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Hogas S, Bilha SC, Branisteanu D, Hogas M, Gaipov A, Kanbay M, Covic A. Potential novel biomarkers of cardiovascular dysfunction and disease: cardiotrophin-1, adipokines and galectin-3. Arch Med Sci 2017; 13:897-913. [PMID: 28721158 PMCID: PMC5507105 DOI: 10.5114/aoms.2016.58664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is one of the main burdens of healthcare systems worldwide. Nevertheless, assessing cardiovascular risk in both apparently healthy individuals and low/high-risk patients remains a difficult issue. Already established biomarkers (e.g. brain natriuretic peptide, troponin) have significantly improved the assessment of major cardiovascular events and diseases but cannot be applied to all patients and in some cases do not provide sufficiently accurate information. In this context, new potential biomarkers that reflect various underlying pathophysiological cardiac and vascular modifications are needed. Also, a multiple biomarker evaluation that shows changes in the cardiovascular state is of interest. This review describes the role of selected markers of vascular inflammation, atherosclerosis, atherothrombosis, endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular fibrosis in the pathogenesis and prognosis of cardiovascular disease: the potential use of cardiotrophin-1, leptin, adiponectin, resistin and galectin-3 as biomarkers for various cardiovascular conditions is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Hogas
- Nephrology Department, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "C.I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Stefana C Bilha
- Endocrinology Department, "Sf. Spiridon" Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Dumitru Branisteanu
- Endocrinology Department, "Sf. Spiridon" Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Mihai Hogas
- Physiology Department, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
| | - Abduzhappar Gaipov
- Extracorporeal Hemocorrection Unit, JSC "National Scientific Medical Research Center", Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Mehmet Kanbay
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Adrian Covic
- Nephrology Department, Dialysis and Renal Transplant Center, "C.I. Parhon" University Hospital, "Grigore T. Popa" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Iasi, Romania
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202
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Turner RT, Philbrick KA, Kuah AF, Branscum AJ, Iwaniec UT. Role of estrogen receptor signaling in skeletal response to leptin in female ob/ob mice. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:357-367. [PMID: 28428364 PMCID: PMC5527997 DOI: 10.1530/joe-17-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Leptin, critical in regulation of energy metabolism, is also important for normal bone growth, maturation and turnover. Compared to wild type (WT) mice, bone mass is lower in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. Osteopenia in growing ob/ob mice is due to decreased bone accrual, and is associated with reduced longitudinal bone growth, impaired cancellous bone maturation and increased marrow adipose tissue (MAT). However, leptin deficiency also results in gonadal dysfunction, disrupting production of gonadal hormones which regulate bone growth and turnover. The present study evaluated the role of increased estrogen in mediating the effects of leptin on bone in ob/ob mice. Three-month-old female ob/ob mice were randomized into one of the 3 groups: (1) ob/ob + vehicle (veh), (2) ob/ob + leptin (leptin) or (3) ob/ob + leptin and the potent estrogen receptor antagonist ICI 182,780 (leptin + ICI). Age-matched WT mice received vehicle. Leptin (40 µg/mouse, daily) and ICI (10 µg/mouse, 2×/week) were administered by subcutaneous injection for 1 month and bone analyzed by X-ray absorptiometry, microcomputed tomography and static and dynamic histomorphometry. Uterine weight did not differ between ob/ob mice and ob/ob mice receiving leptin + ICI, indicating that ICI successfully blocked the uterine response to leptin-induced increases in estrogen levels. Compared to leptin-treated ob/ob mice, ob/ob mice receiving leptin + ICI had lower uterine weight; did not differ in weight loss, MAT or bone formation rate; and had higher longitudinal bone growth rate and cancellous bone volume fraction. We conclude that increased estrogen signaling following leptin treatment is dispensable for the positive actions of leptin on bone and may attenuate leptin-induced bone growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Kenneth A Philbrick
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Amida F Kuah
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adam J Branscum
- Biostatistics ProgramSchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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203
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Current Evidence for a Role of Neuropeptides in the Regulation of Autophagy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:5856071. [PMID: 28593174 PMCID: PMC5448050 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5856071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuropeptides drive a wide diversity of biological actions and mediate multiple regulatory functions involving all organ systems. They modulate intercellular signalling in the central and peripheral nervous systems as well as the cross talk among nervous and endocrine systems. Indeed, neuropeptides can function as peptide hormones regulating physiological homeostasis (e.g., cognition, blood pressure, feeding behaviour, water balance, glucose metabolism, pain, and response to stress), neuroprotection, and immunomodulation. We aim here to describe the recent advances on the role exerted by neuropeptides in the control of autophagy and its molecular mechanisms since increasing evidence indicates that dysregulation of autophagic process is related to different pathological conditions, including neurodegeneration, metabolic disorders, and cancer.
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204
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Biomarkers of adiposity are elevated in preterm very-low-birth-weight infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age. Pediatr Res 2017; 81:780-786. [PMID: 28099428 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2017.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preterm, very-low-birth-weight (PT-VLBW) neonates are at-risk for metabolic syndrome later in life. At 1-3 y, they exhibit excessive weight-for-length z-scores (Wt-LZ) and elevated systolic blood pressures (SBP). Serum adipokines are biomarkers of adiposity, but expression in PT-VLBW infants is unclear. We examined the correlation between serum adipokine levels, anthropometric measures and SBP in PT-VLBW neonates at follow-up. METHODS This was a cross-sectional cohort study of PT-VLBW infants at 1, 2, and 3 y of age (40/cohort). We measured SBP, abdominal circumference (AC) and anthropometrics; calculated age/gender-specific z-scores for Wt, L, Wt-L and subscapular skin fold (SSZ), and measured serum adipokines. RESULTS Serum leptin was unaffected by chronologic age and gender, but was positively correlated with weight, Wt-LZ, AC, and SSZ at 1 and 3 y (P < 0.01). Female infants at 1 and 3 y had a more significant relationship than males between serum leptin and SSZ (P < 0.001, R = 0.75 and P < 0.001, R = 0.70, respectively). Adiponectin levels were 16-20% lower at 3 vs. 1-2 y (P = 0.02, ANOVA) and negatively correlated with SBP. CONCLUSION Although serum leptin was unrelated to advancing age, gender, and SBP in PT-VLBW infants, levels correlated with measures of adiposity at 1 and 3 y, females > males, suggesting leptin resistance may occur in early infancy.
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205
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Bjornstad P, Cree-Green M, Baumgartner A, Coe G, Reyes YG, Schafer M, Pyle L, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB, Nadeau KJ. Leptin is associated with cardiopulmonary fitness independent of body-mass index and insulin sensitivity in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a brief report from the EMERALD study. J Diabetes Complications 2017; 31:850-853. [PMID: 28336216 PMCID: PMC5426806 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2017.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiopulmonary fitness is decreased in type 1 diabetes for reasons that are incompletely understood. In this study, leptin was associated with exercise capacity independent of insulin sensitivity (IS) and body mass index (BMI), suggesting that leptin may relate to cardiopulmonary fitness by mechanisms beyond IS and/or obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO.
