201
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Genomic and transcriptomic analyses of the tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata in response to oxidative stress. Sci Rep 2016; 6:32437. [PMID: 27582273 PMCID: PMC5007530 DOI: 10.1038/srep32437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tangerine pathotype of Alternaria alternata produces the A. citri toxin (ACT) and is the causal agent of citrus brown spot that results in significant yield losses worldwide. Both the production of ACT and the ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required for A. alternata pathogenicity in citrus. In this study, we report the 34.41 Mb genome sequence of strain Z7 of the tangerine pathotype of A. alternata. The host selective ACT gene cluster in strain Z7 was identified, which included 25 genes with 19 of them not reported previously. Of these, 10 genes were present only in the tangerine pathotype, representing the most likely candidate genes for this pathotype specialization. A transcriptome analysis of the global effects of H2O2 on gene expression revealed 1108 up-regulated and 498 down-regulated genes. Expressions of those genes encoding catalase, peroxiredoxin, thioredoxin and glutathione were highly induced. Genes encoding several protein families including kinases, transcription factors, transporters, cytochrome P450, ubiquitin and heat shock proteins were found associated with adaptation to oxidative stress. Our data not only revealed the molecular basis of ACT biosynthesis but also provided new insights into the potential pathways that the phytopathogen A. alternata copes with oxidative stress.
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202
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Dikilitas M, Karakas S, Hashem A, Abd Allah E, Ahmad P. Oxidative stress and plant responses to pathogens under drought conditions. WATER STRESS AND CROP PLANTS 2016:102-123. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119054450.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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203
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Pengkit A, Jeon SS, Son SJ, Shin JH, Baik KY, Choi EH, Park G. Identification and functional analysis of endogenous nitric oxide in a filamentous fungus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30037. [PMID: 27425220 PMCID: PMC4948021 DOI: 10.1038/srep30037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In spite of its prevalence in animals and plants, endogenous nitric oxide (NO) has been rarely reported in fungi. We present here our observations on production of intracellular NO and its possible roles during development of Neurospora crassa, a model filamentous fungus. Intracellular NO was detected in hypha 8–16 hours after incubation in Vogel’s minimal liquid media and conidiophores during conidiation using a fluorescent indicator (DAF-FM diacetate). Treatment with cPTIO, an NO scavenger, significantly reduced fluorescence levels and hindered hyphal growth in liquid media and conidiation, whereas exogenous NO enhanced hyphal extension on VM agar media and conidia formation. NO scavenging also dramatically diminished transcription of con-10 and con-13, genes preferentially expressed during conidiation. Our results suggest that intracellular NO is generated in young hypha growing in submerged culture and during conidia development and regulate mycelial development and conidia formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anchalee Pengkit
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Sil Jeon
- Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Ji Son
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Ho Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Ku Yeon Baik
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Choi
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyungsoon Park
- Plasma Bioscience Research Center, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea.,Department of Electrical and Biological Physics, Kwangwoon University, Seoul, 01897, Republic of Korea
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204
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Zhang F, Xu G, Geng L, Lu X, Yang K, Yuan J, Nie X, Zhuang Z, Wang S. The Stress Response Regulator AflSkn7 Influences Morphological Development, Stress Response, and Pathogenicity in the Fungus Aspergillus flavus. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8070202. [PMID: 27399770 PMCID: PMC4963835 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8070202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study focused on AflSkn7, which is a stress response regulator in the aflatoxin-producing Aspergillus flavus. The ΔAflSkn7 mutants exhibited partially defective conidial formation and a complete inability to generate sclerotia, indicating AflSkn7 affects A. flavus asexual and sexual development. The mutants tolerated osmotic stress but were partially susceptible to the effects of cell wall stress. Additionally, the ΔAflSkn7 mutants were especially sensitive to oxidative stress. These observations confirmed that AflSkn7 influences oxidative stress responses rather than osmotic stress responses. Additionally, AflSkn7 was observed to increase aflatoxin biosynthesis and seed infection rates. These results indicate AflSkn7 affects A. flavus morphological development, stress response, aflatoxin production, and pathogenicity. The results of this study may facilitate the development of new methods to manage A. flavus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Gaopo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Longpo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Lu
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Kunlong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Jun Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xinyi Nie
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenhong Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Shihua Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins of Fujian Province, Key Laboratory of Biopesticide and Chemical Biology of the Education Ministry, and School of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
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205
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Di YL, Lu XM, Zhu ZQ, Zhu FX. Time Course of Carbendazim Stimulation on Pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Indicates a Direct Stimulation Mechanism. PLANT DISEASE 2016; 100:1454-1459. [PMID: 30686209 DOI: 10.1094/pdis-11-15-1349-re] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that subtoxic doses of carbendazim have a stimulatory effect on pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on rapeseed plants. The present study focused on the time-course profile of the stimulatory effect and its relevance to stimulation mechanisms. At 12 h postinoculation (HPI), initial necrotic lesions were visible only for rapeseed leaves treated with carbendazim at 0.2 and 1 μg/ml, whereas no disease symptoms were observed for the nontreated control. At 18 HPI, carbendazim stimulation on pathogenicity was more obvious than at 12 HPI. Study with scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that no discernable differences in the development of disease symptoms could be detected at 8 HPI. However, at 12 HPI, necrotic symptoms of the epidermal cells were apparent only for leaves sprayed with carbendazim. These results indicated that stimulations on pathogenicity occurred in the first 12 h, implying that direct stimulation rather than overcompensation to the disruption of homeostasis was likely to be the underlying mechanism for pathogenicity stimulation. Greenhouse experiments showed that spraying carbendazim at 400 μg/ml on potted rapeseed plants had statistically significant (P < 0.05) stimulations on pathogenicity for inoculations at 1, 3, 5, and 7 days after application (DAA). The stimulation action eventually disappeared for inoculations at 14 DAA. Mycelia grown on potato dextrose agar (PDA) supplemented with carbendazim at 400 μg/ml were more pathogenic than the nontreated control. However, after additional growth of the mycelia on fungicide-free PDA for 2 days, the stimulatory effect disappeared completely, indicating that carbendazim was indispensable for pathogenicity stimulations. Studies on biochemical mechanisms indicated that cell-wall-degrading enzymes such as cellulase, pectinase, and polygalacturonase were not involved in pathogenicity stimulations. These results will advance our understanding of the nature and mechanisms of fungicide stimulation on fungal pathogenicity and, thus, are valuable for judicious applications of fungicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Li Di
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Lu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zu-Qing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Fu-Xing Zhu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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206
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Zhao YL, Zhou TT, Guo HS. Hyphopodium-Specific VdNoxB/VdPls1-Dependent ROS-Ca2+ Signaling Is Required for Plant Infection by Verticillium dahliae. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005793. [PMID: 27463643 PMCID: PMC4962994 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae is a phytopathogenic fungus obligate in root infection. A few hyphopodia differentiate from large numbers of hyphae after conidia germination on the root surface for further infection. However, the molecular features and role of hyphopodia in the pathogenicity of V. dahliae remain elusive. In this study, we found that the VdPls1, a tetraspanin, and the VdNoxB, a catalytic subunit of membrane-bound NADPH oxidases for reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, were specifically expressed in hyphopodia. VdPls1 and VdNoxB highly co-localize with the plasma membrane at the base of hyphopodia, where ROS and penetration pegs are generated. Mutant strains, VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, in which VdPls1 and VdNoxB were deleted, respectively, developed defective hyphpodia incapable of producing ROS and penetration pegs. Defective plasma membrane localization of VdNoxB in VdΔpls1 demonstrates that VdPls1 functions as an adaptor protein for the recruitment and activation of the VdNoxB. Furthermore, in VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, tip-high Ca2+ accumulation was impaired in hyphopodia, but not in vegetative hyphal tips. Moreover, nuclear targeting of VdCrz1 and activation of calcineurin-Crz1 signaling upon hyphopodium induction in wild-type V. dahliae was impaired in both knockout mutants, indicating that VdPls1/VdNoxB-dependent ROS was specifically required for tip-high Ca2+ elevation in hyphopodia to activate the transcription factor VdCrz1 in the regulation of penetration peg formation. Together with the loss of virulence of VdΔnoxb and VdΔpls1, which are unable to initiate colonization in cotton plants, our data demonstrate that VdNoxB/VdPls1-mediated ROS production activates VdCrz1 signaling through Ca2+ elevation in hyphopodia, infectious structures of V. dahliae, to regulate penetration peg formation during the initial colonization of cotton roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Long Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Shan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Microbiology, Beijing, China
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207
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Poloni A, Schirawski J. Host specificity in Sporisorium reilianum is determined by distinct mechanisms in maize and sorghum. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2016; 17:741-54. [PMID: 26419898 PMCID: PMC6638427 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Smut fungi are biotrophic plant pathogens that exhibit a very narrow host range. The smut fungus Sporisorium reilianum exists in two host-adapted formae speciales: S. reilianum f. sp. reilianum (SRS), which causes head smut of sorghum, and S. reilianum f. sp. zeae (SRZ), which induces disease on maize. It is unknown why the two formae speciales cannot form spores on their respective non-favoured hosts. By fungal DNA quantification and fluorescence microscopy of stained plant samples, we followed the colonization behaviour of both SRS and SRZ on sorghum and maize. Both formae speciales were able to penetrate and multiply in the leaves of both hosts. In sorghum, the hyphae of SRS reached the apical meristems, whereas the hyphae of SRZ did not. SRZ strongly induced several defence responses in sorghum, such as the generation of H2 O2 , callose and phytoalexins, whereas the hyphae of SRS did not. In maize, both SRS and SRZ were able to spread through the plant to the apical meristem. Transcriptome analysis of colonized maize leaves revealed more genes induced by SRZ than by SRS, with many of them being involved in defence responses. Amongst the maize genes specifically induced by SRS were 11 pentatricopeptide repeat proteins. Together with the microscopic analysis, these data indicate that SRZ succumbs to plant defence after sorghum penetration, whereas SRS proliferates in a relatively undisturbed manner, but non-efficiently, on maize. This shows that host specificity is determined by distinct mechanisms in sorghum and maize.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alana Poloni
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jan Schirawski
- Albrecht-von-Haller Institute for Plant Sciences, Department for Molecular Biology of Plant-Microbe Interaction, Georg-August-University Göttingen, Julia-Lermontowa-Weg 3, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
- Institute of Applied Microbiology, Department of Microbial Genetics, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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208
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Turrà D, Nordzieke D, Vitale S, El Ghalid M, Di Pietro A. Hyphal chemotropism in fungal pathogenicity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:69-75. [PMID: 27150623 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to grow as filamentous hyphae defines the lifestyle of fungi. Hyphae are exposed to a variety of chemical stimuli such as nutrients or signal molecules from mating partners and host organisms. How fungi sense and process this chemical information to steer hyphal growth is poorly understood. Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Neurospora crassa have served as genetic models for the identification of cellular components functioning in chemotropism. A recent study in the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum revealed distinct MAPK pathways governing hyphal growth towards nutrient sources and sex pheromones or plant signals, suggesting an unanticipated complexity of chemosensing during fungus-host interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Turrà
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Daniela Nordzieke
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Stefania Vitale
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Mennat El Ghalid
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Di Pietro
- Departamento de Genética, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario ceiA3, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain.
