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Miller GE, Culhane J, Grobman W, Simhan H, Williamson D, Adam EK, Buss C, Entringer S, Kim KY, Garcia-Espana JF, Keenan-Devlin L, McDade TW, Wadhwa PD, Borders A. Mothers' childhood hardship forecasts adverse pregnancy outcomes: Role of inflammatory, lifestyle, and psychosocial pathways. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 65:11-19. [PMID: 28450221 PMCID: PMC5537016 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Research suggests the health consequences of economic hardship can be transmitted across generations. Some of these disparities are thought to be passed to offspring during gestation. But this hypothesis has not been tested in contemporary American samples, and the mechanisms of transmission have not been characterized. Accordingly, this study had two goals: first, to determine if women exposed to economic hardship during childhood showed higher rates of adverse birth outcomes; and second, to evaluate the contribution of inflammation, psychosocial, lifestyle, and obstetric characteristics to this phenomenon. This prospective study enrolled 744 women with singleton pregnancies (59.1% White; 16.3% Black; 18.7% Latina; 5.9% Other). Childhood economic hardship was measured by self-report. Birth outcomes included length of gestation and incidence of preterm birth; birth weight percentile and small for gestational age; length of hospital stay and admission to Special Care Nursery. Analyses revealed that mothers' childhood economic hardship was independently associated with multiple adverse birth outcomes, even following adjustment for demographics, maternal education, and obstetrical confounders. Women raised in economically disadvantaged conditions had shorter gestation length and higher preterm delivery rates. Their babies had lower birth weights, were more likely to be small for gestational age, stayed in the hospital longer, and had more Special Care Nursery admissions. Mediation analyses suggested these associations arose through multiple pathways, and highlighted roles for inflammation, education, adiposity, and obstetric complications. Collectively, these findings suggest that childhood economic hardship predisposes women to adverse birth outcomes, and highlights likely behavioral and biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University,Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University
| | - Jennifer Culhane
- Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Division of Adolescent Medicine,Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - William Grobman
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | - Hyagriv Simhan
- Division of Maternal-Fetal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine,Division of Obstetrical Services, Magee Women’s Hospital
| | | | - Emma K. Adam
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University,School of Education and Social Policy, Northwestern University
| | - Claudia Buss
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine,Institute of Medical Psychology, Charite University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sonja Entringer
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine,Institute of Medical Psychology, Charite University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
| | | | - Lauren Keenan-Devlin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine
| | - Thomas W. McDade
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University,Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University
| | - Pathik D. Wadhwa
- Development, Health and Disease Research Program, University of California, Irvine
| | - Ann Borders
- Center for Healthcare Studies, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine,Department of Medical Social Sciences, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine
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202
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Gomaa N, Nicolau B, Siddiqi A, Tenenbaum H, Glogauer M, Quiñonez C. How does the social "get under the gums"? The role of socio-economic position in the oral-systemic health link. Canadian Journal of Public Health 2017; 108:e224-e228. [PMID: 28910242 DOI: 10.17269/cjph.108.5930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate the extent of association between systemic inflammation and periodontal disease in American adults, and to assess whether socio-economic position mediated this relationship. METHODS We used data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES IV) (2001-2010). Systemic inflammation was defined by individual and aggregate (cumulative inflammatory load) biomarkers (C-reactive protein, white blood cell counts, neutrophil counts, and neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio). Loss of attachment and bleeding on probing were used to define periodontal disease. Poverty:income ratio and education were indicators of socio-economic position. Covariates included age, sex, ethnicity, smoking, alcohol, and attendance for dental treatment. Univariate and multivariable logistic regressions were constructed to assess the relationships of interest. RESULTS In a total of 2296 respondents, biomarkers of systemic inflammation and cumulative inflammatory load were significantly associated with periodontal disease after adjusting for age, sex, and behavioural factors. Socio-economic position attenuated the association between markers of systemic inflammation and periodontal disease in the fully adjusted model. CONCLUSION Socio-economic position partly explains how systemic inflammation and periodontal disease are coupled, and may thus have a significant role in the mechanisms linking oral and non-oral health conditions. It is of critical importance that the social and living conditions are taken into account when considering prevention and treatment strategies for inflammatory diseases, given what appears to be their impactful effect on disease processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha Gomaa
- Discipline of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 521A, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada.
| | - Belinda Nicolau
- Oral Health and Society Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Arjumand Siddiqi
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Howard Tenenbaum
- Discipline of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Discipline of Periodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Carlos Quiñonez
- Discipline of Dental Public Health, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, 521A, 124 Edward Street, Toronto, ON, M5G 1G6, Canada
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203
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Rabinowitz JA, Drabick DA. Do children fare for better and for worse? Associations among child features and parenting with child competence and symptoms. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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204
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Carroll SJ, Niyonsenga T, Coffee NT, Taylor AW, Daniel M. Does Physical Activity Mediate the Associations Between Local-Area Descriptive Norms, Built Environment Walkability, and Glycosylated Hemoglobin? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E953. [PMID: 28832552 PMCID: PMC5615490 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14090953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Associations between local-area residential features and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) may be mediated by individual-level health behaviors. Such indirect effects have rarely been tested. This study assessed whether individual-level self-reported physical activity mediated the influence of local-area descriptive norms and objectively expressed walkability on 10-year change in HbA1c. HbA1c was assessed three times for adults in a 10-year population-based biomedical cohort (n = 4056). Local-area norms specific to each participant were calculated, aggregating responses from a separate statewide surveillance survey for 1600 m road-network buffers centered on participant addresses (local prevalence of overweight/obesity (body mass index ≥25 kg/m²) and physical inactivity (<150 min/week)). Separate latent growth models estimated direct and indirect (through physical activity) effects of local-area exposures on change in HbA1c, accounting for spatial clustering and covariates (individual-level age, sex, smoking status, marital status, employment and education, and area-level median household income). HbA1c worsened over time. Local-area norms directly and indirectly predicted worsening HbA1c trajectories. Walkability was directly and indirectly protective of worsening HbA1c. Local-area descriptive norms and walkability influence cardiometabolic risk trajectory through individual-level physical activity. Efforts to reduce population cardiometabolic risk should consider the extent of local-area unhealthful behavioral norms and walkability in tailoring strategies to improve physical activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne J Carroll
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, University Drive, Bruce 2617, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology & Evaluation Research Group, School of Health Sciences and Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Theo Niyonsenga
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, University Drive, Bruce 2617, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology & Evaluation Research Group, School of Health Sciences and Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Neil T Coffee
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, University Drive, Bruce 2617, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology & Evaluation Research Group, School of Health Sciences and Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
| | - Anne W Taylor
- Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide 5005, Australia.
| | - Mark Daniel
- Centre for Research and Action in Public Health, Health Research Institute, University of Canberra, University Drive, Bruce 2617, Australia.
- Spatial Epidemiology & Evaluation Research Group, School of Health Sciences and Centre for Population Health Research, University of South Australia, North Terrace, Adelaide 5001, Australia.
- Department of Medicine, University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Hospital, Parkville, Melbourne 3010, Australia.
