201
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Yang Y, Kong W, Xia Z, Xiao L, Wang S. Regulation mechanism of PDK1 on macrophage metabolism and function. Cell Biochem Funct 2016; 34:546-553. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2016] [Revised: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yueqin Yang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Weiwei Kong
- Graduate School; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
| | - Zhi Xia
- Exercise Physiology and Biochemical Laboratory, College of Physical Education; Jinggangshan University; Ji'an Jiangxi China
| | - Lin Xiao
- School of Physical Education and Health Science; Zhaoqing University; Zhaoqing Guangdong China
| | - Song Wang
- Exercise Intervention and Health Promotion Hubei Province Synergy Innovation Center; Wuhan Sports University; Wuhan Hubei China
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202
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Hayes JM, Wormald MR, Rudd PM, Davey GP. Fc gamma receptors: glycobiology and therapeutic prospects. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:209-219. [PMID: 27895507 PMCID: PMC5118039 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic antibodies hold great promise for the treatment of cancer and autoimmune diseases, and developments in antibody–drug conjugates and bispecific antibodies continue to enhance treatment options for patients. Immunoglobulin (Ig) G antibodies are proteins with complex modifications, which have a significant impact on their function. The most important of these modifications is glycosylation, the addition of conserved glycans to the antibody Fc region, which is critical for its interaction with the immune system and induction of effector activities such as antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity, complement activation and phagocytosis. Communication of IgG antibodies with the immune system is controlled and mediated by Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs), membrane-bound proteins, which relay the information sensed and gathered by antibodies to the immune system. These receptors are also glycoproteins and provide a link between the innate and adaptive immune systems. Recent information suggests that this receptor glycan modification is also important for the interaction with antibodies and downstream immune response. In this study, the current knowledge on FcγR glycosylation is discussed, and some insight into its role and influence on the interaction properties with IgG, particularly in the context of biotherapeutics, is provided. For the purpose of this study, other Fc receptors such as FcαR, FcεR or FcRn are not discussed extensively, as IgG-based antibodies are currently the only therapeutic antibody-based products on the market. In addition, FcγRs as therapeutics and therapeutic targets are discussed, and insight into and comment on the therapeutic aspects of receptor glycosylation are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerrard M Hayes
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mark R Wormald
- Department of Biochemistry, Oxford Glycobiology Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Pauline M Rudd
- NIBRT Glycoscience Group, National Institute for Bioprocessing, Research and Training, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Gavin P Davey
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
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203
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Abstract
The crystallizable fragment (Fc) of the immunoglobulin class G (IgG) is a very attractive scaffold for the design of novel therapeutics due to its quality of uniting all essential antibody functions. This article reviews the functionalization of this homodimeric glycoprotein by diversification of structural loops of CH3 domains for the design of Fcabs, i.e. antigen-binding Fc proteins. It reports the design of libraries for the selection of nanomolar binders with wildtype-like in vivo half-life and correlation of Fc receptor binding and ADCC. The in vitro and preclinical biological activity of selected Fcabs is compared with that of clinically approved antibodies. Recently, the great potential of the scaffold for the development of therapeutics for clinical use has been shown when the HER2-binding Fcab FS102 entered clinical phase I. Furthermore, methods for the engineering of biophysical properties of Fcabs applicable to proteins in general are presented as well as the different approaches in the design of heterodimeric Fc-based scaffolds used in the generation of bispecific monoclonal antibodies. Finally, this work critically analyzes and compares the various efforts in the design of highly diverse and functional libraries that have been made in the engineering of IgG1-Fc and structurally similar scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Lobner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael W Traxlmayr
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian Obinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Hasenhindl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Antibody Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Vienna Institute of BioTechnology, BOKU - University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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204
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Carmi Y, Prestwood TR, Spitzer MH, Linde IL, Chabon J, Reticker-Flynn NE, Bhattacharya N, Zhang H, Zhang X, Basto PA, Burt BM, Alonso MN, Engleman EG. Akt and SHP-1 are DC-intrinsic checkpoints for tumor immunity. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e89020. [PMID: 27812544 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BM-derived DC (BMDC) are powerful antigen-presenting cells. When loaded with immune complexes (IC), consisting of tumor antigens bound to antitumor antibody, BMDC induce powerful antitumor immunity in mice. However, attempts to employ this strategy clinically with either tumor-associated DC (TADC) or monocyte-derived DC (MoDC) have been disappointing. To investigate the basis for this phenomenon, we compared the response of BMDC, TADC, and MoDC to tumor IgG-IC. Our findings revealed, in both mice and humans, that upon exposure to IgG-IC, BMDC internalized the IC, increased costimulatory molecule expression, and stimulated autologous T cells. In contrast, TADC and, surprisingly, MoDC remained inert upon contact with IC due to dysfunctional signaling following engagement of Fcγ receptors. Such dysfunction is associated with elevated levels of the Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) and phosphatases regulating Akt activation. Indeed, concomitant inhibition of both SHP-1 and phosphatases that regulate Akt activation conferred upon TADC and MoDC the capacity to take up and process IC and induce antitumor immunity in vivo. This work identifies the molecular checkpoints that govern activation of MoDC and TADC and their capacity to elicit T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Carmi
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Department of Pathology, The Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
| | - Tyler R Prestwood
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Matthew H Spitzer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Ian L Linde
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.,Program in Immunology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jonathan Chabon
- Center for Epigenetics Research, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Nupur Bhattacharya
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Hong Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Xiangyue Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Pamela A Basto
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Bryan M Burt
- Division of General Thoracic Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Michael N Alonso
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Edgar G Engleman
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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205
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Lin CM, Plenter RJ, Coulombe M, Gill RG. Interferon Gamma and Contact-dependent Cytotoxicity Are Each Rate Limiting for Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Antibody-dependent Chronic Rejection. Am J Transplant 2016; 16:3121-3130. [PMID: 27163757 PMCID: PMC5083186 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.13865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are key components of the innate immune system. In murine cardiac transplant models, donor-specific antibodies (DSA), in concert with NK cells, are sufficient to inflict chronic allograft vasculopathy independently of T and B cells. In this study, we aimed to determine the effector mechanism(s) required by NK cells to trigger chronic allograft vasculopathy during antibody-mediated rejection. Specifically, we tested the relative contribution of the proinflammatory cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) versus the contact-dependent cytotoxic mediators of perforin and the CD95/CD95L (Fas/Fas ligand [FasL]) pathway for triggering these lesions. C3H/HeJ cardiac allografts were transplanted into immune-deficient C57BL/6 rag-/- γc-/- recipients, who also received monoclonal anti-major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I DSA. The combination of DSA and wild-type NK cell transfer triggered aggressive chronic allograft vasculopathy. However, transfer of IFN-γ-deficient NK cells or host IFN-γ neutralization led to amelioration of these lesions. Use of either perforin-deficient NK cells or CD95 (Fas)-deficient donors alone did not alter development of vasculopathy, but simultaneous disruption of NK cell-derived perforin and allograft Fas expression resulted in prevention of these abnormalities. Therefore, both NK cell IFN-γ production and contact-dependent cytotoxic activity are rate-limiting effector pathways that contribute to this form of antibody-induced chronic allograft vasculopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Lin
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO.