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209
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Flajsman M, Mandelc S, Radisek S, Stajner N, Jakse J, Kosmelj K, Javornik B. Identification of Novel Virulence-Associated Proteins Secreted to Xylem by Verticillium nonalfalfae During Colonization of Hop Plants. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2016; 29:362-373. [PMID: 26883488 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-01-16-0016-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens employ various secreted proteins to suppress host immunity for their successful host colonization. Identification and characterization of pathogen-secreted proteins can contribute to an understanding of the pathogenicity mechanism and help in disease control. We used proteomics to search for proteins secreted to xylem by the vascular pathogen Verticillium nonalfalfae during colonization of hop plants. Three highly abundant fungal proteins were identified: two enzymes, α-N-arabinofuranosidase (VnaAbf4.216) and peroxidase (VnaPRX1.1277), and one small secreted hypothetical protein (VnaSSP4.2). These are the first secreted proteins so far identified in xylem sap following infection with Verticillium spp. VnaPRX1.1277, classified as a heme-containing peroxidase from Class II, similar to other Verticillium spp. lignin-degrading peroxidases, and VnaSSP4.2, a 14-kDa cysteine-containing protein with unknown function and with a close homolog in related V. alfalfae strains, were further examined. The in planta expression of VnaPRX1.1277 and VnaSSP4.2 genes increased with the progression of colonization, implicating their role in fungal virulence. Indeed, V. nonalfalfae deletion mutants of both genes exhibited attenuated virulence on hop plants, which returned to the level of the wild-type pathogenicity in the knockout complementation lines, supporting VnaPRX1.1277 and VnaSSP4.2 as virulence factors required to promote V. nonalfalfae colonization of hop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Flajsman
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Stanislav Mandelc
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Sebastjan Radisek
- 2 Slovenian Institute of Hop Research and Brewing, Cesta Zalskega Tabora 2, SI-3310 Zalec, Slovenia
| | - Natasa Stajner
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Jernej Jakse
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Katarina Kosmelj
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
| | - Branka Javornik
- 1 Department of Agronomy, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; and
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210
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE A wealth of fluorescent reporters and imaging systems are now available to characterize dynamic physiological processes in living cells with high spatiotemporal resolution. The most reliable probes for quantitative measurements show shifts in their excitation or emission spectrum, rather than just a change in intensity, as spectral shifts are independent of optical path length, illumination intensity, probe concentration, and photobleaching, and they can be easily determined by ratiometric measurements at two wavelengths. RECENT ADVANCES A number of ratiometric fluorescent reporters, such as reduction-oxidation-sensitive green fluorescent protein (roGFP), have been developed that respond to the glutathione redox potential and allow redox imaging in vivo. roGFP and its derivatives can be expressed in the cytoplasm or targeted to different organelles, giving fine control of measurements from sub-cellular compartments. Furthermore, roGFP can be imaged with probes for other physiological parameters, such as reactive oxygen species or mitochondrial membrane potential, to give multi-channel, multi-dimensional 4D (x,y,z,t) images. CRITICAL ISSUES Live cell imaging approaches are needed to capture transient or highly spatially localized physiological behavior from intact, living specimens, which are often not accessible by other biochemical or genetic means. FUTURE DIRECTIONS The next challenge is to be able to extract useful data rapidly from such large (GByte) images with due care given to the assumptions used during image processing. This article describes a suite of software programs, available for download, that provide intuitive user interfaces to conduct multi-channel ratio imaging, or alternative analysis methods such as pixel-population statistics or image segmentation and object-based ratio analysis. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 24, 752-762.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Fricker
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford , Oxford, United Kingdom
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211
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Martin-Urdiroz M, Oses-Ruiz M, Ryder LS, Talbot NJ. Investigating the biology of plant infection by the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Fungal Genet Biol 2016; 90:61-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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212
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Martinez-Rocha AL, Woriedh M, Chemnitz J, Willingmann P, Kröger C, Hadeler B, Hauber J, Schäfer W. Posttranslational hypusination of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor-5A regulates Fusarium graminearum virulence. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24698. [PMID: 27098988 PMCID: PMC4838825 DOI: 10.1038/srep24698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor eIF5A requires a posttranslational modification, forming the unique amino acid hypusine. This activation is mediated by two enzymes, deoxyhypusine synthase, DHS, and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase, DOHH. The impact of this enzymatic complex on the life cycle of a fungal pathogen is unknown. Plant pathogenic ascomycetes possess a single copy of the eIF5A activated by hypusination. We evaluated the importance of imbalances in eIF5A hypusination in Fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen of cereals. Overexpression of DHS leads to increased virulence in wheat, elevated production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol, more infection structures, faster wheat tissue invasion in plants and increases vegetatively produced conidia. In contrast, overexpression of DOHH completely prevents infection structure formation, pathogenicity in wheat and maize, leads to overproduction of ROS, reduced DON production and increased sexual reproduction. Simultaneous overexpression of both genes restores wild type-like phenotypes. Analysis of eIF5A posttranslational modification displayed strongly increased hypusinated eIF5A in DOHH overexpression mutant in comparison to wild type, and the DHS overexpression mutants. These are the first results pointing to different functions of differently modified eIF5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Lilia Martinez-Rocha
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Mayada Woriedh
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Jan Chemnitz
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department Antiviral Strategies, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
| | - Peter Willingmann
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Cathrin Kröger
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Birgit Hadeler
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
| | - Joachim Hauber
- Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Department Antiviral Strategies, Hamburg, D-20251, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schäfer
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Hamburg, D-22609, Germany
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213
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Marschall R, Tudzynski P. Reactive oxygen species in development and infection processes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 57:138-146. [PMID: 27039026 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are important signaling molecules that affect vegetative and pathogenic processes in pathogenic fungi. There is growing evidence that ROS are not only secreted during the interaction of host and pathogen but also involved in tightly controlled intracellular processes. The major ROS producing enzymes are NADPH oxidases (Nox). Recent investigations in fungi revealed that Nox-activity is responsible for the formation of infection structures, cytoskeleton architecture as well as interhyphal communication. However, information about the localization and site of action of the Nox complexes in fungi is limited and signaling pathways and intracellular processes affected by ROS have not been fully elucidated. This review focuses on the role of ROS as signaling molecules in fungal "model" organisms: it examines the role of ROS in vegetative and pathogenic processes and gives special attention to Nox complexes and their function as important signaling hubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westfälische Wilhelms Universität, Schlossplatz 8, D-48143 Münster, Germany.