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205
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Huang JY, King NB. Epigenetics Changes Nothing: What a New Scientific Field Does and Does Not Mean for Ethics and Social Justice. Public Health Ethics 2017; 11:69-81. [PMID: 30619507 DOI: 10.1093/phe/phx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, ethicists have posited that consideration of epigenetic mechanisms presents novel challenges to concepts of justice and equality of opportunity, such as elevating the importance of environments in bioethics and providing a counterpoint to gross genetic determinism. We argue that new findings in epigenetic sciences, including those regarding intergenerational health effects, do not necessitate reconceptualization of theories of justice or the environment. To the contrary, such claims reflect a flawed understanding of epigenetics and its relation to genetics that may unintentionally undermine appeals to social justice. We provide a brief summary of epigenetic sciences, focusing on phenomena central to the current ethical discourse. We identify three fallacious modes of reasoning arising from the emergent literature on the ethical and policy implications of epigenetics, including mischaracterization, undue extrapolation, and exceptionalism. We end by discussing how these issues may work against mobilizing health equity policies and present a more modest claim regarding the value of new epigenetic knowledge to health justice by setting this discourse within the context of known themes in biomedical ethics and health policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Y Huang
- Institute for Health and Social Policy, Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University
| | - Nicholas B King
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, Department of the Social Studies of Medicine, Biomedical Ethics Unit, McGill University
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206
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Miller GE, Borders AE, Crockett AH, Ross KM, Qadir S, Keenan-Devlin L, Leigh AK, Ham P, Ma J, Arevalo JM, Ernst LM, Cole SW. Maternal socioeconomic disadvantage is associated with transcriptional indications of greater immune activation and slower tissue maturation in placental biopsies and newborn cord blood. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 64:276-284. [PMID: 28434870 PMCID: PMC5493326 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Children from economically disadvantaged families experience worse cognitive, psychiatric, and medical outcomes compared to more affluent youth. Preclinical models suggest some of the adverse influence of disadvantage could be transmitted during gestation via maternal immune activation, but this hypothesis has not been tested in humans. It also remains unclear whether prenatal interventions can mitigate such effects. To fill these gaps, we conducted two studies. Study 1 characterized the socioeconomic conditions of 79 women during pregnancy. At delivery, placenta biopsies and umbilical blood were collected for transcriptional profiling. Maternal disadvantage was associated with a transcriptional profile indicative of higher immune activation and slower fetal maturation, particularly in pathways related to brain, heart, and immune development. Cord blood cells of disadvantaged newborns also showed indications of immaturity, as reflected in down-regulation of pathways that coordinate myeloid cell development. These associations were independent of fetal sex, and characteristics of mothers (age, race, adiposity, diabetes, pre-eclampsia) and babies (delivery method, gestational age). Study 2 performed the same transcriptional analyses in specimens from 20 women participating in CenteringPregnancy, a group-based psychosocial intervention, and 20 women in traditional prenatal care. In both placenta biopsies and cord blood, women in CenteringPregnancy showed up-regulation of transcripts found in Study 1 to be most down-regulated in conjunction with disadvantage. Collectively, these results suggest socioeconomic disparities in placental biology are evident at birth, and provide clues about the mechanistic origins of health disparities. They also suggest the possibility that psychosocial interventions could have mitigating influences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory E. Miller
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Ann E. Borders
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Amy H. Crockett
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Greenville Hospital System University Medical Center, Greenville SC
| | - Kharah M. Ross
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Sameen Qadir
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Lauren Keenan-Devlin
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Adam K. Leigh
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Paula Ham
- Department of Psychology and Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston IL
| | - Jeffrey Ma
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
| | - Jesusa M.G. Arevalo
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
| | - Linda M. Ernst
- Department of Pathology, NorthShore University Health System, University of Chicago Pritzker School of Medicine, Evanston IL
| | - Steve W. Cole
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, UCLA AIDS Institute, Molecular Biology Institute, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, Norman Cousins Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles CA
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207
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Childhood adversities and chronic conditions: examination of mediators, recall bias and age at diagnosis. Int J Public Health 2017; 63:181-192. [PMID: 28736801 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-017-1021-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to (1) identify the influence of childhood socioeconomic status (CSES) on five chronic conditions: asthma, bronchitis, hypothyroid, migraine, and psychiatric disorders in later life; (2) determine the mediating role of childhood abuse (CA) in these associations, and (3) quantify recall bias due to respondent's mental health in these associations. METHODS 10,325 men and women from the Tromsø Study were followed for 13 years, and Poisson regression models were used. RESULTS Low CSES was associated with a 16-23% higher risk of chronic conditions, and CA was associated with a 16-58% higher risk of chronic conditions (p < 0.05). A minor proportion of the association between CSES and CA (3.98%, p < 0.05); CSES and chronic conditions (5.54-8.71%, p < 0.05); and CA and chronic conditions (9.51-19.52%, p < 0.05), were driven by recall bias due to the respondent's mental health. CA mediated the association between CSES and chronic conditions (9.58-25.06%, p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Low CSES and CA are associated with higher risk of chronic conditions in later life. A minor proportion of these associations are driven by recall bias.
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208
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Berens AE, Jensen SKG, Nelson CA. Biological embedding of childhood adversity: from physiological mechanisms to clinical implications. BMC Med 2017; 15:135. [PMID: 28724431 PMCID: PMC5518144 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adverse psychosocial exposures in early life, namely experiences such as child maltreatment, caregiver stress or depression, and domestic or community violence, have been associated in epidemiological studies with increased lifetime risk of adverse outcomes, including diabetes, heart disease, cancers, and psychiatric illnesses. Additional work has shed light on the potential molecular mechanisms by which early adversity becomes "biologically embedded" in altered physiology across body systems. This review surveys evidence on such mechanisms and calls on researchers, clinicians, policymakers, and other practitioners to act upon evidence. OBSERVATIONS Childhood psychosocial adversity has wide-ranging effects on neural, endocrine, immune, and metabolic physiology. Molecular mechanisms broadly implicate disruption of central neural networks, neuroendocrine stress dysregulation, and chronic inflammation, among other changes. Physiological disruption predisposes individuals to common diseases across the life course. CONCLUSIONS Reviewed evidence has important implications for clinical practice, biomedical research, and work across other sectors relevant to public health and child wellbeing. Warranted changes include increased clinical screening for exposures among children and adults, scale-up of effective interventions, policy advocacy, and ongoing research to develop new evidence-based response strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Berens
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sarah K G Jensen
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charles A Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. .,Laboratories of Cognitive Neuroscience, Boston Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 1 Autumn Street, Boston, 02215, Massachusetts, USA. .,Graduate School of Education, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
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209
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Schrock JM, McClure HH, Snodgrass JJ, Liebert MA, Charlton KE, Arokiasamy P, Naidoo N, Kowal P. Food insecurity partially mediates associations between social disadvantage and body composition among older adults in india: Results from the study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE). Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28681406 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our objective was to test whether food insecurity mediates cross-sectional associations between social disadvantage and body composition among older adults (aged 50+) in India (n = 6556). METHODS Adjusting for key sociodemographic and dietary variables, we examined whether markers of social disadvantage (lower educational attainment, lower household wealth, belonging to a disadvantaged caste/tribe, and belonging to a minority religion) were associated with food insecurity. We then examined whether food insecurity, in turn, was associated with anthropometric measures of body composition, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference (WC). We also tested whether food insecurity mediated the relationship between social disadvantage and body composition. RESULTS In adjusted models, lower household wealth [lowest quintile (Q5) vs highest quintile (Q1): odds ratio (OR) = 13.57, P < .001], having less than a high-school education (OR = 2.12. P < .005), being Muslim (OR = 1.82, P < .001), and being in a scheduled caste (historically marginalized) (OR = 1.49, P < .005) were associated with greater food insecurity. Those who were severely food insecure had greater odds of being underweight (OR = 1.36, P < .01) and lower odds of high WC (OR = 0.70, P < .01). Mediation analyses estimated that food insecurity explained 4.7%-29.7% of the relationship between social disadvantage and body composition, depending on the variables considered. CONCLUSIONS Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that food insecurity is a mechanism linking social disadvantage and body composition among older adults in India. These analyses contribute to a better understanding of processes leading to variation in body composition, which may help enhance the design of interventions aimed at improving population nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Schrock
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Heather H McClure
- Center for Equity Promotion, College of Education, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - J Josh Snodgrass
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Melissa A Liebert
- Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon, 97403
| | - Karen E Charlton
- School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia.,Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2522, Australia
| | - Perianayagam Arokiasamy
- Department of Development Studies, International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai, 400088, India
| | - Nirmala Naidoo
- Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland
| | - Paul Kowal
- Study on global AGEing and adult health (SAGE), World Health Organization, Geneva, 1211, Switzerland.,Research Centre for Generational Health and Ageing, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, New South Wales, 2308, Australia
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210
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Maddock J, Wulaningsih W, Hardy R. Impact of body size, nutrition and socioeconomic position in early life on the epigenome: a systematic review protocol. Syst Rev 2017; 6:129. [PMID: 28679412 PMCID: PMC5499029 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0521-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Body size, nutrition and socioeconomic position (SEP) in early life have been associated with a range of later life health outcomes. Epigenetic regulation is one mechanism through which these early life factors may impact later life health. The aim of this review protocol is to outline procedures to document the influence of body size, nutrition and SEP in early life on the epigenome. METHODS MEDLINE, Embase and BIOSIS will be systematically searched using pre-defined keywords. Additional studies will be identified through manual searching of reference lists. Two independent researchers will assess the eligibility and quality of each study, with disagreements being resolved through discussion or a third reviewer. Studies will be included if they have epigenetic markers measured either at the same time as, or after, the early life exposure and, have a measure of body size, nutrition or SEP in early life (up to 12 years), are in the English language and are from a sample of community-dwelling participants. DISCUSSION This protocol will be used to collate the evidence for the effect of early life factors on the epigenome. Findings will form a component of a wider research study examining epigenetic responses to exposures in early life and over the life course and its impact on healthy ageing using data from population-based cohort studies. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42016050193.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Maddock
- MRC Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B5JU, UK.
| | - Wahyu Wulaningsih
- MRC Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B5JU, UK
| | - Rebecca Hardy
- MRC Lifelong Health and Ageing at UCL, 33 Bedford Place, London, WC1B5JU, UK
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211
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Social and physical environments early in development predict DNA methylation of inflammatory genes in young adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7611-7616. [PMID: 28673994 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1620661114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to a wide range of human diseases, and environments in infancy and childhood are important determinants of inflammatory phenotypes. The underlying biological mechanisms connecting early environments with the regulation of inflammation in adulthood are not known, but epigenetic processes are plausible candidates. We tested the hypothesis that patterns of DNA methylation (DNAm) in inflammatory genes in young adulthood would be predicted by early life nutritional, microbial, and psychosocial exposures previously associated with levels of inflammation. Data come from a population-based longitudinal birth cohort study in metropolitan Cebu, the Philippines, and DNAm was characterized in whole blood samples from 494 participants (age 20-22 y). Analyses focused on probes in 114 target genes involved in the regulation of inflammation, and we identified 10 sites across nine genes where the level of DNAm was significantly predicted by the following variables: household socioeconomic status in childhood, extended absence of a parent in childhood, exposure to animal feces in infancy, birth in the dry season, or duration of exclusive breastfeeding. To evaluate the biological significance of these sites, we tested for associations with a panel of inflammatory biomarkers measured in plasma obtained at the same age as DNAm assessment. Three sites predicted elevated inflammation, and one site predicted lower inflammation, consistent with the interpretation that levels of DNAm at these sites are functionally relevant. This pattern of results points toward DNAm as a potentially important biological mechanism through which developmental environments shape inflammatory phenotypes across the life course.