| | - R J Plenter
- Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - M Coulombe
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - R G Gill
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
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206
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Wu F, Chen L, Ren Y, Yang X, Yu T, Feng B, Chen S, Xu A. An inhibitory receptor of VLRB in the agnathan lamprey. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33760. [PMID: 27762335 PMCID: PMC5071834 DOI: 10.1038/srep33760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lamprey, the primitive jawless vertebrate, uses variable lymphocyte receptor (VLR) as alternative adaptive immune system instead of immunoglobulin (Ig)-based receptors used in jawed vertebrates. In the present study, we characterized a potential inhibitory receptor of VLRB from leucocytes in lamprey. It is a novel ITIM-containing IgSF protein and was therefore named as NICIP. NICIP has two Ig-like domains in extracellular region, a transmembrane domain and two classical ITIM motifs in cytoplasmic domain. It is mainly expressed on the surface of granulocytes and monocytes and can interact with VLRB. In transiently transfected HEK293T cells, it was confirmed again that it could interact with VLRB and the two phosphorylated ITIM motifs could recruit SHP-1 and SHP-2. These results imply that NICIP may play a role as a potential inhibitory receptor of VLRB and involve in negative regulation of immune response mediated by VLRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Liyong Chen
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Medical Molecular Diagnostics, China-America Cancer Research Institute, Dongguan Scientific Research Center, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523808, P. R. China
| | - Yong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Xiaojing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Tongzhou Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Bo Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Shangwu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Anlong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Functional Genes, Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen (Zhongshan) University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China.,Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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207
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Louie S, Haley B, Marshall B, Heidersbach A, Yim M, Brozynski M, Tang D, Lam C, Petryniak B, Shaw D, Shim J, Miller A, Lowe JB, Snedecor B, Misaghi S. FX knockout CHO hosts can express desired ratios of fucosylated or afucosylated antibodies with high titers and comparable product quality. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:632-644. [PMID: 27666939 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
During antibody dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC) the target cells are killed by monocytes and natural killer cells. ADCC is enhanced when the antibody heavy chain's core N-linked glycan lacks the fucose molecule(s). Several strategies have been utilized to generate fully afucosylated antibodies. A commonly used and efficient approach has been knocking out the FUT8 gene of the Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) host cells, which results in expression of antibody molecules with fully afucosylated glycans. However, a major drawback of the FUT8-KO host is the requirement for undertaking two separate cell line development (CLD) efforts in order to obtain both primarily fucosylated and fully afucosylated antibody species for comparative studies in vitro and in vivo. Even more challenging is obtaining primarily fucosylated and FUT8-KO clones with similar enough product quality attributes to ensure that any observed ADCC advantage(s) can be strictly attributed to afucosylation. Here, we report generation and use of a FX knockout (FXKO) CHO host cell line that is capable of expressing antibody molecules with either primarily fucosylated or fully afucosylated glycan profiles with otherwise similar product quality attributes, depending on addition of fucose to the cell culture media. Hence, the FXKO host not only obviates the requirement for undertaking two separate CLD efforts, but it also averts the need for screening many colonies to identify clones with comparable product qualities. Finally, FXKO clones can express antibodies with the desired ratio of primarily fucosylated to afucosylated glycans when fucose is titrated into the production media, to allow achieving intended levels of FcγRIII-binding and ADCC for an antibody. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 632-644. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salina Louie
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Benjamin Haley
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Brett Marshall
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Amy Heidersbach
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Mandy Yim
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Martina Brozynski
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Danming Tang
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Cynthia Lam
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | | | - David Shaw
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Jeongsup Shim
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Aaron Miller
- Department of Analytical Development and Quality Control, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - John B Lowe
- Department of Pathology, Genentech, Inc, South San Francisco, California
| | - Brad Snedecor
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
| | - Shahram Misaghi
- Early Stage Cell Culture, Genentech, Inc, 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California, 94080
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208
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Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by adaptive immune responses against self-antigens, including humoral responses resulting in the production of autoantibodies. Autoantibodies generate inflammation by activating complement and engaging Fcγ receptors (FcγRs). The inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB plays a central role in regulating the generation of autoantibodies and their effector functions, which include activation of innate immune cells and the cellular arm of the adaptive immune system, via effects on antigen presentation to CD4 T cells. Polymorphisms in FcγRIIB have been associated with susceptibility to autoimmunity but protection against infections in humans and mice. In the last few years, new mechanisms by which FcγRIIB controls the adaptive immune response have been described. Notably, FcγRIIB has been shown to regulate germinal center B cells and dendritic cell migration, with potential impact on the development of autoimmune diseases. Recent work has also highlighted the implication of FcγRIIB on the regulation of the innate immune system, via inhibition of Toll-like receptor- and complement receptor-mediated activation. This review will provide an update on the role of FcγRIIB in adaptive immune responses in autoimmunity, and then focus on their emerging function in innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Espéli
- Inserm UMR_S996, LabEx LERMIT, Université Paris-Sud, Paris, France
| | - Kenneth G C Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Menna R Clatworthy
- Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
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209
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Abstract
Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18) is a β2 integrin classically regarded as a pro-inflammatory molecule because of its ability to promote phagocyte cytotoxic functions and enhance the function of several effector molecules such as FcγR, uPAR, and CD14. Nevertheless, recent reports have revealed that Mac-1 also plays significant immunoregulatory roles, and genetic variants in ITGAM, the gene that encodes CD11b, confer risk for the autoimmune disease systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). This has renewed interest in the physiological roles of this integrin and raised new questions on how its seemingly opposing biological functions may be regulated. Here, we provide an overview of the CD18 integrins and how their activation may be regulated as this may shed light on how the opposing roles of Mac-1 may be elicited. We then discuss studies that exemplify Mac-1's pro-inflammatory versus regulatory roles particularly in the context of IgG immune complex-mediated inflammation. This includes a detailed examination of molecular mechanisms that could explain the risk-conferring effect of rs1143679, a single nucleotide non-synonymous Mac-1 polymorphism associated with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florencia Rosetti
- Department of Immunology and Rheumatology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Tanya N Mayadas
- Department of Pathology, Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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210
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Mackern-Oberti JP, Jara EL, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Hormonal Modulation of Dendritic Cells Differentiation, Maturation and Function: Implications for the Initiation and Progress of Systemic Autoimmunity. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2016; 65:123-136. [PMID: 27585815 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-016-0418-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal homeostasis is crucial for keeping a competent and healthy immune function. Several hormones can modulate the function of various immune cells such as dendritic cells (DCs) by influencing the initiation of the immune response and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to self-antigens. Hormones, such as estrogens, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids may profoundly affect DCs differentiation, maturation and function leading to either a pro-inflammatory or an anti-inflammatory (or tolerogenic) phenotype. If not properly regulated, these processes can contribute to the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease. An unbalanced hormonal status may affect the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, the expression of activating/inhibitory receptors and co-stimulatory molecules on conventional and plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), conferring susceptibility to develop autoimmunity. Estrogen receptor (ER)-α signaling in conventional DCs can promote IFN-α and IL-6 production and induce the expression of CD40, CD86 and MHCII molecules. Furthermore, estrogen modulates the pDCs response to Toll-like receptor ligands enhancing T cell priming. During lupus pathogenesis, ER-α deficiency decreased the expression of MHC II on pDCs from the spleen. In contrast, estradiol administration to lupus-prone female mice increased the expression of co-stimulatory molecules, enhanced the immunogenicity and produced large amounts of IL-6, IL-12 and TNF-α by bone marrow-derived DCs. These data suggest that estradiol/ER signaling may play an active role during lupus pathology. Similarly, understanding hormonal modulation of DCs may favor the design of new therapeutic strategies based on autologous tolerogenic DCs transfer, especially in sex-biased systemic autoimmune diseases. In this review, we discuss recent data relative to the role of different hormones (estrogen, prolactin, progesterone and glucocorticoids) in DC function during systemic autoimmune pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Mackern-Oberti
- Instituto de Medicina y Biología Experimental de Cuyo (IMBECU), CONICET, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Instituto de Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, Mendoza, Argentina. .,Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Evelyn L Jara
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia A Riedel
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas y Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Universidad Andrés Bello, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexis M Kalergis
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,Departamento de Endocrinología, Facultad de Medicina, Millennium Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile. .,INSERM U1064, Nantes, France.
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211
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Duhlin A, Chen Y, Wermeling F, Sedimbi SK, Lindh E, Shinde R, Halaby MJ, Kaiser Y, Winqvist O, McGaha TL, Karlsson MCI. Selective Memory to Apoptotic Cell-Derived Self-Antigens with Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2618-26. [PMID: 27559051 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by pathogenic immune responses to self-antigens. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many self-antigens are found in apoptotic cells (ACs), and defects in removal of ACs from the body are linked to a risk for developing SLE. This includes pathological memory that gives rise to disease flares. In this study, we investigated how memory to AC-derived self-antigens develops and the contribution of self-memory to the development of lupus-related pathology. Multiple injections of ACs without adjuvant into wild-type mice induce a transient primary autoimmune response without apparent anti-nuclear Ab reactivity or kidney pathology. Interestingly, as the transient Ab response reached baseline, a single boost injection fully recalled the immune response to ACs, and this memory response was furthermore transferable into naive mice. Additionally, the memory response contains elements of pathogenicity, accompanied by selective memory to selective Ags. Thus, we provide evidence for a selective self-memory that underlies progression of the response to self-antigens with implications for SLE development therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Duhlin
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yunying Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Wermeling
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Saikiran K Sedimbi
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Emma Lindh
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rahul Shinde
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Marie Jo Halaby
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ylva Kaiser
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Ola Winqvist
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; and
| | - Tracy L McGaha
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Mikael C I Karlsson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
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212
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Optimisation of a novel series of potent and orally bioavailable azanaphthyridine SYK inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:4606-4612. [PMID: 27578246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The optimisation of the azanaphthyridine series of Spleen Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors is described. The medicinal chemistry strategy was focused on optimising the human whole blood activity whilst achieving a sufficient margin over hERG activity. A good pharmacokinetic profile was achieved by modification of the pKa. Morpholine compound 32 is a potent SYK inhibitor showing moderate selectivity, good oral bioavailability and good efficacy in the rat Arthus model but demonstrated a genotoxic potential in the Ames assay.
