiology Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas J C King
- The Discipline of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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233
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Sellner S, Kocabey S, Nekolla K, Krombach F, Liedl T, Rehberg M. DNA nanotubes as intracellular delivery vehicles in vivo. Biomaterials 2015; 53:453-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.02.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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234
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Hu D, Yang X, Xiang Y, Li H, Yan H, Zhou J, Caudle Y, Zhang X, Yin D. Inhibition of Toll-like receptor 9 attenuates sepsis-induced mortality through suppressing excessive inflammatory response. Cell Immunol 2015; 295:92-8. [PMID: 25880099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sepsis, a major clinical problem with high morbidity and mortality, is caused by overwhelming systemic host-inflammatory response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a fundamental role in induction of hyperinflammation and tissue damage in sepsis. In this study, we demonstrate a protective role of TLR9 inhibition against the dysregulated inflammatory response and tissue injury in sepsis. TLR9 deficiency decreased the mortality of mice following cecal ligation and puncture (CLP)-induced sepsis. TLR9 knockout mice showed dampened p38 activation and augmented Akt phosphorylation in the spleen, lung and liver. In addition, TLR9 deficiency decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines and attenuated splenic apoptosis after CLP. These results indicate that TLR9 inhibition might offer a novel therapeutic strategy for the management of sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Hu
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiaohua Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Yanxiao Xiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Jun Zhou
- Department of Radiology,Shuguang Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Caudle
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA
| | - Xiumei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shandong University School of Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Deling Yin
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, TN, USA.
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235
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Garciafigueroa Y, Trucco M, Giannoukakis N. A brief glimpse over the horizon for type 1 diabetes nanotherapeutics. Clin Immunol 2015; 160:36-45. [PMID: 25817545 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2015.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The pace at which nanotherapeutic technology for human disease is evolving has accelerated exponentially over the past five years. Most of the technology is centered on drug delivery which, in some instances, offers tunable control of drug release. Emerging technologies have resulted in improvements in tissue and cell targeting while others are at the initial stages of pairing drug release and drug release kinetics with microenvironmental stimuli or changes in homeostasis. Nanotherapeutics has only recently been adopted for consideration as a prophylaxis/treatment approach in autoimmunity. Herein, we summarize the current state-of-the art of nanotherapeutics specifically for type 1 diabetes mellitus and offer our view over the horizon of where we envisage this modality evolving towards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yesica Garciafigueroa
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Massimo Trucco
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
| | - Nick Giannoukakis
- Institute of Cellular Therapeutics, 11th Floor South Tower, Allegheny Health Network, 320 East North Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15212, USA.
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236
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Abstract
Immunomodulatory nucleic acids have extraordinary promise for treating disease, yet clinical progress has been limited by a lack of tools to safely increase activity in patients. Immunomodulatory nucleic acids act by agonizing or antagonizing endosomal toll-like receptors (TLR3, TLR7/8, and TLR9), proteins involved in innate immune signaling. Immunomodulatory spherical nucleic acids (SNAs) that stimulate (immunostimulatory, IS-SNA) or regulate (immunoregulatory, IR-SNA) immunity by engaging TLRs have been designed, synthesized, and characterized. Compared with free oligonucleotides, IS-SNAs exhibit up to 80-fold increases in potency, 700-fold higher antibody titers, 400-fold higher cellular responses to a model antigen, and improved treatment of mice with lymphomas. IR-SNAs exhibit up to eightfold increases in potency and 30% greater reduction in fibrosis score in mice with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Given the clinical potential of SNAs due to their potency, defined chemical nature, and good tolerability, SNAs are attractive new modalities for developing immunotherapies.