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212
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Morton PM, Ferraro KF. Does Early-Life Misfortune Increase the Likelihood of Psychotropic Medication Use in Later Life? Res Aging 2017; 40:558-579. [PMID: 28659019 DOI: 10.1177/0164027517717045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Life-course research has linked childhood experiences to adult mental illness, but most studies focus on anxiety or depressive symptoms, which may be transient. Therefore, this study investigates whether childhood misfortune is associated with taking psychotropic medication, a measure reflecting an underlying chronic mental disorder. Data are from three waves of a national survey of 2,999 U.S. men and women aged 25-74 years. Four domains of childhood misfortune (childhood socioeconomic status, family structure, child maltreatment, and poor health) are considered-specified as separate domains and a single additive measure-as key predictors of psychotropic medication use. Findings reveal an association between additive childhood misfortune and adult psychotropic medication use, net of adult risk factors. Psychotropic medication use is also more likely during the 20-year study for adults who experienced maltreatment and poor health during childhood. These results reveal the importance of early intervention to reduce consumption of psychotropic medications and associated costs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth F Ferraro
- 2 Department of Sociology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.,3 Center on Aging and the Life Course, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
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213
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Tabet M, Harper LM, Flick LH, Chang JJ. Gestational Weight Gain in the First Two Pregnancies and Perinatal Outcomes in the Second Pregnancy. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol 2017; 31:304-313. [PMID: 28543169 DOI: 10.1111/ppe.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gestational Weight Gain (GWG) below or above the Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommendations increases the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. However, it remains unknown whether the risk of adverse outcomes is affected by GWG in a previous pregnancy. We examined associations between GWG in the index (second) pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes, including preterm delivery and small for gestational age (SGA), while taking into consideration GWG in the first pregnancy. METHODS In a population-based cohort study (n = 210 564), using the Missouri maternally-linked birth registry (1989-2005), we used multivariable Poisson regression with robust error variance stratified by prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) to evaluate associations between GWG in the index pregnancy and a composite indicator of GWG in the first and second pregnancies and our outcomes of interest, after controlling for sociodemographic and pregnancy-related confounders. RESULTS Associations between GWG in the index pregnancy and pregnancy outcomes were moderated by GWG in the first pregnancy. Despite having GWG within recommendations in the index pregnancy, women had increased risk of preterm delivery and SGA if they had suboptimal GWG in their first pregnancy. Also, women having suboptimal GWG in the index pregnancy had increased risk of preterm delivery only if their GWG in the first pregnancy was also suboptimal. CONCLUSIONS The observation that women who have GWG within recommendations in a current pregnancy may still have increased risk of adverse outcomes if they had suboptimal GWG in the first pregnancy has considerable clinical and public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Tabet
- Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Lorie M Harper
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Washington University in Saint Louis, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Louise H Flick
- Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Jen Jen Chang
- Department of Epidemiology, Saint Louis University College for Public Health and Social Justice, Saint Louis, MO
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214
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Morrison J, Pikhart H, Goldblatt P. Interventions to reduce inequalities in health and early child development in Europe from a qualitative perspective. Int J Equity Health 2017; 16:87. [PMID: 28545461 PMCID: PMC5445266 DOI: 10.1186/s12939-017-0584-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early childhood is a critical stage of development. Inequalities in experiences affect children's wellbeing and determine their development. Early years interventions focusing on children and their parents may help address inequalities during this critical period. Understanding the experiences and perceptions of parents receiving early years programmes and staff providing these may help service development and delivery. The objective of this study was to describe staff and parents' accounts of how early childhood programmes in different European country contexts improved child development. METHODS Five early years programmes were selected using pre-set criteria out of ten proposed ones. Twenty-five individual interviews and six focus groups were carried out with staff running interventions and with users, children and their families in different EU countries. Investigations of the studies were carried out using qualitative research methods. Data were collected by collaborating partner institutions included in the project. RESULTS Participants described programmes which aimed to provide activities to stimulate children's learning through structured play and which provided support and assistance for parents. In these, parents were actively involved in activities. Parents and staff referred to establishing long-term trust based relationships as a key element for programmes to improve parents' self-esteem and reduce their stress levels which in turn helped improve their children's development. CONCLUSIONS Programmes described by staff as being successful, delivered services tailored to parents and their children. Adapting to and understanding the families' circumstances and involving parents was seen by staff as important. Staff also described establishing trust based relationships as a key enabler in programme delivery; their perceptions were that parents should be empowered to develop their own capacities thus strengthening their abilities to assist in their children's learning, which had a positive effect on children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Morrison
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Hynek Pikhart
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University College London, 1-19 Torrington Place, London, WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Peter Goldblatt
- UCL Institute of Health Equity, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, London, UK
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215
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Comaskey B, Roos NP, Brownell M, Enns MW, Chateau D, Ruth CA, Ekuma O. Maternal depression and anxiety disorders (MDAD) and child development: A Manitoba population-based study. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0177065. [PMID: 28542256 PMCID: PMC5443487 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0177065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To examine the association between maternal depression and anxiety disorders (MDAD) and child development assessed during the kindergarten year. Methods Administrative data from several health and social databases in Manitoba, Canada, were used to study 18,331 mother-child pairs. MDAD over the period from one year prior to the child's birth to the kindergarten year was defined using physician diagnoses and filled prescriptions. Child development was assessed during the kindergarten year using the Early Development Instrument (EDI) which measures vulnerability across five domains of development. Structural equation modeling was used to examine associations between timing, recurrence and severity of MDAD and child outcomes. Health at Birth (preterm, low birth weight, neonatal intensive care stay and long birth hospitalization), Family Context (teen mother, lone parent, socio-economic status (SES)), child age and child sex were covariates. Results MDAD had a modest negative association with child EDI scores across all models tested, particularly for social, emotional and physical development. Prenatal MDAD had a stronger negative association with outcomes than other time periods; however, recurrent MDAD had a stronger negative association with outcomes than any specific time period or MDAD severity. The influence of MDAD was mediated by Family Context, which had a strong, negative association with outcomes, particularly language and cognitive development. Conclusion The number of time periods a child was exposed to MDAD in early childhood was more negatively associated with five areas of child development than timing or severity. Prenatal exposure may be more sensitive to MDAD than other time periods. The familial context (teen mother, lone parenthood and low SES) had a stronger influence on child outcomes than MDAD. Findings can be used to inform interventions which address maternal mental health from the prenatal period onward, and to support disadvantaged families to encourage healthy birth outcomes, early childhood development and school readiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Comaskey
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Noralou P. Roos
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Marni Brownell
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Murray W. Enns
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Dan Chateau
- Department of Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Chelsea A. Ruth
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Neonatology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Okechukwu Ekuma
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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216
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Traverso-Yepez M, Rourke L, Luscombe S. Connecting the Dots: An Ecological Lens to Preventive Measures for Adverse Childhood Experiences. SOCIAL WORK IN PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 32:339-354. [PMID: 28535118 DOI: 10.1080/19371918.2017.1295897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adversity in early childhood may have a profound impact on physical and mental health as well as general well-being later in life. Despite increasing research evidence on the lifelong impact of adverse experiences, one of the key questions that motivated this research was how to translate this knowledge into preventive measures. This article presents data from an exploratory study aimed to explore strategies and effective practices to prevent adverse experiences in early childhood. An ecological framework organized participants' suggested actions, highlighting the importance of proactive, multifaceted approaches and interventions that connect the child to the background environment where adversity takes place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martha Traverso-Yepez
- a Division of Community Health and Humanities, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Canada
| | - Leslie Rourke
- b Discipline of Family Medicine, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland , St John's, Canada
| | - Sandra Luscombe
- c Discipline of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine , Memorial University of Newfoundland, St John's, Canada; Janeway Children's Health and Rehabilitation Centre , St John's, Canada
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217
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Minh A, Muhajarine N, Janus M, Brownell M, Guhn M. A review of neighborhood effects and early child development: How, where, and for whom, do neighborhoods matter? Health Place 2017; 46:155-174. [PMID: 28528276 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2017.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes a scoping review of 42 studies of neighborhood effects on developmental health for children ages 0-6, published between 2009 and 2014. It focuses on three themes: (1) theoretical mechanisms that drive early childhood development, i.e. how neighborhoods matter for early childhood development; (2) dependence of such mechanisms on place-based characteristics i.e. where neighborhood effects occur; (3) dependence of such mechanisms on child characteristics, i.e. for whom is development most affected. Given that ecological systems theories postulate diverse mechanisms via which neighborhood characteristics affect early child development, we specifically examine evidence on mediation and/or moderation effects. We conclude by discussing future challenges, and proposing recommendations for analyses that utilize ecological longitudinal population-based databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Minh
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3.
