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Guell X, Gabrieli JDE, Schmahmann JD. Embodied cognition and the cerebellum: Perspectives from the Dysmetria of Thought and the Universal Cerebellar Transform theories. Cortex 2017; 100:140-148. [PMID: 28779872 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Revised: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this report, we analyze the relationship between embodied cognition and current theories of the cerebellum, particularly the Dysmetria of Thought theory and the concept of the Universal Cerebellar Transform (UCT). First, we describe the UCT and the Dysmetria of Thought theories, highlight evidence supporting these hypotheses and discuss their mechanisms, functions and relevance. We then propose the following relationships. (i) The UCT strengthens embodied cognition because it provides an example of embodiment where the nature and intensity of the dependence between cognitive, affective and sensorimotor processes are defined. (ii) Conversely, embodied cognition bolsters the UCT theory because it contextualizes a cerebellum-focused theory within a general neurological theory. (iii) Embodied cognition supports the extension to other brain regions of the principles of organization of cerebral cortical connections that underlie the UCT: The notion that cytoarchitectonically determined transforms manifest via connectivity as sensorimotor, cognitive and affective functions resonates with the embodiment thesis that cognitive, affective and sensorimotor systems are interdependent. (iv) Embodied cognition might shape future definitions of the UCT because embodiment redefines the relationship between the neurological systems modulated by the UCT. We conclude by analyzing the relationship between our hypotheses and the concept of syntax and action semantics deficits in motor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Guell
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA; Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA
| | - John D E Gabrieli
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge MA, USA
| | - Jeremy D Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA; Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston MA, USA.
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202
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Implications of Lateral Cerebellum in Proactive Control of Saccades. J Neurosci 2017; 36:7066-74. [PMID: 27358462 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0733-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Although several lines of evidence establish the involvement of the medial and vestibular parts of the cerebellum in the adaptive control of eye movements, the role of the lateral hemisphere of the cerebellum in eye movements remains unclear. Ascending projections from the lateral cerebellum to the frontal and parietal association cortices via the thalamus are consistent with a role of these pathways in higher-order oculomotor control. In support of this, previous functional imaging studies and recent analyses in subjects with cerebellar lesions have indicated a role for the lateral cerebellum in volitional eye movements such as anti-saccades. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms, we recorded from single neurons in the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum in monkeys performing anti-saccade/pro-saccade tasks. We found that neurons in the posterior part of the dentate nucleus showed higher firing rates during the preparation of anti-saccades compared with pro-saccades. When the animals made erroneous saccades to the visual stimuli in the anti-saccade trials, the firing rate during the preparatory period decreased. Furthermore, local inactivation of the recording sites with muscimol moderately increased the proportion of error trials, while successful anti-saccades were more variable and often had shorter latency during inactivation. Thus, our results show that neuronal activity in the cerebellar dentate nucleus causally regulates anti-saccade performance. Neuronal signals from the lateral cerebellum to the frontal cortex might modulate the proactive control signals in the corticobasal ganglia circuitry that inhibit early reactive responses and possibly optimize the speed and accuracy of anti-saccades. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Although the lateral cerebellum is interconnected with the cortical eye fields via the thalamus and the pons, its role in eye movements remains unclear. We found that neurons in the caudal part of the lateral (dentate) nucleus of the cerebellum showed the increased firing rate during the preparation of anti-saccades. Inactivation of the recording sites modestly elevated the rate of erroneous saccades to the visual stimuli in the anti-saccade trials, while successful anti-saccades during inactivation tended to have a shorter latency. Our data indicate that neuronal signals in the lateral cerebellum may proactively regulate anti-saccade generation through the pathways to the frontal cortex, and may inhibit early reactive responses and regulate the accuracy of anti-saccades.