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213
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Lu J, Sun PD. Structural mechanism of high affinity FcγRI recognition of immunoglobulin G. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:192-200. [PMID: 26497521 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based immunotherapies are becoming powerful means of modern medicine for treating cancers and autoimmune diseases. The increasing popularity of antibody-based treatment demands a better understanding of antibody functions and in particular, their interaction with Fc receptors as effectiveness of antibodies often depends on their ability to activate or avoid effector cell functions through Fc receptors. Until recently, our understanding of antibody recognition by Fc receptors is based on the structures of low affinity Fc receptor in complex with Fc. These structural studies provided significant insights to our understanding of how an IgG antibody generally docks on Fcγ receptor and the requirement of immune complex formation for effector cell activations. They are less informative, however, to the molecular forces underlying the vast different affinities between antibodies and their Fcγ receptors. Recently, the structure of the high affinity FcγRI in complex with IgG-Fc has been determined. This review will focus on the knowledge learned from the high affinity complex structural work and a potential receptor-glycan interaction as an important contribution to the receptor affinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Lu
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Peter D Sun
- Structural Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
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214
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Stapleton NM, Einarsdóttir HK, Stemerding AM, Vidarsson G. The multiple facets of FcRn in immunity. Immunol Rev 2016; 268:253-68. [PMID: 26497526 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is best known for its role in transporting IgG in various tissues, providing newborns with humoral immunity, and for prolonging the half-life of IgG. Recent findings implicate the involvement of FcRn in a far wider range of biological and immunological processes, as FcRn has been found to bind and extend the half-life of albumin; to be involved in IgG transport and antigen sampling at mucosal surfaces; and to be crucial for efficient IgG-mediated phagocytosis. Herein, the function of FcRn will be reviewed, with emphasis on its recently documented significance for IgG polymorphisms affecting the half-life and biodistribution of IgG3, on its role in phagocyte biology, and the subsequent role for the presentation of antigens to lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nigel M Stapleton
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Helga K Einarsdóttir
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Gestur Vidarsson
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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215
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Abstract
IgG4, the least represented human IgG subclass in serum, is an intriguing antibody with unique biological properties, such as the ability to undergo Fab-arm exchange and limit immune complex formation. The lack of effector functions, such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity, is desirable for therapeutic purposes. IgG4 plays a protective role in allergy by acting as a blocking antibody, and inhibiting mast cell degranulation, but a deleterious role in malignant melanoma, by impeding IgG1-mediated anti-tumor immunity. These findings highlight the importance of understanding the interaction between IgG4 and Fcγ receptors. Despite a wealth of structural information for the IgG1 subclass, including complexes with Fcγ receptors, and structures for intact antibodies, high-resolution crystal structures were not reported for IgG4-Fc until recently. Here, we highlight some of the biological properties of human IgG4, and review the recent crystal structures of IgG4-Fc. We discuss the unexpected conformations adopted by functionally important Cγ2 domain loops, and speculate about potential implications for the interaction between IgG4 and FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Davies
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
| | - Brian J Sutton
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, UK
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216
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Comprehensive Assessment of the Association between FCGRs polymorphisms and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31617. [PMID: 27538381 PMCID: PMC4990922 DOI: 10.1038/srep31617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a meta analysis to assess the relationship of FCGRs polymorphisms with the risk of SLE. Thirty-five articles (including up to 5741 cases and 6530 controls) were recruited for meta-analysis. The strongest association was observed between FCGR2B rs1050501 and SLE under the recessive genotypic model of C allele in the overall population (CC vs CT/TT, OR = 1.754, 95%CI: 1.422–2.165, P = 1.61 × 10−7) and in Asian population (CC vs CT/TT, OR = 1.784, 95%CI; 1.408–2.261, P = 1.67 × 10−6). We also found that FCGR3A rs396991 were significant association with the susceptibility to SLE in overall population in recessive model of T allele (TT vs TG/GG, OR = 1.263, 95%CI: 1.123–1.421, P = 9.62 × 10−5). The results also showed that significant association between FCGR2A rs1801274 and SLE under the allelic model in the overall population (OR = 0.879 per A allele, 95%CI: 0.819–0.943, P = 3.31 × 10−4). The meta-analysis indicated that FCGR3B copy number polymorphism NA1·NA2 was modestly associated with SLE in overall population (OR = 0.851 per NA1, 95%CI: 0.772–0.938, P = 1.2 × 10−3). We concluded that FCGR2B rs1050501 C allele and FCGR3A rs396991 T allele might contribute to susceptibility and development of SLE, and were under recessive association model. While, FCGR2A rs1801274 A allele and FCGR3B NA1 were associated with SLE and reduced the risk of SLE.
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217
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Mohanram V, Demberg T, Musich T, Tuero I, Vargas-Inchaustegui DA, Miller-Novak L, Venzon D, Robert-Guroff M. B Cell Responses Associated with Vaccine-Induced Delayed SIVmac251 Acquisition in Female Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2316-24. [PMID: 27534560 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
An established sex bias in HIV pathogenesis is linked to immune responses. Recently we reported a vaccine-induced sex bias: vaccinated female but not male rhesus macaques exhibited delayed SIV acquisition. This outcome was correlated with SIV Env-specific rectal IgA, rectal memory B cells, and total rectal plasma cells. To uncover additional contributing factors, using samples from the same study, we investigated memory B cell population dynamics in blood, bone marrow, and rectal tissue during immunization and postchallenge; IgG subtypes and Ab avidity; and regulatory B (Breg) cell frequency and function. Few sex differences were seen in Env-specific memory B cell, plasmablast, or plasma cell frequencies in the three compartments. Males had higher IgG Ab titers and avidity indices than females. However, females had elevated levels of Env-specific IgG1, IgG2, and IgG3 Abs compared with males. gp140-specific IgG3 Abs of females but not males were correlated with Ab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity against gp120 targets (p = 0.026) and with Ab-dependent phagocytic activity (p = 0.010). IgG3 Ab of females but not males also correlated with decreased peak viremia (p = 0.028). Peripheral blood CD19(+)CD25(+) Breg cells suppressed T cell proliferation compared with CD19(+)CD25(-) cells (p = 0.031) and exhibited increased IL-10 mRNA expression (p = 0.031). Male macaques postvaccination (p = 0.018) and postinfection (p = 0.0048) exhibited higher Breg frequencies than females. Moreover, male Breg frequencies correlated with peak viremia (p = 0.0071). Our data suggest that vaccinated females developed better Ab quality, contributing to better functionality. The elevated Breg frequencies in males may have facilitated SIV acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatramanan Mohanram
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Thorsten Demberg
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Thomas Musich
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Iskra Tuero
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Diego A Vargas-Inchaustegui
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Leia Miller-Novak
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - David Venzon
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Marjorie Robert-Guroff
- Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, Vaccine Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
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218
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Development of a Modular Assay for Detailed Immunophenotyping of Peripheral Human Whole Blood Samples by Multicolor Flow Cytometry. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17081316. [PMID: 27529227 PMCID: PMC5000713 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The monitoring of immune cells gained great significance in prognosis and prediction of therapy responses. For analyzing blood samples, the multicolor flow cytometry has become the method of choice as it combines high specificity on single cell level with multiple parameters and high throughput. Here, we present a modular assay for the detailed immunophenotyping of blood (DIoB) that was optimized for an easy and direct application in whole blood samples. The DIoB assay characterizes 34 immune cell subsets that circulate the peripheral blood including all major immune cells such as T cells, B cells, natural killer (NK) cells, monocytes, dendritic cells (DCs), neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils. In addition, it evaluates their functional state and a few non-leukocytes that also have been associated with the outcome of cancer therapy. This DIoB assay allows a longitudinal and close-meshed monitoring of a detailed immune status in patients requiring only 2.0 mL of peripheral blood and it is not restricted to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It is currently applied for the immune monitoring of patients with glioblastoma multiforme (IMMO-GLIO-01 trial, NCT02022384), pancreatic cancer (CONKO-007 trial, NCT01827553), and head and neck cancer (DIREKHT trial, NCT02528955) and might pave the way for immune biomarker identification for prediction and prognosis of therapy outcome.
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219
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Howard JC, Florentinus-Mefailoski A, Bowden P, Trimble W, Grinstein S, Marshall JG. OxLDL receptor chromatography from live human U937 cells identifies SYK(L) that regulates phagocytosis of oxLDL. Anal Biochem 2016; 513:7-20. [PMID: 27510553 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The binding and activation of macrophages by microscopic aggregates of oxLDL in the intima of the arteries may be an important step towards atherosclerosis leading to heart attack and stroke. Microbeads coated with oxLDL were used to activate, capture and isolate the oxLDL receptor complex from the surface of live cells. Analysis of the resulting tryptic peptides by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry revealed the Spleen Tyrosine Kinase (SYK), and many of SYK's known interaction network including Fc receptors (FCGR2A, FCER1G and FCGR1A) Toll receptor 4 (TLR4), receptor kinases like EGFRs, as well as RNA binding and metabolism proteins. High-intensity precursor ions (∼9*E3 to 2*E5 counts) were correlated to peptides and specific phosphopeptides from long isoform of SYK (SYK-L) by the SEQUEST, OMSSA and X!TANDEM algorithms. Peptides or phosphopeptides from SYK were observed with the oxLDL-microbeads. Pharmacological inhibitors of SYK activity significantly reduced the engulfment of oxLDL microbeads in the presence of serum factors, but had little effect on IgG phagocytosis. Anti SYK siRNA regulated oxLD engulfment in the context of serum factors and or SYK-L siRNA significantly inhibited engulfment of oxLDL microbeads, but not IgG microbeads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey C Howard
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | | | - Peter Bowden
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
| | - William Trimble
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Program in Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - John G Marshall
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada.
