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Hadem IKH, Majaw T, Kharbuli B, Sharma R. Beneficial effects of dietary restriction in aging brain. J Chem Neuroanat 2017; 95:123-133. [PMID: 29031555 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial complex process that leads to the deterioration of biological functions wherein its underlying mechanism is not fully elucidated. It affects the organism at the molecular and cellular level that contributes to the deterioration of structural integrity of the organs. The central nervous system is the most vulnerable organ affected by aging and its effect is highly heterogeneous. Aging causes alteration in the structure, metabolism and physiology of the brain leading to impaired cognitive and motor-neural functions. Dietary restriction (DR), a robust mechanism that extends lifespan in various organisms, ameliorates brain aging by reducing oxidative stress, improving mitochondrial function, activating anti-inflammatory responses, promoting neurogenesis and increasing synaptic plasticity. It also protects and prevents age-related structural changes. DR alleviates many age-associated diseases including neurodegeneration and improves cognitive functions. DR inhibits/activates nutrient signaling cascades such as insulin/IGF-1, mTOR, AMPK and sirtuins. Because of its sensitivity to energy status and hormones, AMPK is considered as the global nutrient sensor. This review will present an elucidative potential role of dietary restriction in the prevention of phenotypic features during aging in brain and its diverse mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Teikur Majaw
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Babiangshisha Kharbuli
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Ramesh Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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202
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McAllister A, Leach J, West H, Jones B, Zhang B, Serai S. Quantitative Synthetic MRI in Children: Normative Intracranial Tissue Segmentation Values during Development. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017; 38:2364-2372. [PMID: 28982788 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a5398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Synthetic MR imaging is a new technique to create absolute R1 relaxivity (1/T1), R2 relaxivity (1/T2), and proton-density maps using a single multiple-spin-echo saturation recovery sequence. These relaxivity maps allow rapid automated intracranial segmentation of tissue types. To assess its utility in children, we created a normative data base of intracranial volume and brain parenchymal, GM, WM, CSF, and myelin volumes in a pediatric population with normal brain MRI findings using synthetic MR imaging. MATERIALS AND METHODS All multiple-spin-echo saturation recovery sequences containing brain MR imaging examinations performed during 34 months were retrospectively reviewed. Abnormal examination findings were excluded following a detailed radiographic and clinical chart review. The remaining normal examination findings were then quantitatively analyzed with synthetic MR imaging. Intracranial, brain parenchymal, GM, WM, CSF, and myelin volumes were plotted versus age. Qualitative assessment of segmentation accuracy was performed. Selected abnormal examination findings were compared with these normative curves. RESULTS One hundred twenty-two MRI examinations with normal findings were included of individuals ranging from 0.1 to 21.5 years of age (median, 11.8 years). Resulting normative data plots compared favorably with previously published data obtained using more onerous techniques. Differentiation from pathologic states was possible using quantitative values in select cases. CONCLUSIONS A pediatric data base of normal intracranial tissue volumes using a single sequence and rapid software analysis has been compiled and correlates with previously published data. This provides a framework for clinical interpretation of quantitative synthetic MR images during development. Improved age-based segmentation algorithms in young children are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A McAllister
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio.
| | - J Leach
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - H West
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - B Jones
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - B Zhang
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - S Serai
- From the Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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203
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Sugranyes G, de la Serna E, Borras R, Sanchez-Gistau V, Pariente JC, Romero S, Baeza I, Díaz-Caneja CM, Rodriguez-Toscano E, Moreno C, Bernardo M, Moreno D, Vieta E, Castro-Fornieles J. Clinical, Cognitive, and Neuroimaging Evidence of a Neurodevelopmental Continuum in Offspring of Probands With Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:1208-1219. [PMID: 28180904 PMCID: PMC5737486 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbx002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in child and adolescent offspring of patients with schizophrenia or bipolar disorders may help understand the influence of neurodevelopmental factors on the premorbid phenotype of these disorders. AIMS To assess whether a combination of neurodevelopmental factors discriminates between young offspring of patients with schizophrenia (SzO) or bipolar disorder (BpO) and community controls (CcO). To assess the association between these factors and rates of psychiatric diagnoses in high risk (HR) youth. METHODS One hundred thirty-three HR offspring (47 SzO and 86 BpO) and 84 CcO, aged 6-17, underwent cross-sectional clinical, neurocognitive, and structural neuroimaging assessment. Information on perinatal events and early childhood development was also obtained. General linear mixed models were performed to assess group discrimination and association with lifetime axis I psychiatric disorders. RESULTS Multivariate analyses revealed that greater neurological soft signs (NSS), less total grey matter volume (GMV) and a higher frequency of obstetric complications discriminated HR offspring from CcO. When comparing each group individually, greater NSS and a higher frequency of obstetric complications discriminated SzO from CcO, and BpO from CcO, while lower intelligence also discriminated SzO from CcO and from BpO. Within HR offspring, lower intelligence and less total GMV were associated with lifetime incidence of psychiatric disorders. CONCLUSIONS Both SzO and BpO showed evidence of neurodevelopmental insult, although this may have a greater impact in SzO. Lower intelligence and less total GMV hold potential as biomarkers of risk for psychiatric disorders in HR youth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisela Sugranyes
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, c. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; tel: +34-93-227-9974/9970, fax: +34-93-227-9974, e-mail:
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Roger Borras
- Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa Sanchez-Gistau
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Early Intervention Team, Pere Mata Institute of Reus, Health Research Institute Pere Virgili (IISPV), Reus, Spain
| | - Jose C Pariente
- Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Soledad Romero
- Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga M Díaz-Caneja
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Rodriguez-Toscano
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dolores Moreno
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain,Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, 2014SGR489, Institut Clinic de Neurociències, Hospital Clínic i Provincial, Barcelona, Spain,Institut d′Investigació Biomèdica August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain,Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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204
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Kim HG, Moon WJ, Han J, Choi JW. Quantification of myelin in children using multiparametric quantitative MRI: a pilot study. Neuroradiology 2017; 59:1043-1051. [PMID: 28765995 DOI: 10.1007/s00234-017-1889-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of multiparametric quantitative MRI for myelination quantification in children. METHODS We examined 22 children (age 0-14 years) with multiparametric quantitative MRI. The total volume of myelin partial volume (Msum), the percentage of Msum within the whole brain parenchyma (Mbpv), and the percentage of Msum within the intracranial volume (Micv) were obtained. Four developmental models of myelin maturation (the logarithmic, logistic, Gompertz, and modified Gompertz models) were examined to find the most representative model of the three parameters. We acquired myelin partial volume values in different brain regions and assessed the goodness of fit for the models. RESULTS The ranges of Msum, Mbpv, and Micv were 0.8-160.9 ml, 0.2-13%, and 0.0-11.6%, respectively. The Gompertz model was the best fit for the three parameters. For developmental model analysis of myelin partial volume in each brain region, the Gompertz model was the best-fit model for pons (R 2 = 74.6%), middle cerebeller peduncle (R 2 = 76.4%), putamen (R2 = 95.8%), and centrum semiovale (R 2 = 77.7%). The logistic model was the best-fit model for the genu and splenium of the corpus callosum (R 2 = 79.7-93.6%), thalamus (R 2 = 81.7%), and frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital white matter (R 2 = 92.5-96.5%). CONCLUSIONS Multiparametric quantitative MRI depicts the normal developmental pattern of myelination in children. It is a potential tool for research studies on pediatric brain development evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Gi Kim
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea
| | - Won-Jin Moon
- Department of Radiology, Konkuk University Hospital, Konkuk University School of Medicine, 4-12, Hwayang-dong, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul, 143-914, South Korea
| | - JinJoo Han
- Office of Biostatistics, Department of Humanities and Social Medicine, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea
| | - Jin Wook Choi
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Ajou University Medical Center, 164 World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, 443-380, South Korea.
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205
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Initial Results of a Safety and Feasibility Study of Auditory Brainstem Implantation in Congenitally Deaf Children. Otol Neurotol 2017; 38:212-220. [PMID: 27898605 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000001287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the safety and feasibility of the auditory brainstem implant (ABI) in congenitally deaf children with cochlear aplasia and/or cochlear nerve deficiency. STUDY DESIGN Phase I feasibility clinical trial of surgery in 10 children, ages 2 to 5 years, over a 3-year period. SETTING Tertiary children's hospital and university-based pediatric speech/language/hearing center. INTERVENTION(S) ABI implantation and postsurgical programming. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) The primary outcome measure is the number and type of adverse events during ABI surgery and postsurgical follow-up, including behavioral mapping of the device. The secondary outcome measure is access to and early integration of sound. RESULTS To date, nine children are enrolled. Five children have successfully undergone ABI surgery and postoperative behavioral programming. Three children were screen failures, and one child is currently undergoing candidacy evaluation. Expected adverse events have been documented in three of the five children who received the ABI. One child experienced a cerebral spinal fluid leak, which resolved with lumbar drainage. One child demonstrated vestibular side effects during device programming, which resolved by deactivating one electrode. One child experienced postoperative vomiting resulting in an abdominal radiograph. Four children have completed their 1-year follow-up and have speech detection thresholds of 30 to 35 dB HL. Scores on the IT-MAIS/MAIS range from 8 to 31 (out of a total of 40), and the children are demonstrating some ability to discriminate between closed-sets words that differ by number of syllables (pattern perception). CONCLUSION ABI surgery and device activation seem to be safe and feasible in this preliminary cohort.
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206
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Age of first exposure to American football and long-term neuropsychiatric and cognitive outcomes. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1236. [PMID: 28926003 PMCID: PMC5639242 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2017.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research suggests that age of first exposure (AFE) to football before age 12 may have long-term clinical implications; however, this relationship has only been examined in small samples of former professional football players. We examined the association between AFE to football and behavior, mood and cognition in a large cohort of former amateur and professional football players. The sample included 214 former football players without other contact sport history. Participants completed the Brief Test of Adult Cognition by Telephone (BTACT), and self-reported measures of executive function and behavioral regulation (Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function-Adult Version Metacognition Index (MI), Behavioral Regulation Index (BRI)), depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)) and apathy (Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES)). Outcomes were continuous and dichotomized as clinically impaired. AFE was dichotomized into <12 and ⩾12, and examined continuously. Multivariate mixed-effect regressions controlling for age, education and duration of play showed AFE to football before age 12 corresponded with >2 × increased odds for clinically impaired scores on all measures but BTACT: (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): BRI, 2.16,1.19-3.91; MI, 2.10,1.17-3.76; CES-D, 3.08,1.65-5.76; AES, 2.39,1.32-4.32). Younger AFE predicted increased odds for clinical impairment on the AES (OR, 95% CI: 0.86, 0.76-0.97) and CES-D (OR, 95% CI: 0.85, 0.74-0.97). There was no interaction between AFE and highest level of play. Younger AFE to football, before age 12 in particular, was associated with increased odds for impairment in self-reported neuropsychiatric and executive function in 214 former American football players. Longitudinal studies will inform youth football policy and safety decisions.