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203
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Shah AM, Ishizaka S, Cheng MY, Wang EH, Bautista AR, Levy S, Smerin D, Sun G, Steinberg GK. Optogenetic neuronal stimulation of the lateral cerebellar nucleus promotes persistent functional recovery after stroke. Sci Rep 2017; 7:46612. [PMID: 28569261 PMCID: PMC5451884 DOI: 10.1038/srep46612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke induces network-wide changes in the brain, affecting the excitability in both nearby and remotely connected regions. Brain stimulation is a promising neurorestorative technique that has been shown to improve stroke recovery by altering neuronal activity of the target area. However, it is unclear whether the beneficial effect of stimulation is a result of neuronal or non-neuronal activation, as existing stimulation techniques nonspecifically activate/inhibit all cell types (neurons, glia, endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes) in the stimulated area. Furthermore, which brain circuit is efficacious for brain stimulation is unknown. Here we use the optogenetics approach to selectively stimulate neurons in the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN), a deep cerebellar nucleus that sends major excitatory output to multiple motor and sensory areas in the forebrain. Repeated LCN stimulations resulted in a robust and persistent recovery on the rotating beam test, even after cessation of stimulations for 2 weeks. Furthermore, western blot analysis demonstrated that LCN stimulations significantly increased the axonal growth protein GAP43 in the ipsilesional somatosensory cortex. Our results demonstrate that pan-neuronal stimulations of the LCN is sufficient to promote robust and persistent recovery after stroke, and thus is a promising target for brain stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aatman M Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Shunsuke Ishizaka
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Alex R Bautista
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Sabrina Levy
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Daniel Smerin
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Guohua Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery and Stanford Stroke Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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204
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Kansal K, Yang Z, Fishman AM, Sair HI, Ying SH, Jedynak BM, Prince JL, Onyike CU. Structural cerebellar correlates of cognitive and motor dysfunctions in cerebellar degeneration. Brain 2017; 140:707-720. [PMID: 28043955 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aww327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
See King et al. (doi:10.1093/aww348) for a scientific commentary on this article.Detailed mapping of clinical dysfunctions to the cerebellar lobules in disease populations is necessary to establish the functional significance of lobules implicated in cognitive and motor functions in normal subjects. This study constitutes the first quantitative examination of the lobular correlates of a broad range of cognitive and motor phenomena in cerebellar disease. We analysed cross-sectional data from 72 cases with cerebellar disease and 36 controls without cerebellar disease. Cerebellar lobule volumes were derived from a graph-cut based segmentation algorithm. Sparse partial least squares, a variable selection approach, was used to identify lobules associated with motor function, language, executive function, memory, verbal learning, perceptual organization and visuomotor coordination. Motor dysfunctions were chiefly associated with the anterior lobe and posterior lobule HVI. Confrontation naming, noun fluency, recognition, and perceptual organization did not have cerebellar associations. Verb and phonemic fluency, working memory, cognitive flexibility, immediate and delayed recall, verbal learning, and visuomotor coordination were variably associated with HVI, Crus I, Crus II, HVII B and/or HIX. Immediate and delayed recall also showed associations with the anterior lobe. These findings provide preliminary anatomical evidence for a functional topography of the cerebellum first defined in task-based functional magnetic resonance imaging studies of normal subjects and support the hypotheses that (i) cerebellar efferents target frontal lobe neurons involved in forming action representations and new search strategies; (ii) there is greater involvement of the cerebellum when immediate recall tasks involve more complex verbal stimuli (e.g. longer words versus digits); and (iii) it is involved in spontaneous retrieval of long-term memory. More generally, they provide an anatomical background for studies that seek the mechanisms by which cognitive and motor dysfunctions arise from cerebellar degeneration. Beyond replicating these findings, future research should employ experimental tasks to probe the integrity of specific functions in cerebellar disease, and new imaging methods to quantitatively map atrophy across the cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani Kansal
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zhen Yang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ann M Fishman
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Haris I Sair
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Sarah H Ying
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Bruno M Jedynak
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Jerry L Prince
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Chiadi U Onyike
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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205
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Samson M, Claassen DO. Neurodegeneration and the Cerebellum. NEURODEGENER DIS 2017; 17:155-165. [DOI: 10.1159/000460818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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206
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Sokolov AA, Miall RC, Ivry RB. The Cerebellum: Adaptive Prediction for Movement and Cognition. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:313-332. [PMID: 28385461 PMCID: PMC5477675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, cumulative evidence has indicated that cerebellar function extends beyond sensorimotor control. This view has emerged from studies of neuroanatomy, neuroimaging, neuropsychology, and brain stimulation, with the results implicating the cerebellum in domains as diverse as attention, language, executive function, and social cognition. Although the literature provides sophisticated models of how the cerebellum helps refine movements, it remains unclear how the core mechanisms of these models can be applied when considering a broader conceptualization of cerebellar function. In light of recent multidisciplinary findings, we examine how two key concepts that have been suggested as general computational principles of cerebellar function- prediction and error-based learning- might be relevant in the operation of cognitive cerebro-cerebellar loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arseny A Sokolov