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237
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Weber GF. Immune targeting of the pleural space by intercostal approach. BMC Pulm Med 2015; 15:14. [PMID: 25880308 PMCID: PMC4336760 DOI: 10.1186/s12890-015-0010-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infectious diseases of the airways are a major health care problem world wide. New treatment strategies focus on employing the body's immune system to enhance its protective capacities during airway disease. One source for immune-competent cells is the pleural space, however, its immune-physiological function remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to develop an experimental technique in rodents that allows for an in vivo analysis of pleural space immune cells participating in the host defense during airway disease. METHODS I developed an easy and reliable technique that I named the "InterCostal Approach of the Pleural Space" (ICAPS) model that allows for in vivo analysis of pleural space immune cells in rodents. By injection of immune cell altering fluids into or flushing of the pleural space the immune response to airway infections can be manipulated. RESULTS The results reveal that (i) the pleural space cellular environment can be altered partially or completely as well as temporarily or permanently, (ii) depletion of pleural space cells leads to increased airway inflammation during pulmonary infection, (iii) the pleural space contributes immune competent B cells during airway inflammation and (iv) inhibition of B cell function results in reduced bacterial clearance during pneumonia. CONCLUSION As the importance for in-depth knowledge of participating immune cells during health and disease evolves, the presented technique opens new possibilities to experimentally elucidate immune cell function, trafficking and contribution of pleural space cells during airway diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg F Weber
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Fetscherstrasse 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany. .,Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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238
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Mojsilović SS, Santibanez JF. Transforming growth factor-beta differently regulates urokinase type plasminogen activator and matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression in mouse macrophages; analysis of intracellular signal transduction. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:619-28. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sonja S. Mojsilović
- Laboratory for Immunochemistry; Institute for Medical Research; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
| | - Juan F. Santibanez
- Laboratory for Experimental Hematology and Stem Cells; Institute for Medical Research; University of Belgrade; Belgrade Serbia
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239
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Geering B, Fussenegger M. Synthetic immunology: modulating the human immune system. Trends Biotechnol 2015; 33:65-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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240
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Mulder WJM, Jaffer FA, Fayad ZA, Nahrendorf M. Imaging and nanomedicine in inflammatory atherosclerosis. Sci Transl Med 2015; 6:239sr1. [PMID: 24898749 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Bioengineering provides unique opportunities to better understand and manage atherosclerotic disease. The field is entering a new era that merges the latest biological insights into inflammatory disease processes with targeted imaging and nanomedicine. Preclinical cardiovascular molecular imaging allows the in vivo study of targeted nanotherapeutics specifically directed toward immune system components that drive atherosclerotic plaque development and complication. The first multicenter trials highlight the potential contribution of multimodality imaging to more efficient drug development. This review describes how the integration of engineering, nanotechnology, and cardiovascular immunology may yield precision diagnostics and efficient therapeutics for atherosclerosis and its ischemic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA. Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Farouc A Jaffer
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Simches Research Building, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Department of Radiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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241
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Ballerini C, Baldi G, Aldinucci A, Maggi P. Nanomaterial applications in multiple sclerosis inflamed brain. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2015; 10:1-13. [PMID: 25616566 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-015-9588-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last years scientific progress in nanomaterials, where size and shape make the difference, has increased their utilization in medicine with the development of a promising new translational science: nanomedicine. Due to their surface and core biophysical properties, nanomaterials hold the promise for medical applications in central nervous system (CNS) diseases: inflammatory, degenerative and tumors. The present review is focused on nanomaterials at the neuro-immune interface, evaluating two aspects: the possible CNS inflammatory response induced by nanomaterials and the developments of nanomaterials to improve treatment and diagnosis of neuroinflammatory diseases, with a focus on multiple sclerosis (MS). Indeed, nanomedicine allows projecting new ways of drug delivery and novel techniques for CNS imaging. Despite the wide field of application in neurological diseases of nanomaterials, our topic here is to review the more recent development of nanomaterials that cross blood brain barrier (BBB) and reach specific target during CNS inflammatory diseases, a crucial strategy for CNS early diagnosis and drug delivery, indeed the main challenges of nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ballerini
- Department of Neurofarba, University of Florence, Viale Pieraccini, 6, 50137, Florence, Italy,
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242
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Freitas JR, Mahalingam S. Recent developments in virology by Australian researchers. MICROBIOLOGY AUSTRALIA 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ma15013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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243
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Polymeric synthetic nanoparticles for the induction of antigen-specific immunological tolerance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 112:E156-65. [PMID: 25548186 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1408686111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 320] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments to control pathological or unwanted immune responses often use broadly immunosuppressive drugs. New approaches to induce antigen-specific immunological tolerance that control both cellular and humoral immune responses are desirable. Here we describe the use of synthetic, biodegradable nanoparticles carrying either protein or peptide antigens and a tolerogenic immunomodulator, rapamycin, to induce durable and antigen-specific immune tolerance, even in the presence of potent Toll-like receptor agonists. Treatment with tolerogenic nanoparticles results in the inhibition of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell activation, an increase in regulatory cells, durable B-cell tolerance resistant to multiple immunogenic challenges, and the inhibition of antigen-specific hypersensitivity reactions, relapsing experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, and antibody responses against coagulation factor VIII in hemophilia A mice, even in animals previously sensitized to antigen. Only encapsulated rapamycin, not the free form, could induce immunological tolerance. Tolerogenic nanoparticle therapy represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of allergies, autoimmune diseases, and prevention of antidrug antibodies against biologic therapies.