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Center for Women's Health Research, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Amy Baumgartner
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Gregory Coe
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Yesenia Garcia Reyes
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Michal Schafer
- Division of Pediatric Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Laura Pyle
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Center for Women's Health Research, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Center for Women's Health Research, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Division of Endocrinology, Veterans Administration Hospital, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Kristen J Nadeau
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States; Center for Women's Health Research, Divisions of General Internal Medicine and Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
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206
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García-Hermoso A, Ceballos-Ceballos RJM, Poblete-Aro CE, Hackney AC, Mota J, Ramírez-Vélez R. Exercise, adipokines and pediatric obesity: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:475-482. [PMID: 28017965 PMCID: PMC5382285 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2016.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Adipokines are involved in the etiology of diabetes, insulin resistance, and the development of atherosclerosis and other latent-onset complications. The objective of this meta-analysis was to determine the effectiveness of exercise interventions on adipokines in pediatric obesity. SUBJECTS/METHODS A computerized search was made using three databases. The analysis was restricted to studies that examined the effect of exercise interventions on adipokines (adiponectin, leptin, resistin and visfatin) in pediatric obesity (6-18 years old). Fourteen randomized controlled trials (347 youths) were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. RESULTS Exercise was associated with a significant increase in adiponectin (WMD=0.882 μg ml-1, 95% CI, 0.271-1.493) but did not alter leptin and resistin level. Likewise, exercise intensity and change in body fat; as well as total exercise program duration, duration of the sessions, and change in body fat all significantly influenced the effect of exercise on adiponectin and leptin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exercise seems to increase adiponectin levels in childhood obesity. Our results also suggested that exercise on its own, without the concomitant presence of changes in body composition levels, does not affect leptin levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- A García-Hermoso
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - R J M Ceballos-Ceballos
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - C E Poblete-Aro
- Laboratorio de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, el Deporte y la Salud, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, USACH, Santiago, Chile
| | - A C Hackney
- Endocrine Section-Applied Physiology Laboratory, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - J Mota
- CIAFEL–Research Centre in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure, Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - R Ramírez-Vélez
- Centro de Estudios para la Medición de la Actividad Física «CEMA», Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
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207
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Abstract
The rising incidence of metabolic diseases worldwide has prompted renewed interest in the study of intermediary metabolism and cellular bioenergetics. The application of modern biochemical methods for quantitating fuel substrate metabolism with advanced mouse genetic approaches has greatly increased understanding of the mechanisms that integrate energy metabolism in the whole organism. Examination of the intermediary metabolism of skeletal cells has been sparked by a series of unanticipated observations in genetically modified mice that suggest the existence of novel endocrine pathways through which bone cells communicate their energy status to other centers of metabolic control. The recognition of this expanded role of the skeleton has in turn led to new lines of inquiry directed at defining the fuel requirements and bioenergetic properties of bone cells. This article provides a comprehensive review of historical and contemporary studies on the metabolic properties of bone cells and the mechanisms that control energy substrate utilization and bioenergetics. Special attention is devoted to identifying gaps in our current understanding of this new area of skeletal biology that will require additional research to better define the physiological significance of skeletal cell bioenergetics in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C Riddle
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas L Clemens
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; and The Baltimore Veterans Administration Medical Center, Baltimore, Maryland
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208
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Wabitsch M, Pridzun L, Ranke M, von Schnurbein J, Moss A, Brandt S, Kohlsdorf K, Moepps B, Schaab M, Funcke JB, Gierschik P, Fischer-Posovszky P, Flehmig B, Kratzsch J. Measurement of immunofunctional leptin to detect and monitor patients with functional leptin deficiency. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 176:315-322. [PMID: 28007844 PMCID: PMC5292973 DOI: 10.1530/eje-16-0821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT AND AIMS Functional leptin deficiency is characterized by high levels of circulating immunoreactive leptin (irLep), but a reduced bioactivity of the hormone due to defective receptor binding. As a result of the fact that affected patients can be successfully treated with metreleptin, it was aimed to develop and validate a diagnostic tool to detect functional leptin deficiency. METHODS An immunoassay capable of recognizing the functionally relevant receptor-binding complex with leptin was developed (bioLep). The analytical quality of bioLep was validated and compared to a conventional assay for immune-reactive leptin (irLep). Its clinical relevance was evaluated in a cohort of lean and obese children and adults as well as in children diagnosed with functional leptin deficiency and their parents. RESULTS In the clinical cohort, a bioLep/irLep ratio of 1.07 (range: 0.80-1.41) was observed. Serum of patients with non-functional leptin due to homozygous amino acid exchanges (D100Y or N103K) revealed high irLep but non-detectable bioLep levels. Upon treatment of these patients with metreleptin, irLep levels decreased, whereas levels of bioLep increased continuously. In patient relatives with heterozygous amino acid exchanges, a bioLep/irLep ratio of 0.52 (range: 0.48-0.55) being distinct from normal was observed. CONCLUSIONS The new bioLep assay is able to diagnose impaired leptin bioactivity in severely obese patients with a homozygous gene defect and in heterozygous carriers of such mutations. The assay serves as a diagnostic tool to monitor leptin bioactivity during treatment of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Wabitsch or J Kratzsch; or
| | | | - Michael Ranke
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julia von Schnurbein
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Moss
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Stephanie Brandt
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Katja Kohlsdorf
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Michael Schaab
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Funcke
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Peter Gierschik
- Institute of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Pamela Fischer-Posovszky
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and DiabetesDepartment of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Medical Center Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute of Laboratory MedicineClinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Correspondence should be addressed to M Wabitsch or J Kratzsch; or
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209
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Miehle K, Ebert T, Kralisch S, Hoffmann A, Kratzsch J, Schlögl H, Stumvoll M, Fasshauer M. Adipocyte and epidermal fatty acid-binding protein serum concentrations in patients with lipodystrophy. Cytokine 2017; 92:20-23. [PMID: 28088613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lipodystrophy (LD) syndromes are associated with diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridemia, and coronary artery disease. One pathogenetic factor of LD is dysregulation of several adipokines. However, the insulin resistance- and dyslipidemia-promoting adipokines adipocyte (AFABP) and epidermal (EFABP) fatty acid-binding protein have not been investigated in non-HIV-associated LD so far. MATERIAL AND METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of AFABP and EFABP serum concentrations in 37 LD patients and 37 age-, gender-, and body mass index-matched healthy controls. Moreover, AFABP and EFABP were correlated to clinical and biochemical parameters of inflammation, glucose control, and lipid metabolism. RESULTS There was no significant difference in median circulating AFABP and EFABP levels between LD patients (21.7μg/l and 7.5μg/l, respectively) and healthy controls (24.5μg/l and 8.6μg/l, respectively). Neither AFABP nor EFABP were related to markers of impaired glucose control or lipid metabolism. Multiple linear regression analysis showed a positive and independent association of AFABP with gender, serum leptin levels, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS Circulating levels of AFABP and EFABP are not decreased in LD despite adipose tissue loss in contrast to other adipokines including leptin and adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstanze Miehle
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Thomas Ebert
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susan Kralisch
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Annett Hoffmann
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kratzsch
- Institute for Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Haiko Schlögl
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Internal Medicine (Endocrinology and Nephrology), University of Leipzig, Germany; Leipzig University Medical Center, IFB AdiposityDiseases, Leipzig, Germany
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210
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Wang LH, Liu YC, Wang JH, Lee CJ, Hsu BG. Serum leptin level positively correlates with metabolic syndrome among elderly Taiwanese. Tzu Chi Med J 2017; 29:159-164. [PMID: 28974910 PMCID: PMC5615996 DOI: 10.4103/tcmj.tcmj_60_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Leptin is an adipocyte-derived hormone and has shown positive correlation with obesity and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in many studies. However, there are few studies investigating this relation in elderly people. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the correlation between the fasting serum leptin level and MetS among older Taiwanese. Materials and Methods: The fasting serum leptin level was obtained from 62 Taiwanese participants over 65 years old and was measured using a commercially available enzyme immunoassay kit. MetS and its components were defined using diagnostic criteria from the International Diabetes Federation. Results: Thirty elderly participants (48.4%) had MetS. The serum leptin level was positively correlated with MetS (P < 0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the factors significantly associated with MetS showed that logarithmically transformed leptin (log-leptin, each increase 0.1 ng/mL log-leptin, odds ratio: 1.276, 95% confidence interval: 1.015–1.603, P = 0.037) was still an independent predictor of MetS in elderly persons. Univariable linear analysis showed that body weight (r = 0280, P = 0.028), body mass index (r = 0.417, P = 0.001), waist circumference (r = 0.419, P = 0.001), blood urea nitrogen (r = 0255, P = 0.046), log-insulin (r = 0436, P < 0.001), and logarithmically transformed homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (r = 0359, P = 0.004) positively correlated with fasting serum log-leptin levels. Multivariate forward stepwise linear regression analysis of the factors significantly associated with fasting serum log-leptin levels revealed that waist circumference (adjusted R2 = 0.083, P = 0.002), statin use (adjusted R2 = 0.058, P = 0.016), and female gender (adjusted R2 = 0.041, P = 0.034) were independent predictors of fasting serum log-leptin levels among elderly participants. Conclusion: In elderly Taiwanese, the serum leptin level was positively correlated with MetS. Waist circumference, statin use, and female gender were independent predictors of the fasting serum leptin level in elderly participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hsuan Wang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Chang Liu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ji-Hung Wang
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Division of Cardiology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jen Lee
- Department of Nursing, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Bang-Gee Hsu
- School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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211
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Kokolski M, Ebling FJ, Henstock JR, Anderson SI. Photoperiod-Induced Increases in Bone Mineral Apposition Rate in Siberian Hamsters and the Involvement of Seasonal Leptin Changes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:357. [PMID: 29312147 PMCID: PMC5742149 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The adipokine leptin regulates energy balance, appetite, and reproductive maturation. Leptin also acts on bone growth and remodeling, but both osteogenic and anti-osteogenic effects have been reported depending on experimental conditions. Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) have natural variation in circulating leptin concentrations, where serum leptin is significantly decreased during the short day (SD)-induced winter state. In summer long day (LD) photoperiods, appetite and body adiposity increase with associated central leptin insensitivity. This natural change in leptin secretion was exploited to investigate leptin's effect on bone growth. Hamsters were injected with calcium-chelating fluorescent dyes to measure bone mineral apposition rate (MAR). Measurements were initially obtained from 5-week and 6-month-old animals maintained in low leptin (SD) or high leptin (LD) states. A further study investigated effects of chronic administration of recombinant mouse leptin to hamsters housed in SD and LD conditions; growth plate thickness and bone density were also assessed. As expected, a reduction in body mass was seen in hamsters exposed to SD, confirming the phenotype change in all studies. Serum leptin concentrations were significantly reduced in SD animals in all studies. MAR was reproducibly and significantly increased in the femurs of SD animals in all studies. Vitamin D and growth plate thickness were significantly increased in SD animals at 6 months. No effect on bone density was observed in any study. Taken together these data suggest that bone growth is associated with the low leptin, winter, lean state. In leptin-treated animals, there was a significant interaction effect of leptin and photoperiod. In comparison to their vehicle counterparts, SD animals had decreased and LD animals had increased MAR, which was not apparent prior to leptin administration. In conclusion, increased MAR was associated with low serum leptin levels in early life and sustained over 6 months, implying that leptin has a negative effect on bone growth in this model. The unexpected finding that MAR increased after peripheral leptin administration in LD suggests that leptin exerts different effects on bone growth dependent on initial leptin status. This adds further weight to the hypothesis that leptin-treated LD animals display central leptin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Kokolski
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Marie Kokolski,
| | - Francis J. Ebling
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, United Kingdom
| | - James R. Henstock
- Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Susan I. Anderson
- Division of Medical Sciences and Graduate Entry Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Royal Derby Hospital, Derby, United Kingdom
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213
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Life in the fat lane: seasonal regulation of insulin sensitivity, food intake, and adipose biology in brown bears. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 187:649-676. [PMID: 27987017 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-016-1050-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 11/06/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Grizzly bears (Ursus arctos horribilis) have evolved remarkable metabolic adaptations including enormous fat accumulation during the active season followed by fasting during hibernation. However, these fluctuations in body mass do not cause the same harmful effects associated with obesity in humans. To better understand these seasonal transitions, we performed insulin and glucose tolerance tests in captive grizzly bears, characterized the annual profiles of circulating adipokines, and tested the anorectic effects of centrally administered leptin at different times of the year. We also used bear gluteal adipocyte cultures to test insulin and beta-adrenergic sensitivity in vitro. Bears were insulin resistant during hibernation but were sensitive during the spring and fall active periods. Hibernating bears remained euglycemic, possibly due to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglucagonemia. Adipokine concentrations were relatively low throughout the active season but peaked in mid-October prior to hibernation when fat content was greatest. Serum glycerol was highest during hibernation, indicating ongoing lipolysis. Centrally administered leptin reduced food intake in October, but not in August, revealing seasonal variation in the brain's sensitivity to its anorectic effects. This was supported by strong phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 labeling within the hypothalamus of hibernating bears; labeling virtually disappeared in active bears. Adipocytes collected during hibernation were insulin resistant when cultured with hibernation serum but became sensitive when cultured with active season serum. Heat treatment of active serum blocked much of this action. Clarifying the cellular mechanisms responsible for the physiology of hibernating bears may inform new treatments for metabolic disorders.