| | - Nazeem Muhajarine
- Saskatchewan Population Health and Evaluation Research Unit, University of Saskatchewan, 3333 E-Wing, Health Sciences Building, 104 Clinic Place, Saskatoon, SK, Canada S7N 2Z4
| | - Magdalena Janus
- The Offord Centre for Child Studies, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
| | - Marni Brownell
- Manitoba Centre for Health Policy, Community Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, 408-727 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3P5
| | - Martin Guhn
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, 2206 E Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z3
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218
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Andersson MA, Vaughan K. Adult health returns to education by key childhood social and economic indicators: Results from representative European data. SSM Popul Health 2017; 3:411-418. [PMID: 29349234 PMCID: PMC5769062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the United States, associations between attained education and adult health typically are larger for those from disadvantaged childhood backgrounds. However, it remains unclear how specific key childhood indicators contribute to these adult health patterns, especially outside the United States. Drawing on the 2014 European Social Survey (20 countries; N=31544), we investigate the key childhood and adolescent indicators of parental education, childhood financial strain, and any serious household conflict growing up, given how these early exposures are known to correlate strongly with both educational attainment and adult health. In regressions with country fixed effects, we find across Europe that higher levels of education are more strongly linked to lessened adult depressive symptoms when childhood disadvantage is present in terms of lower levels of parental education or higher childhood financial strain specifically. However, adjusted predictions reveal that childhood financial strain contributes to this heterogeneity in educational returns far more strongly than parental education. For self-rated health, only childhood financial strain enhances estimated educational health benefits when considering all key childhood social and economic factors jointly. Similarly, childhood financial strain in particular enhances educational protection against overall rates of disease in adulthood. Overall, our findings support prior work on United States data revealing higher educational health returns given childhood disadvantage. At the same time, our findings across three distinct adult health indicators suggest the particular importance of childhood financial strain to understanding heterogeneity in educational health returns.
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219
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220
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Theoretical Insights into Preconception Social Conditions and Perinatal Health: The Role of Place and Social Relationships. POPULATION RESEARCH AND POLICY REVIEW 2017; 36:639-669. [PMID: 29398741 DOI: 10.1007/s11113-017-9430-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Recent efforts to explain the stark social and racial disparities in adverse birth outcomes that have persisted for decades in the U.S. have looked beyond prenatal factors, to explore preconception social conditions that may influence perinatal health via dysregulation of physiologic processes. The extant evidence supporting this link however remains limited, both due to a lack of data and theory. To address the latter, this manuscript generates a structured set of theoretical insights that further develop the link between two preconception social conditions - place and social relationships - and perinatal health. The insights propose the following. PLACE necessarily encompasses all social contexts to which females are exposed from infancy through young adulthood; encompasses a variety of related exposures that, when possible, should be jointly considered; and may compound the effect of poverty-in childhood, adolescence, or young adulthood-on perinatal health. Social relationships: span relationships from early life through adulthood, and extend to intergenerational associations; often involve (or induce) major changes in the lives of individuals and should be examined with an emphasis on the developmental stage in which the change occurred; and necessarily encompass a lack of social integration, or, social isolation. We also identify potential biological and social-structural mechanisms linking these preconception social conditions to perinatal health, and conclude by identifying promising directions for future research.
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221
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Thomas JC, Letourneau N, Bryce CI, Campbell TS, Giesbrecht GF. Biological embedding of perinatal social relationships in infant stress reactivity. Dev Psychobiol 2017; 59:425-435. [PMID: 28220490 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Whereas significant advances have been made in understanding how exposure to early adversity "gets under the skin" of children to result in long term changes in developmental outcomes, the processes by which positive social relationships become biologically embedded remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to understand the pathways by which maternal and infant social environments become biologically embedded in infant cortisol reactivity. Two hundred seventy-two pregnant women and their infants were prospectively assessed during pregnancy and at 6 months postpartum. In serial mediation analyses, higher perceived social support from partners during pregnancy was associated with lower infant cortisol reactivity or larger decreases in cortisol in response to a stressor at 6 months of age via lower self-reported prenatal maternal depression and higher mother-infant interaction quality. The findings add to our understanding of how perinatal social relationships become biologically embedded in child development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna C Thomas
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculties of Nursing and Medicine (Pediatrics and Psychiatry), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics and Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Crystal I Bryce
- T. Denny Sanford School of Social and Family Dynamics, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona
| | - Tavis S Campbell
- Department of Psychology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gerald F Giesbrecht
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.,Faculties of Nursing and Medicine (Pediatrics and Psychiatry), University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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222
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Hostinar CE, Nusslock R, Miller GE. Future Directions in the Study of Early-Life Stress and Physical and Emotional Health: Implications of the Neuroimmune Network Hypothesis. JOURNAL OF CLINICAL CHILD AND ADOLESCENT PSYCHOLOGY 2017; 47:142-156. [PMID: 28107039 DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1266647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Early-life stress is associated with increased vulnerability to physical and emotional health problems across the lifespan. The recently developed neuroimmune network hypothesis proposes that one of the underlying mechanisms for these associations is that early-life stress amplifies bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and the immune system, contributing to several mental and physical health conditions that have inflammatory underpinnings, such as depression and coronary heart disease. Neuroimmune crosstalk is thought to perpetuate inflammation and neural alterations linked to early-life stress exposure, and also foster behaviors that can further compromise health, such as smoking, drug abuse and consumption of high-fat diets. The goal of the present review is to briefly summarize the neuroimmune network hypothesis and use it as a starting point for generating new questions about the role of early-life stress in establishing a dysregulated relationship between neural and immune signaling, with consequences for lifespan physical and emotional health. Specifically, we aim to discuss implications and future directions for theory and empirical research on early-life stress, as well as for interventions that may improve the health and well-being of children and adolescents living in adverse conditions.
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223
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Ramirez J, Elmofty M, Castillo E, DeRouen M, Shariff-Marco S, Allen L, Gomez SL, Nápoles AM, Márquez-Magaña L. Evaluation of cortisol and telomere length measurements in ethnically diverse women with breast cancer using culturally sensitive methods. J Community Genet 2017; 8:75-86. [PMID: 28050886 PMCID: PMC5386910 DOI: 10.1007/s12687-016-0288-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The under-representation of ethnic minority participants, who are more likely to be socially disadvantaged in biomedical research, limits generalizability of results and reductions in health disparities. To facilitate investigations of how social disadvantage “gets under the skin,” this pilot study evaluated low-intensity methods for collecting hair and saliva samples from multiethnic breast cancer survivors (N = 70) and analysis of biomarkers of chronic stress (cortisol levels) and biological age (telomere length). Methods allowed for easy self-collection of hair (for cortisol) and saliva (for telomere lengths) samples that were highly stable for shipment and long-term storage. Measuring cortisol in hair as a biomarker of chronic stress was found to overcome many of the limitations of salivary cortisol measurements, and the coefficient of variation obtained using an ELISA-based approach to measure cortisol was within acceptable standards (16%). Telomere length measurements obtained using a qPCR approach had a coefficient of variation of <10% when the DNA extracted from the saliva biospecimens was of sufficient quantity and quality (84%). The overall response rate was 47%; rates were 32% for African-Americans, 39% for Latinas, 40% for Asians, and 82% for non-Latina Whites. Self-collection of hair and saliva overcame cultural and logistical barriers associated with collection of blood. Results support the use of these biospecimen collection and analysis methods among ethnically diverse and disadvantaged populations to identify biopsychosocial pathways of health disparities. Our tools should stimulate research to better understand how social disadvantage “gets under the skin” and increase participation of ethnic minorities in biomedical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Ramirez
- Health Equity Research Laboratory, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - May Elmofty
- Health Equity Research Laboratory, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Esperanza Castillo
- Health Equity Research Laboratory, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA
| | - Mindy DeRouen
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite #300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Lorry Lokey Building/SIM 1, 265 Campus Drive, Ste G2103, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Salma Shariff-Marco
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite #300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Lorry Lokey Building/SIM 1, 265 Campus Drive, Ste G2103, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Laura Allen
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite #300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA
| | - Scarlett Lin Gomez
- Cancer Prevention Institute of California, 2201 Walnut Avenue, Suite #300, Fremont, CA, 94538, USA.,Stanford Cancer Institute, Lorry Lokey Building/SIM 1, 265 Campus Drive, Ste G2103, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Anna María Nápoles
- Center for Aging in Diverse Communities, Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine and the Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, USA
| | - Leticia Márquez-Magaña
- Health Equity Research Laboratory, San Francisco State University, 1600 Holloway Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94132, USA.