- Service de Neurologie, Département des Neurosciences Cliniques, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CHUV), Lausanne 1011, Switzerland; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - R Chris Miall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720, USA
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207
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Bodranghien FCAA, Langlois Mahe M, Clément S, Manto MU. A Pilot Study on the Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Brain Rhythms and Entropy during Self-Paced Finger Movement using the Epoc Helmet. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:201. [PMID: 28503139 PMCID: PMC5408787 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the cerebellum is emerging as a novel non-invasive tool to modulate the activity of the cerebellar circuitry. In a single blinded study, we applied anodal tDCS (atDCS) of the cerebellum to assess its effects on brain entropy and brain rhythms during self-paced sequential finger movements in a group of healthy volunteers. Although wearable electroencephalogram (EEG) systems cannot compete with traditional clinical/laboratory set-ups in terms of accuracy and channel density, they have now reached a sufficient maturity to envision daily life applications. Therefore, the EEG was recorded with a comfortable and easy to wear 14 channels wireless helmet (Epoc headset; electrode location was based on the 10-20 system). Cerebellar neurostimulation modified brain rhythmicity with a decrease in the delta band (electrode F3 and T8, p < 0.05). By contrast, our study did not show any significant change in entropy ratios and laterality coefficients (LC) after atDCS of the cerebellum in the 14 channels. The cerebellum is heavily connected with the cerebral cortex including the frontal lobes and parietal lobes via the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway. We propose that the effects of anodal stimulation of the cerebellar cortex upon cerebral cortical rhythms are mediated by this key-pathway. Additional studies using high-density EEG recordings and behavioral correlates are now required to confirm our findings, especially given the limited coverage of Epoc headset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian C. A. A. Bodranghien
- Unité d’Etude du Mouvement (UEM-GRIM), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Libre De BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
| | | | - Serge Clément
- Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine (HELB)Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Mario U. Manto
- Unité d’Etude du Mouvement (UEM-GRIM), Fonds de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Libre De BruxellesBruxelles, Belgium
- Haute Ecole Libre de Bruxelles Ilya Prigogine (HELB)Bruxelles, Belgium
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208
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Cocozza S, Pisani A, Olivo G, Saccà F, Ugga L, Riccio E, Migliaccio S, Brescia Morra V, Brunetti A, Quarantelli M, Tedeschi E. Alterations of functional connectivity of the motor cortex in Fabry disease. Neurology 2017; 88:1822-1829. [DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000003913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective:To evaluate the presence of functional connectivity (FC) alterations of the motor circuits in patients with Fabry disease (FD) and their possible correlation with clinical variables with a resting-state (RS) fMRI analysis.Methods:In our cross-sectional study, 32 patients with FD with genetically confirmed classic diagnosis of FD (12 men, mean age 43.3 ± 12.2 years) were enrolled along with 35 healthy controls (HCs) of comparable age and sex (14 men, mean age 42.1 ± 14.5 years). RS-fMRI data were analyzed with a seed-based approach, with 2 different seeds for right and left motor cortex. Patients with FD underwent a clinical examination for the assessment of different motor functions. Correlations with clinical variables were probed with the Spearman correlation coefficient.Results:A reduction of FC was found in patients with FD compared to HCs between both motor cortices and 2 clusters encompassing, for each side, the caudate and lenticular nucleus (p < 5 × 10−4 and p < 10−8 for right and left motor cortex, respectively) and between the left motor cortex and dentate nuclei (p = 0.01) and Crus 1 in the right cerebellar hemisphere (p = 0.001). No significant results emerged in tests for possible correlations of FC with clinical scores.Conclusions:An alteration of the corticostriatal pathway is present in FD, in line with the recently suggested subclinical involvement of motor circuits in this disease. These results shed new light on the pattern of cerebral involvement in FD.
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209
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Rosini F, Pretegiani E, Mignarri A, Optican LM, Serchi V, De Stefano N, Battaglini M, Monti L, Dotti MT, Federico A, Rufa A. The role of dentate nuclei in human oculomotor control: insights from cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. J Physiol 2017; 595:3607-3620. [PMID: 28168705 DOI: 10.1113/jp273670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS A cerebellar dentate nuclei (DN) contribution to volitional oculomotor control has recently been hypothesized but not fully understood. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a rare neurometabolic disease typically characterized by DN damage. In this study, we compared the ocular movement characteristics of two sets of CTX patients, with and without brain MRI evidence of DN involvement, with a set of healthy subjects. Our results suggest that DN participate in voluntary behaviour, such as the execution of antisaccades, and moreover are involved in controlling the precision of the ocular movement. The saccadic abnormalities related to DN involvement were independent of global and regional brain atrophy. Our study confirms the relevant role of DN in voluntary aspects of oculomotion and delineates specific saccadic abnormalities that could be used to detect the involvement of DN in other cerebellar disorders. ABSTRACT It is well known that the medial cerebellum controls saccadic speed and accuracy. In contrast, the role of the lateral cerebellum (cerebellar hemispheres and dentate nuclei, DN) is less well understood. Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) is a lipid storage disorder due to mutations in CYP27A1, typically characterized by DN damage. CTX thus provides a unique opportunity to study DN in human oculomotor control. We analysed horizontal and vertical visually guided saccades and horizontal antisaccades of 19 CTX patients. Results were related to the presence/absence of DN involvement and compared with those of healthy subjects. To evaluate the contribution of other areas, abnormal saccadic parameters were compared with global and regional brain volumes. CTX patients executed normally accurate saccades with normal main sequence relationships, indicating that the brainstem and medial cerebellar structures were functionally spared. Patients with CTX executed more frequent multistep saccades and directional errors during the antisaccade task than controls. CTX patients with DN damage showed less precise saccades with longer latencies, and more frequent directional errors, usually not followed by corrections, than either controls or patients without DN involvement. These saccadic abnormalities related to DN involvement but were independent of global and regional brain atrophy. We hypothesize that two different cerebellar networks contribute to the metrics of a movement: the medial cerebellar structures determine accuracy, whereas the lateral cerebellar structures control precision. The lateral cerebellum (hemispheres and DN) also participates in modulating goal directed gaze behaviour, by prioritizing volitional over reflexive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Rosini