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214
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Altawil AS, Mawlawi HA, Alghamdi KA, Almijmaj FF. A Novel Homozygous Frameshift Mutation in Exon 2 of LEP Gene Associated with Severe Obesity: A Case Report. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2016; 10:115-118. [PMID: 27980447 PMCID: PMC5153319 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s40432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Monogenic obesity is a rare type of obesity caused by a mutation in a single gene. Patients with monogenic obesity may develop early onset of obesity and severe metabolic abnormalities. CASE PRESENTATION A two-and-half-year-old girl was presented to our clinic because of excessive weight gain and hyperphagia. She was born at full term, by normal vaginal delivery with birth weight of 2.82 kg and no complications during pregnancy. The patient was the second child of two healthy, non-obese Saudis with known consanguinity. She gained weight rapidly leading to obesity at the age of three months. METHODS The demographic data and clinical features were recorded. Blood samples were collected and tested for endocrine and metabolic characteristics and genetic studies. Mutations of the LEP gene were screened. The coding exons 2 and 3 and the corresponding exon–intron boundaries were amplified by polymerase chain reaction using specific primers, analyzed by direct sequencing using an ABI sequencer 3500 xL GA (Applied Biosystems), and evaluated using the JSI SeqPilot software. The resulting sequence data were compared with the reference MM_0002302. CONCLUSION We report a novel homozygous frameshift mutation c.144delin TAC (G1n49Thrfs*23) in exon 2 of the LEP gene associated with extreme obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwaq Shukri Altawil
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Horia Ahmad Mawlawi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ateeq Alghamdi
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Faten Fohaid Almijmaj
- Department of Pediatrics, Prince Sultan Military Medical City, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Yan AF, Chen T, Chen S, Tang DS, Liu F, Jiang X, Huang W, Ren CH, Hu CQ. Signal transduction mechanism for glucagon-induced leptin gene expression in goldfish liver. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1544-1554. [PMID: 27994518 PMCID: PMC5166495 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.16612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin is a peripheral satiety hormone that also plays important roles in energy homeostasis in vertebrates ranging from fish to mammals. In teleost fish, however, the regulatory mechanism for leptin gene expression still remains unclear. In this study, we found that glucagon, a key hormone in glucose homeostasis, was effective at elevating the leptin-AI and leptin-AII transcript levels in goldfish liver via both in vivo intraperitoneal injection and in vitro cells incubation approaches. The responses of leptin-AI and leptin-AII mRNA to glucagon treatment were highly comparable. In contrast, blockade of local glucagon action could reduce the basal and induced leptin-AI and leptin-AII mRNA expression. The stimulation of leptin levels by glucagon was caused by the activation of adenylate cyclase (AC)/cyclic-AMP (cAMP)/ protein kinase A (PKA), and probably cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) cascades. Our study described the effect and signal transduction mechanism of glucagon on leptin gene expression in goldfish liver, and may also provide new insight into leptin as a mediator in the regulatory network of energy metabolism in the fish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Fen Yan
- School of stomatology and medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB); South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Tang
- School of stomatology and medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Fang Liu
- School of stomatology and medicine, Foshan University, Foshan 528000, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB)
| | - Wen Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB)
| | - Chun-Hua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB); South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Chao-Qun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB); South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou 510275, China
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Li KB, Yao XL, Sun PG, Wu ZY, Li XX, Liu JQ, Li YL. Serum leptin levels may be correlated with cerebral infarction. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 21:4. [PMID: 27904550 PMCID: PMC5122182 DOI: 10.4103/1735-1995.175160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To investigate the relation between serum leptin levels and cerebral infarction (CI) by meta-analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Scientific literature databases were searched for studies published in Chinese and English. After retrieving relevant articles through database searches and screening using predefined selection criteria, high-quality studies related to our research topic were selected for inclusion in this meta-analysis. All statistical analyses were conducted using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis 2.0 (CMA 2.0, Biostat Inc., Englewood, New Jersey, USA). RESULTS The study results revealed that serum leptin levels were significantly higher in CI patients as compared to normal controls. The outcomes of subgroup analysis by ethnicity suggested that the serum leptin levels in CI patients were significantly higher than normal controls in both Asian and Caucasian populations. Further, subgroup analysis based on the detection method indicated that the serum leptin levels in CI patients were significantly higher compared with normal controls when measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based measurements did not show such statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION Our meta-analysis results suggest that serum leptin levels in CI patients may be closely correlated with CI risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Bin Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Li Yao
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping-Ge Sun
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Wu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Xing Li
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Lan Li
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Zhengzhou Central Hospital, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
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217
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Perng W, Oken E, Roumeliotaki T, Sood D, Siskos AP, Chalkiadaki G, Dermitzaki E, Vafeiadi M, Kyrtopoulos S, Kogevinas M, Keun HC, Chatzi L. Leptin, acylcarnitine metabolites and development of adiposity in the Rhea mother-child cohort in Crete, Greece. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:471-476. [PMID: 28090353 PMCID: PMC5192536 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate relations of serum leptin at age 4 with development of adiposity and linear growth during 3 years of follow-up among 75 Greek children and to identify serum metabolites associated with leptin at age 4 and to characterize their associations with adiposity gain and linear growth. METHODS Linear regression models that accounted for maternal age, education and gestational weight gain and child's age and sex were used to examine associations of leptin and leptin-associated metabolites measured at age 4 with indicators of adiposity and linear growth at age 7. RESULTS Each 1-unit increment in natural log-(ln)-transformed leptin corresponded with 0.33 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.55) units greater body mass index-for-age z-score gain during follow-up. Likewise, higher levels of the leptin-associated metabolites methylmalonyl-carnitine and glutaconyl-carnitine corresponded with 0.14 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.27) and 0.07 (95% CI: -0.01, 0.16) units higher body mass index-for-age z-score gain, respectively. These relationships did not differ by sex or baseline weight status and were independent of linear growth. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that leptin, methylmalonyl-carnitine and possibly glutaconyl-carnitine are associated with weight gain during early childhood. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings in other populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Perng
- Department of Nutritional SciencesUniversity of Michigan School of Public HealthAnn ArborMIUSA
| | - E. Oken
- Department of Population MedicineHarvard Medical School/Harvard Pilgrim Health Care InstituteBostonMAUSA
- Department of NutritionHarvard T.H. Chan School of Public HealthBostonMAUSA
| | - T. Roumeliotaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - D. Sood
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. P. Siskos
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - G. Chalkiadaki
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - E. Dermitzaki
- Lab of Clinical Chemistry‐Biochemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionCreteGreece
| | - M. Vafeiadi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
| | - S. Kyrtopoulos
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and BiotechnologyNational Hellenic Research FoundationAthensGreece
| | - M. Kogevinas
- Center for Environmental Research, CREALBarcelonaSpain
| | - H. C. Keun
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Faculty of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUK
| | - L. Chatzi
- Department of Social Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of CreteHeraklionGreece
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218
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Combined high dose vitamin C and E increases oxidative stress and visceral fat mass in rats treated by depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate. MIDDLE EAST FERTILITY SOCIETY JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mefs.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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219