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224
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Wallack L, Thornburg K. Developmental Origins, Epigenetics, and Equity: Moving Upstream. Matern Child Health J 2017; 20:935-40. [PMID: 27029539 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-1970-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease and the related science of epigenetics redefines the meaning of what constitutes upstream approaches to significant social and public health problems. An increasingly frequent concept being expressed is "When it comes to your health, your zip code may be more important than your genetic code". Epigenetics explains how the environment-our zip code-literally gets under our skin, creates biological changes that increase our vulnerability for disease, and even children's prospects for social success, over their life course and into future generations. This science requires us to rethink where disease comes from and the best way to promote health. It identifies the most fundamental social equity issue in our society: that initial social and biological disadvantage, established even prior to birth, and linked to the social experience of prior generations, is made worse by adverse environments throughout the life course. But at the same time, it provides hope because it tells us that a concerted focus on using public policy to improve our social, physical, and economic environments can ultimately change our biology and the trajectory of health and social success into future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence Wallack
- Center for Public Health Studies, Portland State University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
| | - Kent Thornburg
- Bob and Charlee Moore Institute for Nutrition & Wellness, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Center for Developmental Health, Knight Cardiovascular Institute, Portland, OR, USA
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225
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Scribner RA, Simonsen NR, Leonardi C. The Social Determinants of Health Core: Taking a Place-Based Approach. Am J Prev Med 2017; 52:S13-S19. [PMID: 27989288 PMCID: PMC6540790 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION There is growing recognition that health disparities research needs to incorporate social determinants in the local environment into explanatory models. In the transdisciplinary setting of the Mid-South Transdisciplinary Collaborative Center (TCC), the Social Determinants of Health (SDH) Core developed an approach to incorporating SDH across a variety of studies. This place-based approach, which is geographically based, transdisciplinary, and inherently multilevel, is discussed. METHODS From 2014 through 2016, the SDH Core consulted on a variety of Mid-South TCC research studies with the goal of incorporating social determinants into their research designs. The approach used geospatial methods (e.g., geocoding) to link individual data files with measures of the physical and social environment in the SDH Core database. Once linked, the method permitted various types of analysis (e.g., multilevel analysis) to determine if racial disparities could be explained in terms of social determinants in the local environment. RESULTS The SDH Core consulted on five Mid-South TCC research projects. In resulting analyses for all the studies, a significant portion of the variance in one or more outcomes was partially explained by a social determinant from the SDH Core database. CONCLUSIONS The SDH Core approach to addressing health disparities by linking neighborhood social and physical environment measures to an individual-level data file proved to be a successful approach across Mid-South TCC research projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Scribner
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana.
| | - Neal R Simonsen
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Claudia Leonardi
- Louisiana Cancer Research Center, School of Public Health, Louisiana State University, New Orleans, Louisiana
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226
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Hsiao C, Richter L, Makusha T, Matafwali B, van Heerden A, Mabaso M. Use of the ages and stages questionnaire adapted for South Africa and Zambia. Child Care Health Dev 2017; 43:59-66. [PMID: 27709653 DOI: 10.1111/cch.12413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are few readily available, relatively easy to use and culturally adaptable developmental assessment tools for young children in southern Africa. The overarching aim of this study is to test the psychometric properties, contextual appropriateness and cut-off scores across 21 age groups of the Ages and Stages Questionnaire Third Edition (Squires & Bricker, ) among a group of typically developing children in South Africa and Zambia through a combination of both caregiver-report and direct observations, and to compare children's performance across sociodemographic variables. METHODS The sample consisted of 853 children (50.5% Zambia, with 50.1% girls for Zambia and 50% girls for South Africa) aged 2 months to 60 months. Information on caregiver employment, education and household assets were also obtained. RESULTS The psychometric properties of the ASQ-3 in southern Africa are consistent with those found in the extant literature. Analysis of item difficulty at each age reveals adequate levels of difficulty for majority of the items, with exception of the problem solving domain where half of the items at 54 and 60 months have poor pass rates. Sociodemographic variables were significantly associated with children's performance: higher caregiver levels of education are associated with higher toddler scores on the personal-social domain and higher preschooler scores on the problem solving domain; children whose caregivers earn a salary have higher fine motor scores during toddlerhood and higher problem solving scores during preschool and children who attend preschools have higher gross motor scores during toddlerhood and higher fine motor scores during the preschool years. CONCLUSIONS Findings provide evidence to support the psychometric properties and feasibility of using the ASQ-3 in both South Africa and Zambia through a combination of caregiver-report and direct observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hsiao
- MRC/Wits Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, University of the Witwatersrand, Gauteng, South Africa
| | - L Richter
- DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Human Development, University of the Witwatersrand, Parktown, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Human Sciences Research Council, Dalridge, Durban, South Africa
| | - T Makusha
- Human Sciences Research Council, Dalridge, Durban, South Africa
| | - B Matafwali
- University of Zambia, Department of Educational Psychology, Sociology and Special Education, University of Zambia, School of Education, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - A van Heerden
- Human Sciences Research Council, Dalridge, Durban, South Africa
| | - M Mabaso
- Human Sciences Research Council, Dalridge, Durban, South Africa
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227
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Filho AVA, Calixto MS, Deeley K, Santos N, Rosenblatt A, Vieira AR. MMP20 rs1784418 Protects Certain Populations against Caries. Caries Res 2016; 51:46-51. [PMID: 27992873 DOI: 10.1159/000452345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to further evaluate the association of MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience with the hypothesis that MMP20 rs1784418 C>T is a risk factor for dental caries. 184 children 4-7 years of age had their caries experience determined and buccal cheek swabs collected for DNA extraction to test for association with the MMP20 rs1784418 C>T using standard statistical approaches. A meta-analytic approach was also implemented to compile previous discrepant reports of the same association. We found an association between MMP20 rs1784418 C>T and dental caries experience in primary dentition (p = 0.01). The meta-analysis showed that this association appears to favor individuals born in Brazil and not Turkey. MMP20 rs1784418 C>T appears to protect against dental caries, but its effects are likely to be more marked in certain populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnôldo V A Filho
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
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Odgers CL. Income inequality and the developing child: Is it all relative? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 70:722-31. [PMID: 26618957 DOI: 10.1037/a0039836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Children from low-income families are at heightened risk for a number of poor outcomes, including depression, antisocial behavior, poor physical health, and educational failure. Growing up in poverty is generally seen as toxic for children. However, less is known about how the "economic distance" between children and their peers influences behavior and health. This article examines how both poverty and the growing divide between low-income children and their peers may be influencing low-income children's life chances. Among wealthy nations, children in countries with higher levels of income inequality consistently fare worse on multiple indices of health, educational attainment, and well-being. New research also suggests that low-income children may be experiencing worse outcomes, and a form of "double disadvantage," when they live and attend school alongside more affluent versus similarly positioned peers. The role of subjective social status in explaining why some low-income children appear to suffer when growing up alongside more affluent peers is explored, alongside a call for additional research focused on how children come to understand, and respond to, their perceived social status. (PsycINFO Database Record
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229
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Zebdi R, Goyet L, Pinabiaux C, Guellaï B. Psychological Disorders and Ecological Factors Affect the Development of Executive Functions: Some Perspectives. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:195. [PMID: 28003806 PMCID: PMC5141242 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The links between deficits in executive functions (EFs) (e.g., mental flexibility, inhibition capacities, etc.) and some psychological disorders (e.g., anxiety and depressive disorders) have been investigated in the past decades or so. Observations evidenced that some deficits in working memory, planning, and mental flexibility were highly correlated with anxiety and depressive disorders. The majority of studies focused on adults' population, whereas it seems important to adopt a developmental perspective to fully understand the dynamic relation of these EF/psychological disorders. We suggest to focus on the following two axes in future research: (i) relations between EF and anxiety traits through development and (ii) the possible role of external factors such as parent-child relationships on the development of EF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafika Zebdi
- Laboratoire EvaCliPsy (EA CLIPSYD 4430), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
| | - Louise Goyet
- Laboratoire Paragraphe (EA 349), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis, Saint-Denis, France
| | - Charlotte Pinabiaux
- Laboratoire CHArt (EA 4004), Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
| | - Bahia Guellaï
- Laboratoire Ethologie, Cognition, Développement, Université Paris Ouest Nanterre La Défense, Nanterre, France
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230
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Sealy-Jefferson S, Slaughter-Acey J, Caldwell CH, Kwarteng J, Misra DP. Neighborhood Disadvantage and Preterm Delivery in Urban African Americans: The Moderating Role of Religious Coping. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:656-661. [PMID: 28367490 PMCID: PMC5371396 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that neighborhood disadvantage predicts preterm delivery (PTD). However, the design of most existing studies precludes within-group analyses, which would allow the identification segments of the population at highest risk, as well as preventive factors. African Americans (AA) are disproportionately affected by PTD, are disproportionately concentrated in disadvantaged neighborhoods, and frequently use religious coping in response to chronic stressors. Our objective was to examine the association between neighborhood disadvantage and PTD, and whether religious coping moderated the associations, among postpartum AA women. Addresses from participants of the Life Influences on Fetal Environments Study (n=1387) were geocoded and linked to data from the American Community Survey. An index of neighborhood disadvantage was derived from a principal components analysis of the following variables: % below poverty, % unemployed, % receiving public assistance income, % college educated, % AA, % female-headed households, % owner occupied homes, median income, and median home value. Three domains of religious coping were assessed: organizational (church attendance), non-organizational (praying for self and asking others for prayer), and personal or subjective (experiences, perceptions, and sentiments about religion), and all were dichotomized as frequent/infrequent or satisfied/not satisfied. Preterm delivery was defined as birth before 37 completed weeks of gestation. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated with log binomial regression models. Neighborhood disadvantage did not predict PTD rates in the overall sample. However, there was evidence of moderation by asking others for prayer (P for asking for prayer X disadvantage index interaction term: 0.01). Among women who infrequently asked others for prayer, neighborhood disadvantage was positively associated with PTD rates (adjusted Prevalence ratio: 1.28, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.01, 1.63), and a null association was found for those who frequently asked others for prayer. No evidence of moderation by the other religious coping variables was present. Non-organizational religious coping may buffer against the adverse effects of neighborhood disadvantage on PTD rates, among urban AA women. Future research should examine the mechanisms of the reported relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawnita Sealy-Jefferson