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220
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Sharma K, Janik JE, O'Mahony D, Stewart D, Pittaluga S, Stetler-Stevenson M, Jaffe ES, Raffeld M, Fleisher TA, Lee CC, Steinberg SM, Waldmann TA, Morris JC. Phase II Study of Alemtuzumab (CAMPATH-1) in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Adult T-cell Leukemia/lymphoma. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 23:35-42. [PMID: 27486175 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Therapeutic regimens for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) are limited with unsatisfactory results, thereby warranting development of novel therapies. This study investigated antitumor activity and toxicity of alemtuzumab with regard to response, duration of response, progression-free survival, and overall survival in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1)-associated ATL. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Twenty-nine patients with chronic, acute, and lymphomatous types of ATL were enrolled in a single-institution, nonrandomized, open-label phase II trial wherein patients received intravenous alemtuzumab 30 mg three times weekly for a maximum of 12 weeks. RESULTS Twenty-nine patients were evaluable for response and toxicity. The overall objective response was 15 of 29 patients [95% confidence interval (CI), 32.5%-70.6%]. The 15 patients who responded manifested a median time to response of 1.1 months. Median response duration was 1.4 months for the whole group and 14.5 months among responders. Median progression-free survival was 2.0 months. Median overall survival was 5.9 months. The most common adverse events were 2 with vasovagal episodes (7%) and 3 with hypotensive episodes (10%), leukopenia (41%) grade 3 and (17%) grade 4, lymphocytopenia (59%) grade 3, neutropenia (31%) grade 3, anemia (24%), and thrombocytopenia (10%). All patients developed cytomegalovirus antigenemia (CMV). Three were symptomatic and all responded to antiviral therapy. Grade 3 or 4 infections were reported in 4 (14%) of patients. CONCLUSIONS Alemtuzumab induced responses in patients with acute HTLV-1-associated ATL with acceptable toxicity, but with short duration of responses. These studies support inclusion of alemtuzumab in novel multidrug therapies for ATL. Clin Cancer Res; 23(1); 35-42. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Sharma
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John E Janik
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Deirdre O'Mahony
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Donn Stewart
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Elaine S Jaffe
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Mark Raffeld
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Fleisher
- Clinical Pathology Department, Mark O. Hatfield Clinical Research Center, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Cathryn C Lee
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Seth M Steinberg
- Biostatistics and Data Management Section, Office of the Clinical Director, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Thomas A Waldmann
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - John C Morris
- Lymphoid Malignancies Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
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221
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Lee YH, Choi SJ, Ji JD, Song GG. Associations between functional FCGR2A R131H and FCGR3A F158V polymorphisms and responsiveness to TNF blockers in spondyloarthropathy, psoriasis and Crohn's disease: a meta-analysis. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1465-77. [DOI: 10.2217/pgs.16.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the current study was to investigate whether FCGR polymorphisms are associated with responsiveness to anti-TNF-α therapy in patients with spondyloarthropathy, psoriasis, and Crohn's disease. Materials & methods: We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the association between the functional FCGR3A F158V and FCGR2A R131H polymorphisms and responsiveness to TNF blockers. Results: The meta-analysis indicated that responsiveness to TNF blockers was associated with the FCGR3A V allele (odds ratio: 3.308; 95% CI: 1.053–10.39; p = 0.040) and the FCGR2A RR + RH genotype (odds ratio: 3.904; p = 0.027) in patients with a follow-up time of ≥6 months. Conclusion: FCGR3A V and FCGR2A R allele carriers show better responsiveness to anti-TNF-α therapy in patients with follow-up times ≥6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ho Lee
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Dae Ji
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gwan Gyu Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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222
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Pauls SD, Ray A, Hou S, Vaughan AT, Cragg MS, Marshall AJ. FcγRIIB-Independent Mechanisms Controlling Membrane Localization of the Inhibitory Phosphatase SHIP in Human B Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:1587-96. [PMID: 27456487 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
SHIP is an important regulator of immune cell signaling that functions to dephosphorylate the phosphoinositide phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate at the plasma membrane and mediate protein-protein interactions. One established paradigm for SHIP activation involves its recruitment to the phospho-ITIM motif of the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIB. Although SHIP is essential for the inhibitory function of FcγRIIB, it also has critical modulating functions in signaling initiated from activating immunoreceptors such as B cell Ag receptor. In this study, we found that SHIP is indistinguishably recruited to the plasma membrane after BCR stimulation with or without FcγRIIB coligation in human cell lines and primary cells. Interestingly, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis reveals differential mobility of SHIP-enhanced GFP depending on the mode of stimulation, suggesting that although BCR and FcγRIIB can both recruit SHIP, this occurs via distinct molecular complexes. Mutagenesis of a SHIP-enhanced GFP fusion protein reveals that the SHIP-Src homology 2 domain is essential in both cases whereas the C terminus is required for recruitment via BCR stimulation, but is less important with FcγRIIB coligation. Experiments with pharmacological inhibitors reveal that Syk activity is required for optimal stimulation-induced membrane localization of SHIP, whereas neither PI3K or Src kinase activity is essential. BCR-induced association of SHIP with binding partner Shc1 is dependent on Syk, as is tyrosine phosphorylation of both partners. Our results indicate that FcγRIIB is not uniquely able to promote membrane recruitment of SHIP, but rather modulates its function via formation of distinct signaling complexes. Membrane recruitment of SHIP via Syk-dependent mechanisms may be an important factor modulating immunoreceptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha D Pauls
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Arnab Ray
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Sen Hou
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Andrew T Vaughan
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Mark S Cragg
- Cancer Sciences Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, United Kingdom
| | - Aaron J Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Genetics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
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223
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Iglesias M, Augustin JJ, Alvarez P, Santiuste I, Postigo J, Merino J, Merino R. Selective Impairment of TH17-Differentiation and Protection against Autoimmune Arthritis after Overexpression of BCL2A1 in T Lymphocytes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159714. [PMID: 27433938 PMCID: PMC4951111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The inhibition of apoptotic cell death in T cells through the dysregulated expression of BCL2 family members has been associated with the protection against the development of different autoimmune diseases. However, multiple mechanisms were proposed to be responsible for such protective effect. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of the T-cell overexpression of BCL2A1, an anti-apoptotic BCL2 family member without an effect on cell cycle progression, in the development of collagen-induced arthritis. Our results demonstrated an attenuated development of arthritis in these transgenic mice. The protective effect was unrelated to the suppressive activity of regulatory T cells but it was associated with a defective activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase in CD4+ cells after in vitro TCR stimulation. In addition, the in vitro and in vivo TH17 differentiation were impaired in BCL2A1 transgenic mice. Taken together, we demonstrated here a previously unknown role for BCL2A1 controlling the activation of CD4+ cells and their differentiation into pathogenic proinflammatory TH17 cells and identified BCL2A1 as a potential target in the control of autoimmune/inflammatory diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/genetics
- Arthritis, Experimental/immunology
- Arthritis, Experimental/pathology
- Autoimmunity
- CD4 Antigens/genetics
- CD4 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Differentiation
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/genetics
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens/immunology
- Protective Factors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Th17 Cells/immunology
- Th17 Cells/pathology
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Iglesias
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Juan Jesús Augustin
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Pilar Alvarez
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Inés Santiuste
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jorge Postigo
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Jesús Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Ramón Merino
- Departamento de Biología Molecular-IDIVAL Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
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The FCGR3A polymorphism predicts the response to rituximab-based therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis. Ann Hematol 2016; 95:1483-90. [PMID: 27431582 DOI: 10.1007/s00277-016-2723-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have assessed the association between Fc gamma receptor IIIA (FCGR3A) 158 V/F and the response to rituximab-based therapy in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), but the findings have been inconsistent. We performed this meta-analysis to obtain a better assessment of this relationship. Electronic database searches were conducted for relevant studies. A pooled odds ratio (OR) with a 95 % confidence interval (95 % CI) was used to assess the strength of the association. Analyses of the subgroup and publication bias were conducted. A total of 10 studies involving 1050 patients were analyzed. In all the genetic models, no clear relationship was found between the FCGR3A 158 V/F polymorphism and the response to rituximab-based therapy in NHL patients. When categorized by ethnicity, Asian individuals with the FCGR3A 158 V/V allele (OR = 4.37; 95 % CI = 1.07-17.73; P = 0.039) or the non-F/(FV + VV) (OR = 2.50; 95 % CI = 1.04-5.98; P = 0.040) allele have a significantly higher complete response rate (CR) compared to FF individuals. No obvious heterogeneities were observed. In addition, no statistical evidence for a publication bias was found. Our study suggested that the FCGR3A 158 V/F polymorphism can predict the treatment response to rituximab-based chemotherapy in NHL patients, especially for Asian individuals.
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225
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A C-type lectin with an immunoglobulin-like domain promotes phagocytosis of hemocytes in crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29924. [PMID: 27411341 PMCID: PMC4944128 DOI: 10.1038/srep29924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins are important immune molecules that participate in host defense response. The present work reports a novel C-type lectin (PcLec3) from the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. Sequence analysis found that PcLec3 encodes a polypeptide with252 amino acid residues, which contains an immunoglobulin-like domain (IG) and a C-type lectin domain (CTLD) arranged in tandem. Tissue distribution analysis indicated that PcLec3 is enriched expressed in hemocytes and hepatopancreas cells, in which PcLec3 was up-regulated following bacterial challenge by Vibrio anguillarum. Function analysis using recombinant full-length PcLec3, IG, and CTLD proteins revealed that these recombinant proteins had the capacity to bind carbohydrates and bacteria, while IG determined the cell binding activity. However, only full-length PcLec3 promotes the phagocytic activity of hemocytes and subsequent clearance of invasive bacteria. Taken together, these results manifest that PcLec3 acts as a hemocyte adhesion molecule to promote hemocyte phagocytosis against invasive V. anguillarum.
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226
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Rubin RL, Teodorescu M, Beutner EH, Plunkett RW. Complement-fixing properties of antinuclear antibodies distinguish drug-induced lupus from systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2016; 13:249-56. [PMID: 15176661 DOI: 10.1191/0961203304lu1007oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody (ANA) test has been widely used to monitor autoimmune disease, but its value for diagnostic purposes is compromised by low specificity and high prevalence in disease-free individuals. The capacity of autoantibodies to fix serum complement proteins when bound to antigen is an important effector function because this property is associated with acute and chronic inflammatory processes. The current study evaluates the complement-fixing properties of antinuclear antibodies (CANA) in three well-defined and clinically-related patient groups: systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), drug-induced lupus (DIL) and drug-induced autoimmunity (DIA). Of 20 patients diagnosed with SLE, 90% displayed complement-fixing ANA while this feature was present in only two of 18 patients with DIL and no patients with DIA without associated disease even though the mean ANA titres were similar among these patient groups. CANA was significantly correlated with anti-Sm activity. Because SLE but not DIL or DIA can be a life-threatening disease associated with complement consumption in vivo, these results demonstrate that measurement of CANA is a diagnostically useful tool and may have immunopathologic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Rubin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, University of New Mexico Medical School, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA.