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244
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Andorko JI, Hess KL, Jewell CM. Harnessing biomaterials to engineer the lymph node microenvironment for immunity or tolerance. AAPS JOURNAL 2014; 17:323-38. [PMID: 25533221 PMCID: PMC4365095 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-014-9708-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, microparticles, and other biomaterials are advantageous in vaccination because these materials provide opportunities to modulate specific characteristics of immune responses. This idea of “tuning” immune responses has recently been used to combat infectious diseases and cancer, and to induce tolerance during organ transplants or autoimmune disease. Lymph nodes and other secondary lymphoid organs such as the spleen play crucial roles in determining if and how these responses develop following vaccination or immunotherapy. Thus, by manipulating the local microenvironments within these immunological command centers, the nature of systemic immune response can be controlled. This review provides recent examples that harness the interactions between biomaterials and lymph nodes or other secondary lymphoid organs to generate immunity or promote tolerance. These strategies draw on mechanical properties, surface chemistry, stability, and targeting to alter the interactions of cells, signals, and vaccine components in lymph nodes. While there are still many unanswered questions surrounding how best to design biomaterial-based vaccines to promote specific structures or functions in lymph nodes, features such as controlled release and targeting will help pave the way for the next generation of vaccines and immunotherapies that generate immune responses tuned for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Andorko
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, 2212 Jeong H. Kim Engineering Building, College Park, Maryland, 20742, USA
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245
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Rogacev KS, Zawada AM, Hundsdorfer J, Achenbach M, Held G, Fliser D, Heine GH. Immunosuppression and monocyte subsets. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014; 30:143-53. [DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfu315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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246
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Terry RL, Deffrasnes C, Getts DR, Minten C, van Vreden C, Ashhurst TM, Getts MT, Xie RDV, Campbell IL, King NJC. Defective inflammatory monocyte development in IRF8-deficient mice abrogates migration to the West Nile virus-infected brain. J Innate Immun 2014; 7:102-12. [PMID: 25277331 DOI: 10.1159/000365972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
IRF8 (interferon-regulatory factor-8) plays a critical role in regulating myeloid cell differentiation. However, the role of this transcription factor in the development of Ly6C+ inflammatory monocytes and their migration to the infected brain has not been examined. We have previously shown that West Nile virus (WNV) infection of wild-type (WT) mice triggers a significant increase in numbers of Ly6C+ monocytes in the bone marrow. These cells traffic via the blood to the infected brain, where they give rise to proinflammatory macrophages. Here, we show that WNV-infected IRF8-deficient (IRF8-/-) mice had significantly reduced numbers of Ly6C+ monocytes in the periphery, with few of these cells found in the blood. Furthermore, low numbers of inflammatory monocyte-derived macrophages were observed in the brains of IRF8-/- mice throughout infection. Adoptive transfer of IRF8-/- Ly6C+ monocytes demonstrated that these cells were intrinsically unable to traffic to the inflamed brain. Low expression of the chemokine receptor CCR2 and integrin VLA-4 by IRF8-/- monocytes likely contributed to this defect, as the interactions between these proteins and their ligands are critical for monocyte egress and migration to inflammatory foci. These data highlight a critical role for IRF8 in inflammatory monocyte differentiation and migration during WNV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael L Terry
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, Sydney University, Sydney, N.S.W., Australia
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247
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Klaren RE, Motl RW, Woods JA, Miller SD. Effects of exercise in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (an animal model of multiple sclerosis). J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:14-9. [PMID: 24999244 PMCID: PMC4404150 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Exercise training has improved many outcomes in "clinical" research involving persons with multiple sclerosis (MS), but there is limited understanding of the underlying "basic" pathophysiological mechanisms. The animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), seems ideal for examining the effects of exercise training on MS-disease pathophysiology. EAE is an autoimmune T-helper cell-mediated disease characterized by T-cell and monocyte infiltration and inflammation in the CNS. To that end, this paper briefly describes common models of EAE, reviews existing research on exercise and EAE, and then identifies future research directions for understanding the consequences of exercise training using EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel E Klaren
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Robert W Motl
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Woods
- Department of Kinesiology & Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA
| | - Stephen D Miller