- Virginia Commonwealth University, Department of Family Medicine and Population Health, Division of Epidemiology
| | | | - Cleopatra H Caldwell
- University of Michigan, School of Public Health, Department of Health Behavior and Health Education
| | | | - Dawn P Misra
- Wayne State University, School of Medicine, Department of Family Medicine and Public Health Sciences
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231
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Neighbourhood socioeconomic status indices and early childhood development. SSM Popul Health 2016; 3:48-56. [PMID: 29349203 PMCID: PMC5769026 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental health of young children is highly influenced by the socioeconomic conditions in which they are raised. How to accurately measure these conditions is a point of debate in the current literature on child development, health, and social determinants. We have evaluated four existing indices of socioeconomic status (SES) to determine the most relevant for the analysis of early childhood development (ECD) in Canada. Following a literature review of published SES indices which used 2006 Canadian Census data, four indices were chosen based on their relevance to ECD and the number of citations in subsequent articles. These were: the Canadian Deprivation Index, the Socioeconomic Factor Index, the Canadian Marginalization Index and an index created by the Early Childhood Mapping Project in Alberta, Canada. The indices were replicated using SES data for 2038 customized geographic neighbourhoods encompassing 99.9% of the Canadian population, and the relationship of the indices to ECD was investigated by linking to aggregated data from the Early Development Instrument (EDI), a teacher-completed questionnaire used to assess kindergarten children's physical, social, emotional, and cognitive development, and communication skills. The derived SES indices were compared based on four criteria: the input variables used, the index structure, the interpretability of the index and the variance they explained (R2) in the different EDI outcome measures. In terms of variance explained, material components of the SES indices (e.g., income, education) consistently showed the strongest association with children's language and cognitive development. The patterns of association for the non-material SES components and the other developmental domains of the EDI were more complex. We discuss the findings in regard to current developments in the field, and the need for refining empirical and theoretical approaches to examine associations between different facets of SES contextual factors and different aspects of ECD outcomes. Systematic Canadian analysis of socioeconomic gradients in early child development. Comparison of four census-based socioeconomic indices in relation to EDI data. Association between SES and early childhood development differs across Canadian provinces. Material components were most strongly associated with language and cognitive development. Socioeconomic indices have a trade-off between explanatory power and interpretability.
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232
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Devine RT, Hughes C. Family Correlates of False Belief Understanding in Early Childhood: A Meta-Analysis. Child Dev 2016; 89:971-987. [DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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233
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Chor E. Multigenerational Head Start Participation: An Unexpected Marker of Progress. Child Dev 2016; 89:264-279. [PMID: 27868191 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
One-quarter of the Head Start population has a mother who participated in the program as a child. This study uses experimental Head Start Impact Study (HSIS) data on 3- and 4-year-olds (N = 2,849) to describe multigenerational Head Start families and their program experiences. In sharp contrast to full-sample HSIS findings, Head Start has large, positive impacts on cognitive and socioemotional development through third grade among the children of former participant mothers, including improved mathematics skills and reductions in withdrawn and aggressive behavior. Evidence suggests that differences in program impacts between single- and multigenerational Head Start families are driven largely by differences in family resources and home learning environments.
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234
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Esposito EA, Jones MJ, Doom JR, MacIsaac JL, Gunnar MR, Kobor MS. Differential DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adolescents exposed to significant early but not later childhood adversity. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 28:1385-1399. [PMID: 26847422 PMCID: PMC5903568 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Internationally adopted adolescents who are adopted as young children from conditions of poverty and deprivation have poorer physical and mental health outcomes than do adolescents conceived, born, and raised in the United States by families similar to those who adopt internationally. Using a sample of Russian and Eastern European adoptees to control for Caucasian race and US birth, and nonadopted offspring of well-educated and well-resourced parents to control for postadoption conditions, we hypothesized that the important differences in environments, conception to adoption, might be reflected in epigenetic patterns between groups, specifically in DNA methylation. Thus, we conducted an epigenome-wide association study to compare DNA methylation profiles at approximately 416,000 individual CpG loci from peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 50 adopted youth and 33 nonadopted youth. Adopted youth averaged 22 months at adoption, and both groups averaged 15 years at testing; thus, roughly 80% of their lives were lived in similar circumstances. Although concurrent physical health did not differ, cell-type composition predicted using the DNA methylation data revealed a striking difference in the white blood cell-type composition of the adopted and nonadopted youth. After correcting for cell type and removing invariant probes, 30 CpG sites in 19 genes were more methylated in the adopted group. We also used an exploratory functional analysis that revealed that 223 gene ontology terms, clustered in neural and developmental categories, were significantly enriched between groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa A. Esposito
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Widener University, One University Place, Chester, PA 19013
| | - Meaghan J. Jones
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Jenalee R. Doom
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Julia L MacIsaac
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Megan R. Gunnar
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Canada
| | - Michael S. Kobor
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, 950 West 28 Avenue, Vancouver, V5Z 4H4, Canada
- Child and Brain Development Program, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Canada
- Human Early Learning Partnership, School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia
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235
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Nist MD. Biological embedding: evaluation and analysis of an emerging concept for nursing scholarship. J Adv Nurs 2016; 73:349-360. [PMID: 27682606 DOI: 10.1111/jan.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM The purpose of this paper was to report the analysis of the concept of biological embedding. BACKGROUND Research that incorporates a life course perspective is becoming increasingly prominent in the health sciences. Biological embedding is a central concept in life course theory and may be important for nursing theories to enhance our understanding of health states in individuals and populations. Before the concept of biological embedding can be used in nursing theory and research, an analysis of the concept is required to advance it towards full maturity. DESIGN Concept analysis. DATA SOURCES PubMed, CINAHL and PsycINFO were searched for publications using the term 'biological embedding' or 'biological programming' and published through 2015. METHODS An evaluation of the concept was first conducted to determine the concept's level of maturity and was followed by a concept comparison, using the methods for concept evaluation and comparison described by Morse. RESULTS A consistent definition of biological embedding - the process by which early life experience alters biological processes to affect adult health outcomes - was found throughout the literature. The concept has been used in several theories that describe the mechanisms through which biological embedding might occur and highlight its role in the development of health trajectories. Biological embedding is a partially mature concept, requiring concept comparison with an overlapping concept - biological programming - to more clearly establish the boundaries of biological embedding. CONCLUSIONS Biological embedding has significant potential for theory development and application in multiple academic disciplines, including nursing.
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Halfon N, Wise PH, Forrest CB. The changing nature of children's health development: new challenges require major policy solutions. Health Aff (Millwood) 2016; 33:2116-24. [PMID: 25489029 DOI: 10.1377/hlthaff.2014.0944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology and social context of American childhood are rapidly changing. Adverse social, economic, and child-rearing conditions are loading children down with preventable illness, physical and behavioral disability, and dysfunction. This new epidemiology of childhood is swamping the capacity of the nation's health care system, schools, juvenile justice facilities, and child protective services to respond to the needs of those they serve. This low-performing system not only jeopardizes the health of children, it also jeopardizes the health of the adults they will become. In this article we review the science of life-course health development, a new field that provides a powerful explanatory framework for understanding how poor health and social adversity during childhood can affect lifelong health. We then present five ambitious policy recommendations to integrate educational, health, social, and economic initiatives designed to enhance health. Our bold but pragmatic goal is that by 2025, US children will have the highest levels of health among industrialized nations, instead of where US children currently rank-among the worst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Halfon
- Neal Halfon is a professor of pediatrics at the Geffen School of Medicine; a professor of health policy and management at the Fielding School of Public Health; and a professor of public policy at the Luskin School of Public Affairs, all at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), and is director of the UCLA Center for Healthier Children, Families, and Communities
| | - Paul H Wise
- Paul H. Wise is the Richard E. Behrman Professor in Child Health in the Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, in California
| | - Christopher B Forrest
- Christopher B. Forrest is a professor of pediatrics at the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia
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237
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Kemp BR, Ferraro KF, Morton PM, Mustillo SA. Early Origins of Adult Cancer Risk Among Men and Women: Influence of Childhood Misfortune? J Aging Health 2016; 30:140-163. [PMID: 27683354 DOI: 10.1177/0898264316670049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the effect of five childhood misfortune domains-parental behavior, socioeconomic status, infectious diseases, chronic diseases, and impairments-on all-site and selected site-specific cancer prevalence and all-site cancer incidence. METHOD Panel data from the Health and Retirement Study (2004-2012) were used to investigate cancer risk among adults above the age of 50. RESULTS Risky parental behavior and impairment in childhood were associated with higher odds of all-site cancer prevalence, and childhood chronic disease was associated with prostate cancer, even after adjusting for adult health and socioeconomic factors. Moreover, having one infectious disease in childhood lowered the odds of colon cancer. Cancer trends varied by race and ethnicity, most notably, higher prostate cancer prevalence among Black men and lower all-site cancer among Hispanic adults. DISCUSSION These findings underscore the importance of examining multiple domains of misfortune because the type and amount of misfortune influence cancer risk in different ways.