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab) - Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Andrea Mignarri
- Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | - Valeria Serchi
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab) - Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Nicola De Stefano
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Battaglini
- Quantitative Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Lucia Monti
- Unit NINT, Neuroimaging and Neurointervention, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Senese, Siena, Italy
| | - Maria T Dotti
- Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Antonio Federico
- Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rufa
- Eye tracking and Visual Application Lab (EVA Lab) - Neurology and Neurometabolic Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Italy
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210
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Küper M, Kaschani P, Thürling M, Stefanescu MR, Burciu RG, Göricke S, Maderwald S, Ladd ME, Hautzel H, Timmann D. Cerebellar fMRI Activation Increases with Increasing Working Memory Demands. THE CEREBELLUM 2017. [PMID: 26202670 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-015-0703-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore cerebellar contributions to the central executive in n-back working memory tasks using 7-T functional magnetic imaging (fMRI). We hypothesized that cerebellar activation increased with increasing working memory demands. Activations of the cerebellar cortex and dentate nuclei were compared between 0-back (serving as a motor control task), 1-back, and 2-back working memory tasks for both verbal and abstract modalities. A block design was used. Data of 27 participants (mean age 26.6 ± 3.8 years, female/male 12:15) were included in group statistical analysis. We observed that cerebellar cortical activations increased with higher central executive demands in n-back tasks independent of task modality. As confirmed by subtraction analyses, additional bilateral activations following higher executive demands were found primarily in four distinct cerebellar areas: (i) the border region of lobule VI and crus I, (ii) inferior parts of the lateral cerebellum (lobules crus II, VIIb, VIII, IX), (iii) posterior parts of the paravermal cerebellar cortex (lobules VI, crus I, crus II), and (iv) the inferior vermis (lobules VI, VIIb, VIII, IX). Dentate activations were observed for both verbal and abstract modalities. Task-related increases were less robust and detected for the verbal n-back tasks only. These results provide further evidence that the cerebellum participates in an amodal bilateral neuronal network representing the central executive during working memory n-back tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Küper
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany.
- Department of Neurology and Clinical Neurophysiology, Klinikum Vest, Recklinghausen, Germany.
| | - P Kaschani
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - M Thürling
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M R Stefanescu
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - R G Burciu
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - S Göricke
- Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology and Neuroradiology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - S Maderwald
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M E Ladd
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- Medical Physics in Radiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - H Hautzel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine (KME), Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Julich, Germany
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - D Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
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211
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Cerebellar Roles in Self-Timing for Sub- and Supra-Second Intervals. J Neurosci 2017; 37:3511-3522. [PMID: 28242799 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2221-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggest that the cerebellum and basal ganglia are involved in sub-second and supra-second timing, respectively. To test this hypothesis at the cellular level, we examined the activity of single neurons in the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys performing the oculomotor version of the self-timing task. Animals were trained to report the passage of time of 400, 600, 1200, or 2400 ms following a visual cue by making self-initiated memory-guided saccades. We found a sizeable preparatory neuronal activity before self-timed saccades across delay intervals, while the time course of activity correlated with the trial-by-trial variation of saccade latency in different ways depending on the length of the delay intervals. For the shorter delay intervals, the ramping up of neuronal firing rate started just after the visual cue and the rate of rise of neuronal activity correlated with saccade timing. In contrast, for the longest delay (2400 ms), the preparatory activity started late during the delay period, and its onset time correlated with self-timed saccade latency. Because electrical microstimulation applied to the recording sites during saccade preparation advanced self-timed but not reactive saccades, regardless of their directions, the signals in the cerebellum may have a causal role in self-timing. We suggest that the cerebellum may regulate timing in both sub-second and supra-second ranges, although its relative contribution might be greater for sub-second than for supra-second time intervals.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT How we decide the timing of self-initiated movement is a fundamental question. According to the prevailing hypothesis, the cerebellum plays a role in monitoring sub-second timing, whereas the basal ganglia are important for supra-second timing. To verify this, we explored neuronal signals in the monkey cerebellum while animals reported the passage of time in the range 400-2400 ms by making eye movements. Contrary to our expectations, we found that neurons in the cerebellar dentate nucleus exhibited a similar preparatory activity for both sub-second and supra-second intervals, and that electrical simulation advanced self-timed saccades in both conditions. We suggest that the cerebellum plays a causal role in the fine adjustment of self-timing in a larger time range than previously thought.