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A Pilot Study of Randomized, Head-to-Head of Metformin Versus Topiramate in Obese People With Schizophrenia. Clin Neuropharmacol 2016; 39:306-310. [DOI: 10.1097/wnf.0000000000000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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220
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Dai M, Zhang Y, Yu M, Tian W. Therapeutic applications of conditioned medium from adipose tissue. Cell Prolif 2016; 49:561-7. [PMID: 27487984 PMCID: PMC6496245 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For the past number of decades, adipose tissue has attracted significant interest due to its complicated composition and versatile functions. Adipose tissue is no longer considered to be just an energy-storing fat pad, but is also a key ring player in interaction networks between various organs and tissues. A wide range of factors released by adipose tissue are responsible for regulation of adipose tissue and other distant target tissues and cells, such as kidneys, skeletal muscle, the cardiovascular system and the immune system, in an auto-/paracrine manner. A mixture of bioactive molecules makes up the conditioned medium of adipose tissue. The beneficial role played by these bioactive molecules in angiogenesis, wound healing, tissue regeneration and immunomodulation has been demonstrated by various studies. Study of this conditioned medium helps deepen our understanding of underlying mechanisms and broadens the potential for therapeutic applications. In this review, we have aimed to improve fundamental understanding of conditioned medium from adipose tissue and to summarize recent efforts to study its therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minjia Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Disease, West China School of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
- National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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221
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Iwaniec UT, Turner RT. Influence of body weight on bone mass, architecture and turnover. J Endocrinol 2016; 230:R115-30. [PMID: 27352896 PMCID: PMC4980254 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Weight-dependent loading of the skeleton plays an important role in establishing and maintaining bone mass and strength. This review focuses on mechanical signaling induced by body weight as an essential mechanism for maintaining bone health. In addition, the skeletal effects of deviation from normal weight are discussed. The magnitude of mechanical strain experienced by bone during normal activities is remarkably similar among vertebrates, regardless of size, supporting the existence of a conserved regulatory mechanism, or mechanostat, that senses mechanical strain. The mechanostat functions as an adaptive mechanism to optimize bone mass and architecture based on prevailing mechanical strain. Changes in weight, due to altered mass, weightlessness (spaceflight), and hypergravity (modeled by centrifugation), induce an adaptive skeletal response. However, the precise mechanisms governing the skeletal response are incompletely understood. Furthermore, establishing whether the adaptive response maintains the mechanical competence of the skeleton has proven difficult, necessitating the development of surrogate measures of bone quality. The mechanostat is influenced by regulatory inputs to facilitate non-mechanical functions of the skeleton, such as mineral homeostasis, as well as hormones and energy/nutrient availability that support bone metabolism. Although the skeleton is very capable of adapting to changes in weight, the mechanostat has limits. At the limits, extreme deviations from normal weight and body composition are associated with impaired optimization of bone strength to prevailing body size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urszula T Iwaniec
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Russell T Turner
- Skeletal Biology LaboratorySchool of Biological and Population Health Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA Center for Healthy Aging ResearchOregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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222
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Adami GF, Scopinaro N, Cordera R. Adipokine Pattern After Bariatric Surgery: Beyond the Weight Loss. Obes Surg 2016; 26:2793-2801. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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223
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Yosaee S, Khodadost M, Esteghamati A, Speakman JR, Shidfar F, Nazari MN, Bitarafan V, Djafarian K. Metabolic Syndrome Patients Have Lower Levels of Adropin When Compared With Healthy Overweight/Obese and Lean Subjects. Am J Mens Health 2016; 11:426-434. [PMID: 27550773 DOI: 10.1177/1557988316664074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS), a cluster of cardiometabolic risk factors, is a challenging public health issue. The aim of current study was to test the hypothesis that concentrations of plasma adropin and leptin differ between patients with MetS and comparable age- and sex-matched control groups. This case-control study involved 153 subjects (51 per group). The study group included obese subjects with MetS and the two control groups included weight-matched subjects without MetS ("healthy": obese) and normal weight subjects without MetS. Body composition parameters were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Plasma levels of adropin, leptin, and their ratio were measured. Leptin was significantly different between obese patients with/without MetS groups and normal weight subjects. Patients with MetS had higher levels of leptin (14 ± 12.4) compared with those without MetS (11.2 ± 9.3 vs. 7 ± 7.1 obese and normal weight without MetS, respectively; p = .002). Compared with healthy obese and normal weight subjects, MetS subjects had lower levels of plasma adropin ( p < .001) and a lower plasma adropin to leptin ratio ( p < .001), which remained significant when adjusted for body fat mass by analysis of covariance ( p < .001). This study demonstrates low levels of adropin are correlated with MetS and hence identify it as a potentially protective agent against MetS development. Variation in adropin levels may partly explain the "healthy obese" phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somaye Yosaee
- 1 Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,2 Larestan School of Medical Sciences, Larestan, Iran
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Kraus CN, Chapman LW, Korta DZ, Zachary CB. Quality of life outcomes associated with treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) facial lipoatrophy. Int J Dermatol 2016; 55:1311-1320. [PMID: 27496689 DOI: 10.1111/ijd.13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Facial lipoatrophy (FLA), characterized by a decrease in facial volume, has a high prevalence in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection treated with long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The social stigmatization that results from such changes in facial appearance has led some HIV patients to discontinue HAART. The use of fillers is one method of restoring facial volume. A critical outcome of treatment concerns the patient's quality of life (QoL). Although many studies have assessed patient satisfaction, as well as the social and psychological outcomes associated with the correction of HIV FLA, fewer studies have assessed QoL. We reviewed treatment options for HIV FLA with a specific focus on QoL outcomes. Our analysis revealed that the following treatments were associated with improvements in QoL: poly-l-lactic acid; calcium hydroxylapatite; hyaluronic acid; polyacrylamide gel; polyalkylamide gel; polymethylmethacrylate; silicone oil; and autologous fat transfer. The treatment of HIV FLA with these agents appears to improve QoL as assessed by various QoL instruments. Additional studies are required to identify a unifying QoL instrument to effectively assess longitudinal QoL outcomes and to compare treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lance W Chapman
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Dorota Z Korta
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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225
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Yao K, Duan Y, Li F, Tan B, Hou Y, Wu G, Yin Y. Leucine in Obesity: Therapeutic Prospects. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2016; 37:714-727. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2016.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The mechanism of puberty initiation remains an enigma, despite extensive research in the field. Pulsatile pituitary gonadotropin secretion under the guidance of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) constitutes a sine qua non for pubertal onset. In turn, the secretion of GnRH in the human hypothalamus is regulated by kisspeptin and its receptor as well as by permissive or opposing signals mediated by neurokinin B and dynorphin acting on their respective receptors. These three supra-GnRH regulators compose the Kisspeptin, Neurokinin B and Dynorhin neurons (KNDy) system, a key player in pubertal onset and progression. RECENT FINDINGS The recent discovery that makorin ring finger protein 3 is also involved in puberty initiation provided further insights into the regulation of the KNDy pathway. In fact, the inhibitory (γ-amino butyric acid, neuropeptide Y, and RFamide-related peptide-3) and stimulatory signals (glutamate) acting upstream of KNDy called into question the role of makorin ring finger protein 3 as the gatekeeper of puberty. Meanwhile, the findings that 'neuroestradiol' produced locally and endocrine disruptors from the environment may influence GnRH secretion is intriguing. Finally, epigenetic mechanisms have been implicated in pubertal onset through recently discovered mechanisms. SUMMARY The exact molecular machinery underlying puberty initiation in humans is under intensive investigation. In this review, we summarize research evidence in the field, while emphasizing the areas of uncertainty and underlining the impact of current information on the evolving theory regarding this fascinating phenomenon.