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207
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Keuken MC, Bazin PL, Backhouse K, Beekhuizen S, Himmer L, Kandola A, Lafeber JJ, Prochazkova L, Trutti A, Schäfer A, Turner R, Forstmann BU. Effects of aging on T₁, T₂*, and QSM MRI values in the subcortex. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:2487-2505. [PMID: 28168364 PMCID: PMC5541117 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The aging brain undergoes several anatomical changes that can be measured with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Early studies using lower field strengths have assessed changes in tissue properties mainly qualitatively, using [Formula: see text]- or [Formula: see text]- weighted images to provide image contrast. With the development of higher field strengths (7 T and above) and more advanced MRI contrasts, quantitative measures can be acquired even of small subcortical structures. This study investigates volumetric, spatial, and quantitative MRI parameter changes associated with healthy aging in a range of subcortical nuclei, including the basal ganglia, red nucleus, and the periaqueductal grey. The results show that aging has a heterogenous effects across regions. Across the subcortical areas an increase of [Formula: see text] values is observed, most likely indicating a loss of myelin. Only for a number of areas, a decrease of [Formula: see text] and increase of QSM is found, indicating an increase of iron. Aging also results in a location shift for a number of structures indicating the need for visualization of the anatomy of individual brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Keuken
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - P-L Bazin
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - K Backhouse
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S Beekhuizen
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Himmer
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Kandola
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J J Lafeber
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - L Prochazkova
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Trutti
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - A Schäfer
- Siemens Healthcare GmbH, Diagnostic Imaging, Magnetic Resonance, Research and Development, Erlangen, Germany
| | - R Turner
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - B U Forstmann
- Integrative Model-based Cognitive Neuroscience Research Unit, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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208
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Captier G, Galeron A, Subsol G, Solinhac M, Roujeau T, Leboucq N, Herlin C. Cerebrospinal fluid volume does not have etiological role in the incidence of positional skull deformities. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2017; 45:1387-1393. [PMID: 28687466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positional skull deformities (PSD) are becoming a daily health concern for craniofacial surgeons. Several reports have indicated that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space increases on computed tomography (CT) scans of infants suffering from PSD, suggesting a potential causal link. Here, we describe a semi-automatic method to estimate total brain and CSF volumes quantitatively. We tested the potential correlation between total CSF volume and the occurrence of PSD. METHODS A single-center retrospective study was carried out using 79 CT scans of PSD and 60 CT scans of control subjects. The endocranium was segmented automatically using a three-dimensional deformable surface model, and the brain was segmented using a semi-automatic threshold-based method. Total CSF volume was estimated based on the difference between endocranial and brain volumes. RESULTS Automatic segmentation of the endocranium was possible in 75 CT scans. Semi-automatic brain and CSF volume evaluations were performed in 40 CT scans of infants with PSD (18 = occipital plagiocephaly, 11 = fronto-occipital plagiocephaly, and 11 = posterior brachycephaly) and in six control CT scans. Endocranial and total CSF volumes were not significantly different between patients with PSD and controls. The occipital plagiocephaly group had an enlarged brain volume compared with that in patients in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS Total CSF volume did not change in infants with PSD, and the results do not support a role for volume changes in CSF in the etiology of PSD. Macrocephaly in patients with occipital plagiocephaly may be a specific etiological factor compared with that in other PSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Captier
- Department of Plastic and Craniofacial Pediatric Surgery (Head: Guillaume Captier), Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue Du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France; EA2415, Epidemiologic Biostastic and Clinical Research Laboratory, University of Montpellier, France.
| | - Adrien Galeron
- Department of Plastic and Craniofacial Pediatric Surgery (Head: Guillaume Captier), Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue Du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France; Research-Team ICAR, LIRMM CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Gérard Subsol
- Research-Team ICAR, LIRMM CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Melissa Solinhac
- Department of Plastic and Craniofacial Pediatric Surgery (Head: Guillaume Captier), Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue Du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France; Research-Team ICAR, LIRMM CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
| | - Thomas Roujeau
- Department of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Guy de Chauliac University Hospital, Avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Leboucq
- Department of Neuroradiology, Guy de Chauliac University Hospital, Avenue Augustin Fliche, Montpellier, France
| | - Christian Herlin
- Department of Plastic and Craniofacial Pediatric Surgery (Head: Guillaume Captier), Lapeyronie University Hospital, Avenue Du Doyen Gaston Giraud, Montpellier, France; Research-Team ICAR, LIRMM CNRS, University of Montpellier, France
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209
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Nouwen A, Chambers A, Chechlacz M, Higgs S, Blissett J, Barrett TG, Allen HA. Microstructural abnormalities in white and gray matter in obese adolescents with and without type 2 diabetes. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2017; 16:43-51. [PMID: 28752059 PMCID: PMC5514690 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Aims/hypotheses In adults, type 2 diabetes and obesity have been associated with structural brain changes, even in the absence of dementia. Some evidence suggested similar changes in adolescents with type 2 diabetes but comparisons with a non-obese control group have been lacking. The aim of the current study was to examine differences in microstructure of gray and white matter between adolescents with type 2 diabetes, obese adolescents and healthy weight adolescents. Methods Magnetic resonance imaging data were collected from 15 adolescents with type 2 diabetes, 21 obese adolescents and 22 healthy weight controls. Volumetric differences in the gray matter between the three groups were examined using voxel based morphology, while tract based spatial statistics was used to examine differences in the microstructure of the white matter. Results Adolescents with type 2 diabetes and obese adolescents had reduced gray matter volume in the right hippocampus, left putamen and caudate, bilateral amygdala and left thalamus compared to healthy weight controls. Type 2 diabetes was also associated with significant regional changes in fractional anisotropy within the corpus callosum, fornix, left inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, left uncinate, left internal and external capsule. Fractional anisotropy reductions within these tracts were explained by increased radial diffusivity, which may suggest demyelination of white matter tracts. Mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity did not differ between the groups. Conclusion/interpretation Our data shows that adolescent obesity alone results in reduced gray matter volume and that adolescent type 2 diabetes is associated with both white and gray matter abnormalities. Type 2 diabetes and obesity in adolescents is associated with reduced gray matter volume. Type 2 diabetes was associated with significant regional changes in FA. FA reductions within these tracts were explained by increased RD. Mean diffusivity and axial diffusivity did not differ between the groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Nouwen
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Alison Chambers
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Suzanne Higgs
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | | | | | - Harriet A Allen
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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210
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Sanfratello L, Lundy S, Qualls C, Knoefel J, Adair J, Caprihan A, Stephen J, Aine C. Brain structure and verbal function across adulthood while controlling for cerebrovascular risks. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3472-3490. [PMID: 28390167 PMCID: PMC5632576 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The development and decline of brain structure and function throughout adulthood is a complex issue, with cognitive aging trajectories influenced by a host of factors including cerebrovascular risk. Neuroimaging studies of age-related cognitive decline typically reveal a linear decrease in gray matter (GM) volume/density in frontal regions across adulthood. However, white matter (WM) tracts mature later than GM, particularly in regions necessary for executive functions and memory. Therefore, it was predicted that a middle-aged group (MC: 35-45 years) would perform best on a verbal working memory task and reveal greater regional WM integrity, compared with both young (YC: 18-25 years) and elder groups (EC: 60+ years). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) were obtained from 80 healthy participants. Objective measures of cerebrovascular risk and cognition were also obtained. As predicted, MC revealed best verbal working memory accuracy overall indicating some maturation of brain function between YC and MC. However, contrary to the prediction fractional anisotropy values (FA), a measure of WM integrity, were not greater in MC (i.e., there were no significant differences in FA between YC and MC but both groups showed greater FA than EC). An overall multivariate model for MEG ROIs showed greater peak amplitudes for MC and YC, compared with EC. Subclinical cerebrovascular risk factors (systolic blood pressure and blood glucose) were negatively associated with FA in frontal callosal, limbic, and thalamic radiation regions which correlated with executive dysfunction and slower processing speed, suggesting their contribution to age-related cognitive decline. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3472-3490, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Sanfratello
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - S.L. Lundy
- Center for Neuropsychological Services, University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - C. Qualls
- Clinical and Translational Science Center (Biostatistics),University of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - J.E. Knoefel
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
| | - J.C. Adair
- Department of NeurologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
- New Mexico VA Health Care SystemAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87108
| | - A. Caprihan
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
| | - J.M. Stephen
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
| | - C.J. Aine
- The Mind Research Network1101 Yale Blvd. NEAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87106
- Department of RadiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences CenterAlbuquerqueNew Mexico87131
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211
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Nunley KA, Orchard TJ, Ryan CM, Miller R, Costacou T, Rosano C. Statin use and cognitive function in middle-aged adults with type 1 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:286-296. [PMID: 28694929 PMCID: PMC5483427 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i6.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To test associations between statin use and cognitive impairment in adults with childhood-onset type 1 diabetes (T1D).
METHODS In 2010-13, n = 108 middle-aged participants from ongoing observational Pittsburgh Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications Study underwent neurocognitive assessment (mean age and T1D duration of 49 and 41 years, respectively). All were diagnosed with childhood-onset (i.e., prior to age 18) T1D between 1950 and 1980 and were seen within one year of diagnosis at Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. Self-reported statin use (yes/no and if yes, name of statin) was collected biennially from parent study baseline (1986-1988) to time of neurocognitive testing. Logistic regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive impairment (defined as having two or more cognitive test scores 1.5SD or worse than published norms) while linear regression models tested associations between statin use groups and cognitive domain z-scores (domains: Verbal IQ, memory, executive function, psychomotor speed, and visuo-construction). All models controlled for education and age. To address confounding by indication, models were repeated using a propensity score for statin use.