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227
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Abstract
Lupus nephritis is a major complication of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and is associated with a high rate of morbidity and mortality. While many different immunologic and nonimmunologic factors contribute to disease expression in lupus nephritis, a large body of evidence suggests that the production of anti-DNA antibodies and the formation of glomerular immune deposits are important initial events in the pathogenesis of the disease. This review will summarize our current understanding of the differences between pathogenic and nonpathogenic autoantibodies, the mechanisms by which these autoantibodies induce renal injury and the effector mechanisms which are subsequently activated by the deposited autoantibodies that ultimately lead to the expression of the different lupus lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Waldman
- Department of Medicine, Renal Electrolyte and Hypertension Division, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
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228
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Santos Souza HF, da Silva Almeida B, Boscardin SB. Early dengue virus interactions: the role of dendritic cells during infection. Virus Res 2016; 223:88-98. [PMID: 27381061 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Dengue is an acute infectious disease caused by dengue virus (DENV) that affects approximately 400 million people annually, being the most prevalent human arthropod-borne disease. DENV infection causes a wide variety of clinical manifestations that range from asymptomatic to dengue fever, and in some cases may evolve to the more severe dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome. The exact reasons why some patients do not have symptoms while others develop the severe forms of disease are still elusive, but gathered evidence showed correlation between a secondary infection with a heterologous DENV serotype and the occurrence of severe symptoms. Despite several advances, the mechanisms of DENV infection are still not completely elucidated, and efforts have been made to understand the development of immunity and/or pathology to DENV. When a mosquito transmits DENV, the virus is initially deposited in the skin, where mononuclear phagocytic cells, such as dendritic cells (DCs), become infected. DCs play a critical role in the induction of immune responses, as they are able to rapidly detect pathogen-associated molecular patterns, endocytose and process antigens, and efficiently activate naïve-T and B cells. Recent findings have shown that DCs serve as DENV targets, but they are also important mediators of immunity against the virus. In this review, we will briefly discuss DENV infection pathogenesis, and introduce DCs as central players in the induction of anti-DENV immune responses. Then, we will review in more detail how DENV interacts with and is sensed by DCs, with particular emphasis in two classes of receptors implicated in viral entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Higo Fernando Santos Souza
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bianca da Silva Almeida
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Beatriz Boscardin
- Laboratory of Antigen Targeting Dendritic Cells, Department of Parasitology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; National Institute of Science and Technology in Vaccines, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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229
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Tanigaki K, Chambliss KL, Yuhanna IS, Sacharidou A, Ahmed M, Atochin DN, Huang PL, Shaul PW, Mineo C. Endothelial Fcγ Receptor IIB Activation Blunts Insulin Delivery to Skeletal Muscle to Cause Insulin Resistance in Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:1996-2005. [PMID: 27207525 PMCID: PMC4915578 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Modest elevations in C-reactive protein (CRP) are associated with type 2 diabetes. We previously revealed in mice that increased CRP causes insulin resistance and mice globally deficient in the CRP receptor Fcγ receptor IIB (FcγRIIB) were protected from the disorder. FcγRIIB is expressed in numerous cell types including endothelium and B lymphocytes. Here we investigated how endothelial FcγRIIB influences glucose homeostasis, using mice with elevated CRP expressing or lacking endothelial FcγRIIB. Whereas increased CRP caused insulin resistance in mice expressing endothelial FcγRIIB, mice deficient in the endothelial receptor were protected. The insulin resistance with endothelial FcγRIIB activation was due to impaired skeletal muscle glucose uptake caused by attenuated insulin delivery, and it was associated with blunted endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) activation in skeletal muscle. In culture, CRP suppressed endothelial cell insulin transcytosis via FcγRIIB activation and eNOS antagonism. Furthermore, in knock-in mice harboring constitutively active eNOS, elevated CRP did not invoke insulin resistance. Collectively these findings reveal that by inhibiting eNOS, endothelial FcγRIIB activation by CRP blunts insulin delivery to skeletal muscle to cause insulin resistance. Thus, a series of mechanisms in endothelium that impairs insulin movement has been identified that may contribute to type 2 diabetes pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiji Tanigaki
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ken L Chambliss
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Ivan S Yuhanna
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Anastasia Sacharidou
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Mohamed Ahmed
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Dmitriy N Atochin
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Paul L Huang
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Philip W Shaul
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Chieko Mineo
- Center for Pulmonary and Vascular Biology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
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230
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Dickinson BL. Unraveling the immunopathogenesis of glomerular disease. Clin Immunol 2016; 169:89-97. [PMID: 27373970 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Immune-mediated damage to glomerular structures is largely responsible for the pathology associated with the majority of glomerular diseases. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the basic immune mechanisms responsible for glomerular damage is needed to inform the design of novel intervention strategies. Glomerular injury of immune origin is complex and involves both inflammatory and non-inflammatory processes driven by elements of the innate and adaptive immune system. This review summarizes the basic immune mechanisms that cause glomerular injury leading to the nephritic and nephrotic syndromes. A major focus of the review is to highlight the mechanisms by which antibodies cause glomerular injury through their interactions with glomerular cells, complement proteins, phagocytes bearing complement and Fcγ receptors, and dendritic cells expressing the neonatal receptor for IgG, FcRn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonny L Dickinson
- Department of Biomedical Science, Western Michigan University Homer Stryker MD School of Medicine, 1000 Oakland Drive, Kalamazoo, MI 49008, United States.
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231
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Maestri A, Sortica VA, Ferreira DL, de Almeida Ferreira J, Amador MAT, de Mello WA, Santos SEB, Sousa RCM. The His131Arg substitution in the FCGR2A gene (rs1801274) is not associated with the severity of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. BMC Res Notes 2016; 9:296. [PMID: 27267995 PMCID: PMC4897956 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-016-2096-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The virulence and pathogenicity of different influenza strains are responsible for a more or less severe disease. Recent studies have attempted to understand how host genetic factors may influence the clinical presentation of the disease. In the present study, the His131Arg (rs1801274) polymorphism was investigated in individuals from a Brazilian admixed population with a diagnosis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. METHODS In the present study, the influence of the His131Arg (rs1801274) polymorphism, a variant of the FCGR2A gene, was investigated in 436 patients with a diagnosis of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, evaluated at health services in the northern and northeastern regions of Brazil between June 2009 and August 2010. Patients were divided into a group of non-hospitalized patients (n = 192) and a group of hospitalized patients (n = 244; 100 of them died). RESULTS No significant difference in the allele or genotype frequencies of the rs1801274 polymorphism was observed between groups (p = 0.952 and p = 0.388). Multinomial logistic regression showed no effect of the rs1801274 polymorphism on severity or death of patients from the Brazilian admixed population (p = 0.368 and p = 0.469). CONCLUSIONS The rs1801274 polymorphism is not associated with severe disease in patients infected with influenza A(H1N1)pdm09.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvino Maestri
- />Alvino Maestri Neto, Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Cidade Universitária Prof. José da Silveira Neto, Rua Augusto Corrêa, 01, BOX 8615, CEP 66.075-970 Belém, Pará Brazil
| | | | - Deimy Lima Ferreira
- />Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Seção de Virologia Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará Brazil
| | | | | | - Wyller Alencar de Mello
- />Laboratório de Vírus Respiratórios, Seção de Virologia Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, Pará Brazil
| | - Sidney Emanuel Batista Santos
- />Núcleo de Pesquisas em Oncologia, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará Brazil
- />Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém, Pará Brazil
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232
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Highly individual patterns of virus-immune IgG effector responses in humans. Med Microbiol Immunol 2016; 205:409-24. [PMID: 27193020 PMCID: PMC5003914 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-016-0457-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
IgG responses are fundamental to adaptive immunity and document immunological memory of previous pathogen encounter. While specific antigen recognition is mediated by the variable F(ab')2 domain of IgG, various effector functions become activated via the constant Fcγ part bridging IgG-opsonized targets to FcγR-expressing immune effector cells. Traditionally, neutralizing IgG is considered the most appropriate correlate of protective humoral immunity to viruses. However, evidence is increasing that antiviral IgG mediates protection to viruses via activation of FcγRs. Using a test system allowing quantitative detection of virus-immune IgG able to activate FcγRs, sera of healthy individuals and vaccinees were assessed with regard to two prototypical human pathogenic viruses: measles and human cytomegalovirus. Marked differences in the capacity of individuals to generate FcγRI-, FcγRII- and FcγRIII-activating responses were noted. Comparison of FcγR-activating IgG with neutralizing and ELISA IgG concentrations did not correlate for HCMV and only very poorly for MV. Since neither neutralizing IgG nor overall IgG responses faithfully predict the activation of FcγRs, only the simultaneous quantification of IgGs activating defined FcγRs will aid to delineate individual "immunograms" of virus IgG immunity. Such new multiparametric assessment of antiviral IgG qualities could be instrumental in defining correlates of protection and disease progression.