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238
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Hartinger SM, Lanata CF, Hattendorf J, Wolf J, Gil AI, Obando MO, Noblega M, Verastegui H, Mäusezahl D. Impact of a child stimulation intervention on early child development in rural Peru: a cluster randomised trial using a reciprocal control design. J Epidemiol Community Health 2016; 71:217-224. [PMID: 27612978 PMCID: PMC5318653 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2015-206536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Objective Stimulation in early childhood can alleviate adverse effects of poverty. In a community-randomised trial, we implemented 2 home-based interventions, each serving as an attention control for the other. One group received an integrated household intervention package (IHIP), whereas the other group received an early child development (ECD) intervention. The primary objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of IHIP on diarrhoea and respiratory infections, the details of which are described elsewhere. Here, we present the impact of the ECD intervention on early childhood development indicators. Methods In this non-blinded community-randomised trial, an ECD intervention, adapted from the Peruvian government's National Wawa Wasi ECD programme, was implemented in 25 rural Peruvian Andean communities. We enrolled 534 children aged 6–35 months, from 50 communities randomised 1:1 into ECD and IHIP communities. In ECD communities, trained fieldworkers instructed mothers every 3 weeks over the 12 months study, to stimulate and interact with their children and to use standard programme toys. IHIP communities received an improved stove and hygiene promotion. Using a nationally validated ECD evaluation instrument, all children were assessed at baseline and 12 months later for overall performance on age-specific developmental milestones which fall into 7 developmental domains. Findings At baseline, ECD-group and IHIP-group children performed similarly in all domains. After 12 months, data from 258 ECD-group and 251 IHIP-group children could be analysed. The proportion of children scoring above the mean in their specific age group was significantly higher in the ECD group in all domains (range: 12–23%-points higher than IHIP group). We observed the biggest difference in fine motor skills (62% vs 39% scores above the mean, OR: 2.6, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.9). Conclusions The home-based ECD intervention effectively improved child development overall across domains and separately by investigated domain. Home-based strategies could be a promising component of poverty alleviation programmes seeking to improve developmental outcomes among rural Peruvian children. Trial registration number ISRCTN28191222; results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Maria Hartinger
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.,Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | | | - Jan Hattendorf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennyfer Wolf
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Hector Verastegui
- Instituto de Investigación Nutricional, Lima, Perú.,Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Perú
| | - Daniel Mäusezahl
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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239
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Andersson MA. Chronic Disease at Midlife: Do Parent-child Bonds Modify the Effect of Childhood SES? JOURNAL OF HEALTH AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR 2016; 57:373-89. [PMID: 27601411 DOI: 10.1177/0022146516661596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Childhood socioeconomic status (SES) often is associated with physical health even decades later. However, parent-child emotional bonds during childhood may modify the importance of childhood SES to emergent health inequalities across the life course. Drawing on national data on middle-aged adults (1995 and 2005 National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States; MIDUS; Ns = 2,746 and 1,632), I find that compromised parent-child bonds eliminate the association between childhood SES and midlife disease. Longitudinal models of incident disease across one decade show that childhood abuse in particular continues to undermine the health protection associated with childhood SES. When childhood SES is moderate to high, compromised parent-child bonds lead to no predicted health benefits from childhood SES. In total, these findings direct attention to parent-child bonds as social-psychological levers for the transmission of class-based health advantages.
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240
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Siddiqi A, Jones MK, Bruce DJ, Erwin PC. Do racial inequities in infant mortality correspond to variations in societal conditions? A study of state-level income inequality in the U.S., 1992-2007. Soc Sci Med 2016; 164:49-58. [PMID: 27471130 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prior studies have examined the association between income inequality and overall infant mortality rates (IMR). We examine effects of income inequality on racial inequities in IMR over the period 1992-2007 in the U.S. METHODS Race-specific state IMR data were obtained from 1992 to 2007, from which absolute and relative IMR inequities were calculated. Fixed and random effects models, adjusted for state-level median income, percent poverty, percent high school graduates, and unemployment rate, were used to determine contemporaneous and lagged state-level associations between income inequality and racial IMR inequities. RESULTS Racial IMR inequities varied significantly across the U.S. Contemporaneous income inequality was negatively associated with white IMR only. Two-year lagged income inequality was negatively associated with black IMR and had the most pronounced effect on racial inequities in IMR. DISCUSSION Future studies should consider lagged effects of income inequality on IMR and other health outcomes, and should examine other potential societal conditions that may account for state-level variations in racial IMR inequities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjumand Siddiqi
- Division of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, USA.
| | | | - Donald J Bruce
- Department of Economics, University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA
| | - Paul C Erwin
- Department of Public Health, College of Education, Health, and Human Sciences, University of Tennessee Knoxville, USA
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Abstract
As the basic sciences that inform conceptions of human health advance, so must the models that are used to frame additional research, to teach the next generation of providers, and to inform health policy. This article briefly reviews the evolution from a biomedical model to a biopsychosocial (BPS) model and to an ecobiodevelopmental (EBD) model. Like the BPS model, the EBD model reaffirms the biological significance of psychosocial features within the patient's ecology, but it does so at the molecular and cellular levels. More importantly, the EBD model adds the dimension of time, forcing providers to "think developmentally" and to acknowledge the considerable biological and psychological consequences of previous experiences. For the health care system to move from a reactive "sick care" system to a proactive "well care" system, all providers must begin thinking developmentally by acknowledging the dynamic but cumulative dance between nature and nurture that drives development, behavior, and health, not only in childhood, but across the lifespan.
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242
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Bloemraad I, Terriquez V. Cultures of engagement: The organizational foundations of advancing health in immigrant and low-income communities of color. Soc Sci Med 2016; 165:214-222. [PMID: 26898114 PMCID: PMC5012884 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A rich civic infrastructure of community-based organizations (CBOs) can help generate, diffuse and maintain a culture of engagement and health that benefits marginalized populations most at risk for illness, disability, and poor health. Attention to CBOs advances "meso-level" frameworks for understanding health cultures and outcomes by going beyond attention to social networks and social identities. We focus on three mechanisms: CBOs can (1) empower individuals by developing civic capacity and personal efficacy; (2) foster solidarity by building networks, social identities and a shared commitment to collective well-being; and (3) mobilize people to have a voice in health-related policies and programming, thereby affecting community well-being. We draw on theory and research in sociology, political science and psychology, and we illustrate the utility of a CBO approach by examining survey and semi-structured interview data from participants in youth civic groups in 13 low-income, predominantly immigrant communities in California. Interview data illustrate the ways in which CBOs enhance members' civic capacities, provide a sense of empowerment and efficacy to engage in healthy behaviors, develop solidarity among diverse participants, and elaborate networks among those committed to community well-being. We also discuss CBO-led campaigns in which youth mobilized for change in policies and practices of local institutions to illustrate possible community-wide health consequences of CBO engagement. CBOs can thus generate individual-level well-being effects, and reduce structural barriers to good health through changes in the broader environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bloemraad
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Berkeley, United States.
| | - Veronica Terriquez
- Department of Sociology, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
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Health returns to education by family socioeconomic origins, 1980-2008: Testing the importance of gender, cohort, and age. SSM Popul Health 2016; 2:549-560. [PMID: 29349171 PMCID: PMC5757957 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssmph.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies find that health returns to education are elevated among those who come from disadvantaged families. These findings suggest that education may be a health resource that compensates or “substitutes” for lower parental socioeconomic status. Alternatively, some studies find support for a cumulative (dis)advantage perspective, such that educational health returns are higher among those who already were advantaged, widening initial health (dis)advantages across the life course. However, it remains unclear whether these findings are dependent on gender or cohort, and this is a fundamental oversight given marked differences between men and women in educational and health inequalities across the twentieth century. Drawing on national US data (1980–2002 General Social Survey with 2008 National Death Index Link), I indeed find that the presence or strength of resource substitution or cumulative (dis)advantage depends upon health measure as well as gender and cohort. For self-rated health, cumulative (dis)advantage explains educational health disparities, but among men only. Cumulative (dis)advantage in avoiding fair or poor health is partly explained by cohort and age variation in health returns to education, and cumulative (dis)advantage in excellent health is more robust in earlier cohorts and at older ages. For mortality, resource substitution is instead supported, but for women only. Among those from disadvantaged families, educational mortality buffering increases with cohort but diminishes with age. Taken together, these findings confirm prior research showing that adult health inequalities linked to education depend on family background, and extend this work by demonstrating that the nature and extent of these dynamics differ considerably depending on the health outcome being assessed and on an individual's historical context, life course stage, and gender. Health returns to education often are higher for those from disadvantaged families. The importance of gender and historical variation to this pattern is unknown. Family advantage increases men′s educational gains in self-rated health. Educational mortality buffering is not present for advantaged women. Cohort and age modify gender-specific health gradients.