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214
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An B, Li B, Li H, Zhang Z, Qin G, Tian S. Aquaporin8 regulates cellular development and reactive oxygen species production, a critical component of virulence in Botrytis cinerea. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 209:1668-80. [PMID: 26527167 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are ubiquitous in nearly all organisms, mediating selective and rapid flux of water across biological membranes. The role of AQPs in phytopathogenic fungi is poorly understood. Orthologs of AQP genes in Botrytis cinerea were identified and knocked out. The effects of AQPs on hyphal growth and conidiation, formation of infection structures and virulence on plant hosts were examined. The role of AQP8 in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, distribution and transport were further determined. Among eight AQPs, only AQP8 was essential for the ability of B. cinerea to infect plants. AQP8 was demonstrated to be an intrinsic plasma membrane protein, which may function as a channel and mediate hydrogen peroxide uptake. Deletion of AQP8 in B. cinerea completely inhibited the development of conidia and infection structures, and significantly affected noxR expression. Further observations revealed that both AQP8 and noxR impacted ROS distribution in the hyphal tips of B. cinerea. Moreover, AQP8 affected the expression of a mitochondrial protein, NQO1. A knockout mutant of NQO1 was observed to display reduced virulence. These data lead to a better understanding of the important role of AQP8 in the development and pathogenesis of plant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bang An
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Boqiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Hua Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhanquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Guozheng Qin
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Shiping Tian
- Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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215
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Benito-Pescador D, Santander D, Arranz M, Díaz-Mínguez JM, Eslava AP, van Kan JAL, Benito EP. Bcmimp1, a Botrytis cinerea Gene Transiently Expressed in planta, Encodes a Mitochondrial Protein. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:213. [PMID: 26952144 PMCID: PMC4767927 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a widespread necrotrophic fungus which infects more than 200 plant species. In an attempt to characterize the physiological status of the fungus in planta and to identify genetic factors contributing to its ability to infect the host cells, a differential gene expression analysis during the interaction B. cinerea-tomato was carried out. Gene Bcmimp1 codes for a mRNA detected by differential display in the course of this analysis. During the interaction with the host, it shows a transient expression pattern with maximal expression levels during the colonization and maceration of the infected tissues. Bioinformatic analysis suggested that BCMIMP1 is an integral membrane protein located in the mitochondrial inner membrane. Co-localization experiments with a BCMIMP1-GFP fusion protein confirmed that the protein is targeted to the mitochondria. ΔBcmimp1 mutants do not show obvious phenotypic differences during saprophytic growth and their infection ability was unaltered as compared to the wild-type. Interestingly, the mutants produced increased levels of reactive oxygen species, likely as a consequence of disturbed mitochondrial function. Although Bcmimp1 expression is enhanced in planta it cannot be considered a pathogenicity factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Benito-Pescador
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Daniela Santander
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de SalamancaSalamanca, Spain; Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Ambientale, Universidad Técnica del NorteIbarra, Ecuador
| | - M Arranz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - José M Díaz-Mínguez
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Arturo P Eslava
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jan A L van Kan
- Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Ernesto P Benito
- Instituto Hispano-Luso de Investigaciones Agrarias - Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Universidad de Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
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216
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Yin S, Gao Z, Wang C, Huang L, Kang Z, Zhang H. Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species Coordinately Regulate the Germination of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici Urediniospores. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:178. [PMID: 26941716 PMCID: PMC4763058 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) function as signaling molecules in a number of critical signal transduction pathways in plants, including plant biotic interactions. In addition to the role of plant-derived NO and ROS in plant resistance, which has been well documented, pathogen-produced NO and ROS have recently emerged as important players in fungal development and pathogenesis. However, the effects of pathogenic fungi-derived NO and ROS on signaling pathways during fungal pre-infection development remain unknown. Here, using a combination of pharmacological approaches and confocal microscopy, we investigated the roles of NO and ROS during the germination of Puccinia striiformis Westend f. sp. tritici (Pst) the wheat stripe rust pathogen. Both NO and ROS have a crucial role in uredinial germination. The scavengers of NO and ROS delayed spore germination and decreased the lengths of germ tubes. A similar phenotype was produced after treatment with the promoter. However, the spores germinated and grew normally when the levels of NO and ROS were simultaneously elevated by the application of a promoter of NO and a donor of ROS. Confocal laser microscopy indicated that both NO and ROS preferentially localized at the germ pores and apexes of growing germ tubes when the ROS/NO ratio in the spores was maintained in a specific range. We concluded that both NO and ROS are critical signaling molecules in the pre-infection development of Pst and that the polar growth of the germ tube is coordinately regulated by NO and ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuining Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhijuan Gao
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University Yangling, China
| | - Chenfang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Lili Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Zhensheng Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
| | - Hongchang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid AreasYangling, China; College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F UniversityYangling, China
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217
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Sewelam N, Kazan K, Schenk PM. Global Plant Stress Signaling: Reactive Oxygen Species at the Cross-Road. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:187. [PMID: 26941757 PMCID: PMC4763064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Current technologies have changed biology into a data-intensive field and significantly increased our understanding of signal transduction pathways in plants. However, global defense signaling networks in plants have not been established yet. Considering the apparent intricate nature of signaling mechanisms in plants (due to their sessile nature), studying the points at which different signaling pathways converge, rather than the branches, represents a good start to unravel global plant signaling networks. In this regard, growing evidence shows that the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is one of the most common plant responses to different stresses, representing a point at which various signaling pathways come together. In this review, the complex nature of plant stress signaling networks will be discussed. An emphasis on different signaling players with a specific attention to ROS as the primary source of the signaling battery in plants will be presented. The interactions between ROS and other signaling components, e.g., calcium, redox homeostasis, membranes, G-proteins, MAPKs, plant hormones, and transcription factors will be assessed. A better understanding of the vital roles ROS are playing in plant signaling would help innovate new strategies to improve plant productivity under the circumstances of the increasing severity of environmental conditions and the high demand of food and energy worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Sewelam
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Tanta UniversityTanta, Egypt
| | - Kemal Kazan
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization Agriculture, Queensland Bioscience Precinct, St LuciaQLD, Australia
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture & Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
| | - Peer M. Schenk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions Laboratory, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, BrisbaneQLD, Australia
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218
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Niu LL, Bi Y, Bai XD, Zhang SG, Xue HL, Li YC, Wang Y, Calderón-Urrea A. Damage to Trichothecium roseum caused by sodium silicate is independent from pH. Can J Microbiol 2016; 62:161-72. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2015-0657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Niu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
- College of Grassland Sciences and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Bi
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiao-dong Bai
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Sheng-gui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua-li Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-cai Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, People’s Republic of China
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219
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Chen B, Niu F, Liu WZ, Yang B, Zhang J, Ma J, Cheng H, Han F, Jiang YQ. Identification, cloning and characterization of R2R3-MYB gene family in canola (Brassica napus L.) identify a novel member modulating ROS accumulation and hypersensitive-like cell death. DNA Res 2016; 23:101-14. [PMID: 26800702 PMCID: PMC4833418 DOI: 10.1093/dnares/dsv040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The R2R3-MYB proteins comprise one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. Although genome-wide analysis of this family has been carried out in some plant species, little is known about R2R3-MYB genes in canola (Brassica napus L.). In this study, we have identified 76 R2R3-MYB genes in the canola genome through mining of expressed sequence tags (ESTs). The cDNA sequences of 44 MYB genes were successfully cloned. The transcriptional activities of BnaMYB proteins encoded by these genes were assayed in yeast. The subcellular localizations of representative R2R3-MYB proteins were investigated through GFP fusion. Besides, the transcript abundance level analysis during abiotic conditions and ABA treatment identified a group of R2R3-MYB genes that responded to one or more treatments. Furthermore, we identified a previously functionally unknown MYB gene-BnaMYB78, which modulates reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent cell death in Nicotiana benthamiana, through regulating the transcription of a few ROS- and defence-related genes. Taken together, this study has provided a solid foundation for understanding the roles and regulatory mechanism of canola R2R3-MYB genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bisi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fangfang Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Wu-Zhen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Bo Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jingxiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jieyu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Hao Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Feng Han
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
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220
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Samsatly J, Chamoun R, Gluck-Thaler E, Jabaji S. Genes of the de novo and Salvage Biosynthesis Pathways of Vitamin B6 are Regulated under Oxidative Stress in the Plant Pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Front Microbiol 2016; 6:1429. [PMID: 26779127 PMCID: PMC4700284 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is recognized as an important cofactor required for numerous metabolic enzymes, and has been shown to act as an antioxidant and play a role in stress responses. It can be synthesized through two different routes: salvage and de novo pathways. However, little is known about the possible function of the vitamin B6 pathways in the fungal plant pathogen Rhizoctonia solani. Using genome walking, the de novo biosynthetic pathway genes; RsolPDX1 and RsolPDX2 and the salvage biosynthetic pathway gene, RsolPLR were sequenced. The predicted amino acid sequences of the three genes had high degrees of similarity to other fungal PDX1, PDX2, and PLR proteins and are closely related to other R. solani anastomosis groups. We also examined their regulation when subjected to reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress inducers, the superoxide generator paraquat, or H2O2, and compared it to the well-known antioxidant genes, catalase and glutathione-S-transferase (GST). The genes were differentially regulated with transcript levels as high as 33 fold depending on the gene and type of stress reflecting differences in the type of damage induced by ROS. Exogenous addition of the vitamers PN or PLP in culture medium significantly induced the transcription of the vitamin B6 de novo encoding genes as early as 0.5 hour post treatment (HPT). On the other hand, transcription of RsolPLR was vitamer-specific; a down regulation upon supplementation of PN and upregulation with PLP. Our results suggest that accumulation of ROS in R. solani mycelia is linked to transcriptional regulation of the three genes and implicate the vitamin B6 biosynthesis machinery in R. solani, similar to catalases and GST, as an antioxidant stress protector against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamil Samsatly