RESULTS Of the 108 participants, 51 reported never using statins. Median duration of statin use among the 57 ever users was 6 years. These 57 ever statin users were split to create two groups (≤ or > median years of statin use): 1-6 years (n = 25), and 7-12 years (n = 32). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 years tripled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 3.16; 95%CI: 0.93-10.72; P = 0.06) and using statins 7-12 years almost quintupled the odds of cognitive impairment (OR = 4.84; 95%CI: 1.63-14.44; P = 0.005). Compared with never users, using statins 1-6 or 7-12 years was related to worse performance in the memory domain (β = -0.52; P = 0.003, and -0.39; P = 0.014, respectively). Adjusting for coronary artery disease, low density lipoprotein cholesterol, and Apo E4 status did not substantially alter results, and none of these covariates were significantly related to cognitive outcomes (all P > 0.05). Propensity score analyses support that associations between poor cognitive outcomes and statin use were not due merely to confounding by indication.
CONCLUSION Statin use was associated with cognitive impairment, particularly affecting memory, in these middle-aged adults with childhood-onset T1D, whom at this age, should not yet manifest age-related memory deficits.
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212
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Bourisly AK, Gejo G, Hayat AA, Alsarraf L, Dashti FM, Di Paola M. White Matter Sexual Dimorphism of the Adult Human Brain. Transl Neurosci 2017; 8:49-53. [PMID: 28729918 PMCID: PMC5516591 DOI: 10.1515/tnsci-2017-0009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex-biased psychophysiology, behavior, brain function, and conditions are extensive, yet underlying structural brain mechanisms remain unclear. There is contradicting evidence regarding sexual dimorphism when it comes to brain structure, and there is still no consensus on whether or not there exists such a dimorphism for brain white matter. Therefore, we conducted a voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis along with global volume analysis for white matter across sex. We analyzed 384 T1-weighted MRI brain images (192 male, 192 female) to investigate any differences in white matter (WM) between males and females. In the VBM analysis, we found males to have larger WM, compared to females, in occipital, temporal, insular, parietal, and frontal brain regions. In contrast, females showed only one WM region to be significantly larger than males: the right postcentral gyrus in the parietal lobe region. Although, on average, males showed larger global WM volume, we did not find any significant difference in global WM volume between males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali K Bourisly
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait.,Radiology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Grace Gejo
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Abrar A Hayat
- Radiology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Lamya Alsarraf
- Radiology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Fatima M Dashti
- Radiology Department, Ibn Sina Hospital, Ministry of Health, Kuwait University, Kuwait
| | - Margherita Di Paola
- Department of Mental Health, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Morphology and Morphometry for Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Clinical and Behavioral Neurology, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
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213
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Narvacan K, Treit S, Camicioli R, Martin W, Beaulieu C. Evolution of deep gray matter volume across the human lifespan. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:3771-3790. [PMID: 28548250 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging of subcortical gray matter structures, which mediate behavior, cognition and the pathophysiology of several diseases, is crucial for establishing typical maturation patterns across the human lifespan. This single site study examines T1-weighted MPRAGE images of 3 healthy cohorts: (i) a cross-sectional cohort of 406 subjects aged 5-83 years; (ii) a longitudinal neurodevelopment cohort of 84 subjects scanned twice approximately 4 years apart, aged 5-27 years at first scan; and (iii) a longitudinal aging cohort of 55 subjects scanned twice approximately 3 years apart, aged 46-83 years at first scan. First scans from longitudinal subjects were included in the cross-sectional analysis. Age-dependent changes in thalamus, caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes were tested with Poisson, quadratic, and linear models in the cross-sectional cohort, and quadratic and linear models in the longitudinal cohorts. Most deep gray matter structures best fit to Poisson regressions in the cross-sectional cohort and quadratic curves in the young longitudinal cohort, whereas the volume of all structures except the caudate and globus pallidus decreased linearly in the longitudinal aging cohort. Males had larger volumes than females for all subcortical structures, but sex differences in trajectories of change with age were not significant. Within subject analysis showed that 65%-80% of 13-17 year olds underwent a longitudinal decrease in volume between scans (∼4 years apart) for the putamen, globus pallidus, and hippocampus, suggesting unique developmental processes during adolescence. This lifespan study of healthy participants will form a basis for comparison to neurological and psychiatric disorders. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3771-3790, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl Narvacan
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Sarah Treit
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard Camicioli
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Wayne Martin
- Division of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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214
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Gerván P, Soltész P, Filep O, Berencsi A, Kovács I. Posterior-Anterior Brain Maturation Reflected in Perceptual, Motor and Cognitive Performance. Front Psychol 2017; 8:674. [PMID: 28512442 PMCID: PMC5411422 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on several postmortem morphometric and in vivo imaging studies it has been postulated that brain maturation roughly follows a caudal to rostral direction. In this study, we linked this maturational pattern to psychological function employing a series of well-established behavioral tasks. We addressed three distinct functions and brain regions with a perceptual (contour integration, CI), motor (finger tapping, FT), and executive control (Navon global–local) task. Our purpose was to investigate basic visual integration functions relying on primary visual cortex (V1) in CI; motor coordination function related to primary motor cortex (M1) in FT, and the executive control component, switching, related to the dorsolateral prefrontal region of the brain in the Navon task. 122 volunteer subjects were recruited to participate in this study between the ages of 10 and 20 (females n = 63, males n = 59). Employing conventional statistical methods, we found that 10 and 12 year olds are performing significantly weaker than 20 year olds in all three tasks. In the CI and Navon global–local tasks, even 14 years old perform poorer than adults. We have also investigated the developmental trajectories by fitting sigmoid curves on our data streams. The analysis of the developmental trajectories of the three tasks showed a posterior to anterior pattern in the emergence of the developmental functions with the earliest development in the visual CI task (V1), followed by motor development in the FT task (M1), and cognitive development as measured in the Navon global–local task (DLPC) being the slowest. Gender difference was also present in FT task showing an earlier maturation for girls in the motor domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Gerván
- Department of General Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary.,Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Soltész
- Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Orsolya Filep
- Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Andrea Berencsi
- Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary.,Bárczi Gusztáv Faculty of Special Education, Institute for Methodology of Special Education and Rehabilitation, Eötvös Loránd UniversityBudapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Kovács
- Department of General Psychology, Institute of Psychology, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary.,Laboratory for Psychological Research, Pázmány Péter Catholic UniversityBudapest, Hungary
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215
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Abstract
Common neuroimaging findings in mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), including sport-related concussion (SRC), are reviewed based on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Common abnormalities radiologically identified on the day of injury, typically a computed tomographic scan, are in the form of contusions, small subarachnoid or intraparenchymal hemorrhages as well as subdural and epidural collections, edema, and skull fractures. Common follow-up neuroimaging findings with MRI include white matter hyperintensities, hypointense signal abnormalities that reflect prior hemorrhage, focal encephalomalacia, presence of atrophy and/or dilated Virchow-Robins perivascular space. The MRI findings from a large pediatric mTBI study show low frequency of positive MRI findings at 6 months postinjury. The review concludes with an examination of some of the advanced MRI-based image analysis methods that can be performed in the patient who has sustained an mTBI.
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216
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Baniqued PL, Low KA, Fletcher MA, Gratton G, Fabiani M. Shedding light on gray(ing) areas: Connectivity and task switching dynamics in aging. Psychophysiology 2017; 55. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pauline L. Baniqued
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute; University of California; Berkeley, Berkeley California
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Kathy A. Low
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Mark A. Fletcher
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Gabriele Gratton
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
| | - Monica Fabiani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign; Urbana Illinois
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217
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Lee AK, Hong SE, Kwon JH, Choi HD, Cardis E. Mobile phone types and SAR characteristics of the human brain. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:2741-2761. [DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa5c2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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218
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Czepielewski LS, Wang L, Gama CS, Barch DM. The Relationship of Intellectual Functioning and Cognitive Performance to Brain Structure in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2017; 43:355-364. [PMID: 27369471 PMCID: PMC5605271 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbw090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Schizophrenia (SZ) is often characterized by cognitive and intellectual impairment. However, there is much heterogeneity across individuals, suggesting different trajectories of the illness. Recent findings have shown brain volume differences across subgroups of individuals with psychosis (SZ and bipolar disorder), such that those with intellectual and cognitive impairments presented evidence of early cerebral disruption, while those with cognitive but not intellectual impairments showed evidence of progressive brain abnormalities. Our aim was to investigate the relations of cognition and intellectual functioning with brain structure abnormalities in a sample of SZ compared to unaffected individuals. METHODS 92 individuals with SZ and 94 healthy controls part of the Northwestern University Schizophrenia Data and Software Tool (NUSDAST) underwent neuropsychological assessment and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Individuals with SZ were divided into subgroups according their estimated premorbid crystallized intellectual (ePMC-IQ) and cognitive performance. Brain volumes differences were investigated across groups. RESULTS SZ with ePMC-IQ and cognitive impairments had reduced total brain volume (TBV), intracranial volume (ICV), TBV corrected for ICV, and cortical gray matter volume, as well as reduced cortical thickness, and insula volumes. SZ with cognitive impairment but intact ePMC-IQ showed only reduced cortical gray matter volume and cortical thickness. CONCLUSIONS These data provide additional evidence for heterogeneity in SZ. Impairments in cognition associated with reduced ePMC-IQ were related to evidence of broad brain structural alterations, including suggestion of early cerebral disruption. In contrast, impaired cognitive functioning in the context of more intact intellectual functioning was associated with cortical alterations that may reflect neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Sanguinetti Czepielewski
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO;,Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lei Wang
- Departments of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Radiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL
| | - Clarissa S. Gama
- Laboratório de Psiquiatria Molecular, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Deanna M. Barch
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO;,Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
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219
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Young JT, Shi Y, Niethammer M, Grauer M, Coe CL, Lubach GR, Davis B, Budin F, Knickmeyer RC, Alexander AL, Styner MA. The UNC-Wisconsin Rhesus Macaque Neurodevelopment Database: A Structural MRI and DTI Database of Early Postnatal Development. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:29. [PMID: 28210206 PMCID: PMC5288388 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Rhesus macaques are commonly used as a translational animal model in neuroimaging and neurodevelopmental research. In this report, we present longitudinal data from both structural and diffusion MRI images generated on a cohort of 34 typically developing monkeys from 2 weeks to 36 months of age. All images have been manually skull stripped and are being made freely available via an online repository for use by the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey T. Young
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Yundi Shi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Marc Niethammer
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Christopher L. Coe
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Gabriele R. Lubach
- Harlow Center for Biological Psychology, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | | | | | - Rebecca C. Knickmeyer
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Andrew L. Alexander
- Waisman Laboratory for Brain Imaging and Behavior, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadison, WI, USA
| | - Martin A. Styner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Computer Science, University of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel Hill, NC, USA
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220
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Accelerated Brain Atrophy on Serial Computed Tomography: Potential Marker of the Progression of Alzheimer Disease. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2017; 40:827-32. [PMID: 27224227 DOI: 10.1097/rct.0000000000000435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to validate computed tomography (CT)-based longitudinal markers of the progression of Alzheimer disease (AD). MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively studied 33 AD patients and 39 nondemented patients with other neurological illnesses (non-AD) having 4 to 12 CT examinations of the head, with over a mean (SD) of 3.9 (1.7) years. At each time point, we applied an automatic software to measure whole brain, cerebrospinal fluid, and intracranial space volumes. Longitudinal measures were then related to disease status and time since the first scan using hierarchical models. RESULTS Absolute brain volume loss accelerated for non-AD patients by 0.86 mL/y (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.64-1.08 mL/y) and 1.5× faster, that is, 1.32 mL/y (95% CI, 1.09-1.56 mL/y) for AD patients (P = 0.006). In terms of brain volume normalized to intracranial space, the acceleration in atrophy rate for non-AD patients was 0.0578%/y (95% CI, 0.0389%/y to 0.0767%/y), again 1.5× faster, that is, 0.0919%/y (95% CI, 0.0716%/y to 0.1122%/y) for AD patients (P = 0.017). This translates to an increase in atrophy rate from 0.5% to 1.4% in AD versus to 1.1% in non-AD group after 10 years. CONCLUSIONS Brain volumetry on CT reliably detected accelerated volume loss in AD and significantly lower acceleration factor in age-matched non-AD patients, leading to the possibility of its use to monitor the progression of cognitive decline and dementia.