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212
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Alahmadi AAS, Pardini M, Samson RS, Friston KJ, Toosy AT, D'Angelo E, Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott CAM. Cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei mirror cortical force-related-BOLD responses: Beyond all (linear) expectations. Hum Brain Mapp 2017; 38:2566-2579. [PMID: 28240422 PMCID: PMC5413835 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.23541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the BOLD response and an applied force was quantified in the cerebellum using a power grip task. To investigate whether the cerebellum responds in an on/off way to motor demands or contributes to motor responses in a parametric fashion, similarly to the cortex, five grip force levels were investigated under visual feedback. Functional MRI data were acquired in 13 healthy volunteers and their responses were analyzed using a cerebellum-optimized pipeline. This allowed us to evaluate, within the cerebellum, voxelwise linear and non-linear associations between cerebellar activations and forces. We showed extensive non-linear activations (with a parametric design), covering the anterior and posterior lobes of the cerebellum with a BOLD-force relationship that is region-dependent. Linear responses were mainly located in the anterior lobe, similarly to the cortex, where linear responses are localized in M1. Complex responses were localized in the posterior lobe, reflecting its key role in attention and executive processing, required during visually guided movement. Given the highly organized responses in the cerebellar cortex, a key question is whether deep cerebellar nuclei show similar parametric effects. We found positive correlations with force in the ipsilateral dentate nucleus and negative correlations on the contralateral side, suggesting a somatotopic organization of the dentate nucleus in line with cerebellar and cortical areas. Our results confirm that there is cerebellar organization involving all grey matter structures that reflect functional segregation in the cortex, where cerebellar lobules and dentate nuclei contribute to complex motor tasks with different BOLD response profiles in relation to the forces. Hum Brain Mapp 38:2566-2579, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adnan A S Alahmadi
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Faculty of Applied Medical Science, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.,NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Matteo Pardini
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics and Maternal and Child Health, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Rebecca S Samson
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Karl J Friston
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Neuroimaging, UCL, Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ahmed T Toosy
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Brain Connectivity Centre, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia A M Gandini Wheeler-Kingshott
- NMR Research Unit, Department of Neuroinflammation, Queen Square MS Centre, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Brain and Behavioural Sciences, University of Pavia, Italy.,Brain MRI 3T Mondino Research Center, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
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213
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Goetz M, Schwabova J, Hlavka Z, Ptacek R, Zumrova A, Hort V, Doyle R. Cerebellar Symptoms Are Associated With Omission Errors and Variability of Response Time in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:190-199. [PMID: 24412970 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713517745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the presence of cerebellar symptoms in ADHD and their association with behavioral markers of this disorder. METHOD Sixty-two children with ADHD and 62 typically developing (TD) children were examined for cerebellar symptoms using the ataxia rating scale and tested using Conners' Continuous Performance Test. RESULTS Children with ADHD had significantly more cerebellar symptoms compared with the TD children. Cerebellar symptom scores decreased with age in the ADHD group; in the TD group remained stable. In both groups, cerebellar symptoms were associated with parent-rated hyperactive/impulsive symptoms, variability of response time standard error (RT-SE) and increase of RT-SE as the test progresses. More variables were associated with cerebellar symptoms in the ADHD group including omission errors, overall RT-SE and its increase for prolonged interstimulus intervals. CONCLUSION Our results highlight the importance of research into motor functions in children with ADHD and indicate a role for cerebellar impairment in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Radek Ptacek
- 2 General University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
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214
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Cerebellar-M1 Connectivity Changes Associated with Motor Learning Are Somatotopic Specific. J Neurosci 2017; 37:2377-2386. [PMID: 28137969 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2511-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the functions of the cerebellum in motor learning is to predict and account for systematic changes to the body or environment. This form of adaptive learning is mediated by plastic changes occurring within the cerebellar cortex. The strength of cerebellar-to-cerebral pathways for a given muscle may reflect aspects of cerebellum-dependent motor adaptation. These connections with motor cortex (M1) can be estimated as cerebellar inhibition (CBI): a conditioning pulse of transcranial magnetic stimulation delivered to the cerebellum before a test pulse over motor cortex. Previously, we have demonstrated that changes in CBI for a given muscle representation correlate with learning a motor adaptation task with the involved limb. However, the specificity of these effects is unknown. Here, we investigated whether CBI changes in humans are somatotopy specific and how they relate to motor adaptation. We found that learning a visuomotor rotation task with the right hand changed CBI, not only for the involved first dorsal interosseous of the right hand, but also for an uninvolved right leg muscle, the tibialis anterior, likely related to inter-effector transfer of learning. In two follow-up experiments, we investigated whether the preparation of a simple hand or leg movement would produce a somatotopy-specific modulation of CBI. We found that CBI changes only for the effector involved in the movement. These results indicate that learning-related changes in cerebellar-M1 connectivity reflect a somatotopy-specific interaction. Modulation of this pathway is also present in the context of interlimb transfer of learning.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Connectivity between the cerebellum and motor cortex is a critical pathway for the integrity of everyday movements and understanding the somatotopic specificity of this pathway in the context of motor learning is critical to advancing the efficacy of neurorehabilitation. We found that adaptive learning with the hand affects cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity, not only for the trained hand, but also for an untrained leg muscle, an effect likely related to intereffector transfer of learning. Furthermore, we introduce a novel method to measure cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity during movement preparation. With this technique, we show that, outside the context of learning, modulation of cerebellar-motor cortex connectivity is somatotopically specific to the effector being moved.