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227
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MacIver NJ, Thomas SM, Green CL, Worley G. Increased leptin levels correlate with thyroid autoantibodies in nonobese males. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2016; 85:116-21. [PMID: 26445359 DOI: 10.1111/cen.12963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Leptin is an adipokine that regulates body weight and appetite. It is also an inflammatory cytokine that influences immune reactivity and autoimmunity. Leptin levels are increased in obesity and are higher in women than in men. We aimed to determine whether leptin levels, independent of sex and body mass index (BMI), are associated with thyroid autoimmunity. DESIGN This study uses data from The Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) to test the association of leptin and thyroid autoimmunity, independent of BMI. MEASUREMENTS Thyroid-stimulating hormone, thyroxine, antithyroid peroxidase (TPO) antibodies and leptin levels were measured in 2902 men and 3280 women within the NHANES III population. BMI was calculated from height and weight. RESULTS Women had significantly higher leptin levels and anti-TPO antibody titres than men. Correlation analyses demonstrated that leptin levels were associated with anti-TPO antibody levels in the total population, but when men and women were analysed separately, this association was lost. We then stratified men and women into obese (BMI > 30) or nonobese (BMI ≤ 30) subgroups and determined the association between leptin levels and anti-TPO antibody titres for each subgroup. Using regression analysis, we found that increased leptin levels correlated with thyroid autoantibodies in nonobese males, but not in obese males or in females. CONCLUSIONS Leptin levels correlated with thyroid autoantibody titres in nonobese males. This association was not found in females. Sex and body habitus should therefore be considered in studying the role of leptin in other autoimmune conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancie J MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Steven M Thomas
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cynthia L Green
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gordon Worley
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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228
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Hyun SM, Kim DY, Yi JS, Lee BJ, Chung YS. The Effect of Adenotonsillectomy on Growth in Prepubertal Children. SLEEP MEDICINE RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.17241/smr.2016.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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229
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Gruszfeld D, Kułaga Z, Wierzbicka A, Rzehak P, Grote V, Martin F, Poncelet P, Closa-Monasterolo R, Escribano J, Verduci E, Riva E, Koletzko B. Leptin and Adiponectin Serum Levels from Infancy to School Age: Factors Influencing Tracking. Child Obes 2016; 12:179-87. [PMID: 27027910 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early adiponectin and leptin in children correlate with those measured at a later age. Prenatal and early life factors may influence the pattern of leptin and adiponectin longitudinal changes. We aimed to identify subgroups of children with distinct trajectories of leptin and adiponectin over the first eight years of life, and to explore determinants predisposing an individual to be included in a specific trajectory class. METHODS The analysis was based on data obtained from the EU Childhood Obesity Project (CHOP) cohort. The current study involved 459 children with adiponectin and leptin measured at 6 months, 5½ and 8 years of age. RESULTS Three groups of leptin trajectories were identified: low-decreasing, medium-stable, and high-increasing, and two trajectory groups for adiponectin: lower and higher. The risk to be classified in the high-increasing group was higher than in the low-decreasing group for female gender (OR 10.67; 95% CI 4.94-23.05; p < 0.001); formula feeding (OR 3.34; 95% CI 1.11-10.09; p < 0.05); maternal overweight (OR 4.43; 95% CI 2.20-8.94; p < 0.001); and smoking in pregnancy (OR 4.14; 95% CI 2.07-8.29; p < 0.001). No predictors for being in the higher vs. lower adiponectin group were discovered. CONCLUSIONS Mothers' smoking during pregnancy, maternal overweight, and formula feeding distinguished different courses of leptin trajectories; but the effect may be associated with changes in adiposity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Peter Rzehak
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Grote
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
| | - Francois Martin
- 3 Centre Hospitalier Chrétien St. Vincent , Liège-Rocourt, Belgium
| | - Pascale Poncelet
- 4 University Children's Hospital Queen Fabiola , Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Enrica Riva
- 6 San Paolo Hospital University of Milan , Milan, Italy
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- 2 Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Centre , Munich, Germany
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Lower Muscle Mass and Body Fat in Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis Are Associated With Abnormal Leptin Bioavailability. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41:940-946. [PMID: 26656046 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0000000000001376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN This was a case-control study. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the body composition and its correlation with leptin and soluble leptin receptor (sOB-R) levels in girls with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) and compared with healthy controls. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Patients with AIS are associated with lower body weight, taller stature, lower body mass index (BMI), and deranged bone quality. Despite the widely reported lower BMI and body weight in girls with AIS, the body composition of these patients was not thoroughly studied with sufficient sample size. Leptin is an important factor in regulating energy and bone metabolism, and has been postulated as one of the etiologic factors of AIS. METHODS One hundred forty-eight AIS and 116 control girls aged 12 to 14 were recruited. Body composition was measured with bioelectrical impedance analysis. Caloric intake and physical activity level were assessed by food frequency and Baecke questionnaires respectively. Serum total leptin and sOB-R levels were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and free leptin index was calculated. RESULTS AIS girls had lower body weight and BMI, other anthropometric and sexual maturity parameters were comparable with controls. There were no difference in caloric intake and physical activity levels. After adjustment for physical activity level, AIS girls had lower skeletal muscle mass, lower body fat, and %body fat. Higher sOB-R and lower free leptin index were found in AIS girls after adjusted for age and body weight. Weaker correlations between serum total leptin, FLI, and body composition parameters were observed in AIS girls. CONCLUSION Results suggested that the lower body weight in AIS girls was contributed by both lower skeletal muscle mass and lower body fat. Altered leptin bioavailability also exists in AIS girls and could lead to lower body weight, lower BMI, and abnormal body composition that were manifested in AIS simultaneously. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4.
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Pennington KA, Ramirez-Perez FI, Pollock KE, Talton OO, Foote CA, Reyes-Aldasoro CC, Wu HH, Ji T, Martinez-Lemus LA, Schulz LC. Maternal Hyperleptinemia Is Associated with Male Offspring's Altered Vascular Function and Structure in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155377. [PMID: 27187080 PMCID: PMC4871503 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Children of mothers with gestational diabetes have greater risk of developing hypertension but little is known about the mechanisms by which this occurs. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that high maternal concentrations of leptin during pregnancy, which are present in mothers with gestational diabetes and/or obesity, alter blood pressure, vascular structure and vascular function in offspring. Wildtype (WT) offspring of hyperleptinemic, normoglycemic, Leprdb/+ dams were compared to genotype matched offspring of WT-control dams. Vascular function was assessed in male offspring at 6, and at 31 weeks of age after half the offspring had been fed a high fat, high sucrose diet (HFD) for 6 weeks. Blood pressure was increased by HFD but not affected by maternal hyperleptinemia. On a standard diet, offspring of hyperleptinemic dams had outwardly remodeled mesenteric arteries and an enhanced vasodilatory response to insulin. In offspring of WT but not Leprdb/+ dams, HFD induced vessel hypertrophy and enhanced vasodilatory responses to acetylcholine, while HFD reduced insulin responsiveness in offspring of hyperleptinemic dams. Offspring of hyperleptinemic dams had stiffer arteries regardless of diet. Therefore, while maternal hyperleptinemia was largely beneficial to offspring vascular health under a standard diet, it had detrimental effects in offspring fed HFD. These results suggest that circulating maternal leptin concentrations may interact with other factors in the pre- and post -natal environments to contribute to altered vascular function in offspring of diabetic pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Pennington
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Francisco I. Ramirez-Perez
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Kelly E. Pollock
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Omonseigho O. Talton
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Christopher A. Foote
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | | | - Ho-Hsiang Wu
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Tieming Ji
- Department of Statistics, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Luis A. Martinez-Lemus
- Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAM); (LCS)
| | - Laura C. Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women’s Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (LAM); (LCS)
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Kelsey MM, Bjornstad P, McFann K, Nadeau K. Testosterone concentration and insulin sensitivity in young men with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Pediatr Diabetes 2016; 17:184-90. [PMID: 25611822 PMCID: PMC4510044 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduced testosterone, a recognized comorbidity of reduced insulin sensitivity (IS) and type 2 diabetes (T2D), has also been reported in adult males with type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, there are limited data on how early reduced testosterone occurs, and whether it is related to the reduced IS in T1D. Leptin, a modulator of the HPG-axis, may also influence testosterone in T1D. We hypothesized that IS and leptin would be associated with total testosterone (TT), and free androgen index (FAI) in adolescent males with T1D. METHODS T1D (n = 35), T2D (n = 13), lean (n = 13) and obese (n = 9) adolescent males had IS measured by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps (glucose infusion rate [GIR]), in addition to leptin, sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), TT, and FAI. The cohort was stratified into those with T1D (n = 35) and those without (n = 35). RESULTS TT and SHBG were lower in T2D boys vs. lean controls, and GIR and leptin correlated with FAI and TT in non-T1D participants. However, despite being insulin resistant, adolescent males with T1D had normal TT and FAI, unrelated to GIR. In T1D, leptin was inversely associated with TT (p = 0.005) and FAI (p = 0.01), independent of puberty, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), diabetes duration, body mass index (BMI) z-score and GIR. CONCLUSION Leptin accounted for a significant proportion of the variability of testosterone in T1D. However, despite reduced IS, there was no association between IS and testosterone in T1D adolescents. These observations suggest that the mechanisms affecting testosterone may differ between adolescent males with and without T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M. Kelsey
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Petter Bjornstad
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Kim McFann
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Kristen Nadeau