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233
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Sniping the scout: Targeting the key molecules in dendritic cell functions for treatment of autoimmune diseases. Pharmacol Res 2016; 107:27-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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234
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Vance DT, Dufresne J, Florentinus-Mefailoski A, Tucholska M, Trimble W, Grinstein S, Marshall JG. A phagocytosis assay for oxidized low-density lipoprotein versus immunoglobulin G-coated microbeads in human U937 macrophages. Anal Biochem 2016; 500:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2016.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Revised: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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235
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Rožman S, Novaković S, Grabnar I, Cerkovnik P, Novaković BJ. The impact of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa gene polymorphisms on responses to RCHOP chemotherapy in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients. Oncol Lett 2016; 11:3332-3336. [PMID: 27123112 PMCID: PMC4841119 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.4402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody routinely used in the treatment of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas. It mediates antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity of B lymphocytes by bridging them with Fcγ receptors (FcγR) on effector cells. Several polymorphisms in the FcγR genes have been identified to influence rituximab binding to FcγR, thus altering its antitumor effect in indolent lymphomas. In the present study, the impact of FcγRIIa and FcγRIIIa polymorphisms on the survival and response to immunochemotherapy consisting of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine and prednisone was evaluated in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. A total of 29 Slovenian DLBCL patients were studied. Genotyping was conducted for FcγRIIa-27, FcγRIIa-131, FcγRIIIa-48 and FcγRIIIa-158 polymorphisms. The median follow-up time was 29.7 months (range, 9.7–45.4 months). No significant impact of the genotypes was observed on the treatment response, progression-free or overall survival of DLBCL patients. There was a non-significant trend of an improved response to chemotherapy without additional irradiation in patients homozygous for Val at FCγIIIa-158 compared to Phe carriers. The findings of the present study indicate that FcγR polymorphisms have no influence on the survival of DLBCL patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samo Rožman
- Department of Pharmacy, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Srdjan Novaković
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Grabnar
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
| | - Petra Cerkovnik
- Department of Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana 1000, Slovenia
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236
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Engagement of CD22 on B cells with the monoclonal antibody epratuzumab stimulates the phosphorylation of upstream inhibitory signals of the B cell receptor. J Cell Commun Signal 2016; 10:143-51. [PMID: 27125377 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-016-0322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The binding of antigen to the B cell receptor (BCR) results in a cascade of signalling events that ultimately drive B cell activation. Uncontrolled B cell activation is regulated by negative feedback loops that involve inhibitory co-receptors such as CD22 and CD32B that exert their functions following phosphorylation of immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs). The CD22-targeted antibody epratuzumab has previously been shown to inhibit BCR-driven signalling events, but its effects on ITIM phosphorylation of CD22 and CD32B have not been properly evaluated. The present study therefore employed both immunoprecipitation and flow cytometry approaches to elucidate the effects of epratuzumab on direct phosphorylation of key tyrosine (Tyr) residues on both these proteins, using both transformed B cell lines and primary human B cells. Epratuzumab induced the phosphorylation of Tyr(822) on CD22 and enhanced its co-localisation with SHP-1. Additionally, in spite of high basal phosphorylation of other key ITIMs on CD22, in primary human B cells epratuzumab also enhanced phosphorylation of Tyr(807), a residue involved in the recruitment of Grb2. Such initiation events could explain the effects of epratuzumab on downstream signalling in B cells. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that epratuzumab stimulated the phosphorylation of Tyr(292) on the low affinity inhibitory Fc receptor CD32B which would further attenuate BCR-induced signalling. Together, these data demonstrate that engagement of CD22 with epratuzumab leads to the direct phosphorylation of key upstream inhibitory receptors of BCR signalling and may help to explain how this antibody modulates B cell function.
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237
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Paudel S, Easwaran M, Jang H, Jung HK, Kim JH, Shin HJ. Immunization with avian metapneumovirus harboring chicken Fc induces higher immune responses. Virus Res 2016; 220:129-35. [PMID: 27130629 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immune responses of avian metapneumovirus harboring chicken Fc molecule. Stable Vero cells expressing chicken Fc chimera on its surface (Vero-cFc) were established, and we confirmed that aMPV grown in Vero-cFc incorporated host derived chimera Fc into the aMPV virions. Immunization of chicken with aMPV-cFc induced higher level of antibodies and inflammatory cytokines; (Interferon (IFN)-γ and Interleukin (IL)-1β) compared to those of aMPV. The increased levels of antibodies and inflammatory cytokines in chicken immunized with aMPV-cFc were statistically significantly (p<0.05) to that of aMPV and control. The aMPV-cFc group also generated the highest neutralizing antibody response. After challenges, chickens immunized with aMPV-cFc showed much less pathological signs in nasal turbinates and trachea so that we could confirm aMPV-cFc induced higher protection than that of aMPV. The greater ability of aMPV harboring chicken Fc to that of aMPV presented it as a possible vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Paudel
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Maheswaran Easwaran
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Jang
- Komipharm Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | | | - Joo-Hun Kim
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Komipharm Co., Ltd., Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Shin
- Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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238
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Lee MJ, Lim E, Mun S, Bae S, Murata K, Ivashkiv LB, Park-Min KH. Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG) Attenuates TNF-Induced Pathologic Bone Resorption and Suppresses Osteoclastogenesis by Inducing A20 Expression. J Cell Physiol 2016; 231:449-458. [PMID: 26189496 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Investigations on the therapeutic effects of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) have focused on the suppression of autoantibody and immune complex-mediated inflammatory pathogenesis. Inflammatory diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis are often accompanied by excessive bone erosion but the effect of IVIG on osteoclasts, bone-resorbing cells, has not been studied. Here, we investigate whether IVIG directly regulates osteoclast differentiation and has therapeutic potential for suppressing osteoclast-mediated pathologic bone resorption. IVIG or cross-linking of Fcγ receptors with plate-bound IgG suppressed receptor activator of nuclear factor-κ B ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and expression of osteoclast-related genes such as integrin β3 and cathepsin K in a dose-dependent manner. Mechanistically, IVIG or plate-bound IgG suppressed osteoclastogenesis by downregulating RANKL-induced expression of NFATC1, the master regulator of osteoclastogenesis. IVIG suppressed NFATC1 expression by attenuating RANKL-induced NF-κB signaling, explained in part by induction of the inflammatory signaling inhibitor A20. IVIG administration attenuated in vivo osteoclastogenesis and suppressed bone resorption in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-induced calvarial osteolysis model. Our findings show that, in addition to suppressing inflammation, IVIG directly inhibits osteoclastogenesis through a mechanism involving suppression of RANK signaling. Direct suppression of osteoclast differentiation may provide beneficial effects on preserving bone mass when IVIG is used to treat rheumatic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Joon Lee
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Elisha Lim
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Sehwan Mun
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Seyeon Bae
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Koichi Murata
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA
| | - Lionel B Ivashkiv
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Graduate Program in Immunology and Microbial Pathogenesis, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021 US.,Drs. Park-Min and Ivashkiv contributed equally to this work
| | - Kyung-Hyun Park-Min
- Arthritis and Tissue Degeneration Program, David Z. Rosensweig Center for Genomic Research, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY 10021 USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10021 US.,Drs. Park-Min and Ivashkiv contributed equally to this work
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239
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Mula RVR, Machiah D, Holland L, Wang X, Parihar H, Sharma AC, Selvaraj P, Shashidharamurthy R. Immune Complex-Induced, Nitric Oxide-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Cell Death by Phagocytes Is Prevented with Decoy FcγReceptors. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153620. [PMID: 27101012 PMCID: PMC4839578 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune vasculitis is an endothelial inflammatory disease that results from the deposition of immune-complexes (ICs) in blood vessels. The interaction between Fcgamma receptors (FcγRs) expressed on inflammatory cells with ICs is known to cause blood vessel damage. Hence, blocking the interaction of ICs and inflammatory cells is essential to prevent the IC-mediated blood vessel damage. Thus we tested if uncoupling the interaction of FcγRs and ICs prevents endothelium damage. Herein, we demonstrate that dimeric FcγR-Igs prevented nitric oxide (NO) mediated apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) in an in vitro vasculitis model. Dimeric FcγR-Igs significantly inhibited the IC-induced upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and nitric oxide (NO) release by murine monocytic cell line. However, FcγR-Igs did not affect the exogenously added NO-induced upregulation of pro-apoptotic genes such as Bax (15 fold), Bak (35 fold), cytochrome-C (11 fold) and caspase-3 (30 fold) in HUVECs. In conclusion, these data suggest that IC-induced NO could be one of the major inflammatory mediator promoting blood vessel inflammation and endothelial cell death during IC-mediated vasculitis which can be effectively blocked by dimeric decoy FcγRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramanjaneya V. R. Mula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Deepa Machiah
- Department of Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Yerkes National Primate Research Centre, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Lauren Holland
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Harish Parihar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Avadhesh C. Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Periasamy Selvaraj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Rangaiah Shashidharamurthy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Philadelphia College of Osteopathic Medicine - School of Pharmacy, Suwanee, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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240
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Jackman RP, Lee JH, Pei R, Bolgiano D, Lebedeva M, Slichter SJ, Norris PJ. C1q-binding anti-HLA antibodies do not predict platelet transfusion failure in Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets study participants. Transfusion 2016; 56:1442-50. [PMID: 27079754 DOI: 10.1111/trf.13598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the Trial to Reduce Alloimmunization to Platelets (TRAP) study, 101 of 530 subjects became clinically refractory (CR) to platelets (PLTs) without lymphocytotoxicity assay (LCA)-detectable anti-HLA antibodies. The LCA only detects complement-binding antibodies and is less sensitive than newer assays. Utilizing a more sensitive bead-based assay that does not distinguish between complement-binding versus non-complement-binding antibodies, we have previously shown that while many LCA-negative (LCA-) patients do have anti-HLA antibodies, these low- to moderate-level antibodies do not predict refractoriness. As complement can contribute to PLT rejection, we assessed if previously undetected complement-binding antibodies account for refractoriness among LCA- patients. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Samples from 169 LCA- (69 CR, 100 non-CR) and 20 LCA-positive (LCA+; 10 CR, 10 non-CR) subjects were selected from the TRAP study serum repository. Anti-Class I HLA immunoglobulin (Ig)G and C1q-binding antibodies were measured in serum or plasma with bead-based detection assays. Levels of C1q-binding antibodies were compared between CR and non-CR subjects and correlated with corrected count increments (CCIs). RESULTS While some of the LCA- subjects had detectable C1q-binding anti-Class I HLA antibodies, and some LCA+ subjects did not, levels were significantly higher among LCA+ subjects. C1q-binding anti-Class I HLA antibody levels did not differ significantly between CR and non-CR among either the LCA- or the LCA+ subjects. Furthermore, there was no significant correlation observed between CCIs and either C1q-binding or any anti-HLA IgG antibodies. CONCLUSIONS This work confirms that low- to moderate-level anti-Class I antibodies do not drive PLT rejection, suggesting a role for antibody-independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jar-How Lee
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Canoga Park, California
| | - Rui Pei
- Thermo Fisher Scientific, Canoga Park, California
| | | | - Mila Lebedeva
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Sherrill J Slichter
- Bloodworks Northwest (formerly Puget Sound Blood Center).,University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Philip J Norris
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, California.,University of California, San Francisco, California
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241
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Associations between PTPRC rs10919563 A/G and FCGR2A R131H polymorphisms and responsiveness to TNF blockers in rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis. Rheumatol Int 2016; 36:837-44. [PMID: 27074847 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-016-3476-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to investigate whether the PTPRC rs10919563 A/G and Fc gamma receptor 2A (FCGR2A) R131H polymorphisms can predict the response to anti-TNF therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients. We conducted a meta-analysis of studies on the association between the PTPRC rs10919563 A/G or the FCGR2A R131H polymorphism and responsiveness to anti-TNF therapy in RA patients. Eighteen studies (twelve on PTPRC and six on FCGR2A) from eight articles involving 3058 patients were considered in this meta-analysis. The meta-analysis showed a significant association between the PTPRC rs10919563 A allele and response to TNF-α blockers in RA. The OR of the PTPRC A allele was significantly lower in responders (OR = 0.584, 95 % CI = 0.409-0.835, P = 0.003). Meta-analysis revealed no association between the FCGR2A HH + HR genotype and responsiveness to TNF blockers in all study subjects (OR = 0.762, 95 % CI = 0.543-1.068, P = 0.115). However, stratification by TNF inhibitor type showed that the FCGR2A HH + HR genotype was associated with responsiveness to adalimumab (OR = 0.591, 95 % CI = 0.369-0.947, P = 0.029), but not infliximab and etanercept (OR = 0.929, 95 % CI = 0.354-2.440, P = 0.881; OR = 0.804, 95 % CI = 0.293-2.207, P = 0.673). The PTPRC rs10919563 A allele shows a poor response to anti-TNF therapy, and the FCGR2A HH + HR genotype shows a poor response to adalimumab for RA. Genotyping for these polymorphisms may be useful for predicting the response to TNF-α blockers with respect to personalized medicine.