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215
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Turecek J, Jackman SL, Regehr WG. Synaptic Specializations Support Frequency-Independent Purkinje Cell Output from the Cerebellar Cortex. Cell Rep 2016; 17:3256-3268. [PMID: 28009294 PMCID: PMC5870134 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.11.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The output of the cerebellar cortex is conveyed to the deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) by Purkinje cells (PCs). Here, we characterize the properties of the PC-DCN synapse in juvenile and adult mice and find that prolonged high-frequency stimulation leads to steady-state responses that become increasingly frequency independent within the physiological firing range of PCs in older animals, resulting in a linear relationship between charge transfer and activation frequency. We used a low-affinity antagonist to show that GABAA-receptor saturation occurs at this synapse but does not underlie frequency-invariant transmission. We propose that PC-DCN synapses have two components of release: one prominent early in trains and another specialized to maintain transmission during prolonged activation. Short-term facilitation offsets partial vesicle depletion to produce frequency-independent transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josef Turecek
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Skyler L Jackman
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wade G Regehr
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 220 Longwood Ave., Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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216
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Interactive roles of the cerebellum and striatum in sub-second and supra-second timing: Support for an initiation, continuation, adjustment, and termination (ICAT) model of temporal processing. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 71:739-755. [PMID: 27773690 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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217
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Casula EP, Pellicciari MC, Ponzo V, Stampanoni Bassi M, Veniero D, Caltagirone C, Koch G. Cerebellar theta burst stimulation modulates the neural activity of interconnected parietal and motor areas. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36191. [PMID: 27796359 PMCID: PMC5086958 DOI: 10.1038/srep36191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Voluntary movement control and execution are regulated by the influence of the cerebellar output over different interconnected cortical areas, through dentato-thalamo connections. In the present study we applied transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and electroencephalography (EEG) to directly assess the effects of cerebellar theta-burst stimulation (TBS) over the controlateral primary motor cortex (M1) and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) in a group of healthy volunteers. We found a TBS-dependent bidirectional modulation over TMS-evoked activity; specifically, cTBS increased whereas iTBS decreased activity between 100 and 200 ms after TMS, in a similar manner over both M1 and PPC areas. On the oscillatory domain, TBS induced specific changes over M1 natural frequencies of oscillation: TMS-evoked alpha activity was decreased by cTBS whereas beta activity was enhanced by iTBS. No effects were observed after sham stimulation. Our data provide novel evidence showing that the cerebellum exerts its control on the cortex likely by impinging on specific set of interneurons dependent on GABA-ergic activity. We show that cerebellar TBS modulates cortical excitability of distant interconnected cortical areas by acting through common temporal, spatial and frequency domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias Paolo Casula
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Pellicciari
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Viviana Ponzo
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Domenica Veniero
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlo Caltagirone
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Department of System Medicine, Tor Vergata University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Non Invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, Department of Behavioural and Clinical Neurology, Santa Lucia Foundation IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- Stroke Unit, Tor Vergata Policlinic, Rome, Italy
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218
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Walker J, MacLean J, Hatsopoulos NG. The marmoset as a model system for studying voluntary motor control. Dev Neurobiol 2016; 77:273-285. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Walker
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Jason MacLean
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Neurobiology; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
| | - Nicholas G. Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy; University of Chicago; Chicago Illinois 60637
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219
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Schwartze M, Keller PE, Kotz SA. Spontaneous, synchronized, and corrective timing behavior in cerebellar lesion patients. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:285-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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220
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Parpaley Y, Skodda S, Kowoll A. EP 78. Probabilistic imaging of motor projections of dentate nucleus as target structure for deep brain stimulation in tremor. Clin Neurophysiol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2016.05.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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221
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Katz C, Knops A. Decreased cerebellar-cerebral connectivity contributes to complex task performance. J Neurophysiol 2016; 116:1434-48. [PMID: 27334957 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00684.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum's role in nonmotor processes is now well accepted, but cerebellar interaction with cerebral targets is not well understood. Complex cognitive tasks activate cerebellar, parietal, and frontal regions, but the effective connectivity between these regions has never been tested. To this end, we used psycho-physiological interactions (PPI) analysis to test connectivity changes of cerebellar and parietal seed regions in complex (2-digit by 1-digit multiplication, e.g., 12 × 3) vs. simple (1-digit by 1-digit multiplication, e.g., 4 × 3) task conditions ("complex - simple"). For cerebellar seed regions (lobule VI, hemisphere and vermis), we found significantly decreased cerebellar-parietal, cerebellar-cingulate, and cerebellar-frontal connectivity in complex multiplication. For parietal seed regions (PFcm, PFop, PFm) we found significantly increased parietal-parietal and parietal-frontal connectivity in complex multiplication. These results suggest that decreased cerebellar-cerebral connectivity contributes to complex task performance. Interestingly, BOLD activity contrasts revealed partially overlapping parietal areas of increased BOLD activity but decreased cerebellar-parietal PPI connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curren Katz