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Mughal MK, Ginn CS, Perry RL, Benzies KM. Longitudinal effects of a two-generation preschool programme on receptive language skill in low-income Canadian children to age 10 years. EARLY CHILD DEVELOPMENT AND CARE 2016; 186:1316-1326. [PMID: 27453625 PMCID: PMC4940896 DOI: 10.1080/03004430.2015.1092141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We explored longitudinal effects of a two-generation preschool programme on receptive language scores in children (n = 78) at age 10 years, living with low income. Scores at four time-points, programme intake, exit, age 7, and age 10 years were measured using the Peabody picture vocabulary test (3rd ed.). Effects of culture (Aboriginal, other Canadian-born, and recent immigrant), and gender of the children were explored. Between programme intake and age 10, scores improved significantly, F(3, 75) = 21.11, p < .0005. There were significant differences among cultural groups at all time-points except age 10. Scores differed significantly for girls, but not boys, at age 10, F = 5.11, p = .01. Recent immigrant boys reached the Canadian average, while girls were two-thirds of the standard deviation below average. Early intervention programmes must include a focus on the unique circumstances of recent immigrant girls; supportive transition workers in schools are one recommendation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla S. Ginn
- Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Robert L. Perry
- Strategic Initiatives, Calgary Urban Project Society, Calgary, Canada
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245
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Kear BM, Guck TP, McGaha AL. Timed Up and Go (TUG) Test: Normative Reference Values for Ages 20 to 59 Years and Relationships With Physical and Mental Health Risk Factors. J Prim Care Community Health 2016; 8:9-13. [PMID: 27450179 DOI: 10.1177/2150131916659282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is a reliable, cost-effective, safe, and time-efficient way to evaluate overall functional mobility. However, the TUG does not have normative reference values (NRV) for individuals younger than 60 years. The purpose of this study was to establish NRV for the TUG for individuals aged between 20 and 59 years and to examine the relationship between the TUG and demographic, physical, and mental health risk factors. METHODS Two hundred participants, 50 per decade (ages 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 years) were selected at their primary care visit, and timed as they performed the TUG by standing up out of a chair, walking 3 m, turning around, walking back to the chair, and sitting down. Information regarding the risk factors socioeconomic status, body mass index, an index of multimorbidities, perceptions of overall physical and mental health was obtained and used as predictors of TUG time independent of age. RESULTS TUG times were significantly different among the decades ( F = 6.579, P = .001) with slower times occurring with the 50-year-old decade compared with the 20s ( P = .001), 30s ( P = .001), and 40s ( P = .020). Slower TUG times were associated with lower SES, higher body mass index, more medical comorbidities, and worse perceived physical and mental health. Regression results indicated that perceived physical and mental health accounted for unique variance in the prediction of TUG time beyond age, gender, and socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS This study provided TUG NRV for adults in their 20s, 30s, 40s, and 50s. The TUG may have utility for primary care providers as they assess and monitor physical activity in younger adults, especially those with physical and mental health risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breelan M Kear
- 1 Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Thomas P Guck
- 1 Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Amy L McGaha
- 1 Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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246
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Williams DR, Mohammed SA, Shields AE. Understanding and effectively addressing breast cancer in African American women: Unpacking the social context. Cancer 2016; 122:2138-49. [PMID: 26930024 PMCID: PMC5588632 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.29935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Black women have a higher incidence of breast cancer before the age of 40 years, more severe disease at all ages, and an elevated mortality risk in comparison with white women. There is limited understanding of the contribution of social factors to these patterns. Elucidating the role of the social determinants of health in breast cancer disparities requires greater attention to how risk factors for breast cancer unfold over the lifecourse and to the complex ways in which socioeconomic status and racism shape exposure to psychosocial, physical, chemical, and other individual and community-level assaults that increase the risk of breast cancer. Research that takes seriously the social context in which black women live is also needed to maximize the opportunities to prevent breast cancer in this underserved group. Cancer 2016;122:2138-49. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Williams
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health
- Department of African and African American Studies, Harvard University
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Selina A. Mohammed
- School of Nursing and Health Studies, University of Washington Bothell, Bothell, WA
| | - Alexandra E. Shields
- Harvard/MGH Center on Genomics, Vulnerable Populations, and Health Disparities, Mongan Institute for Health Policy, Massachusetts General Hospital
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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247
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Feldcamp L, Doucet JS, Pawling J, Fadel MP, Fletcher PJ, Maunder R, Dennis JW, Wong AHC. Mgat5 modulates the effect of early life stress on adult behavior and physical health in mice. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:253-64. [PMID: 27329152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial adversity in early life increases the likelihood of mental and physical illness, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Mgat5 is an N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in the Golgi pathway that remodels the N-glycans of glycoproteins at the cell surface. Mice lacking Mgat5 display conditional phenotypes in behaviour, immunity, metabolism, aging and cancer susceptibility. Here we investigated potential gene-environment interactions between Mgat5 and early life adversity on behaviour and physiological measures of physical health. Mgat5(-/-) mutant and Mgat5(+/+) wild-type C57Bl/6 littermates were subject to maternal separation or foster rearing as an early life stressor, in comparison to control mice reared normally. We found an interaction between Mgat5 genotype and maternal rearing condition in which Mgat5(-/-) mice subjected to early life stress had lower glucose levels and higher bone density. Mgat5(-/-) genotype was also associated with less immobility in the forced swim test and greater sucrose consumption, consistent with a less depression-like phenotype. Cortical neuron dendrite spine density and branching was altered by Mgat5 deletion as well. In general, Mgat5 genotype affects both behaviour and physical outcomes in response to early life stress, suggesting some shared pathways for both in this model. These results provide a starting point for studying the mechanisms by which protein N-glycosylation mediates the effects of early life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Feldcamp
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Jean-Sebastien Doucet
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Judy Pawling
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Marc P Fadel
- Ontario Shores Centre for Mental Health Sciences, 700 Gordon St, Whitby, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Paul J Fletcher
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Robert Maunder
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - James W Dennis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, 600 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Room 4386, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, 6th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Albert H C Wong
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Room 2374, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Center for Addiction and Mental Health, 250 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, 250 College Street, 8th Floor, Toronto, Ontario, M5T 1R8, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building, Rm 4207, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada,.
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248
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Winett LB, Wulf AB, Wallack L. Framing Strategies to Avoid Mother-Blame in Communicating the Origins of Chronic Disease. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1369-73. [PMID: 27310351 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evolving research in epigenetics and the developmental origins of health and disease offers tremendous promise in explaining how the social environment, place, and resources available to us have enduring effects on our health. Troubling from a communications perspective, however, is the tendency in framing the science to hold mothers almost uniquely culpable for their offspring's later disease risk. The purpose of this article is to add to the conversation about avoiding this unintended outcome by (1) discussing the importance of cognitive processing and issue frames, (2) describing framing challenges associated with communicating about developmental origins of health and disease and offering principles to address them, and (3) providing examples of conceptual metaphors that may be helpful in telling this complex and contextual story for public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana B Winett
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
| | - Alyssa B Wulf
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
| | - Lawrence Wallack
- Liana B. Winett and Lawrence Wallack are with the School of Community Health, Portland State University, Portland, OR. Alyssa B. Wulf is with Real Reason, Oakland, CA
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249
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Lang T, Kelly-Irving M, Lamy S, Lepage B, Delpierre C. Construction de la santé et des inégalités sociales de santé : les gènes contre les déterminants sociaux ? SANTÉ PUBLIQUE 2016. [DOI: 10.3917/spub.162.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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250
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Cheng TL, Johnson SB, Goodman E. Breaking the Intergenerational Cycle of Disadvantage: The Three Generation Approach. Pediatrics 2016; 137:e20152467. [PMID: 27244844 PMCID: PMC4894258 DOI: 10.1542/peds.2015-2467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Health disparities in the United States related to socioeconomic status are persistent and pervasive. This review highlights how social disadvantage, particularly low socioeconomic status and the health burden it brings, is passed from 1 generation to the next. First, we review current frameworks for understanding the intergenerational transmission of health disparities and provide 4 illustrative examples relevant to child health, development, and well-being. Second, the leading strategy to break the cycle of poverty in young families in the United States, the 2-generation approach, is reviewed. Finally, we propose a new 3-generation approach that must combine with the 2-generation approach to interrupt the intergenerational cycle of disadvantage and eliminate health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina L Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland;
| | - Sara B Johnson
- Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Elizabeth Goodman
- MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts; and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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