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Rony Chamoun
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | | | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
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221
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Spadaro D, Droby S. Development of biocontrol products for postharvest diseases of fruit: The importance of elucidating the mechanisms of action of yeast antagonists. Trends Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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222
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Deng S, Wang CY, Zhang X, Wang Q, Lin L. VdNUC-2, the Key Regulator of Phosphate Responsive Signaling Pathway, Is Required for Verticillium dahliae Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145190. [PMID: 26670613 PMCID: PMC4682923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In fungal cells, a phosphate (Pi) responsive signaling and metabolism (PHO) pathway regulates Pi-homeostasis. NUC-2/PHO81 and its homologs are one of the most important components in the regulation pathway. In soil-borne phytopathogenic fungus Verticillium dahliae, we identified a Neurospora crassa nuc-2 homolog gene VdNUC-2. VdNUC-2 is composed of 1,018 amino acids, and is highly conserved in tested filamentous fungi. Under conditions of Pi-starvation, compared with the wild-type strain and ectopic complementation strains, the VdNUC-2 knocked out mutants exhibited reduced radial growth, decreased production of conidia and microsclerotia, and were more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide stress. The virulence of VdNUC-2 defective mutants was significantly compromised, and that was unable to be restored by exogenous application of extra Pi. Additionally, the deletion mutants of VdNUC-1, a key transcription factor gene positively controlled by VdNUC-2 in the PHO pathway, showed the similar cultural phenotypes as VdNUC-2 mutants when both of them grew in Pi-limited conditions. However, the virulence of VdNUC-1 mutants was comparable to the wild-type strain. These evidences indicated that the virulence reduction in VdNUC-2 mutants is not due to the interruptions in the PHO pathway or the disturbance of Pi-homeostasis in V. dahliae cytoplasm. VdNUC-2 is not only a crucial gene in the PHO pathway in V. dahliae, but also is required for the full virulence during host-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Deng
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-yue Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Ling Lin
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- * E-mail:
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223
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Zhang C, Lin Y, Wang J, Wang Y, Chen M, Norvienyeku J, Li G, Yu W, Wang Z. FgNoxR, a regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidases, is required for female fertility and pathogenicity in Fusarium graminearum. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv223. [PMID: 26607286 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Fusarium graminearum is a filamentous fungal pathogen that causes wheat Fusarium head blight. In this study, we identified FgNoxR, a regulatory subunit of NADPH oxidases (Nox) in F. graminearum, and found that it plays an important role in the pathogenicity of F. graminearum. FgNoxR is localized on punctate structures throughout the cytoplasm in aerial hyphae while these structures tend to accumulate at or near the plasma membrane, septa and hyphal tips in germinated conidia. Deletion of the FgNOXR gene results in reduced conidiation and germination. Importantly, sexual development is totally abolished in the FgNOXR deletion mutant. In addition, the disease lesion of FgNOXR deletion mutant is limited to the inoculated spikelets of wheat heads. Finally, FgNoxR interacts with FgRac1 and FgNoxA, and all three proteins are required for female fertility. Taken together, our data indicate that FgNoxR contributes to conidiation, sexual reproduction and pathogenesis in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkang Zhang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Yahong Lin
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jianqiang Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Miaoping Chen
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Justice Norvienyeku
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guangpu Li
- Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wenying Yu
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zonghua Wang
- Fujian Province Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Fungi and Mycotoxins, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China Fujian University Key Laboratory for Functional Genomics of Plant Fungal Pathogens, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China
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224
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Kelloniemi J, Trouvelot S, Héloir MC, Simon A, Dalmais B, Frettinger P, Cimerman A, Fermaud M, Roudet J, Baulande S, Bruel C, Choquer M, Couvelard L, Duthieuw M, Ferrarini A, Flors V, Le Pêcheur P, Loisel E, Morgant G, Poussereau N, Pradier JM, Rascle C, Trdá L, Poinssot B, Viaud M. Analysis of the Molecular Dialogue Between Gray Mold (Botrytis cinerea) and Grapevine (Vitis vinifera) Reveals a Clear Shift in Defense Mechanisms During Berry Ripening. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1167-80. [PMID: 26267356 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-02-15-0039-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Mature grapevine berries at the harvesting stage (MB) are very susceptible to the gray mold fungus Botrytis cinerea, while veraison berries (VB) are not. We conducted simultaneous microscopic and transcriptomic analyses of the pathogen and the host to investigate the infection process developed by B. cinerea on MB versus VB, and the plant defense mechanisms deployed to stop the fungus spreading. On the pathogen side, our genome-wide transcriptomic data revealed that B. cinerea genes upregulated during infection of MB are enriched in functional categories related to necrotrophy, such as degradation of the plant cell wall, proteolysis, membrane transport, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and detoxification. Quantitative-polymerase chain reaction on a set of representative genes related to virulence and microscopic observations further demonstrated that the infection is also initiated on VB but is stopped at the penetration stage. On the plant side, genome-wide transcriptomic analysis and metabolic data revealed a defense pathway switch during berry ripening. In response to B. cinerea inoculation, VB activated a burst of ROS, the salicylate-dependent defense pathway, the synthesis of the resveratrol phytoalexin, and cell-wall strengthening. On the contrary, in infected MB, the jasmonate-dependent pathway was activated, which did not stop the fungal necrotrophic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Kelloniemi
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Sophie Trouvelot
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Marie-Claire Héloir
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Adeline Simon
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Bérengère Dalmais
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Patrick Frettinger
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Agnès Cimerman
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Marc Fermaud
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean Roudet
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | | | - Christophe Bruel
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Mathias Choquer
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | | | | | - Alberto Ferrarini
- 6 Università degli Studi di Verona, Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Victor Flors
- 7 University of Jaume I, Plant Physiology Section, CAMN, Castellón, 12071, Spain
| | - Pascal Le Pêcheur
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Elise Loisel
- 4 INRA, UMR 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Guillaume Morgant
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Nathalie Poussereau
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jean-Marc Pradier
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
| | - Christine Rascle
- 3 UMR 5240 MAP, Université Lyon 1-CNRS-Bayer CropScience, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Lucie Trdá
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benoit Poinssot
- 1 Université de Bourgogne, UMR 1347 Agroécologie, Pôle Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes-ERL CNRS 6300, 17 rue Sully, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Muriel Viaud
- 2 INRA, UMR 1290 BIOGER, Avenue Lucien Brétignières, 78850 Grignon, France
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225
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Zhao YT, Wang M, Wang ZM, Fang RX, Wang XJ, Jia YT. Dynamic and Coordinated Expression Changes of Rice Small RNAs in Response to Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. J Genet Genomics 2015; 42:625-637. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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226
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Mentges M, Bormann J. Real-time imaging of hydrogen peroxide dynamics in vegetative and pathogenic hyphae of Fusarium graminearum. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14980. [PMID: 26446493 PMCID: PMC4597226 DOI: 10.1038/srep14980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Balanced dynamics of reactive oxygen species in the phytopathogenic fungus Fusarium graminearum play key roles for development and infection. To monitor those dynamics, ratiometric analysis using the novel hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) sensitive fluorescent indicator protein HyPer-2 was established for the first time in phytopathogenic fungi. H2O2 changes the excitation spectrum of HyPer-2 with an excitation maximum at 405 nm for the reduced and 488 nm for the oxidized state, facilitating ratiometric readouts with maximum emission at 516 nm. HyPer-2 analyses were performed using a microtiter fluorometer and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Addition of external H2O2 to mycelia caused a steep and transient increase in fluorescence excited at 488 nm. This can be reversed by the addition of the reducing agent dithiothreitol. HyPer-2 in F. graminearum is highly sensitive and specific to H2O2 even in tiny amounts. Hyperosmotic treatment elicited a transient internal H2O2 burst. Hence, HyPer-2 is suitable to monitor the intracellular redox balance. Using CLSM, developmental processes like nuclear division, tip growth, septation, and infection structure development were analyzed. The latter two processes imply marked accumulations of intracellular H2O2. Taken together, HyPer-2 is a valuable and reliable tool for the analysis of environmental conditions, cellular development, and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mentges
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jörg Bormann
- University of Hamburg, Biocenter Klein Flottbek, Department of Molecular Phytopathology and Genetics, Ohnhorststr. 18, D-22609 Hamburg, Germany
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227
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Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B, González-Bosch C, García-Agustín P. An untargeted global metabolomic analysis reveals the biochemical changes underlying basal resistance and priming in Solanum lycopersicum, and identifies 1-methyltryptophan as a metabolite involved in plant responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:125-39. [PMID: 26270176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used untargeted global metabolomic analysis to determine and compare the chemical nature of the metabolites altered during the infection of tomato plants (cv. Ailsa Craig) with Botrytis cinerea (Bot) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), pathogens that have different invasion mechanisms and lifestyles. We also obtained the metabolome of tomato plants primed using the natural resistance inducer hexanoic acid and then infected with these pathogens. By contrasting the metabolomic profiles of infected, primed, and primed + infected plants, we determined not only the processes or components related directly to plant defense responses, but also inferred the metabolic mechanisms by which pathogen resistance is primed. The data show that basal resistance and hexanoic acid-induced resistance to Bot and Pst are associated with a marked metabolic reprogramming. This includes significant changes in amino acids, sugars and free fatty acids, and in primary and secondary metabolism. Comparison of the metabolic profiles of the infections indicated clear differences, reflecting the fact that the plant's chemical responses are highly adapted to specific attackers. The data also indicate involvement of signaling molecules, including pipecolic and azelaic acids, in response to Pst and, interestingly, to Bot. The compound 1-methyltryptophan was shown to be associated with the tomato-Pst and tomato-Bot interactions as well as with hexanoic acid-induced resistance. Root application of this Trp-derived metabolite also demonstrated its ability to protect tomato plants against both pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camañes