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242
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Wu J, Li Y, Guan W, Viken K, Perlman DM, Bhargava M. FCGR3A and FCGR3B copy number variations are risk factors for sarcoidosis. Hum Genet 2016; 135:715-25. [PMID: 27059607 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-016-1669-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disorder that causes significant morbidity. Genetic factors contribute to sarcoidosis risks. In this study, we investigated whether copy number variations (CNVs) of FCGR3A (coding for FcγRIIIA) and FCGR3B (coding for FcγRIIIB) genes are associated with sarcoidosis susceptibility and whether the expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils are altered in sarcoidosis patients. TaqMan real-time PCR assays were used to analyze the CNV of FCGR3A and FCGR3B genes. FCGR3A and FCGR3B CNV genotypes were compared between 671 biopsy-proven sarcoidosis patients and the same number of healthy controls matched with age, sex, race, and geographic area from the ACCESS (A Case Control Etiologic Study of Sarcoidosis) cohort. Flow cytometry analyses were used to determine expressions of FcγRIIIA on NK cells and FcγRIIIB on neutrophils in phenotype analyses. We found that FCGR3A CNVs were significantly associated with sarcoidosis in females (CN = 1 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 4.0156, SE = 2.2784, P = 0.0143; CN = 3 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 2.8044, SE = 1.1065, P = 0.0090), suggesting that FCGR3A gene abnormality influences sarcoidosis development in a gender-specific manner. Furthermore, FcγRIIIA expressions were significantly decreased on NK cells from sarcoidosis patients compared to those from healthy controls (P = 0.0007). Additionally, low FCGR3B CN was associated with sarcoidosis (CN <2 vs. CN = 2 logistic regression adjusted for sex and race, OR 1.5025, SE = 0.2682, P = 0.0226), indicating that the functions of FCGR3B gene may also contribute to the pathogenesis of sarcoidosis. We conclude that FCGR3A CNVs are a major risk factor for female sarcoidosis and FCGR3B CNVs may also affect the development of sarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Wu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 235B AnSc/VetMed Bldg., 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA.
| | - Yunfang Li
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, 235B AnSc/VetMed Bldg., 1988 Fitch Avenue, St. Paul, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Weihua Guan
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Kevin Viken
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - David M Perlman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - Maneesh Bhargava
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
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243
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Clark RS, Pellom ST, Booker B, Ramesh A, Zhang T, Shanker A, Maguire M, Juarez PD, Patricia MJ, Langston MA, Lichtveld MY, Hood DB. Validation of research trajectory 1 of an Exposome framework: Exposure to benzo(a)pyrene confers enhanced susceptibility to bacterial infection. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 146:173-184. [PMID: 26765097 PMCID: PMC5523512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The exposome provides a framework for understanding elucidation of an uncharacterized molecular mechanism conferring enhanced susceptibility of macrophage membranes to bacterial infection after exposure to the environmental contaminant benzo(a)pyrene, [B(a)P]. The fundamental requirement in activation of macrophage effector functions is the binding of immunoglobulins to Fc receptors. FcγRIIa (CD32a), a member of the Fc family of immunoreceptors with low affinity for immunoglobulin G, has been reported to bind preferentially to IgG within lipid rafts. Previous research suggested that exposure to B(a)P suppressed macrophage effector functions but the molecular mechanisms remain elusive. The goal of this study was to elucidate the mechanism(s) of B(a)P-exposure induced suppression of macrophage function by examining the resultant effects of exposure-induced insult on CD32-lipid raft interactions in the regulation of IgG binding to CD32. The results demonstrate that exposure of macrophages to B(a)P alters lipid raft integrity by decreasing membrane cholesterol 25% while increasing CD32 into non-lipid raft fractions. This robust diminution in membrane cholesterol and 30% exclusion of CD32 from lipid rafts causes a significant reduction in CD32-mediated IgG binding to suppress essential macrophage effector functions. Such exposures across the lifespan would have the potential to induce immunosuppressive endophenotypes in vulnerable populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Clark
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Samuel T Pellom
- Department of Microbiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Burthia Booker
- Department of Microbiology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Aramandla Ramesh
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Tongwen Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Anil Shanker
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Mark Maguire
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | - Paul D Juarez
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA
| | | | - Michael A Langston
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Maureen Y Lichtveld
- Department of Global Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health & Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, 1440 Canal Street, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Darryl B Hood
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Meharry Medical College, Nashville, TN 37208, USA; Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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244
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Qian L, Chen W, Qin H, Rui C, Jia X, Fu Y, Gong W, Tian F, Ji M. Immune complex negatively regulates Toll-like receptor 9-mediated immune responses in B cells through the inhibitory Fc-gamma receptor IIb. Microbiol Immunol 2016; 59:142-51. [PMID: 25557539 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Because inappropriate activation of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) may induce pathological damage, negative regulation of the TLR9-triggered immune response has attracted considerable attention. Nonpathogenic immune complex (IC) has been demonstrated to have beneficial therapeutic effects in some kinds of autoimmune diseases. However, the role of IC in the regulation of TLR9-triggered immune responses and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, it was demonstrated that IC stimulation of B cells not only suppresses CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (CpG-ODN)-induced pro-inflammatory IL-6 and IgM κ production, but also attenuates CD40 and CD80 expression. Furthermore, our results suggest that the receptor for the Fc portion of IgG (FcγR) IIb is involved in the suppressive effect of IC on TLR9-mediated CD40, CD80 and IL-6 expression. Finally, it was found that IC down-regulates TLR9 expression in CpG-ODN activated B cells. Our results provide an outline of a new pathway for the negative regulation of TLR9-triggered immune responses in B cells via FcγRIIb. A new mechanistic explanation of the therapeutic effect of nonpathogenic IC on inflammatory and autoimmune diseases is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qian
- Laboratory of Immunology, Yangzhou University School of Medicine, Yangzhou 225001; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou 225009; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou 225001
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245
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Immunohistochemical detection of CD14 and combined assessment with CD32B and CD68 for wound age estimation. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 262:113-20. [PMID: 26974714 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Estimation of wound age is a major topic of study for forensic pathologists, but few markers exist that can indicate a specific period 1-5 days postinfliction, and a method to estimate wound age with high accuracy has not yet been established. This study examined CD14 as such a marker in mouse skin wounds of different ages (0min and 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 9 days) and in human subjects (group 1, 0-1 day; group 2, 1-5 days; group 3, >7 days) using Western blot analysis and/or immunohistochemical staining. In addition, we evaluated a combination of immunohistochemical markers in human skin wounds using transmembrane proteins, CD14, CD32B, and CD68, expressed on inflammatory cells. The expression of CD14 was detected only during 1-5 days postinfliction and, thus, the evaluation of CD14-expressing cells could specify wound age during 1-5 days postinfliction in mouse skin wounds. The ratio of samples assessed to be CD14(+) was significantly high in human skin wounds in group 2. Combined assessment using the three markers increased the specificity of diagnosis and shortened the range of wound age, compared with the assessment using a single marker. Our results indicate that CD14 may be a useful marker of wound age, 1-5 days postinfliction, and that combined assessment with CD14, CD32B, and CD68 may be a good method for the accurate estimation of wound age.