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221
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Dickie DA, Shenkin SD, Anblagan D, Lee J, Blesa Cabez M, Rodriguez D, Boardman JP, Waldman A, Job DE, Wardlaw JM. Whole Brain Magnetic Resonance Image Atlases: A Systematic Review of Existing Atlases and Caveats for Use in Population Imaging. Front Neuroinform 2017; 11:1. [PMID: 28154532 PMCID: PMC5244468 DOI: 10.3389/fninf.2017.00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain MRI atlases may be used to characterize brain structural changes across the life course. Atlases have important applications in research, e.g., as registration and segmentation targets to underpin image analysis in population imaging studies, and potentially in future in clinical practice, e.g., as templates for identifying brain structural changes out with normal limits, and increasingly for use in surgical planning. However, there are several caveats and limitations which must be considered before successfully applying brain MRI atlases to research and clinical problems. For example, the influential Talairach and Tournoux atlas was derived from a single fixed cadaveric brain from an elderly female with limited clinical information, yet is the basis of many modern atlases and is often used to report locations of functional activation. We systematically review currently available whole brain structural MRI atlases with particular reference to the implications for population imaging through to emerging clinical practice. We found 66 whole brain structural MRI atlases world-wide. The vast majority were based on T1, T2, and/or proton density (PD) structural sequences, had been derived using parametric statistics (inappropriate for brain volume distributions), had limited supporting clinical or cognitive data, and included few younger (>5 and <18 years) or older (>60 years) subjects. To successfully characterize brain structural features and their changes across different stages of life, we conclude that whole brain structural MRI atlases should include: more subjects at the upper and lower extremes of age; additional structural sequences, including fluid attenuation inversion recovery (FLAIR) and T2* sequences; a range of appropriate statistics, e.g., rank-based or non-parametric; and detailed cognitive and clinical profiles of the included subjects in order to increase the relevance and utility of these atlases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Alexander Dickie
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - Susan D. Shenkin
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Geriatric Medicine Unit, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Devasuda Anblagan
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - Juyoung Lee
- Graduate Training Centre of Neuroscience, International Max Planck Research School, University of TübingenTübingen, Germany
| | - Manuel Blesa Cabez
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - David Rodriguez
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - James P. Boardman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research InstituteEdinburgh, UK
| | - Adam Waldman
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
| | - Dominic E. Job
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, A Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) CollaborationGlasgow, UK
- Department of Psychology, Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, The University of EdinburghEdinburgh, UK
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222
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Carper RA, Treiber JM, White NS, Kohli JS, Müller RA. Restriction Spectrum Imaging As a Potential Measure of Cortical Neurite Density in Autism. Front Neurosci 2017; 10:610. [PMID: 28149269 PMCID: PMC5241303 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism postmortem studies have shown various cytoarchitectural anomalies in cortical and limbic areas including increased cell packing density, laminar disorganization, and narrowed minicolumns. However, there is little evidence on dendritic and axonal organization in ASD. Recent imaging techniques have the potential for non-invasive, in vivo studies of small-scale structure in the human brain, including gray matter. Here, Restriction Spectrum Imaging (RSI), a multi-shell diffusion-weighted imaging technique, was used to examine gray matter microstructure in 24 children with ASD (5 female) and 20 matched typically developing (TD) participants (2 female), ages 7–17 years. RSI extends the spherical deconvolution model to multiple length scales to characterize neurite density (ND) and organization. Measures were examined in 48 cortical regions of interest per hemisphere. To our knowledge, this is the first time that a multi-compartmental diffusion model has been applied to cortical gray matter in ASD. The ND measure detected robust age effects showing a significant positive relationship to age in all lobes except left temporal when groups were combined. Results were also suggestive of group differences (ASD<TD) in anterior cingulate, right superior temporal lobe and much of the parietal lobes, but these fell short of statistical significance. For MD, significant group differences (ASD>TD) in bilateral parietal regions as well as widespread age effects were detected. Our findings support the value of multi-shell diffusion imaging for assays of cortical gray matter. This approach has the potential to add to postmortem literature, examining intracortical organization, intracortical axonal content, myelination, or caliber. Robust age effects further support the validity of the ND metric for in vivo examination of gray matter microstructure in ASD and across development. While diffusion MRI does not approach the precision of histological studies, in vivo imaging measures of microstructure can complement postmortem studies, by allowing access to large sample sizes, a whole-brain field of view, longitudinal designs, and combination with behavioral and functional assays. This makes multi-shell diffusion imaging a promising technique for understanding the underlying cytoarchitecture of the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth A Carper
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Treiber
- School of Medicine, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nathan S White
- Multimodal Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiwandeep S Kohli
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Ralph-Axel Müller
- Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, Department of Psychology, San Diego State University San Diego, CA, USA
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223
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Vågberg M, Granåsen G, Svenningsson A. Brain Parenchymal Fraction in Healthy Adults-A Systematic Review of the Literature. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170018. [PMID: 28095463 PMCID: PMC5240949 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain atrophy is an important feature of many neurodegenerative disorders. It can be described in terms of change in the brain parenchymal fraction (BPF). In order to interpret the BPF in disease, knowledge on the BPF in healthy individuals is required. The aim of this study was to establish a normal range of values for the BPF of healthy individuals via a systematic review of the literature. The databases PubMed and Scopus were searched and 95 articles, including a total of 9269 individuals, were identified including the required data. We present values of BPF from healthy individuals stratified by age and post-processing method. The mean BPF correlated with mean age and there were significant differences in age-adjusted mean BPF between methods. This study contributes to increased knowledge about BPF in healthy individuals, which may assist in the interpretation of BPF in the setting of disease. We highlight the differences between post-processing methods and the need for a consensus gold standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattias Vågberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Granåsen
- Epidemiology and Global Health Unit, Department of Public Health and Clinical Medicine, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Svenningsson
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Neuroscience, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Danderyd Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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224
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Chiasson V, Vera-Estay E, Lalonde G, Dooley JJ, Beauchamp MH. Assessing social cognition: age-related changes in moral reasoning in childhood and adolescence. Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 31:515-530. [PMID: 28080301 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2016.1268650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is increasing recognition that socio-cognitive skills, such as moral reasoning (MR), are affected in a wide range of developmental and neuropsychological conditions. However, the lack of appropriate measures available to neuropsychologists poses a challenge for the direct assessment of these skills. This study sought to explore age-related changes in MR using an innovative visual tool and examine the developmental sensitivity of the task. METHOD To address some of the methodological limitations of traditional measures of MR, a novel, visual task, the Socio-Moral Reasoning Aptitude Level (So-Moral), was used to evaluate MR in 216 healthy participants aged 6-20 years. RESULTS The findings show a linear increase in MR from childhood to late adolescence with significant group differences between childhood (6-8 years) and preadolescence (9-11 years), and between early adolescence (12-14 years) and middle adolescence (15-17 years). CONCLUSIONS Interpreted in light of current brain development research, the results highlight age-related changes in MR that offer insight into typical MR development and opportunities for comparisons with clinical populations. The findings also provide evidence of the potential of the So-Moral as a developmentally appropriate measure of MR throughout childhood and adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Chiasson
- a Department of Psychology , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,b Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center , Montreal , Canada
| | - E Vera-Estay
- a Department of Psychology , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,b Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center , Montreal , Canada
| | - G Lalonde
- a Department of Psychology , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada
| | - J J Dooley
- c Cuyahoga County Court Psychiatric Clinic , Cleveland , OH , USA.,d Department of Psychology , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , OH , USA
| | - M H Beauchamp
- a Department of Psychology , University of Montreal , Montreal , Canada.,b Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center , Montreal , Canada
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225
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Ramirez-Carmona R, Garcia-Lazaro HG, Dominguez-Corrales B, Aguilar-Castañeda E, Roldan-Valadez E. Main effects and interactions of cerebral hemispheres, gender, and age in the calculation of volumes and asymmetries of selected structures of episodic memory. FUNCTIONAL NEUROLOGY 2017; 31:257-264. [PMID: 28072386 DOI: 10.11138/fneur/2016.31.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to clarify the influence of anatomical (cerebral hemisphere) and demographic (age and gender) variables on the gray matter (GM) volumes and volumetric asymmetry indices (VAIs) of selected structures involved in episodic memory. A cross-sectional study was performed in 47 healthy volunteers. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed similar IQs across the sample. Using SPM-based software, brain segmentation, labeling and volume measurements of the hippocampus, amygdala, middle temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus were performed in each cerebral hemisphere. A two-way between-groups multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) was applied to GM volumes and VAIs. The main effects of gender and cerebral hemisphere on GM volumes were significant (p < .001), while there was no significant interaction effect between gender and cerebral hemisphere. VAI measurements showed a nonsignificant effect of gender, but a significant influence of age (p = .015). The linear model of interactions and main effects explained 33% of the variance influencing the GM volume quantification. While cerebral hemisphere and gender were found to affect the volumes of brain structures involved in episodic memory, the calculation of VAIs was affected only by age. A comprehensive understanding of the main effects and interaction effects of cerebral hemisphere, gender and age on the volumes and asymmetries of structures related to episodic memory might help neurologists, psychiatrists, geriatricians and other neuroscientists in the study of degenerative brain diseases.