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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Nagy E, Rodriguiz RM, Wetsel WC, MacIver NJ, Hale LP. Reproduction and Growth in a Murine Model of Early Life-Onset Inflammatory Bowel Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152764. [PMID: 27045690 PMCID: PMC4821577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies in transgenic murine models have provided insight into the complexity underlying inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disease hypothesized to result from an injurious immune response against intestinal microbiota. We recently developed a mouse model of IBD that phenotypically and histologically resembles human childhood-onset ulcerative colitis (UC), using mice that are genetically modified to be deficient in the cytokines TNF and IL-10 (“T/I” mice). Here we report the effects of early life onset of colon inflammation on growth and reproductive performance of T/I mice. T/I dams with colitis often failed to get pregnant or had small litters with pups that failed to thrive. Production was optimized by breeding double homozygous mutant T/I males to females homozygous mutant for TNF deficiency and heterozygous for deficiency of IL-10 (“T/I-het” dams) that were not susceptible to spontaneous colon inflammation. When born to healthy (T/I-het) dams, T/I pups initially gained weight similarly to wild type (WT) pups and to their non-colitis-susceptible T/I-het littermates. However, their growth curves diverged between 8 and 13 weeks, when most T/I mice had developed moderate to severe colitis. The observed growth failure in T/I mice occurred despite a significant increase in their food consumption and in the absence of protein loss in the stool. This was not due to TNF-induced anorexia or altered food consumption due to elevated leptin levels. Metabolic studies demonstrated increased consumption of oxygen and water and increased production of heat and CO2 in T/I mice compared to their T/I-het littermates, without differences in motor activity. Based on the clinical similarities of this early life onset model of IBD in T/I mice to human IBD, these results suggest that mechanisms previously hypothesized to explain growth failure in children with IBD require re-evaluation. The T/I mouse model may be useful for further investigation of such mechanisms and for development of therapies to prevent reproductive complications and/or growth failure in humans with IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eniko Nagy
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Ramona M. Rodriguiz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - William C. Wetsel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Nancie J. MacIver
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Laura P. Hale
- Department of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Mouse Behavioral and Neuroendocrine Analysis Core Facility, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Strehler KYE, Matheny M, Kirichenko N, Sakarya Y, Bruce E, Toklu HZ, Carter CS, Morgan D, Tümer N, Scarpace PJ. Onset of leptin resistance shows temporal differences related to dose or pulsed treatment. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 779:177-85. [PMID: 27012992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin administration results in leptin resistance presenting a significant barrier to therapeutic use of leptin. Consequently, we examined two hypotheses. The first examined the relationship between leptin dose and development of physiological and biochemical signs of leptin resistance. We hypothesized lower doses of leptin would produce proportional reductions in body weight without the adverse leptin-induced leptin resistance. The second compared pulsed central leptin infusion to continuous leptin infusion. We hypothesized that pulsed infusion at specific times of the day would evoke favorable body weight reductions while tempering the development of leptin-induced leptin resistance. The first experiment examined leptin responsiveness, including food intake, body weight and hypothalamic STAT3 phosphorylation to increasing doses of viral gene delivery of leptin. Varying the dose proved inconsequential with respect to long-term therapy and demonstrated proportional development of leptin resistance. The second experiment examined leptin responsiveness to pulsed central leptin infusion, comparing pulsed versus constant infusion of 3μg/day leptin or a 2h morning versus a 2h evening pulsed leptin infusion. Pulsed delivery of the supramaximal dose of 3μg/day was not different than constant delivery. Morning pulsed infusion of the submaximal dose of 0.25μg reduces food intake only over subsequent immediate meal period and was associated with body weight reductions, but results in cellular leptin resistance. Evening pulsed infusion did not decrease food intake but reduces body weight and maintains full leptin signaling. The positive benefit for pulsed delivery remains speculative, yet potentially may provide an alternative mode of leptin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Y E Strehler
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Michael Matheny
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Nataliya Kirichenko
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Yasemin Sakarya
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Erin Bruce
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Hale Zerrin Toklu
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Christy S Carter
- Aging and Geriatric Research, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Drake Morgan
- Psychiatry, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States
| | - Nihal Tümer
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Gainesville, FL 32608-1197, United States
| | - Philip J Scarpace
- Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32610, United States.
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Tsuneyama N, Suzuki Y, Sawamura K, Sugai T, Fukui N, Watanabe J, Ono S, Saito M, Someya T. Effect of Serum Leptin on Weight Gain Induced by Olanzapine in Female Patients with Schizophrenia. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149518. [PMID: 26930407 PMCID: PMC4773092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olanzapine (OLZ) treatment is associated with a high risk of weight gain, and may cause abnormalities in glycolipid metabolism. Therefore, the underlying mechanism of OLZ-related weight gain is needed to clarify but not yet been adequately determined. In recent years, adipocytokines such as leptin, adiponectin, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, which play important roles in energy homeostasis, have been suggested as biomarkers of weight gain. Here, we determined if baseline plasma concentrations of leptin, adiponectin, and TNF-α predict weight gain following OLZ treatment. METHODS We recruited 31 schizophrenia outpatients (12 men and 19 women, 28.8 ± 10.2 years old) that were unmedicated or on another antipsychotic monotherapy medication. Baseline body mass index (BMI) and plasma levels of leptin, adiponectin, and TNF-α were obtained. All patients started or were switched to OLZ monotherapy for a maximum of 1 year. BMI was also obtained at the endpoint. RESULTS Mean BMI change following OLZ treatment was 2.1 ± 2.7 kg/m2. BMI change from baseline to endpoint negatively-correlated with baseline leptin levels in female patients (r = -0.514, P = 0.024), but not male patients. Baseline adiponectin or TNF-α levels were not correlated with BMI change. CONCLUSION Baseline plasma leptin can have an effect on subsequent weight gain following OLZ treatment in female patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Tsuneyama
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Yutaro Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Kazushi Sawamura
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Takuro Sugai
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naoki Fukui
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Junzo Watanabe
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shin Ono
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Mami Saito
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Someya
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Choi KM. The Impact of Organokines on Insulin Resistance, Inflammation, and Atherosclerosis. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2016; 31:1-6. [PMID: 26996418 PMCID: PMC4803543 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2016.31.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immoderate energy intake, a sedentary lifestyle, and aging have contributed to the increased prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. There is an urgent need for the development of novel pharmacological interventions that can target excessive fat accumulation and decreased muscle mass and/or strength. Adipokines, bioactive molecules derived from adipose tissue, are involved in the regulation of appetite and satiety, inflammation, energy expenditure, insulin resistance and secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism, and atherosclerosis. Recently, there is emerging evidence that skeletal muscle and the liver also function as endocrine organs that secrete myokines and hepatokines, respectively. Novel discoveries and research into these organokines (adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines) may lead to the development of promising biomarkers and therapeutics for cardiometabolic disease. In this review, I summarize recent data on these organokines and focus on the role of adipokines, myokines, and hepatokines in the regulation of insulin resistance, inflammation, and atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Mook Choi
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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Tchang BG, Shukla AP, Aronne LJ. Metreleptin and generalized lipodystrophy and evolving therapeutic perspectives. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 15:1061-75. [PMID: 26063386 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1052789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metreleptin was recently approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy, a condition characterized by leptin deficiency. Its efficacy as hormone replacement therapy suggests broader applications in diseases also characterized by leptin abnormalities, such as familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and common obesity. Metreleptin, in conjunction with other pharmacologic interventions, has the potential to address one of the most widespread epidemics of our time, obesity. AREAS COVERED This review covers the physiology of leptin, the pharmacologic properties of recombinant methionyl human leptin (R-metHu-Leptin, metreleptin), evidence for metreleptin's efficacy in the treatment of generalized lipodystrophy from both completed and ongoing clinical trials, safety concerns, and future directions in metreleptin research. EXPERT OPINION Metreleptin's approval for generalized lipodystrophy is the first step in defining and expanding its role to other metabolic diseases. Clinical trials are underway to delineate its efficacy in FPLD, human immunodeficiency virus/highly active anti-retroviral therapy-associated acquired lipodystrophy (HAL), and NAFLD. Additionally, there is growing data that support a therapeutic role in obesity. One of the barriers to development, however, is metreleptin's safety and immunogenicity. Further advances in biologic compatibility are required before metreleptin can be approved for additional indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beverly G Tchang
- Weill Cornell Medical College, Comprehensive Weight Control Center, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism , 1165 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065 , USA
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Chen T, Chen S, Ren C, Hu C, Tang D, Yan A. Two isoforms of leptin in the White-clouds Mountain minnow (Tanichthys albonubes): Differential regulation by estrogen despite similar response to fasting. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 225:174-184. [PMID: 26386182 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Leptin has been well-established as a canonical anorexic peptide hormone in mammals, though much of its function in fish remains obscure. In this study, the cDNAs of two leptin isoforms (leptin-A and leptin-B) were cloned from the liver of a small cyprinid fish, Tanichthys albonubes. The two T. albonubes leptins, sharing low primary amino acid sequence homology with their mammalian counterparts, and between themselves, are highly conserved in three-dimensional protein structures and gene structures. Liver is a major source of leptin mRNA in T. albonubes with leptin-A being the dominant form. The expression of hepatic leptin-A but not leptin-B mRNA in female fish is significantly higher than in male fish. Transcriptional hepatic levels of leptin-A and leptin-B in both male and female fish were demonstrated to increase after long-term fasting (10-25days) but decline upon re-feeding (3days). Strikingly, estrogen (E2) administration induced only leptin-A but not leptin-B hepatic mRNA expression in both male and female fish. Our study here provides the first evidence for differential regulation of two leptins in fish, and sheds new light on the possible origin of leptin in lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Shuang Chen
- Department of Anatomy, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chunhua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Tropical Marine Bio-resources and Ecology (LMB), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Marine Biology (LAMB), South China Sea Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China; South China Sea Bio-Resource Exploitation and Utilization Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangzhou, China.
| | | | - Aifen Yan
- College of Medicine, Foshan University, Foshan, China.