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
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228
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Zhang C, He Y, Zhu P, Chen L, Wang Y, Ni B, Xu L. Loss of bcbrn1 and bcpks13 in Botrytis cinerea Not Only Blocks Melanization But Also Increases Vegetative Growth and Virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2015; 28:1091-101. [PMID: 26035129 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-04-15-0085-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Botrytis cinerea is a necrotrophic pathogen that causes gray mold disease in a broad range of plants. Dihydroxynaphthalene (DHN) melanin is a major component of the extracellular matrix of B. cinerea, but knowledge of the exact role of melanin biosynthesis in this pathogen is unclear. In this study, we characterize two genes in B. cinerea, bcpks13 and bcbrn1, encoding polyketide synthase and tetrahydroxynaphthalene (THN) reductases, respectively, and both have predicted roles in DHN melanin biosynthesis. The ∆bcpks13 and ∆bcbrn1 mutants show white and orange pigmentation, respectively, and the mutants are also deficient in conidiation in vitro but show enhanced growth rates and virulence on hosts. Moreover, the mutants display elevated acidification of the complete medium (CM), probably due to oxalic acid secretion and secretion of cell wall-degrading enzymes, and preferably utilize plant cell-wall components as carbon sources for mycelium growth in vitro. In contrast, overexpression of bcbrn1 (OE::bcbrn1 strain) results in attenuated hydrolytic enzyme secretion, acidification ability, and virulence. Taken together, these results indicate that bcpks13 and bcbrn1 participate in diverse cellular and developmental processes, such as melanization and conidiation in B. cinerea in vitro, but they negatively regulate the virulence of this pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Zhang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yifan He
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Pinkuan Zhu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Lu Chen
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Bing Ni
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
| | - Ling Xu
- School of Life Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, PR China
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229
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Kriaa M, Hammami I, Sahnoun M, Azebou MC, Triki MA, Kammoun R. Biocontrol of tomato plant diseases caused by Fusarium solani using a new isolated Aspergillus tubingensis CTM 507 glucose oxidase. C R Biol 2015; 338:666-77. [PMID: 26299190 DOI: 10.1016/j.crvi.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the potential of glucose oxidase (GOD) as a promising biocontrol agent for fungal plant pathogens. In fact, a new GOD producing fungus was isolated and identified as an Aspergillus tubingensis. GOD (125 AU) has been found to inhibit Fusarium solani growth and spore production. Indeed, GOD caused the reduction of spores, the formation of chlamydospores, the induction of mycelial cords and the vacuolization of mycelium. In vivo assays, GOD acted as a curative treatment capable of protecting the tomato plants against F. solani diseases. In fact, the incidence was null in the curative treatment with GOD and it is around 45% for the preventive treatment. The optimization of media composition and culture conditions led to a 2.6-fold enhancement in enzyme activity, reaching 81.48U/mL. This study has demonstrated that GOD is a potent antifungal agent that could be used as a new biofungicide to protect plants from diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mouna Kriaa
- Laboratoire de microorganismes et de biomolécules, Centre de biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, route de Sidi Mansour km 6, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Inès Hammami
- École supérieure d'agriculture du Kef, Université de Jendouba, Boulifa, 7119 Le Kef, Tunisia
| | - Mouna Sahnoun
- Laboratoire de microorganismes et de biomolécules, Centre de biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, route de Sidi Mansour km 6, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Manel Cheffi Azebou
- Institut de l'Olivier, Université de Sfax, route de l'Aéroport km 2, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Ali Triki
- Institut de l'Olivier, Université de Sfax, route de l'Aéroport km 2, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Radhouane Kammoun
- Laboratoire de microorganismes et de biomolécules, Centre de biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, route de Sidi Mansour km 6, BP 1177, Sfax, Tunisia; Institut supérieur de biotechnologie de Sfax, route de Sokra km 3, BP 261, 3000 Sfax, Tunisia.
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230
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Tadych M, Vorsa N, Wang Y, Bergen MS, Johnson-Cicalese J, Polashock JJ, White JF. Interactions between cranberries and fungi: the proposed function of organic acids in virulence suppression of fruit rot fungi. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:835. [PMID: 26322038 PMCID: PMC4536381 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cranberry fruit are a rich source of bioactive compounds that may function as constitutive or inducible barriers against rot-inducing fungi. The content and composition of these compounds change as the season progresses. Several necrotrophic fungi cause cranberry fruit rot disease complex. These fungi remain mostly asymptomatic until the fruit begins to mature in late August. Temporal fluctuations and quantitative differences in selected organic acid profiles between fruit of six cranberry genotypes during the growing season were observed. The concentration of benzoic acid in fruit increased while quinic acid decreased throughout fruit development. In general, more rot-resistant genotypes (RR) showed higher levels of benzoic acid early in fruit development and more gradual decline in quinic acid levels than that observed in the more rot-susceptible genotypes. We evaluated antifungal activities of selected cranberry constituents and found that most bioactive compounds either had no effects or stimulated growth or reactive oxygen species (ROS) secretion of four tested cranberry fruit rot fungi, while benzoic acid and quinic acid reduced growth and suppressed secretion of ROS by these fungi. We propose that variation in the levels of ROS suppressive compounds, such as benzoic and quinic acids, may influence virulence by the fruit rot fungi. Selection for crops that maintain high levels of virulence suppressive compounds could yield new disease resistant varieties. This could represent a new strategy for control of disease caused by necrotrophic pathogens that exhibit a latent or endophytic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Tadych
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Nicholi Vorsa
- Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers UniversityChatsworth, NJ, USA
| | - Yifei Wang
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Marshall S. Bergen
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Jennifer Johnson-Cicalese
- Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and Extension, Rutgers UniversityChatsworth, NJ, USA
| | - James J. Polashock
- Genetic Improvement of Fruits and Vegetables Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture-Agriculture Research Service, Philip E. Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research and ExtensionChatsworth, NJ, USA
| | - James F. White
- Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers UniversityNew Brunswick, NJ, USA
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231
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Fortunato AA, Debona D, Bernardeli AMA, Rodrigues FÁ. Changes in the Antioxidant System in Soybean Leaves Infected by Corynespora cassiicola. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2015; 105:1050-8. [PMID: 25738549 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-14-0283-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Considering the importance of target spot, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, to reduce soybean yield in Brazil and that more basic information regarding the soybean-C. cassiicola interaction is needed, the present study aimed to investigate whether the cellular damage caused by C. cassiicola infection could activate the antioxidant system and whether a more efficient antioxidant system could be associated with an increase in soybean resistance to target spot. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase as well as the concentrations of ascorbate (AsA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), superoxide (O2•-), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were measured in soybean plants from two cultivars differing in resistance to the pathogen. The number of lesions per square centimeter was significantly reduced by 14% in plants from cultivar Fundacep 59 compared with plants from cultivar TMG 132. The area under the disease progress curve was significantly lower, by 15%, in plants from Fundacep 59 than in plants from TMG 132. Generally, antioxidant enzyme activities and AsA concentration significantly increased in response to C. cassiicola infection in plants from both cultivars, however more prominent increases were recorded for plants from Fundacep 59. The concentrations of MDA, H2O2, and O2•- also increased, particularly for plants from TMG 132. The results from this study highlight the importance of a more efficient antioxidative system in the removal of reactive oxygen species generated in soybean plants during C. cassiicola infection, contributing to the resistance to target spot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Antônio Fortunato
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel Debona
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Arthur Martins Almeida Bernardeli
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Ávila Rodrigues
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Fitopatologia, Laboratório da Interação Planta-Patógeno, Viçosa, Minas Gerais State 36570-900, Brazil
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232
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Matsuo M, Johnson JM, Hieno A, Tokizawa M, Nomoto M, Tada Y, Godfrey R, Obokata J, Sherameti I, Yamamoto YY, Böhmer FD, Oelmüller R. High REDOX RESPONSIVE TRANSCRIPTION FACTOR1 Levels Result in Accumulation of Reactive Oxygen Species in Arabidopsis thaliana Shoots and Roots. MOLECULAR PLANT 2015; 8:1253-73. [PMID: 25882345 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2015.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Redox Responsive Transcription Factor1 (RRTF1) in Arabidopsis is rapidly and transiently upregulated by H2O2, as well as biotic- and abiotic-induced redox signals. RRTF1 is highly conserved in angiosperms, but its physiological role remains elusive. Here we show that inactivation of RRTF1 restricts and overexpression promotes reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in response to stress. Transgenic lines overexpressing RRTF1 are impaired in root and shoot development, light sensitive, and susceptible to Alternaria brassicae infection. These symptoms are diminished by the beneficial root endophyte Piriformospora indica, which reduces ROS accumulation locally in roots and systemically in shoots, and by antioxidants and ROS inhibitors that scavenge ROS. More than 800 genes were detected in mature leaves and seedlings of transgenic lines overexpressing RRTF1; ∼ 40% of them have stress-, redox-, ROS-regulated-, ROS-scavenging-, defense-, cell death- and senescence-related functions. Bioinformatic analyses and in vitro DNA binding assays demonstrate that RRTF1 binds to GCC-box-like sequences in the promoter of RRTF1-responsive genes. Upregulation of RRTF1 by stress stimuli and H2O2 requires WRKY18/40/60. RRTF1 is co-regulated with the phylogenetically related RAP2.6, which contains a GCC-box-like sequence in its promoter, but transgenic lines overexpressing RAP2.6 do not accumulate higher ROS levels. RRTF1 also stimulates systemic ROS accumulation in distal non-stressed leaves. We conclude that the elevated levels of the highly conserved RRTF1 induce ROS accumulation in response to ROS and ROS-producing abiotic and biotic stress signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Matsuo
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany; Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Joy Michal Johnson
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ayaka Hieno
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mutsutomo Tokizawa
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Mika Nomoto
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Yasuomi Tada
- Center for Gene Research, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Rinesh Godfrey
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, 00743 Jena, Germany; Molecular Cardiology, Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, University Hospital Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Junichi Obokata
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Irena Sherameti
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Yoshiharu Y Yamamoto
- Faculty of Applied Biological Sciences, Gifu University, Yanagido 1-1, Gifu City 501-1193, Japan
| | - Frank-D Böhmer
- Institute of Molecular Cell Biology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine, Jena University Hospital, 00743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ralf Oelmüller
- Institute of Plant Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller University Jena, Dornburger Straße 159, 07743 Jena, Germany.