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226
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Sethna V, Pote I, Wang S, Gudbrandsen M, Blasi A, McCusker C, Daly E, Perry E, Adams KPH, Kuklisova-Murgasova M, Busuulwa P, Lloyd-Fox S, Murray L, Johnson MH, Williams SCR, Murphy DGM, Craig MC, McAlonan GM. Mother-infant interactions and regional brain volumes in infancy: an MRI study. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:2379-2388. [PMID: 27915378 PMCID: PMC5504257 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is generally agreed that the human brain is responsive to environmental influences, and that the male brain may be particularly sensitive to early adversity. However, this is largely based on retrospective studies of older children and adolescents exposed to extreme environments in childhood. Less is understood about how normative variations in parent–child interactions are associated with the development of the infant brain in typical settings. To address this, we used magnetic resonance imaging to investigate the relationship between observational measures of mother–infant interactions and regional brain volumes in a community sample of 3- to 6-month-old infants (N = 39). In addition, we examined whether this relationship differed in male and female infants. We found that lower maternal sensitivity was correlated with smaller subcortical grey matter volumes in the whole sample, and that this was similar in both sexes. However, male infants who showed greater levels of positive communication and engagement during early interactions had smaller cerebellar volumes. These preliminary findings suggest that variations in mother–infant interaction dimensions are associated with differences in infant brain development. Although the study is cross-sectional and causation cannot be inferred, the findings reveal a dynamic interaction between brain and environment that may be important when considering interventions to optimize infant outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vaheshta Sethna
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK.
| | - Inês Pote
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Siying Wang
- Department of Engineering Science, Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria Gudbrandsen
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Anna Blasi
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline McCusker
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Eileen Daly
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Emily Perry
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Kerrie P H Adams
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Maria Kuklisova-Murgasova
- Division of Imaging Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Paula Busuulwa
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK.,GKT School of Medical Education, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sarah Lloyd-Fox
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Lynne Murray
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mark H Johnson
- Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development, Birkbeck, University of London, London, UK
| | - Steven C R Williams
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health at the South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London, London, UK
| | - Declan G M Murphy
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Michael C Craig
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
| | - Grainne M McAlonan
- Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, PO 50, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8A, UK
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227
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Vågberg M, Ambarki K, Lindqvist T, Birgander R, Svenningsson A. Brain parenchymal fraction in an age-stratified healthy population – determined by MRI using manual segmentation and three automated segmentation methods. J Neuroradiol 2016; 43:384-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurad.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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228
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Chalavi S, Adab HZ, Pauwels L, Beets IAM, van Ruitenbeek P, Boisgontier MP, Monteiro TS, Maes C, Sunaert S, Swinnen SP. Anatomy of Subcortical Structures Predicts Age-Related Differences in Skill Acquisition. Cereb Cortex 2016; 28:459-473. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Chalavi
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hamed Zivari Adab
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Pauwels
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iseult A M Beets
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- BrainCTR, Lilid bvba, 3290 Diest, Belgium
| | - Peter van Ruitenbeek
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu P Boisgontier
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thiago Santos Monteiro
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Celine Maes
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan Sunaert
- Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Translational MRI Unit, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Kinesiology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Research Center, KU Leuven, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
- Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience & Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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229
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Cortical grey matter volume reduction in people with schizophrenia is associated with neuro-inflammation. Transl Psychiatry 2016; 6:e982. [PMID: 27959331 PMCID: PMC5290336 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical grey matter volume deficits and neuro-inflammation exist in patients with schizophrenia, although it is not clear whether elevated cytokines contribute to the cortical volume reduction. We quantified cortical and regional brain volumes in fixed postmortem brains from people with schizophrenia and matched controls using stereology. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-8 and SERPINA3 messenger RNAs (mRNAs) were quantified in the contralateral fresh frozen orbitofrontal cortex. We found a small, but significant reduction in cortical grey matter (1.3%; F(1,85)=4.478, P=0.037) and superior frontal gyrus (6.5%; F(1,80)=5.700, P=0.019) volumes in individuals with schizophrenia compared with controls. Significantly reduced cortical grey matter (9.2%; F(1,24)=8.272, P=0.008) and superior frontal gyrus (13.9%; F(1,20)=5.374, P=0.031) volumes were found in cases with schizophrenia and 'high inflammation' status relative to schizophrenia cases with 'low inflammation' status in the prefrontal cortex. The expression of inflammatory mRNAs in the orbitofrontal cortex was significantly correlated with those in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (all r>0.417, all P<0.022), except for IL-8. Moreover, average daily and lifetime antipsychotic intake negatively correlated with cortical grey matter and superior frontal gyrus volumes (all r<-0.362, all P<0.05). The results suggest that the reduction in cortical grey matter volume in people with schizophrenia is exaggerated in those who have high expression of inflammatory cytokines. Further, antipsychotic medication intake does not appear to ameliorate the reduction in brain volume.
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230
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Zuo XN, He Y, Betzel RF, Colcombe S, Sporns O, Milham MP. Human Connectomics across the Life Span. Trends Cogn Sci 2016; 21:32-45. [PMID: 27865786 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Connectomics has enhanced our understanding of neurocognitive development and decline by the integration of network sciences into studies across different stages of the human life span. However, these studies commonly occurred independently, missing the opportunity to test integrated models of the dynamical brain organization across the entire life span. In this review article, we survey empirical findings in life-span connectomics and propose a generative framework for computationally modeling the connectome over the human life span. This framework highlights initial findings that across the life span, the human connectome gradually shifts from an 'anatomically driven' organization to one that is more 'topological'. Finally, we consider recent advances that are promising to provide an integrative and systems perspective of human brain plasticity as well as underscore the pitfalls and challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi-Nian Zuo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Lifespan Connectomics and Behavior Team, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory for Brain and Education Sciences, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, Guangxi, China; Center for Longevity Research, Guangxi Teachers Education University, Nanning, Guangxi, China.
| | - Ye He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Behavioral Science, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Center, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Lifespan Connectomics and Behavior Team, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China; Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Richard F Betzel
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Stan Colcombe
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, SC, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN, USA
| | - Michael P Milham
- Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, SC, USA; Center for the Developing Brain, Child Mind Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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231
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Schachtschneider KM, Liu Y, Rund LA, Madsen O, Johnson RW, Groenen MAM, Schook LB. Impact of neonatal iron deficiency on hippocampal DNA methylation and gene transcription in a porcine biomedical model of cognitive development. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:856. [PMID: 27809765 PMCID: PMC5094146 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Iron deficiency is a common childhood micronutrient deficiency that results in altered hippocampal function and cognitive disorders. However, little is known about the mechanisms through which neonatal iron deficiency results in long lasting alterations in hippocampal gene expression and function. DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark involved in gene regulation and altered by environmental factors. In this study, hippocampal DNA methylation and gene expression were assessed via reduced representation bisulfite sequencing and RNA-seq on samples from a previous study reporting reduced hippocampal-based learning and memory in a porcine biomedical model of neonatal iron deficiency. RESULTS In total 192 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified between the iron deficient and control groups. GO term and pathway enrichment analysis identified DEGs associated with hypoxia, angiogenesis, increased blood brain barrier (BBB) permeability, and altered neurodevelopment and function. Of particular interest are genes previously implicated in cognitive deficits and behavioral disorders in humans and mice, including HTR2A, HTR2C, PAK3, PRSS12, and NETO1. Altered genome-wide DNA methylation was observed across 0.5 million CpG and 2.4 million non-CpG sites. In total 853 differentially methylated (DM) CpG and 99 DM non-CpG sites were identified between groups. Samples clustered by group when comparing DM non-CpG sites, suggesting high conservation of non-CpG methylation in response to neonatal environment. In total 12 DM sites were associated with 9 DEGs, including genes involved in angiogenesis, neurodevelopment, and neuronal function. CONCLUSIONS Neonatal iron deficiency leads to altered hippocampal DNA methylation and gene regulation involved in hypoxia, angiogenesis, increased BBB permeability, and altered neurodevelopment and function. Together, these results provide new insights into the mechanisms through which neonatal iron deficiency results in long lasting reductions in cognitive development in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle M. Schachtschneider
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, 6700AH The Netherlands
| | - Yingkai Liu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Wenjiang, Huimin Road #221, Chengdu, 610000 China
| | - Laurie A. Rund
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Ole Madsen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, 6700AH The Netherlands
| | - Rodney W. Johnson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
| | - Martien A. M. Groenen
- Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, Wageningen, 6700AH The Netherlands
| | - Lawrence B. Schook
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, 1201 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
- Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, 1206 W Gregory Drive, Urbana, IL 61801 USA
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232
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Won JS, Singh AK, Singh I. Biochemical, cell biological, pathological, and therapeutic aspects of Krabbe's disease. J Neurosci Res 2016; 94:990-1006. [PMID: 27638584 PMCID: PMC5812347 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Krabbe's disease (KD; also called globoid cell leukodystrophy) is a genetic disorder involving demyelination of the central (CNS) and peripheral (PNS) nervous systems. The disease may be subdivided into three types, an infantile form, which is the most common and severe; a juvenile form; and a rare adult form. KD is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a deficiency of galactocerebrosidase activity in lysosomes, leading to accumulation of galactoceramide and neurotoxic galactosylsphingosine (psychosine [PSY]) in macrophages (globoid cells) as well as neural cells, especially in oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells. This ultimately results in damage to myelin in both CNS and PNS with associated morbidity and mortality. Accumulation of PSY, a lysolipid with detergent-like properties, over a threshold level could trigger membrane destabilization, leading to cell lysis. Moreover, subthreshold concentrations of PSY trigger cell signaling pathways that induce oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, apoptosis, inflammation, endothelial/vascular dysfunctions, and neuronal and axonal damage. From the time the "psychosine hypothesis" was proposed, considerable efforts have been made in search of an effective therapy for lowering PSY load with pharmacological, gene, and stem cell approaches to attenuate PSY-induced neurotoxicity. This Review focuses on the recent advances and prospective research for understanding disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches for KD. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Seong Won
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Avtar K. Singh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Service, Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Administration Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Inderjit Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
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233
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Mills KL, Goddings AL, Herting MM, Meuwese R, Blakemore SJ, Crone EA, Dahl RE, Güroğlu B, Raznahan A, Sowell ER, Tamnes CK. Structural brain development between childhood and adulthood: Convergence across four longitudinal samples. Neuroimage 2016; 141:273-281. [PMID: 27453157 PMCID: PMC5035135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Longitudinal studies including brain measures acquired through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have enabled population models of human brain development, crucial for our understanding of typical development as well as neurodevelopmental disorders. Brain development in the first two decades generally involves early cortical grey matter volume (CGMV) increases followed by decreases, and monotonic increases in cerebral white matter volume (CWMV). However, inconsistencies regarding the precise developmental trajectories call into question the comparability of samples. This issue can be addressed by conducting a comprehensive study across multiple datasets from diverse populations. Here, we present replicable models for gross structural brain development between childhood and adulthood (ages 8-30years) by repeating analyses in four separate longitudinal samples (391 participants; 852 scans). In addition, we address how accounting for global measures of cranial/brain size affect these developmental trajectories. First, we found evidence for continued development of both intracranial volume (ICV) and whole brain volume (WBV) through adolescence, albeit following distinct trajectories. Second, our results indicate that CGMV is at its highest in childhood, decreasing steadily through the second decade with deceleration in the third decade, while CWMV increases until mid-to-late adolescence before decelerating. Importantly, we show that accounting for cranial/brain size affects models of regional brain development, particularly with respect to sex differences. Our results increase confidence in our knowledge of the pattern of brain changes during adolescence, reduce concerns about discrepancies across samples, and suggest some best practices for statistical control of cranial volume and brain size in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Mills