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - André Knops
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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222
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Schirinzi T, Di Lorenzo F, Ponzo V, Palmieri MG, Bentivoglio AR, Schillaci O, Pisani A, Koch G. Mild cerebello-thalamo-cortical impairment in patients with normal dopaminergic scans (SWEDD). Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2016; 28:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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223
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Abstract
The cerebellum is important for movement control and plays a particularly crucial role in balance and locomotion. As such, one of the most characteristic signs of cerebellar damage is walking ataxia. It is not known how the cerebellum normally contributes to walking, although recent work suggests that it plays a role in the generation of appropriate patterns of limb movements, dynamic regulation of balance, and adaptation of posture and locomotion through practice. The purpose of this review is to examine mechanisms of cerebellar control of balance and locomotion, emphasizing studies of humans and other animals. Implications for rehabilitation are also considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Morton
- Kennedy Krieger Institute and Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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224
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Resting-State Functional Connectivity Changes Between Dentate Nucleus and Cortical Social Brain Regions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2016. [PMID: 27250977 DOI: 10.1007/s12311‐016‐0795‐8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are known to be characterized by restricted and repetitive behaviors and interests and by impairments in social communication and interactions mainly including "theory of mind" (ToM) processes. The cerebellum has emerged as one of the brain regions affected by ASDs. As the cerebellum is known to influence cerebral cortex activity via cerebello-thalamo-cortical (CTC) circuits, it has been proposed that cerebello-cortical "disconnection" could in part underlie autistic symptoms. We used resting-state (RS) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the potential RS connectivity changes between the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN) and the CTC circuit targets, that may contribute to ASD pathophysiology. When comparing ASD patients to controls, we found decreased connectivity between the left DN and cerebral regions known to be components of the ToM network and the default mode network, implicated in specific aspects of mentalizing, social cognition processing, and higher order emotional processes. Further, a pattern of overconnectivity was also detected between the left DN and the supramodal cerebellar lobules associated with the default mode network. The presented RS-fMRI data provide evidence that functional connectivity (FC) between the dentate nucleus and the cerebral cortex is altered in ASD patients. This suggests that the dysfunction reported within the cerebral cortical network, typically related to social features of ASDs, may be at least partially related to an impaired interaction between cerebellum and key cortical social brain regions.
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225
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Olivito G, Clausi S, Laghi F, Tedesco AM, Baiocco R, Mastropasqua C, Molinari M, Cercignani M, Bozzali M, Leggio M. Resting-State Functional Connectivity Changes Between Dentate Nucleus and Cortical Social Brain Regions in Autism Spectrum Disorders. THE CEREBELLUM 2016; 16:283-292. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-016-0795-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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226
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Addis DR, Moloney EEJ, Tippett LJ, P Roberts R, Hach S. Characterizing cerebellar activity during autobiographical memory retrieval: ALE and functional connectivity investigations. Neuropsychologia 2016; 90:80-93. [PMID: 27235570 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging research has shown that the cerebellum is often activated during autobiographical memory (AM) retrieval. However, the reliability of that activation, its localization within the cerebellum, and its relationship to other areas of the AM network remains unknown. The current study used Activation Likelihood Estimation meta-analysis (ALE) as well as resting-state and task-related functional connectivity analyses to better characterize cerebellar activation in relation to AM. The ALE meta-analysis was run on 32 neuroimaging studies of AM retrieval. The results revealed a cluster of reliable AM-related activity within the Crus I lobule of the right posterior cerebellum. Using the peak ALE coordinate within Crus I as a seed region, both task-related and resting state functional connectivity analyses were run on fMRI data from 38 healthy participants. To determine the specificity of connectivity patterns to Crus I, we also included a cerebellar seed region in right Lobule VI previously identified in an ALE meta-analysis as associated with working memory. Resting-state functional connectivity analyses indicated that Crus I was intrinsically connected with other areas of the AM network as well as surrounding and contralateral cerebellar regions. In contrast, the Lobule VI seed was functionally connected with cerebral and cerebellar regions typically associated with working memory. The task-related connectivity analyses revealed a similar pattern, where the Crus I seed exhibited significant connectivity with key nodes of the AM network while the Lobule IV seed did not. During a semantic control task, both Crus I and Lobule VI showed significant correlations with a network of regions that was largely distinct from the AM network. Together these results indicate that right Crus I lobule is reliably engaged during AM retrieval and is functionally connected to the AM network both during rest, and more importantly, during AM retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna Rose Addis
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, New Zealand.