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233
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Mir AA, Park SY, Abu Sadat M, Kim S, Choi J, Jeon J, Lee YH. Systematic characterization of the peroxidase gene family provides new insights into fungal pathogenicity in Magnaporthe oryzae. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11831. [PMID: 26134974 PMCID: PMC4488832 DOI: 10.1038/srep11831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal pathogens have evolved antioxidant defense against reactive oxygen species produced as a part of host innate immunity. Recent studies proposed peroxidases as components of antioxidant defense system. However, the role of fungal peroxidases during interaction with host plants has not been explored at the genomic level. Here, we systematically identified peroxidase genes and analyzed their impact on fungal pathogenesis in a model plant pathogenic fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae. Phylogeny reconstruction placed 27 putative peroxidase genes into 15 clades. Expression profiles showed that majority of them are responsive to in planta condition and in vitro H2O2. Our analysis of individual deletion mutants for seven selected genes including MoPRX1 revealed that these genes contribute to fungal development and/or pathogenesis. We identified significant and positive correlations among sensitivity to H2O2, peroxidase activity and fungal pathogenicity. In-depth analysis of MoPRX1 demonstrated that it is a functional ortholog of thioredoxin peroxidase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and is required for detoxification of the oxidative burst within host cells. Transcriptional profiling of other peroxidases in ΔMoprx1 suggested interwoven nature of the peroxidase-mediated antioxidant defense system. The results from this study provide insight into the infection strategy built on evolutionarily conserved peroxidases in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albely Afifa Mir
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Sook-Young Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Md Abu Sadat
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Seongbeom Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Jaeyoung Choi
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Junhyun Jeon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Fungal Bioinformatics Laboratory, Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, and Center for Fungal Pathogenesis, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-921, Korea
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234
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Dalilla CR, Mauricio BF, Simone CB, Silvia B, Sergio FP. Antimicrobial activity of volatile organic compounds and their effect on lipid peroxidation and electrolyte loss in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides and Colletotrichum acutatum mycelia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5897/ajmr2015.7425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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235
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Calmes B, N’Guyen G, Dumur J, Brisach CA, Campion C, Iacomi B, Pigné S, Dias E, Macherel D, Guillemette T, Simoneau P. Glucosinolate-derived isothiocyanates impact mitochondrial function in fungal cells and elicit an oxidative stress response necessary for growth recovery. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:414. [PMID: 26089832 PMCID: PMC4452805 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates are brassicaceous secondary metabolites that have long been considered as chemical shields against pathogen invasion. Isothiocyanates (ITCs), are glucosinolate-breakdown products that have negative effects on the growth of various fungal species. We explored the mechanism by which ITCs could cause fungal cell death using Alternaria brassicicola, a specialist Brassica pathogens, as model organism. Exposure of the fungus to ICTs led to a decreased oxygen consumption rate, intracellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial-membrane depolarization. We also found that two major regulators of the response to oxidative stress, i.e., the MAP kinase AbHog1 and the transcription factor AbAP1, were activated in the presence of ICTs. Once activated by ICT-derived ROS, AbAP1 was found to promote the expression of different oxidative-response genes. This response might play a significant role in the protection of the fungus against ICTs as mutants deficient in AbHog1 or AbAP1 were found to be hypersensitive to these metabolites. Moreover, the loss of these genes was accompanied by a significant decrease in aggressiveness on Brassica. We suggest that the robust protection response against ICT-derived oxidative stress might be a key adaptation mechanism for successful infection of host plants by Brassicaceae-specialist necrotrophs like A. brassicicola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Calmes
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Guillaume N’Guyen
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Jérome Dumur
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Carlos A. Brisach
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Claire Campion
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Béatrice Iacomi
- Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicinǎ Veterinarǎ BucureştiBucharest, Romania
| | - Sandrine Pigné
- Universitatea de Ştiinţe Agronomice şi Medicinǎ Veterinarǎ BucureştiBucharest, Romania
| | - Eva Dias
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - David Macherel
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Thomas Guillemette
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
| | - Philippe Simoneau
- Université d’Angers, INRA, Agrocampus Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR 4207 QUASAVAngers, France
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McGrann GRD, Steed A, Burt C, Nicholson P, Brown JKM. Differential effects of lesion mimic mutants in barley on disease development by facultative pathogens. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3417-28. [PMID: 25873675 PMCID: PMC4449554 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lesion mimic mutants display spontaneous necrotic spots and chlorotic leaves as a result of mis-regulated cell death programmes. Typically these mutants have increased resistance to biotrophic pathogens but their response to facultative fungi that cause necrotrophic diseases is less well studied. The effect of altered cell death regulation on the development of disease caused by Ramularia collo-cygni, Fusarium culmorum and Oculimacula yallundae was explored using a collection of barley necrotic (nec) lesion mimic mutants. nec8 mutants displayed lower levels of all three diseases compared to nec9 mutants, which had increased R. collo-cygni but decreased F. culmorum disease symptoms. nec1 mutants reduced disease development caused by both R. collo-cygni and F. culmorum. The severity of the nec1-induced lesion mimic phenotype and F. culmorum symptom development was reduced by mutation of the negative cell death regulator MLO. The significant reduction in R. collo-cygni symptoms caused by nec1 was completely abolished in the presence of the mlo-5 allele and both symptoms and fungal biomass were greater than in the wild-type. These results indicate that physiological pathways involved in regulation of cell death interact with one another in their effects on different fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R D McGrann
- Present address: Crop Protection Team, Crop and Soil Systems Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Andrew Steed
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK Present address: Crop Protection Team, Crop and Soil Systems Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK Present address: RAGT Seeds Ltd., Grange Road, Ickleton, Essex, CB10 1TA, UK
| | - Christopher Burt
- Present address: RAGT Seeds Ltd., Grange Road, Ickleton, Essex, CB10 1TA, UK
| | - Paul Nicholson
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK Present address: Crop Protection Team, Crop and Soil Systems Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK Present address: RAGT Seeds Ltd., Grange Road, Ickleton, Essex, CB10 1TA, UK
| | - James K M Brown
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK Present address: Crop Protection Team, Crop and Soil Systems Group, SRUC, West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JG, UK Present address: RAGT Seeds Ltd., Grange Road, Ickleton, Essex, CB10 1TA, UK
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237
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Eloy YRG, Vasconcelos IM, Barreto ALH, Freire-Filho FR, Oliveira JTA. H2O2 plays an important role in the lifestyle of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during interaction with cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp]. Fungal Biol 2015; 119:747-57. [PMID: 26228563 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Plant-fungus interactions usually generate H(2)O(2) in the infected plant tissue. H(2)O(2) has a direct antimicrobial effect and is involved in the cross-linking of cell walls, signaling, induction of gene expression, hypersensitive cell death and induced systemic acquired resistance. This has raised the hypothesis that H(2)O(2) manipulation by pharmacological compounds could alter the lifestyle of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides during interaction with the BR-3-Tracuateua cowpea genotype. The primary leaves of cowpea were excised, infiltrated with salicylic acid (SA), glucose oxidase + glucose (GO/G), catalase (CAT) or diphenyliodonium chloride (DPI), followed by spore inoculation on the adaxial leaf surface. SA or GO/G-treated plantlets showed increased H(2)O(2) accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The fungus used a subcuticular, intramural necrotrophic strategy, and developed secondary hyphae associated with the quick spread and rapid killing of host cells. However, CAT or DPI-treated leaves exhibited decreased H(2)O(2) concentration and lipid peroxidation and the fungus developed intracellular hemibiotrophic infection with vesicles, in addition to primary and secondary hyphal formation. These results suggest that H(2)O(2) plays an important role in the cowpea (C. gloeosporioides) pathosystem given that it affected fungal lifestyle during interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ygor R G Eloy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil; University of Fortaleza (UNIFOR), Fortaleza, Ceara 60811-905, Brazil.
| | - Ilka M Vasconcelos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil.
| | - Ana L H Barreto
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) - Meio-Norte, Teresina, Piaui 64006-220, Brazil.
| | - Francisco R Freire-Filho
- Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA) - Meio-Norte, Teresina, Piaui 64006-220, Brazil.
| | - Jose T A Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara (UFC), Campus do Pici, Fortaleza, Ceara 60451-970, Brazil.