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246
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Ryan JM, Wasser JS, Adler AJ, Vella AT. Enhancing the safety of antibody-based immunomodulatory cancer therapy without compromising therapeutic benefit: Can we have our cake and eat it too? Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:655-74. [PMID: 26855028 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2016.1152256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting checkpoint inhibitors have demonstrated clinical benefit in treating patients with cancer and have paved the way for additional immune-modulating mAbs such as those targeting costimulatory receptors. The full clinical utility of these agents, however, is hampered by immune-related adverse events (irAEs) that can occur during therapy. AREAS COVERED We first provide a general overview of tumor immunity, followed by a review of the two major classes of immunomodulatory mAbs being developed as cancer therapeutics: checkpoint inhibitors and costimulatory receptor agonists. We then discuss therapy-associated adverse events. Finally, we describe in detail the mechanisms driving their therapeutic activity, with an emphasis on interactions between antibody fragment crystallizable (Fc) domains and Fc receptors (FcR). EXPERT OPINION Given that Fc-FcR interactions appear critical in facilitating the ability of immunomodulatory mAbs to elicit both therapeutically useful as well as adverse effects, the engineering of mAbs that can effectively engage their targets while limiting interaction with FcRs might represent a promising future avenue for developing the next generation of immune-enhancing tumoricidal agents with increased safety and retention of efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Ryan
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | | | - Adam J Adler
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- a Department of Immunology , UConn Health , Farmington , CT , USA
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247
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Kubagawa Y, Honjo K, Kang DW, Kubagawa H. Monoclonal antibodies specific for human IgM Fc receptor inhibit ligand-binding activity. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 33:393-400. [PMID: 25545208 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
A panel of six different murine hybridoma clones secreting IgG monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the human IgM Fc receptor (FcμR) was generated. All MAbs specifically precipitated a major protein of ∼60 kDa from membrane lysates of FcμR-bearing, but not FcμR-negative, cells as did IgM-ligands. Pre-incubation of membrane lysate of FcμR-bearing cells with these MAbs completely removed the ∼60 kDa IgM-reactive protein. By using recombinant human/mouse chimeric FcμR proteins, the epitope recognized by HM7 and HM10 MAbs was mapped to the Ig-like domain of human FcμR, whereas the other MAbs recognized the stalk region. Pre-incubation of FcμR(+) cells with the Ig-like domain-specific MAbs, but not with others, markedly inhibited subsequent IgM-ligand binding. A similar, but much weaker, inhibition was also observed when the incubation order was reversed. When FcμR(+) cells were simultaneously incubated with both IgM-ligands and MAbs, HM7 MAb efficiently competed with IgM for FcμR binding. Unlike control Jurkat cells, FcμR-bearing cells were resistant to apoptosis induced by agonistic IgM anti-Fas MAb (CH11); however, addition of the HM7 MAb inhibited the interaction of the Fc portion of CH11 MAb with FcμR, thereby promoting apoptosis of FcμR-bearing Jurkat cells. The variable regions of the HM7 MAb were composed of Ighv14-3, Ighd1-2, and Ighj2 for the γ2b heavy chain and Igk3-4 and Igkj2 for the κ light chain. These findings suggest that HM7 MAb efficiently blocks the ligand-binding activity of FcμR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kubagawa
- Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham , Alabama
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248
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Ninkovic J, Jana N, Anand V, Vidhu A, Dutta R, Raini D, Zhang L, Saluja A, Meng J, Koodie L, Lisa K, Banerjee S, Santanu B, Roy S, Sabita R. Differential effects of gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial products on morphine induced inhibition of phagocytosis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21094. [PMID: 26891899 PMCID: PMC4759540 DOI: 10.1038/srep21094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Opioid drug abusers have a greater susceptibility to gram positive (Gram (+)) bacterial infections. However, the mechanism underlying opioid modulation of Gram (+) versus Gram (-) bacterial clearance has not been investigated. In this study, we show that opioid treatment resulted in reduced phagocytosis of Gram (+), when compared to Gram (-) bacteria. We further established that LPS priming of chronic morphine treated macrophages leads to potentiated phagocytosis and killing of both Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria in a P-38 MAP kinase dependent signaling pathway. In contrast, LTA priming lead to inhibition of both phagocytosis and bacterial killing. This study demonstrates for the first time the differential effects of TLR4 and TLR2 agonists on morphine induced inhibition of phagocytosis. Our results suggest that the incidence and severity of secondary infections with Gram (+) bacteria would be higher in opioid abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ninkovic Jana
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Anand Vidhu
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Dutta Raini
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Anuj Saluja
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Koodie Lisa
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | | | - Banerjee Santanu
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Sabita Roy
- Department of Surgery, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455.,Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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249
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Structural characterization of GASDALIE Fc bound to the activating Fc receptor FcγRIIIa. J Struct Biol 2016; 194:78-89. [PMID: 26850169 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Fc region of Immunoglobulin G (IgG) initiates inflammatory responses such as antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) through binding to activating Fc receptors (FcγRI, FcγRIIa, FcγRIIIa). These receptors are expressed on the surface of immune cells including macrophages, dendritic cells, and natural killer cells. An inhibitory receptor, FcγRIIb, is expressed on macrophages and other myeloid leukocytes simultaneously with the activating receptor FcγRIIa, thereby setting a threshold for cell activation. The affinity of IgG Fc for binding activating Fc receptors depends on IgG subclass and the composition of N-linked glycans attached to a conserved asparagine in the Fc CH2 domain. For example, Fc regions with afucosylated glycans bind more tightly to FcγRIIIa than fucosylated Fc, and afucosylated Fcs exhibit enhanced ADCC activity in vivo and in vitro. Enhanced pro-inflammatory responses have also been seen for Fc regions with amino acid substitutions. GASDALIE Fc is an Fc mutant (G236A/S239D/A330L/I332E) that exhibits a higher affinity for FcγRIIIa and increased effector functions in vivo compared to wild-type Fc. To explore its altered functions, we compared the affinities of GASDALIE and wild-type Fc for activating and inhibitory FcγRs. We also determined the crystal structure of GASDALIE Fc alone and bound to FcγRIIIa. The overall structure of GASDALIE Fc alone was similar to wild-type Fc structures, however, increased electrostatic interactions in the GASDALIE Fc:FcγRIIIa interface compared with other Fc:FcγR structures suggest a mechanism for the increased affinity of GASDALIE Fc for FcγRIIIa.
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250
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Bogdanovich S, Kim Y, Mizutani T, Yasuma R, Tudisco L, Cicatiello V, Bastos-Carvalho A, Kerur N, Hirano Y, Baffi JZ, Tarallo V, Li S, Yasuma T, Arpitha P, Fowler BJ, Wright CB, Apicella I, Greco A, Brunetti A, Ruvo M, Sandomenico A, Nozaki M, Ijima R, Kaneko H, Ogura Y, Terasaki H, Ambati BK, Leusen JH, Langdon WY, Clark MR, Armour KL, Bruhns P, Verbeek JS, Gelfand BD, De Falco S, Ambati J. Human IgG1 antibodies suppress angiogenesis in a target-independent manner. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2016; 1. [PMID: 26918197 PMCID: PMC4763941 DOI: 10.1038/sigtrans.2015.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aberrant angiogenesis is implicated in diseases affecting nearly 10% of the world’s population. The most widely used anti-angiogenic drug is bevacizumab, a humanized IgG1 monoclonal antibody that targets human VEGFA. Although bevacizumab does not recognize mouse Vegfa, it inhibits angiogenesis in mice. Here we show bevacizumab suppressed angiogenesis in three mouse models not via Vegfa blockade but rather Fc-mediated signaling through FcγRI (CD64) and c-Cbl, impairing macrophage migration. Other approved humanized or human IgG1 antibodies without mouse targets (adalimumab, alemtuzumab, ofatumumab, omalizumab, palivizumab and tocilizumab), mouse IgG2a, and overexpression of human IgG1-Fc or mouse IgG2a-Fc, also inhibited angiogenesis in wild-type and FcγR humanized mice. This anti-angiogenic effect was abolished by Fcgr1 ablation or knockdown, Fc cleavage, IgG-Fc inhibition, disruption of Fc-FcγR interaction, or elimination of FcRγ-initated signaling. Furthermore, bevacizumab’s Fc region potentiated its anti-angiogenic activity in humanized VEGFA mice. Finally, mice deficient in FcγRI exhibited increased developmental and pathological angiogenesis. These findings reveal an unexpected anti-angiogenic function for FcγRI and a potentially concerning off-target effect of hIgG1 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Bogdanovich
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Younghee Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Takeshi Mizutani
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Reo Yasuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Laura Tudisco
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Valeria Cicatiello
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR, Naples, Italy; Bio-Ker, MultiMedica Group, Naples, Italy
| | - Ana Bastos-Carvalho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Nagaraj Kerur
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Yoshio Hirano
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Judit Z Baffi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Valeria Tarallo
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Shengjian Li
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Tetsuhiro Yasuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Parthasarathy Arpitha
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Benjamin J Fowler
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charles B Wright
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ivana Apicella
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Adelaide Greco
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, s.c.a.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Arturo Brunetti
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy; CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, s.c.a.r.l., Naples, Italy
| | - Menotti Ruvo
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Miho Nozaki
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ryo Ijima
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kaneko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Ogura
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroko Terasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Balamurali K Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Moran Eye Center, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
| | - Jeanette Hw Leusen
- Immunotherapy Laboratory, Laboratory for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wallace Y Langdon
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Michael R Clark
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kathryn L Armour
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Pierre Bruhns
- Department of Immunology, Unit of Antibodies in Therapy and Pathology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1222, Paris, France
| | - J Sjef Verbeek
- Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bradley D Gelfand
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Sandro De Falco
- Angiogenesis Lab, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics-CNR, Naples, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, Milano, Italy
| | - Jayakrishna Ambati
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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