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA; Center for Translational Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | | | - Megan M Herting
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine at USC/Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rosa Meuwese
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Eveline A Crone
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- Institute of Human Development, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Berna Güroğlu
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Armin Raznahan
- Child Psychiatry Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Sowell
- Department of Pediatrics, Keck School of Medicine at USC/Children's Hospital of Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian K Tamnes
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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234
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Góngora D, Domínguez M, Bobes MA. Characterization of ten white matter tracts in a representative sample of Cuban population. BMC Med Imaging 2016; 16:59. [PMID: 27784268 PMCID: PMC5082362 DOI: 10.1186/s12880-016-0163-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The diffusion tensor imaging technique (DTI) combined with tractography methods, has achieved the tridimensional reconstruction of white matter tracts in the brain. It allows their characterization in vivo in a non-invasive way. However, one of the largest sources of variability originates from the location of regions of interest, is therefore necessary schemes which make it possible to establish a protocol to be insensitive to variations in drawing thereof. The purpose of this paper is to stablish a reliable protocol to reconstruct ten prominent tracts of white matter and characterize them according to volume, fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity. Also we explored the relationship among these factors with gender and hemispheric symmetry. Methods This study aims to characterize ten prominent tracts of white matter in a representative sample of Cuban population using this technique, including 84 healthy subjects. Diffusion tensors and subsequently fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity maps were calculated from each subject’s DTI scans. The trajectory of ten brain tracts was estimated by using deterministic tractography methods of fiber tracking. In such tracts, the volume, the FA and MD were calculated, creating a reference for their study in the Cuban population. The interactions between these variables with age, cerebral hemispheres and gender factors were explored using Repeated Measure Analysis of Variance. Results The volume values showed that a most part of tracts have bigger volume in left hemisphere. Also, the data showed bigger values of MD for males than females in all the tracts, an inverse behavior than FA values. Conclusions This work showed that is possible reconstruct white matter tracts using a unique region of interest scheme defined from standard to native space. Also, this study indicates differing developmental trajectories in white matter for males and females and the importance of taking gender into account in developmental DTI studies and in underlie gender-related cognitive differences. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12880-016-0163-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Góngora
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 61000, China. .,Cuban Neuroscience Center, 190th Ave between 25th and 27th Ave, Havana, 11300, Cuba.
| | - M Domínguez
- IDIBELL Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M A Bobes
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, Center for Information in Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, 2006, Xiyuan Ave, West Hi-Tech Zone, Chengdu, 61000, China.,Cuban Neuroscience Center, 190th Ave between 25th and 27th Ave, Havana, 11300, Cuba
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GOTO M, SUZUKI M, MIZUKAMI S, ABE O, AOKI S, MIYATI T, FUKUDA M, GOMI T, TAKEDA T. Repeatability of Brain Volume Measurements Made with the Atlas-based Method from T 1-weighted Images Acquired Using a 0.4 Tesla Low Field MR Scanner. Magn Reson Med Sci 2016; 15:365-370. [PMID: 26841856 PMCID: PMC5608110 DOI: 10.2463/mrms.mp.2015-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE An understanding of the repeatability of measured results is important for both the atlas-based and voxel-based morphometry (VBM) methods of magnetic resonance (MR) brain volumetry. However, many recent studies that have investigated the repeatability of brain volume measurements have been performed using static magnetic fields of 1-4 tesla, and no study has used a low-strength static magnetic field. The aim of this study was to investigate the repeatability of measured volumes using the atlas-based method and a low-strength static magnetic field (0.4 tesla). MATERIALS AND METHODS Ten healthy volunteers participated in this study. Using a 0.4 tesla magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner and a quadrature head coil, three-dimensional T1-weighted images (3D-T1WIs) were obtained from each subject, twice on the same day. VBM8 software was used to construct segmented normalized images [gray matter (GM), white matter (WM), and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) images]. The regions-of-interest (ROIs) of GM, WM, CSF, hippocampus (HC), orbital gyrus (OG), and cerebellum posterior lobe (CPL) were generated using WFU PickAtlas. The percentage change was defined as[100 × (measured volume with first segmented image - mean volume in each subject)/(mean volume in each subject)]The average percentage change was calculated as the percentage change in the 6 ROIs of the 10 subjects. RESULTS The mean of the average percentage changes for each ROI was as follows: GM, 0.556%; WM, 0.324%; CSF, 0.573%; HC, 0.645%; OG, 1.74%; and CPL, 0.471%. The average percentage change was higher for the orbital gyrus than for the other ROIs. CONCLUSION We consider that repeatability of the atlas-based method is similar between 0.4 and 1.5 tesla MR scanners. To our knowledge, this is the first report to show that the level of repeatability with a 0.4 tesla MR scanner is adequate for the estimation of brain volume change by the atlas-based method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami GOTO
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Makoto SUZUKI
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Shinya MIZUKAMI
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Osamu ABE
- Department of Radiology, Nihon University School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Michinari FUKUDA
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
- Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kitasato University
| | - Tsutomu GOMI
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
| | - Tohoru TAKEDA
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Kitasato University, 1-15-1 Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-0373, Japan
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236
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Paul F. Pathology and MRI: exploring cognitive impairment in MS. Acta Neurol Scand 2016; 134 Suppl 200:24-33. [PMID: 27580903 DOI: 10.1111/ane.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive impairment is a frequent symptom in people with multiple sclerosis, affecting up to 70% of patients. This article reviews the published association of cognitive dysfunction with neuroimaging findings. Cognitive impairment has been related to focal T2 hyperintense lesions, diffuse white matter damage and corical and deep gray matter atrophy. Focal lesions cannot sufficiently explain cognitive dysfunction in MS; microstructural tissue damage detectable by diffusion tensor imaging and gray matter atrophy are probably at least as relevant. Resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging is increasingly used to investigate the contribution of functional connectivity changes to cognitive function in MS. The fact that at least one third of MS patients are not overtly cognitively impaired despite significant radiographic tissue damage argues for protective factors (brain reserve, cognitive reserve) that require further clarification. It is concluded that the reported correlations between imaging findings and cognitive function do not imply causality. Well conceived and sufficiently powered longitudinal studies are lacking. Such studies would help unravel protective mechanisms against cogniitve decline and identify suitable imaging techniques to monitor cognitive function in individual patients with MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center and Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center; Department of Neurology; Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin; Berlin Germany
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237
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Bush AM, Borzage MT, Choi S, Václavů L, Tamrazi B, Nederveen AJ, Coates TD, Wood JC. Determinants of resting cerebral blood flow in sickle cell disease. Am J Hematol 2016; 91:912-7. [PMID: 27263497 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is common in children with sickle cell disease and results from an imbalance in oxygen supply and demand. Cerebral blood flow (CBF) is increased in patients with sickle cell disease to compensate for their anemia, but adequacy of their oxygen delivery has not been systematically demonstrated. This study examined the physiological determinants of CBF in 37 patients with sickle cell disease, 38 ethnicity matched control subjects and 16 patients with anemia of non-sickle origin. Cerebral blood flow was measured using phase contrast MRI of the carotid and vertebral arteries. CBF increased inversely to oxygen content (r(2) = 0.69, P < 0.0001). Brain oxygen delivery, the product of CBF and oxygen content, was normal in all groups. Brain composition, specifically the relative amounts of grey and white matter, was the next strongest CBF predictor, presumably by influencing cerebral metabolic rate. Grey matter/white matter ratio and CBF declined monotonically until the age of 25 in all subjects, consistent with known maturational changes in brain composition. Further CBF reductions were observed with age in subjects older than 35 years of age, likely reflecting microvascular aging. On multivariate regression, CBF was independent of disease state, hemoglobin S, hemoglobin F, reticulocyte count and cell free hemoglobin, suggesting that it is regulated similarly in patients and control subjects. In conclusion, sickle cell disease patients had sufficient oxygen delivery at rest, but accomplish this only by marked increases in their resting CBF, potentially limiting their ability to further augment flow in response to stress. Am. J. Hematol. 91:912-917, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M. Bush
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Southern California; California
| | - Matthew T. Borzage
- Division of Neonatology and Radiology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; California
| | - Soyoung Choi
- Neurosciences Program; University of Southern California; California
| | - Lena Václavů
- Department of Radiology; Academic Medical Center; Amsterdam
| | - Benita Tamrazi
- Department of Radiology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; California
| | | | - Thomas D. Coates
- Section of Hematology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; California
| | - John C. Wood
- Department of Radiology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; California
- Division of Cardiology; Children's Hospital Los Angeles; California
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238
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Beuk J, Beninger RJ, Paré M. Lifespan Changes in the Countermanding Performance of Young and Middle Aged Adult Rats. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:190. [PMID: 27555818 PMCID: PMC4977309 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Inhibitory control can be investigated with the countermanding task, which requires subjects to make a response to a go signal and cancel that response when a stop signal is presented occasionally. Adult humans performing the countermanding task typically exhibit impaired response time (RT), stop signal response time (SSRT) and response accuracy as they get older, but little change in post-error slowing. Rodent models of the countermanding paradigm have been developed recently, yet none have directly examined age-related changes in performance throughout the lifespan. Male Wistar rats (N = 16) were trained to respond to a visual stimulus (go signal) by pressing a lever directly below an illuminated light for food reward, but to countermand the lever press subsequent to a tone (stop signal) that was presented occasionally (25% of trials) at a variable delay. Subjects were tested in 1 h sessions at approximately 7 and 12 months of age with intermittent training in between. Rats demonstrated longer go trial RT, a higher proportion of go trial errors and performed less total trials at 12, compared to 7 months of age. Consistent SSRT and post-error slowing were observed for rats at both ages. These results suggest that the countermanding performance of rats does vary throughout the lifespan, in a manner similar to humans, suggesting that rodents may provide a suitable model for behavioral impairment related to normal aging. These findings also highlight the importance of indicating the age at which rodents are tested in countermanding investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Beuk
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - Richard J Beninger
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada; Department of Psychology, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
| | - Martin Paré
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's UniversityKingston, ON, Canada
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239
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Aboutorabi A, Arazpour M, Bahramizadeh M, Hutchins SW, Fadayevatan R. The effect of aging on gait parameters in able-bodied older subjects: a literature review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016. [PMID: 26210370 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-015-0420-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gait disorders are common in the elderly populations, and their prevalence increases with age. Abnormal gait has been associated with greater risk for adverse outcomes in older adults, such as immobility and falls, which in turn lead to loss of functional independence and death. AIM The purpose of this review was to evaluate all of the original papers that measured gait parameters in the healthy elderly subjects. METHOD The search strategy was based on Population Intervention Comparison Outcome method. A search was performed in Pub Med, Science Direct, Google scholar, ISI web of knowledge databases by using the selected keywords. Forty-two articles were selected for final evaluation. The procedure using the PRISMA method was followed. RESULTS Stride lengths of older subjects ranged between 135 and 153 cm, and they preferred to walk with a 41 % increase in step width compared to young subjects. Cadence was reported to be between 103 and 112 steps/min in older adults. They consumed an average of 20-30 % more metabolic energy than younger subjects. All except one study demonstrated that older people have significantly reduced gait symmetry. CONCLUSION The progression toward shorter steps and slower walking and increased step width and prolonged double support in older adult, may therefore emerge as a compensatory strategy aimed at increasing stability, avoiding falls, or reducing the energetic cost of mobility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atefeh Aboutorabi
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Mokhtar Arazpour
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran.