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238
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Niu C, Payne GA, Woloshuk CP. Transcriptome changes in Fusarium verticillioides caused by mutation in the transporter-like gene FST1. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:90. [PMID: 25906821 PMCID: PMC4422464 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0427-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fusarium verticillioides causes an important seed disease on maize and produces the fumonisin group of mycotoxins, which are toxic to humans and livestock. A previous study discovered that a gene (FST1) in the pathogen affects fumonisin production and virulence. Although the predicted amino acid sequence of FST1 is similar to hexose transporters, previous experimental evidence failed to prove function. RESULTS Three new phenotypes were identified that are associated with the FST1 mutant of F. verticillioides (Δfst1), namely reduction in macroconidia production, increased sensitivity to hydrogen peroxide, and reduced mycelial hydrophobicity. A transcriptome comparison of the wild type and strain Δfst1 grown on autoclaved maize kernels for six days identified 2677 genes that were differentially expressed. Through gene ontology analysis, 961 genes were assigned to one of 12 molecular function categories. Sets of down-regulated genes in strain Δfst1 were identified that could account for each of the mutant phenotypes. CONCLUSION The study provides evidence that disruption of FST1 causes several metabolic and developmental defects in F. verticillioides. FST1 appears to connect the expression of several gene networks, including those involved in secondary metabolism, cell wall structure, conidiogenesis, virulence, and resistance to reactive oxygen species. The results support our hypothesis that FST1 functions within the framework of environmental sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxing Niu
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA.
| | - Gary A Payne
- Department of Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Drive, Raleigh, NC, 27695-7567, USA.
| | - Charles P Woloshuk
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907-2054, USA.
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239
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Yang Q, Yin D, Yin Y, Cao Y, Ma Z. The response regulator BcSkn7 is required for vegetative differentiation and adaptation to oxidative and osmotic stresses in Botrytis cinerea. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:276-287. [PMID: 25130972 PMCID: PMC6638353 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The high-osmolarity glycerol pathway plays an important role in the responses of fungi to various environmental stresses. Saccharomyces cerevisiae Skn7 is a response regulator in the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway, which regulates the oxidative stress response, cell cycle and cell wall biosynthesis. In this study, we characterized an Skn7 orthologue BcSkn7 in Botrytis cinerea. BcSKN7 can partly restore the growth defects of S. cerevisiae SKN7 mutant and vice versa. The BcSKN7 mutant (ΔBcSkn7-1) revealed increased sensitivity to ionic osmotic and oxidative stresses and to ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors. In addition, ΔBcSkn7-1 was also impaired dramatically in conidiation and sclerotial formation. Western blot analysis showed that BcSkn7 positively regulated the phosphorylation of BcSak1 (the orthologue of S. cerevisiae Hog1) under osmotic stress, indicating that BcSkn7 is associated with the high-osmolarity glycerol pathway in B. cinerea. In contrast with BcSak1, BcSkn7 is not involved in the regulation of B. cinerea virulence. All of the phenotypic defects of ΔBcSkn7-1 are restored by genetic complementation of the mutant with the wild-type BcSKN7. The results of this study indicate that BcSkn7 plays an important role in the regulation of vegetative differentiation and in the response to various stresses in B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China; Zhejiang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 54 Youdian Road, Hangzhou, 310006, China
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240
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Lehmann S, Serrano M, L'Haridon F, Tjamos SE, Metraux JP. Reactive oxygen species and plant resistance to fungal pathogens. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2015; 112:54-62. [PMID: 25264341 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been studied for their role in plant development as well as in plant immunity. ROS were consistently observed to accumulate in the plant after the perception of pathogens and microbes and over the years, ROS were postulated to be an integral part of the defence response of the plant. In this article we will focus on recent findings about ROS involved in the interaction of plants with pathogenic fungi. We will describe the ways to detect ROS, their modes of action and their importance in relation to resistance to fungal pathogens. In addition we include some results from works focussing on the fungal interactor and from studies investigating roots during pathogen attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Lehmann
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Mario Serrano
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Floriane L'Haridon
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
| | - Sotirios E Tjamos
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, 75 Iera Odos, 118 55 Athens, Greece.
| | - Jean-Pierre Metraux
- Department of Biology, University of Fribourg, 10 chemin du Musée, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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241
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Irisarri P, Binczycki P, Errea P, Martens HJ, Pina A. Oxidative stress associated with rootstock-scion interactions in pear/quince combinations during early stages of graft development. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 176:25-35. [PMID: 25543953 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposing a plant to stress situations, such as grafting, generally triggers antioxidant defense systems. In fruit tree grafting, quince (Cydonia oblonga) is widely used as a rootstock for pear (Pyrus communis L.), but several economically important pear cultivars are incompatible with available quince rootstocks. In this study, grafts were established using an in vitro callus graft system mimicking the events taking place in fruit trees. In vitro grown callus from pear [P. communis L. cv. 'Conference' (Co) and cv. 'William' (Wi)] and quince (C. oblonga Mill. clone 'BA29') was used to establish the compatible homografts 'Co/Co', 'Wi/Wi' and 'BA29/BA29', the compatible heterograft 'Co/BA29' and the incompatible heterograft 'Wi/BA29'. The main objective was to determine whether specific isoforms of genes involved in oxidative stress [superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and catalase (CAT)] are differentially expressed at the graft interface from compatible and incompatible unions throughout 3 weeks after grafting. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and programmed cell death were also evaluated in the course of graft development. Genes differentially expressed between compatible and incompatible heterografts were identified. Transcript levels of six antioxidant genes (SOD1, SOD3, APX3, APX6, CAT1 and CAT3) were down-regulated 10 days after grafting (DAG) in the incompatible heterograft in comparison to the compatible one. Likewise, SOD enzymatic activities were significantly higher at 1 and 10 days after wounding in the compatible cultivar 'Co' than in the incompatible one 'Wi'. These findings, together with live cell imaging of ROS-specific probes, ultrastructural mitochondrial changes and DNA fragmentation related to apoptotic processes, give indications that within incompatible rootstock/scion interfaces, either the level of ROS is increased or there is a less efficient detoxification system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Irisarri
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Piotr Binczycki
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Pilar Errea
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Helle Juel Martens
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, DK-1871, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Ana Pina
- Unidad de Hortofruticultura, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Av Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain.
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242
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Angulo C, de la O Leyva M, Finiti I, López-Cruz J, Fernández-Crespo E, García-Agustín P, González-Bosch C. Role of dioxygenase α-DOX2 and SA in basal response and in hexanoic acid-induced resistance of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants against Botrytis cinerea. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 175:163-173. [PMID: 25543862 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Resistance of tomato (Solanum Lycopersicum) to the fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea requires complex interplay between hormonal signalling. In this study, we explored the involvement of new oxylipins in the tomato basal and induced response to this necrotroph through the functional analysis of the tomato α-dioxygenase2 (α-DOX2)-deficient mutant divaricata. We also investigated the role of SA in the defence response against this necrotrophic fungus using SA-deficient tomato nahG plants. The plants lacking dioxigenase α-DOX2, which catalyses oxylipins production from fatty acids, were more susceptible to Botrytis, and hexanoic acid-induced resistance (Hx-IR) was impaired; hence α-DOX2 is required for both tomato defence and the enhanced protection conferred by natural inducer hexanoic acid (Hx) against B. cinerea. The divaricata plants accumulated less pathogen-induced callose and presented lower levels of jasmonic acid (JA) and 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid (OPDA) upon infection if compared to the wild type. Glutathion-S-transferase (GST) gene expression decreased and ROS production significantly increased in Botrytis-infected divaricata plants. These results indicate that absence of α-DOX2 influences the hormonal changes, oxidative burst and callose deposition that occur upon Botrytis infection in tomato. The study of SA-deficient nahG tomato plants showed that the plants with low SA levels displayed increased resistance to Botrytis, but were unable to display Hx-IR. This supports the involvement of SA in Hx-IR. NaghG plants displayed reduced callose and ROS accumulation upon infection and an increased GST expression. This reflects a positive relationship between SA and these defensive mechanisms in tomato. Finally, Hx boosted the pathogen-induced callose in nahG plants, suggesting that this priming mechanism is SA-independent. Our results support the involvement of the oxylipins pathway and SA in tomato response to Botrytis, probably through complex crosstalk of the hormonal balance with callose and ROS accumulation, and reinforce the role of the oxidative stress in the outcome of the plant-Botrytis interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Angulo
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - María de la O Leyva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain; Departamento de Biología Experimental, Universidad de Jaén, Campus Las Lagunillas s/n, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Ivan Finiti
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jaime López-Cruz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emma Fernández-Crespo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología. Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biotecnología. Área de Fisiología Vegetal, Departamento de Ciencias Agrarias y del Medio Natural, ESTCE, Universitat Jaume I, 12071 Castellón, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos (IATA, CSIC), Avda. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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243
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Function of small GTPase Rho3 in regulating growth, conidiation and virulence of Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 75:46-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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244
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McGrann GRD, Steed A, Burt C, Goddard R, Lachaux C, Bansal A, Corbitt M, Gorniak K, Nicholson P, Brown JKM. Contribution of the drought tolerance-related stress-responsive NAC1 transcription factor to resistance of barley to Ramularia leaf spot. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2015; 16:201-9. [PMID: 25040333 PMCID: PMC4344812 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
NAC proteins are plant transcription factors that are involved in tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as in many developmental processes. Stress-responsive NAC1 (SNAC1) transcription factor is involved in drought tolerance in barley and rice, but has not been shown previously to have a role in disease resistance. Transgenic over-expression of HvSNAC1 in barley cv. Golden Promise reduced the severity of Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), caused by the fungus Ramularia collo-cygni, but had no effect on disease symptoms caused by Fusarium culmorum, Oculimacula yallundae (eyespot), Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei (powdery mildew) or Magnaporthe oryzae (blast). The HvSNAC1 transcript was weakly induced in the RLS-susceptible cv. Golden Promise during the latter stages of R. collo-cygni symptom development when infected leaves were senescing. Potential mechanisms controlling HvSNAC1-mediated resistance to RLS were investigated. Gene expression analysis revealed no difference in the constitutive levels of antioxidant transcripts in either of the over-expression lines compared with cv. Golden Promise, nor was any difference in stomatal conductance or sensitivity to reactive oxygen species-induced cell death observed. Over-expression of HvSNAC1 delayed dark-induced leaf senescence. It is proposed that mechanisms controlled by HvSNAC1 that are involved in tolerance to abiotic stress and that inhibit senescence also confer resistance to R. collo-cygni and suppress RLS symptoms. This provides further evidence for an association between abiotic stress and senescence in barley and the development of RLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham R D McGrann
- Department of Crop Genetics, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
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245
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He Z, Zhang S, Keyhani NO, Song Y, Huang S, Pei Y, Zhang Y. A novel mitochondrial membrane protein, Ohmm, limits fungal oxidative stress resistance and virulence in the insect fungal pathogenBeauveria bassiana. Environ Microbiol 2014; 17:4213-38. [DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.12713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhangjiang He
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Suhong Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Nemat O. Keyhani
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Science; University of Florida; Gainesville FL 32611 USA
| | - Yulin Song
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Shuaishuai Huang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yan Pei
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Yongjun Zhang
- Biotechnology Research Center; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
- College of Plant Protection; Southwest University; Chongqing 400715 China
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246
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Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the response to cold acclimation in Eucalyptus dunnii. PLoS One 2014; 9:e113091. [PMID: 25412179 PMCID: PMC4239045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0113091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Eucalyptus dunnii is an important macrophanerophyte with high economic value. However, low temperature stress limits its productivity and distribution. To study the cold response mechanisms of E. dunnii, 5 cDNA libraries were constructed from mRNA extracted from leaves exposed to cold stress for varying lengths of time and were evaluated by RNA-Seq analysis. The assembly of the Illumina datasets was optimized using various assembly programs and parameters. The final optimized assembly generated 205,325 transcripts with an average length of 1,701 bp and N50 of 2,627 bp, representing 349.38 Mb of the E. dunnii transcriptome. Among these transcripts, 134,358 transcripts (65.4%) were annotated in the Nr database. According to the differential analysis results, most transcripts were up-regulated as the cold stress prolonging, suggesting that these transcripts may be involved in the response to cold stress. In addition, the cold-relevant GO categories, such as ‘response to stress’ and ‘translational initiation’, were the markedly enriched GO terms. The assembly of the E. dunnii gene index and the GO classification performed in this study will serve as useful genomic resources for the genetic improvement of E. dunnii and also provide insights into the molecular mechanisms of cold acclimation in E. dunnii.