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Polyzos SA, Aronis KN, Kountouras J, Raptis DD, Vasiloglou MF, Mantzoros CS. Circulating leptin in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Diabetologia 2016; 59:30-43. [PMID: 26407715 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-015-3769-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Clinical data regarding circulating leptin levels in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are conflicting. The purpose of this meta-analysis was to compare leptin levels between the following groups: patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD vs controls; simple steatosis (SS) patients vs controls; non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) patients vs controls and NASH patients vs SS patients. METHODS We performed a systematic search in PubMed, Scopus and the Cochrane Library. We analysed 33 studies, published between 1999 and 2014, including 2,612 individuals (775 controls and 1,837 NAFLD patients). RESULTS Higher circulating leptin levels were observed in NAFLD patients vs controls (standardised mean difference [SMD] 0.640; 95% CI 0.422, 0.858), SS patients vs controls (SMD 0.358; 95% CI 0.043, 0.673), NASH patients vs controls (SMD 0.617; 95% CI 0.403, 0.832) and NASH patients vs SS patients (SMD 0.209; 95% CI 0.023, 0.395). These results remained essentially unchanged after excluding studies involving paediatric or adolescent populations and/or individuals undergoing bariatric surgery. There was moderate-to-severe heterogeneity among studies in all comparisons, but no significant publication bias was detected. Meta-regression analysis demonstrated that BMI was inversely associated with leptin SMD and accounted for 26.5% (p = 0.014) and 32.7% (p = 0.021) of the between-study variance in the comparison between NASH patients and controls and NAFLD patients and controls, respectively. However, when bariatric studies were excluded, BMI did not significantly explain the between-study variance. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Circulating leptin levels were higher in patients with NAFLD than in controls. Higher levels of circulating leptin were associated with increased severity of NAFLD, and the association remained significant after the exclusion of studies involving paediatric or adolescent populations and morbidly obese individuals subjected to bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stergios A Polyzos
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Konstantinos N Aronis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jannis Kountouras
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios D Raptis
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria F Vasiloglou
- Second Medical Clinic, Department of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Ippokration Hospital, 49 Konstantinoupoleos, 546 42, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
- Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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241
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Catteau A, Caillon H, Barrière P, Denis MG, Masson D, Fréour T. Leptin and its potential interest in assisted reproduction cycles. Hum Reprod Update 2015; 22:320-41. [PMID: 26663219 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmv057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin, an adipose hormone, has been shown to control energy homeostasis and food intake, and exert many actions on female reproductive function. Consequently, this adipokine is a pivotal factor in studies conducted on animal models and humans to decipher the mechanisms behind the infertility often observed in obese women. METHODS A systematic PubMed search was conducted on all articles, published up to January 2015 and related to leptin and its actions on energy balance and reproduction, using the following key words: leptin, reproduction, infertility, IVF and controlled ovarian stimulation. The available literature was reviewed in order to provide an overview of the current knowledge on the physiological roles of leptin, its involvement in female reproductive function and its potential interest as a prognostic marker in IVF cycles. RESULTS Animal and human studies show that leptin communicates nutritional status to the central nervous system and emerging evidence has demonstrated that leptin is involved in the control of reproductive functions by acting both directly on the ovaries and indirectly on the central nervous system. With respect to the clinical use of leptin as a biomarker in IVF cycles, a systematic review of the literature suggested its potential interest as a predictor of IVF outcome, as high serum and/or follicular fluid leptin concentrations have correlated negatively with cycle outcome. However, these preliminary results remain to be confirmed. CONCLUSION Leptin regulates energy balance and female reproductive function, mainly through its action on hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function, whose molecular and cellular aspects are progressively being deciphered. Preliminary studies evaluating leptin as a biomarker in human IVF seem promising but need further confirmation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Catteau
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - H Caillon
- Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P Barrière
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 1064 - ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - M G Denis
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 913, Nantes, France
| | - D Masson
- Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France Laboratoire de biochimie, Institut de biologie, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 913, Nantes, France
| | - T Fréour
- Service de médecine et biologie du développement et de la reproduction, Hôpital mère et enfant, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Faculté de médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France INSERM UMR 1064 - ITUN, CHU de Nantes, Nantes, France Clínica EUGIN, 08029 Barcelona, Spain
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Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and serum leptin in older adults: results from the MOBILIZE Boston study. J Occup Environ Med 2015; 56:e73-7. [PMID: 25192230 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution has been linked to increased risk of obesity and diabetes and may be associated with higher serum levels of the adipokine leptin, but this hypothesis has not been previously evaluated in humans. METHODS In a cohort of older adults, we estimated the association between serum leptin concentrations and two markers of long-term exposure to traffic pollution, adjusting for participant characteristics, temporal trends, socioeconomic factors, and medical history. RESULTS An interquartile range increase (0.11 μg/m) in annual mean residential black carbon was associated with 12% (95% confidence interval: 3%, 22%) higher leptin levels. Leptin levels were not associated with residential distance to major roadway. CONCLUSIONS If confirmed, these findings support the emerging evidence suggesting that certain sources of traffic pollution may be associated with adverse cardiometabolic effects.
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243
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Effect of Diet and Exercise on the Peripheral Immune System in Young Balb/c Mice. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:458470. [PMID: 26634209 PMCID: PMC4655039 DOI: 10.1155/2015/458470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Although diet and exercise clearly have an influence on immune function, studies are scarce on the effect caused by exercise and the consumption of a carbohydrate-rich or fat-rich diet on the peripheral immune system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of exercise and the two aforementioned unbalanced diets on young Balb/c mice, especially in relation to BMI, the level of glucose, and the percentage of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood. The changes found were then related to the synthesis of leptin and adiponectin as well as the production of oxidative stress. The increase in BMI found with the carbohydrate-rich and fat-rich diets showed correlation with the levels of leptin and adiponectin. An increase in leptin and a decrease in adiponectin directly correlated with an increase in total lymphocytes and CD4+ cells and with a decrease in B cells. The increase in leptin also correlated with an increase in CD8+ cells. Glycemia and oxidative stress increased with the two unbalanced diets, negatively affecting the proliferation of total lymphocytes and the percentage of B cells, apparently by causing alterations in proteins through carbonylation. These alterations caused by an unbalanced diet were not modified by moderate exercise.
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Hayatdavoudi P, Ghasemi M, Zendehbad B, Soukhtanloo M, Golshan A, Hadjzadeh MAR. Effect of exogenous leptin on serum levels of lipids, glucose, renal and hepatic variables in both genders of obese and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2015; 18:1072-8. [PMID: 26949493 PMCID: PMC4764107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Leptin exerts various effects on appetite and body weight. Disruption of the obesity gene is precedent to fatness. Insulin or glucose elevates leptin, but streptozotocin reduces it. However, controversial data exist for the effects of leptin on diabetes and leptin level in each gender. Leptin can damage the kidney function but little evidence exists for its hepatic effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the probable sex-dependent differences in blood sugar levels, lipid profile, and renal and hepatic biochemical factors in the obesity and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats after leptin administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats of both sexes were randomly divided into two groups, namely obese and diabetic rats. Each group was further divided into male and female subgroups. Extra fat and carbohydrate was added to the diet to induce obesity. Furthermore, streptozotocin (55 mg/kg, IP) was injected to induce diabetes. The treatment groups received leptin (0.1 mg/kg SC) for 10 days, and then, blood samples were taken from the orbital sinus for laboratory evaluations. RESULTS Leptin resulted in a significant weight loss in both sexes (P<0.001), food intake reduction in male rats (P<0.05), LDL reduction in female rats (obese (P<0.05) and diabetic (P<0.001)), and glucose level decline in the female diabetic rats (P<0.001). However, total protein concentration, LFT (liver function tests), urea and creatinin concentrations among different groups did not show any significant changes. CONCLUSION Leptin caused some discrepant results, especially regarding the LDL and glucose levels in diabetic female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichehr Hayatdavoudi
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Ghasemi
- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Bamdad Zendehbad
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Soukhtanloo
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Alireza Golshan
- Faculty of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Mousa Al-Reza Hadjzadeh
- Neurocognitive Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Mousa Al-Reza Hadjzadeh. Neurocognitive Research Center, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran. Tel: +98-51-38828565; Fax: +98-51-38828564;
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Ontogenic expression profiles and oxaliplatin regulation of leptin expression in mice dorsal root ganglion. Neuroreport 2015; 26:870-6. [PMID: 26302162 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0000000000000440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Leptin is widely distributed in many tissues, including the nervous system. However, the ontogeny of leptin expression in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) is unclear. Recent studies have shown that leptin is involved in the regulation of neuropathic pain induced by nerve injury. Our previous results showed that exogenous leptin administration alleviated the pain behaviors induced by chronic constriction sciatic nerve injury. In the present study, the ontogenic expression of leptin was detected in the DRG of the mouse embryo at days 15.5 (E15.5), E17.5, and E19.5 of gestation and in the postnatal mouse at days 5 (P5), P15, and P25, and in the adult mouse. Leptin immunoreactivity and mRNA were not found in DRG at E15.5. The percentage of leptin immunopositive (leptin) neurons was about 27% at E17.5. It continued to increase to about 70% at P5. From P5 to P15, there was no significant change. The proportion of DRG neurons positive for leptin decreased after P15 and there were about 41% leptin neurons in adults. The expression profile of leptin mRNA is similar to leptin immunoreactivity. Oxaliplatin (OXA) is an effective platinum-based drug used as first-line chemotherapy for advanced colorectal cancer. However, it may induce neuropathic pain. In the current study, we found that the expression of leptin was increased in the lumbar 4-6 DRG of OXA-treated mice. These results indicate that leptin is involved in the regulation of DRG development and OXA-induced neuropathic pain.