- Pediatric Neurorehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Mahmood Bahramizadeh
- Orthotics and Prosthetics Department, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Stephen William Hutchins
- Institute for Health and Social Care Research (IHSCR), Faculty of Health & Social Care, University of Salford, Manchester, Salford, UK
| | - Reza Fadayevatan
- Iranian Research Center on Aging, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran
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240
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Vidal-Piñeiro D, Walhovd KB, Storsve AB, Grydeland H, Rohani DA, Fjell AM. Accelerated longitudinal gray/white matter contrast decline in aging in lightly myelinated cortical regions. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3669-84. [PMID: 27228371 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Highly myelinated cortical regions seem to develop early and are more robust to age-related decline. By use of different magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) measures such as contrast between T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans (T1w/T2w) it is now possible to assess correlates of myelin content in vivo. Further, previous studies indicate that gray/white matter contrast (GWC) become blurred as individuals' age, apparently reflecting age-related changes in myelin structure. Here we address whether longitudinal changes in GWC are dependent on initial myelin content within tissue as defined by baseline T1w/T2w contrast, and hypothesize that lightly myelinated regions undergo more decline longitudinally. A sample of 207 healthy adult participants (range: 20-84 years) was scanned twice (interscan interval: 3.6 years). Results showed widespread longitudinal reductions of GWC throughout the cortical surface, especially in the frontal cortices, mainly driven by intensity decay in the white matter. Annual rate of GWC blurring showed acceleration with age in temporal and medial prefrontal regions. Moreover, the anatomical distribution of increased rate of GWC decline with advancing age was strongly related to baseline levels of intracortical myelin. This study provides a first evidence of accelerated regional GWC blurring with advancing age, relates GWC patterns to cortical myeloarchitectonics and supports the hypothesis of increased age-related vulnerability of lightly myelinated areas. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3669-3684, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didac Vidal-Piñeiro
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristine B Walhovd
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andreas B Storsve
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Håkon Grydeland
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Darius A Rohani
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders M Fjell
- Research Group for Lifespan Changes in Brain and Cognition, Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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241
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Trotta N, Archambaud F, Goldman S, Baete K, Van Laere K, Wens V, Van Bogaert P, Chiron C, De Tiège X. Functional integration changes in regional brain glucose metabolism from childhood to adulthood. Hum Brain Mapp 2016; 37:3017-30. [PMID: 27133021 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the age-related changes in resting-state neurometabolic connectivity from childhood to adulthood (6-50 years old). Fifty-four healthy adult subjects and twenty-three pseudo-healthy children underwent [(18) F]-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography at rest. Using statistical parametric mapping (SPM8), age and age squared were first used as covariate of interest to identify linear and non-linear age effects on the regional distribution of glucose metabolism throughout the brain. Then, by selecting voxels of interest (VOI) within the regions showing significant age-related metabolic changes, a psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis was used to search for age-induced changes in the contribution of VOIs to the metabolic activity in other brain areas. Significant linear or non-linear age-related changes in regional glucose metabolism were found in prefrontal cortices (DMPFC/ACC), cerebellar lobules, and thalamo-hippocampal areas bilaterally. Decreases were found in the contribution of thalamic, hippocampal, and cerebellar regions to DMPFC/ACC metabolic activity as well as in the contribution of hippocampi to preSMA and right IFG metabolic activities. Increases were found in the contribution of the right hippocampus to insular cortex and of the cerebellar lobule IX to superior parietal cortex metabolic activities. This study evidences significant linear or non-linear age-related changes in regional glucose metabolism of mesial prefrontal, thalamic, mesiotemporal, and cerebellar areas, associated with significant modifications in neurometabolic connectivity involving fronto-thalamic, fronto-hippocampal, and fronto-cerebellar networks. These changes in functional brain integration likely represent a metabolic correlate of age-dependent effects on sensory, motor, and high-level cognitive functional networks. Hum Brain Mapp 37:3017-3030, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Trotta
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC) - ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Goldman
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC) - ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hôpital Erasme, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Kristof Baete
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Van Laere
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Vincent Wens
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC) - ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Patrick Van Bogaert
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC) - ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Xavier De Tiège
- Laboratoire de Cartographie fonctionnelle du Cerveau (LCFC) - ULB Neuroscience Institute (UNI), Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
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Smit DJ, de Geus EJ, Boersma M, Boomsma DI, Stam CJ. Life-Span Development of Brain Network Integration Assessed with Phase Lag Index Connectivity and Minimum Spanning Tree Graphs. Brain Connect 2016; 6:312-25. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2015.0359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk J.A. Smit
- Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eco J.C. de Geus
- Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I. Boomsma
- Biological Psychology, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- EMGO+ Institute, VU Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. Stam
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Clinical Neurophysiology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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van Ruitenbeek P, Serbruyns L, Solesio-Jofre E, Meesen R, Cuypers K, Swinnen SP. Cortical grey matter content is associated with both age and bimanual performance, but is not observed to mediate age-related behavioural decline. Brain Struct Funct 2016; 222:437-448. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-016-1226-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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244
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Sumowski JF, Rocca MA, Leavitt VM, Meani A, Mesaros S, Drulovic J, Preziosa P, Habeck CG, Filippi M. Brain reserve against physical disability progression over 5 years in multiple sclerosis. Neurology 2016; 86:2006-9. [PMID: 27164681 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000002702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The brain reserve hypothesis links larger maximal lifetime brain growth (MLBG, estimated with intracranial volume [ICV]) with lower risk for cognitive decline/dementia. We examined whether larger MLBG is also linked to less physical disability progression over 5 years in a prospective sample of treatment-naive patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS Physical disability was measured with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) at baseline and 5-year follow-up in 52 treatment-naive Serbian patients with MS. MRI measured disease burden (cerebral atrophy, T2 lesion volume) and MLBG: a genetically determined, premorbid (established during adolescence, stable thereafter) patient characteristic estimated with ICV (adjusted for sex). Logistic regression tested whether MLBG (smaller vs larger) predicts disability progression (stable vs worsened) independently of disease burden. RESULTS Disability progression was observed in 29 (55.8%) patients. Larger MLBG predicted lower risk for progression (odds ratio 0.13, 95% confidence interval 0.02-0.78), independently of disease burden. We also calculated absolute change in EDSS scores, and observed that patients with smaller MLBG showed worse EDSS change (0.91 ± 0.71) than patients with larger MLBG (0.42 ± 0.87). CONCLUSIONS Larger MLBG was linked to lower risk for disability progression in patients with MS over 5 years, which is the first extension of the brain reserve hypothesis to physical disability. MLBG (ICV) represents a clinically available metric that may help gauge risk for future disability in patients with MS, which may advance the science and practice of early intervention. Potential avenues for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Sumowski
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Maria A Rocca
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Victoria M Leavitt
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Alessandro Meani
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sarlota Mesaros
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jelena Drulovic
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Paolo Preziosa
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Christian G Habeck
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Massimo Filippi
- From the Department of Neurology (J.F.S.), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Neuroimaging Research Unit, Division of Neuroscience (M.A.R., A.M., P.P., M.F.), and Department of Neurology (M.A.R., M.F.), San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy; Department of Neurology (V.M.L., C.G.H.), Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and Clinic of Neurology (S.M., J.D.), Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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245
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Riva F, Triscoli C, Lamm C, Carnaghi A, Silani G. Emotional Egocentricity Bias Across the Life-Span. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:74. [PMID: 27199731 PMCID: PMC4844617 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily lives, we often have to quickly estimate the emotions of our conspecifics in order to have successful social interactions. While this estimation process seems quite easy when we are ourselves in a neutral or equivalent emotional state, it has recently been shown that in case of incongruent emotional states between ourselves and the others, our judgments can be biased. This phenomenon, introduced to the literature with the term Emotional Egocentricity Bias (EEB), has been found to occur in young adults and, to a greater extent, in children. However, how the EEB changes across the life-span from adolescence to old age has been largely unexplored. In this study, we recruited 114 female participants subdivided in four cohorts (adolescents, young adults, middle-aged adults, older adults) to examine EEB age-related changes. Participants were administered with a recently developed paradigm which, by making use of visuo-tactile stimulation that elicits conflicting feelings in paired participants, allows the valid and reliable exploration of the EEB. Results highlighted a U-shape relation between age and EEB, revealing enhanced emotional egocentricity in adolescents and older adults compared to young and middle-aged adults. These results are in line with the neuroscientific literature which has recently shown that overcoming the EEB is associated with a greater activation of a portion of the parietal lobe, namely the right Supramarginal Gyrus (rSMG). This is an area that reaches full maturation by the end of adolescence and goes through an early decay. Thus, the age-related changes of the EEB could be possibly due to the life-span development of the rSMG. This study is the first one to show the quadratic relation between age and the EEB and set a milestone for further research exploring the neural correlates of the life-span development of the EEB. Future studies are needed in order to generalize these results to the male population and to explore gender differences related to the aging of socio- emotional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Riva
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS)Trieste, Italy; Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
| | - Chantal Triscoli
- Department of Psychology, University of Gothenburg Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claus Lamm
- Department of Basic Psychological Research and Research Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Social, Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience Unit, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrea Carnaghi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgia Silani
- International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA-ISAS)Trieste, Italy; Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of ViennaVienna, Austria
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246
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Juraska JM, Willing J. Pubertal onset as a critical transition for neural development and cognition. Brain Res 2016; 1654:87-94. [PMID: 27060769 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence, broadly defined as the period between childhood and adulthood, is characterized by a variety of neuroanatomical and behavioral changes. In human adolescents, the cerebral cortex, especially the prefrontal cortex, decreases in size while the cortical white matter increases. Puberty appears to be an important factor in both of these changes. However, the white matter continues to grow beyond what is thought to be adolescence, while the gray matter of the cortex stabilizes by young adulthood. The size changes that are the manifestation of cortical reorganization during human adolescence are also seen in cellular reorganization in the rat cortex. The prefrontal cortex loses neurons, dendrites and synapses while myelination in the white matter continues to increase. All of this reorganization is more marked in female rats, and there is evidence both from pubertal timing and from removal of the ovaries that puberty plays an important role in initiating these changes in females. The maturation of behavioral functions of the prefrontal cortex, such as inhibitory control, occurs in both humans and rats across adolescence. There is also evidence for puberty as a major factor in decreasing perseveration in rats, but few studies have been done using pubertal status as an experimental variable, and the role of the gonadal steroids in modulating behavior throughout life makes clear effects more difficult to document. In all, puberty appears to be so essential to the changes occurring during adolescence that it should be recorded when possible, especially given the sex difference in pubertal timing. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janice M Juraska
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States.