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247
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Andersson KM, Kumar D, Bentzer J, Friman E, Ahrén D, Tunlid A. Interspecific and host-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:968. [PMID: 25384908 PMCID: PMC4237727 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nematode-trapping fungi are soil-living fungi that capture and kill nematodes using special hyphal structures called traps. They display a large diversity of trapping mechanisms and differ in their host preferences. To provide insights into the genetic basis for this variation, we compared the transcriptome expressed by three species of nematode-trapping fungi (Arthrobotrys oligospora, Monacrosporium cionopagum and Arthrobotrys dactyloides, which use adhesive nets, adhesive branches or constricting rings, respectively, to trap nematodes) during infection of two different plant-pathogenic nematode hosts (the root knot nematode Meloidogyne hapla and the sugar beet cyst nematode Heterodera schachtii). RESULTS The divergence in gene expression between the fungi was significantly larger than that related to the nematode species being infected. Transcripts predicted to encode secreted proteins and proteins with unknown function (orphans) were overrepresented among the highly expressed transcripts in all fungi. Genes that were highly expressed in all fungi encoded endopeptidases, such as subtilisins and aspartic proteases; cell-surface proteins containing the carbohydrate-binding domain WSC; stress response proteins; membrane transporters; transcription factors; and transcripts containing the Ricin-B lectin domain. Differentially expressed transcripts among the fungal species encoded various lectins, such as the fungal fruit-body lectin and the D-mannose binding lectin; transcription factors; cell-signaling components; proteins containing a WSC domain; and proteins containing a DUF3129 domain. A small set of transcripts were differentially expressed in infections of different host nematodes, including peptidases, WSC domain proteins, tyrosinases, and small secreted proteins with unknown function. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study on the variation of infection-related gene expression patterns in nematode-trapping fungi infecting different host species. A better understanding of these patterns will facilitate the improvements of these fungi in biological control programs, by providing molecular markers for screening programs and candidates for genetic manipulations of virulence and host preferences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Magnus Andersson
- />Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dharmendra Kumar
- />Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Faizabad, 224229 Uttar Pradesh (U.P.) India
| | - Johan Bentzer
- />Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Friman
- />Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Dag Ahrén
- />Department of Biology, BILS Bioinformatics Infrastructure for Life Sciences, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Tunlid
- />Department of Biology, Microbial Ecology Group, Lund University, Ecology Building, 223 62 Lund, Sweden
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Aliferis KA, Faubert D, Jabaji S. A metabolic profiling strategy for the dissection of plant defense against fungal pathogens. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111930. [PMID: 25369450 PMCID: PMC4219818 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Here we present a metabolic profiling strategy employing direct infusion Orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for the monitoring of soybean's (Glycine max L.) global metabolism regulation in response to Rhizoctonia solani infection in a time-course. Key elements in the approach are the construction of a comprehensive metabolite library for soybean, which accelerates the steps of metabolite identification and biological interpretation of results, and bioinformatics tools for the visualization and analysis of its metabolome. The study of metabolic networks revealed that infection results in the mobilization of carbohydrates, disturbance of the amino acid pool, and activation of isoflavonoid, α-linolenate, and phenylpropanoid biosynthetic pathways of the plant. Components of these pathways include phytoalexins, coumarins, flavonoids, signaling molecules, and hormones, many of which exhibit antioxidant properties and bioactivity helping the plant to counterattack the pathogen's invasion. Unraveling the biochemical mechanism operating during soybean-Rhizoctonia interaction, in addition to its significance towards the understanding of the plant's metabolism regulation under biotic stress, provides valuable insights with potential for applications in biotechnology, crop breeding, and agrochemical and food industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantinos A. Aliferis
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
| | - Denis Faubert
- Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Suha Jabaji
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus of McGill University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Quebec, Canada
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249
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Ghosh S, Gupta SK, Jha G. Identification and functional analysis of AG1-IA specific genes of Rhizoctonia solani. Curr Genet 2014; 60:327-41. [PMID: 25070039 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-014-0438-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Rhizoctonia solani is an important necrotrophic fungal pathogen which causes disease on diverse plant species. It has been classified into 14 genetically distinct anastomosis groups (AGs), however, very little is known about their genomic diversity. AG1-IA causes sheath blight disease in rice and controlling this disease remains a challenge for sustainable rice cultivation. Recently the draft genome sequences of AG1-IA (rice isolate) and AG1-IB (lettuce isolate) had become publicly available. In this study, using comparative genomics, we report identification of 3,942 R. solani genes that are uniquely present in AG1-IA. Many of these genes encode important biological, molecular functions and exhibit dynamic expression during in-planta growth of the pathogen in rice. Based upon sequence similarity with genes that are required for plant and human/zoonotic diseases, we identified several putative virulence/pathogenicity determinants amongst AG1-IA specific genes. While studying the expression of 19 randomly selected genes, we identified three genes highly up-regulated during in-planta growth. The detailed in silico characterization of these genes and extent of their up-regulation in different rice genotypes, having variable degree of disease susceptibility, suggests their importance in rice-Rhizoctonia interactions. In summary, the present study reports identification, functional characterization of AG1-IA specific genes and predicts important virulence determinants that might enable the pathogen to grow inside hostile plant environment. Further characterization of these genes would shed useful insights about the pathogenicity mechanism of AG1-IA on rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srayan Ghosh
- Plant Microbe Interactions Laboratory, National Institute of Plant Genome Research, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
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250
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Marschall R, Tudzynski P. A new and reliable method for live imaging and quantification of reactive oxygen species in Botrytis cinerea: technological advancement. Fungal Genet Biol 2014; 71:68-75. [PMID: 25220147 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in conserved cellular processes either as by-products of the cellular respiration in mitochondria, or purposefully for defense mechanisms, signaling cascades or cell homeostasis. ROS have two diametrically opposed attributes due to their highly damaging potential for DNA, lipids and other molecules and due to their indispensability for signaling and developmental processes. In filamentous fungi, the role of ROS in growth and development has been studied in detail, but these analyses were often hampered by the lack of reliable and specific techniques to monitor different activities of ROS in living cells. Here, we present a new method for live cell imaging of ROS in filamentous fungi. We demonstrate that by use of a mixture of two fluorescent dyes it is possible to monitor H2O2 and superoxide specifically and simultaneously in distinct cellular structures during various hyphal differentiation processes. In addition, the method allows for reliable fluorometric quantification of ROS. We demonstrate that this can be used to characterize different mutants with respect to their ROS production/scavenging potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Marschall
- Institut fuer Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität Muenster, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Muenster, Germany
| | - Paul Tudzynski
- Institut fuer Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen, Westf. Wilhelms-Universität Muenster, Hindenburgplatz 55, D-48143 Muenster, Germany.
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