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Differential effects of leptin on adiponectin expression with weight gain versus obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2015; 40:266-74. [PMID: 26374448 PMCID: PMC4747836 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2015.181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background/Objective Adiponectin exerts beneficial effects by reducing inflammation, and improving lipid metabolism and insulin-sensitivity. Although adiponectin is lower in obese individuals, whether weight gain reduces adiponectin expression in humans is controversial. We sought to investigate the role of weight gain, and consequent changes in leptin, on altering adiponectin expression in humans. Methods/Results Forty four normal-weight healthy subjects were recruited (mean age 29 years; 14 women) and randomized to either gain 5% of body weight by 8-weeks of overfeeding (n=34) or maintain weight (n=10). Modest weight gain of 3.8 ± 1.2 kg resulted in increased adiponectin (p=0.03) while weight maintenance resulted in no changes in adiponectin. Further, changes in adiponectin correlated positively with changes in leptin (p=0.0085). In-vitro experiments using differentiated human white preadipocytes showed that leptin increased adiponectin mRNA and protein expression, while a leptin-antagonist had opposite effects. To understand the role of leptin in established obesity, we compared adipose tissue samples obtained from normal weight versus obese subjects. We noted, first, that leptin activated cellular signaling pathways and increased adiponectin mRNA in adipose tissue from normal-weight participants, but did not do so in adipose tissue from obese participants; and second, that obese subjects had increased caveolin-1 expression, which attenuates leptin-dependent increases in adiponectin. Conclusions Modest weight gain in healthy individuals is associated with increases in adiponectin, which correlate positively with changes in leptin. In-vitro, leptin induces adiponectin expression which is attenuated by increased caveolin-1 expression. Additionally, adipose tissue from obese subjects shows increased caveolin-1 expression, and impaired leptin signaling. This leptin signal impairment may prevent concordant increases in adiponectin in obese subjects despite their high levels of leptin. Therefore, impaired leptin signaling may contribute to low adiponectin expression in obesity and may provide a target for increasing adiponectin expression, hence improving insulin sensitivity and cardio-metabolic profile in obesity.
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Tiliscan C, Aramă V, Mihăilescu R, Munteanu DI, Streinu-Cercel A, Ion DA, Rădulescu MA, Popescu C, Lobodan AE, Negru AR, Aramă ŞS. Leptin expression in HIV-infected patients during antiretroviral therapy. Germs 2015; 5:92-8. [PMID: 26405677 DOI: 10.11599/germs.2015.1076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Leptin is an adipokine with complex metabolic, neuroendocrine and immune functions. Our objective was to evaluate leptin serum levels in a cohort of Romanian HIV-infected patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy in relation to their immune-virological status, lipid and glucose metabolic abnormalities and the presence of metabolic syndrome (MS). METHODS We enrolled consecutive non-diabetic HIV-infected patients aged 18 and over on stable cART for at least 6 months. Blood samples were tested for: leptin, CD4 T cells count, HIV viral load and lipid panel. RESULTS A total of 90 HIV-infected patients were included in the study: 50 males (55.6%) with a mean age of 33.3 years and 40 females with a mean age of 30.4 years. Most patients (74.4%) had HIV viral load below the limit of detection and the median CD4 count for the cohort was 476 (410) cells/cmm. More than one third of the patients (41.1%) had hypoleptinemia. The prevalence of MS was 13.3%. Hypoleptinemia was significantly more frequent in men. In a subset of patients with undetectable HIV viral load, the median leptin value was 0.6 (6.07) ng/mL in patients with poor immune recovery (CD4 count ≤ 200/cmm) compared to 2 (3.07) ng/mL for those with better immune response (CD4 count > 200/cmm), without statistical significance. The median values of leptin were similar for persons with and without MS criteria. HDL-cholesterol values were positively correlated to leptin values in a linear regression model. CONCLUSION A significant proportion of patients in our study presented low levels of leptin; this finding was not associated with immune and virological parameters or the presence of MS. Hypoleptinemia was significantly correlated with lower levels of HDL-cholesterol, a key cardiovascular risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Tiliscan
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Victoria Aramă
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Raluca Mihăilescu
- MD, PhD, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Ioana Munteanu
- MD, PhD, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romani
| | - Adrian Streinu-Cercel
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela Adriana Ion
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Andreea Rădulescu
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cristina Popescu
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Elena Lobodan
- MD, PhD student, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Anca Ruxandra Negru
- MD, PhD student, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Prof.Dr. Matei Balş", Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ştefan Sorin Aramă
- MD, PhD, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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248
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Chen XX, Yang T. Roles of leptin in bone metabolism and bone diseases. J Bone Miner Metab 2015; 33:474-85. [PMID: 25777984 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-014-0569-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue has been more accepted as an active contributor to whole body homeostasis, rather than just a fat depot, since leptin, a 16 kDa protein, was discovered as the product of the obese gene in 1994. With more and more studies conducted on this hormone, it has been shown that there is a close relationship between adipose tissue and bone, which have important effects on each other. Bone is the source of many hormones, such as osteocalcin, that can affect energy metabolism and then the anabolism or catabolism of fat tissue. In contrast, the adipose tissue synthesizes and releases a series of adipokines, which are involved in bone metabolism through direct or indirect effects on bone formation and resorption. Interestingly, leptin, one of the most important cytokines derived from fat tissue, seems to account for the largest part of effects on bone, through direct or indirect involvement in bone remodeling and by playing a significant role in many bone diseases, such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, rheumatic arthritis, bone tumors and even fractures. In this review, we will discuss the progress in leptin research, particularly focusing on the roles of leptin in bone diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Xu Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 37# Guo Xue Xiang, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Sahin-Efe A, Polyzos SA, Dincer F, Zaichenko L, McGovern R, Schneider B, Mantzoros CS. Intracellular leptin signaling following effective weight loss. Metabolism 2015; 64:888-95. [PMID: 25998856 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of ex-vivo leptin treatment before and after weight loss on key-molecules of intracellular leptin signaling in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of obese women. MATERIALS AND METHODS Five healthy obese women underwent a 12-week medical nutrition treatment aiming at inducing 10% weight loss. Isolated PBMCs at baseline, and at weeks 8 and 12 were treated with increasing leptin doses (0, 25 and 75 ng/ml) for 30 min. The phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT)3, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK), protein kinase B (Akt) and 5' adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) of PBMCs was analyzed using Western blotting. RESULTS Women lost 10 ± 1% and 13 ± 1% of weight at week 8 and 12, respectively. Circulating leptin and insulin significantly decreased from 39.5 ± 7.7 to 12.2 ± 2.4 ng/ml (p = 0.026) and from 13.0 ± 1.6 to 5.4 ± 0.9 μU/ml (p = 0.005) at week 12, respectively. In the ex vivo study, a significant decrease in STAT3 phosphorylation was observed in the control group after weight loss. Treatment of PBMCs with leptin 75 ng/ml increased significantly ERK, STAT3 and Akt phosphorylation, but no weight loss induced change was observed in response to leptin treatment ex vivo. CONCLUSIONS A 10%-15% weight loss decreases baseline STAT3 phosphorylation ex vivo, but does not alter the effect of increasing doses of leptin on the incremental intracellular phosphorylation of STAT3, ERK, Akt and AMPK. Supraphysiologic leptin doses (75 ng/ml) result in higher protein phosphorylation compared to either physiologic doses or no treatment, before and after weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Sahin-Efe
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stergios A Polyzos
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA.
| | - Fadime Dincer
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Lesya Zaichenko
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Rosemary McGovern
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Benjamin Schneider
- Division of Minimally Invasive Surgery, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; Section of Endocrinology, Boston VA Healthcare System, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Neri Calixto M, Ayllón Alvarez D, Vieyra Reyes P, Hernández-González M, Jiménez-Garcés C, Flores Ocampo P. Influencia de grelina y leptina sobre alteraciones psiquiátricas en sujetos con obesidad. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mei.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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