- Department of Microbiology-Immunology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Ashhurst TM, van Vreden C, Niewold P, King NJC. The plasticity of inflammatory monocyte responses to the inflamed central nervous system. Cell Immunol 2014; 291:49-57. [PMID: 25086710 PMCID: PMC7094263 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the last three decades it has become increasingly clear that monocytes, originally thought to have fixed, stereotypic responses to foreign stimuli, mediate exquisitely balanced protective and pathogenic roles in disease and immunity. This balance is crucial in core functional organs, such as the central nervous system (CNS), where minor changes in neuronal microenvironments and the production of immune factors can result in significant disease with fatal consequences or permanent neurological sequelae. Viral encephalitis and multiple sclerosis are examples of important human diseases in which the pathogenic contribution of monocytes recruited from the bone marrow plays a critical role in the clinical expression of disease, as they differentiate into macrophage or dendritic cells in the CNS to carry out effector functions. While antigen-specific lymphocyte populations are central to the adaptive immune response in both cases, in viral encephalitis a prominent macrophage infiltration may mediate immunopathological damage, seizure induction, and death. However, the autoimmune response to non-replicating, non-infectious, but abundant, self antigen has a different disease progression, associated with differentiation of significant numbers of infiltrating monocytes into dendritic cells in the CNS. Whilst a predominant presence of macrophages or dendritic cells in the inflamed CNS in viral encephalitis or multiple sclerosis is well described, the way in which the inflamed CNS mobilizes monocytes in the bone marrow to migrate to the CNS and the key drivers that lead to these specific differentiation pathways in vivo are not well understood. Here we review the current understanding of factors facilitating inflammatory monocyte generation, migration and entry into the brain, as well as their differentiation towards macrophages or dendritic cells in viral and autoimmune disease in relation to their respective disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Myles Ashhurst
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Caryn van Vreden
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Paula Niewold
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Nicholas Jonathan Cole King
- Viral Immunopathology Laboratory, Discipline of Pathology, Bosch Institute and The Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Medical Sciences, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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249
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Abstract
Monocytes are blood-derived mononuclear phagocytic cells that traffic throughout the body and can provide rapid innate immune effector responses in response to microbial pathogen infections. Among blood monocytes, the most abundant subset in mice is represented by inflammatory Ly6C(+) CCR2(+) monocytes and is the functional equivalent of the CD14(+) monocytes in humans. Herein we focus on published evidence describing the exquisite functional plasticity of these cells, and we extend this overview to their multiples roles in vivo during host immune defenses against microbial pathogen infections, as antigen-presenting cells, inflammatory cells or Trojan horse cells.
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250
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Sedger LM, McDermott MF. TNF and TNF-receptors: From mediators of cell death and inflammation to therapeutic giants - past, present and future. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2014; 25:453-72. [PMID: 25169849 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), initially known for its tumor cytotoxicity, is a potent mediator of inflammation, as well as many normal physiological functions in homeostasis and health, and anti-microbial immunity. It also appears to have a central role in neurobiology, although this area of TNF biology is only recently emerging. Here, we review the basic biology of TNF and its normal effector functions, and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of therapeutic neutralization of TNF - now a commonplace practice in the treatment of a wide range of human inflammatory diseases. With over ten years of experience, and an emerging range of anti-TNF biologics now available, we also review their modes of action, which appear to be far more complex than had originally been anticipated. Finally, we highlight the current challenges for therapeutic intervention of TNF: (i) to discover and produce orally delivered small molecule TNF-inhibitors, (ii) to specifically target selected TNF producing cells or individual (diseased) tissue targets, and (iii) to pre-identify anti-TNF treatment responders. Although the future looks bright, the therapeutic modulation of TNF now moves into the era of personalized medicine with society's challenging expectations of durable treatment success and of achieving long-term disease remission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M Sedger
- Australian School of Advanced Medicine, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW 2109, Australia; The John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia.
| | - Michael F McDermott
- Experimental Rheumatology, National Institute for Health Research - Leeds Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit (NIHR-LMBRU), and Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), Wellcome Trust Brenner Building, St James University, Beckett Street, West Yorkshire, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
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