| | - Jari Willing
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program University of Illinois, 603 E. Daniel St., Champaign, IL 61820, United States
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247
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Provencher D, Hennebelle M, Cunnane SC, Bérubé-Lauzière Y, Whittingstall K. Cortical Thinning in Healthy Aging Correlates with Larger Motor-Evoked EEG Desynchronization. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:63. [PMID: 27064767 PMCID: PMC4809888 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Although electroencephalography (EEG) is a valuable tool to investigate neural activity in patients and controls, exactly how local anatomy impacts the measured signal remains unclear. Better characterizing this relationship is important to improve the understanding of how inter-subject differences in the EEG signal are related to neural activity. We hypothesized that cortical structure might affect event-related desynchronization (ERD) in EEG. Since aging is a well-documented cause of cortical thinning, we investigated the effects of cortical thickness (CT) and cortical depth (CD - the skull-to-cortex distance) on ERD using anatomical MRI and motor-evoked EEG in 17 healthy young adults and 20 healthy older persons. Results showed a significant negative correlation between ERD and CT, but no consistent relationship between ERD and CD. A thinner cortex was associated with a larger ERD in the α/β band and correcting for CT removed most of the inter-group difference in ERD. This indicates that differences in neural activity might not be the primary cause for the observed aging-related differences in ERD, at least in the motor cortex. Further, it emphasizes the importance of considering conditions affecting the EEG signal, such as cortical anatomical changes due to aging, when interpreting differences between healthy controls and/or patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Provencher
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Radiobiology, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Hennebelle
- Research Center on Aging, Université de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Stephen C Cunnane
- Research Center on Aging, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Medicine, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Yves Bérubé-Lauzière
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada; Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Kevin Whittingstall
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Center, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada; Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Université de SherbrookeSherbrooke, QC, Canada
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248
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Pina-Camacho L, Del Rey-Mejías Á, Janssen J, Bioque M, González-Pinto A, Arango C, Lobo A, Sarró S, Desco M, Sanjuan J, Lacalle-Aurioles M, Cuesta MJ, Saiz-Ruiz J, Bernardo M, Parellada M. Age at First Episode Modulates Diagnosis-Related Structural Brain Abnormalities in Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2016; 42:344-57. [PMID: 26371339 PMCID: PMC4753597 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Brain volume and thickness abnormalities have been reported in first-episode psychosis (FEP). However, it is unclear if and how they are modulated by brain developmental stage (and, therefore, by age at FEP as a proxy). This is a multicenter cross-sectional case-control brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) study. Patients with FEP (n = 196), 65.3% males, with a wide age at FEP span (12-35 y), and healthy controls (HC) (n = 157), matched for age, sex, and handedness, were scanned at 6 sites. Gray matter volume and thickness measurements were generated for several brain regions using FreeSurfer software. The nonlinear relationship between age at scan (a proxy for age at FEP in patients) and volume and thickness measurements was explored in patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), affective psychoses (AFP), and HC. Earlier SSD cases (ie, FEP before 15-20 y) showed significant volume and thickness deficits in frontal lobe, volume deficits in temporal lobe, and volume enlargements in ventricular system and basal ganglia. First-episode AFP patients had smaller cingulate cortex volume and thicker temporal cortex only at early age at FEP (before 18-20 y). The AFP group also had age-constant (12-35-y age span) volume enlargements in the frontal and parietal lobe. Our study suggests that age at first episode modulates the structural brain abnormalities found in FEP patients in a nonlinear and diagnosis-dependent manner. Future MRI studies should take these results into account when interpreting samples with different ages at onset and diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ángel Del Rey-Mejías
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain;,Department of Methodology, School of Psychology, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Bioque
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de Álava (Sede Santiago), EHU/University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Hospital Clínico, University of Zaragoza, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Salvador Sarró
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias,Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;,Medicina y Cirugía Experimental, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Julio Sanjuan
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Clinic, University of Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Lacalle-Aurioles
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Madrid, Spain;,Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Research, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Manuel J. Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, IdiSNA, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jerónimo Saiz-Ruiz
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Ramon y Cajal, IRYCIS, Universidad de Alcala, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Neurosciences Institute, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain;,Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain;,Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, IiSGM, Madrid, Spain
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249
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Shapiro EG, Nestrasil I, Delaney KA, Rudser K, Kovac V, Nair N, Richard CW, Haslett P, Whitley CB. A Prospective Natural History Study of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type IIIA. J Pediatr 2016; 170:278-87.e1-4. [PMID: 26787381 PMCID: PMC4769976 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.11.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To characterize the clinical course of mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA), and identify potential endpoints for future treatment trials. STUDY DESIGN Children with a confirmed diagnosis of MPS IIIA, functioning above a developmental age of 1 year, were followed for up to 2 years. Cognitive status and brain atrophy were assessed by standardized tests and volumetric magnetic resonance imaging, respectively. Liver and spleen volumes and cerebrospinal fluid and urine biomarker levels were measured. RESULTS Twenty-five children, from 1.1 to 18.4 years old, were enrolled, and 24 followed for at least 12 months. 19 exhibited a rapidly progressing (RP) form of MPS IIIA, and 5, a more slowly progressing form. Children with RP plateaued in development by 30 months, followed by rapid regression after 40-50 months. In patients with RP, cognitive developmental quotients showed consistent steep declines associated with progressive cortical gray matter atrophy. Children with slowly progressing had a similar but more prolonged course. Liver and spleen volumes were approximately double normal size, and cerebrospinal fluid and urine heparin sulfate levels were elevated and relatively constant over time. CONCLUSION Developmental quotient and cortical gray matter volume are sensitive markers of disease progression in MPS IIIA, and may have utility as clinical endpoints in treatment trials. For optimal outcomes, treatment may need to be instituted in children before the onset of steep cognitive decline and brain atrophy. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01047306.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa G Shapiro
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN.
| | - Igor Nestrasil
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | | | - Kyle Rudser
- Division of Biostatistics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Victor Kovac
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
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250
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Altered Gray Matter in Adolescents with d-Transposition of the Great Arteries. J Pediatr 2016; 169:36-43.e1. [PMID: 26553098 PMCID: PMC5854486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.09.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the structural brain characteristics of adolescent patients with d-transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA), repaired with the arterial switch operation in early infancy, using quantitative volumetric magnetic resonance imaging. STUDY DESIGN Ninety-two patients with d-TGA from the Boston Circulatory Arrest Study (76% male; median age at scan 16.1 years) and 49 control subjects (41% male; median age at scan 15.7 years) were scanned using a 1.5-Tesla magnetic resonance imaging system. Subcortical and cortical gyral volumes and cortical gyral thicknesses were measured using surface-based morphometry. Group differences were assessed with linear regression. RESULTS Compared with controls, patients with d-TGA demonstrated significantly reduced subcortical volumes bilaterally in the striatum and pallidum. Cortical regions that showed significant volume and thickness differences between groups were distributed throughout parietal, medial frontoparietal, cingulate, and temporal gyri. Among adolescents with d-TGA, volumes and thicknesses correlated with several perioperative variables, including age at surgery, cooling duration, total support time, and days in the cardiac intensive care unit. CONCLUSIONS Adolescents with d-TGA repaired early in life exhibit widespread differences from control adolescents in gray matter volumes and thicknesses, particularly in parietal, midline, and subcortical brain regions, corresponding to white matter regions already known to demonstrate altered microstructure. These findings complement observations made in white matter in this group and suggest that the adolescent d-TGA cognitive profile derives from altered brain development involving both white and gray matter.
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