| | - Eleanor E J Moloney
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Lynette J Tippett
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand; Brain Research New Zealand, New Zealand
| | - Reece P Roberts
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sylvia Hach
- School of Psychology and Centre for Brain Research, The University of Auckland, New Zealand
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227
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Runnqvist E, Bonnard M, Gauvin HS, Attarian S, Trébuchon A, Hartsuiker RJ, Alario FX. Internal modeling of upcoming speech: A causal role of the right posterior cerebellum in non-motor aspects of language production. Cortex 2016; 81:203-14. [PMID: 27249802 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Some language processing theories propose that, just as for other somatic actions, self-monitoring of language production is achieved through internal modeling. The cerebellum is the proposed center of such internal modeling in motor control, and the right cerebellum has been linked to an increasing number of language functions, including predictive processing during comprehension. Relating these findings, we tested whether the right posterior cerebellum has a causal role for self-monitoring of speech errors. Participants received 1 Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation during 15 min to lobules Crus I and II in the right hemisphere, and, in counterbalanced orders, to the contralateral area in the left cerebellar hemisphere (control) in order to induce a temporary inactivation of one of these zones. Immediately afterwards, they engaged in a speech production task priming the production of speech errors. Language production was impaired after right compared to left hemisphere stimulation, a finding that provides evidence for a causal role of the cerebellum during language production. We interpreted this role in terms of internal modeling of upcoming speech through a verbal working memory process used to prevent errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Runnqvist
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPL UMR 7309, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Mireille Bonnard
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS UMR S 1106, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France
| | - Hanna S Gauvin
- Ghent University, Department of Experimental Psychology, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Shahram Attarian
- Aix-Marseille Université, Inserm UMR 910, Reference Center for Neuromuscular Disorders and ALS CHU La Timone, Marseille, France
| | - Agnès Trébuchon
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM, INS UMR S 1106, Faculté de Médecine, Marseille, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux Marseille, Marseille, France
| | | | - F-Xavier Alario
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, LPC UMR 7290, Marseille, France
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228
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Omrani M, Murnaghan CD, Pruszynski JA, Scott SH. Distributed task-specific processing of somatosensory feedback for voluntary motor control. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27077949 PMCID: PMC4876645 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Corrective responses to limb disturbances are surprisingly complex, but the neural
basis of these goal-directed responses is poorly understood. Here we show that
somatosensory feedback is transmitted to many sensory and motor cortical regions
within 25 ms of a mechanical disturbance applied to the monkey’s arm. When limb
feedback was salient to an ongoing motor action (task engagement), neurons in
parietal area 5 immediately (~25 ms) increased their response to limb disturbances,
whereas neurons in other regions did not alter their response until 15 to 40 ms
later. In contrast, initiation of a motor action elicited by a limb disturbance
(target selection) altered neural responses in primary motor cortex ~65 ms after the
limb disturbance, and then in dorsal premotor cortex, with no effect in parietal
regions until 150 ms post-perturbation. Our findings highlight broad parietofrontal
circuits that provide the neural substrate for goal-directed corrections, an
essential aspect of highly skilled motor behaviors. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13141.001 Humans and other animals can change a movement they are making in a split second,
such as when a basketball player has to move around an unexpected opponent to shoot a
ball through the hoop. These on-the-fly corrections rely on information about the
movement that comes in from the senses. However, it was unclear how the brain and
spinal cord process this sensory information to guide movement. Omrani et al. have now recorded electrical activity from the brains of monkeys while
the animals tried to keep their hand at a target. Each monkey wore a robotic
exoskeleton that would occasionally move the monkey’s arm. Even if the monkey was not
engaged in a motor task, a small nudge of the limb by the robot caused neural
activity to spread rapidly throughout the sensory and motor regions of the cerebral
cortex (the outer layer of the brain). In some trials, when the monkey was actively trying to keep its hand at a target, the
robot would again nudge the monkey’s arm slightly. Omrani et al. observed that within
25 milliseconds of this nudge, the activity in an area of the cortex called parietal
area 5 responded even more, suggesting that this area was using information from the
senses to actively deal with the change in arm position. This change in activity then
spread to other parts of the brain. In another set of trials, the monkey was trained to move to a second target if the
robot nudged its arm. In this case, the activity in an area called the primary motor
cortex increased even more, likely supporting the monkey’s ability to rapidly move to
this second target. Overall, the study by Omrani et al. highlights the complex way
that sensory feedback is processed in the cerebral cortex, supporting our ability to
perform highly skilled motor actions. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13141.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Omrani
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's Univertsity, Kingston, Canada.,Brain Health Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey, United States
| | | | - J Andrew Pruszynski
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's Univertsity, Kingston, Canada.,Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's Univertsity, Kingston, Canada.,Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada
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229
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Kotz SA, Brown RM, Schwartze M. Cortico-striatal circuits and the timing of action and perception. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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230
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Cheng MY, Aswendt M, Steinberg GK. Optogenetic Approaches to Target Specific Neural Circuits in Post-stroke Recovery. Neurotherapeutics 2016; 13:325-40. [PMID: 26701667 PMCID: PMC4824024 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0411-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA, yet treatment options are very limited. Functional recovery can occur after stroke and is attributed, in part, to rewiring of neural connections in areas adjacent to or remotely connected to the infarct. A better understanding of neural circuit rewiring is thus an important step toward developing future therapeutic strategies for stroke recovery. Because stroke disrupts functional connections in peri-infarct and remotely connected regions, it is important to investigate brain-wide network dynamics during post-stroke recovery. Optogenetics is a revolutionary neuroscience tool that uses bioengineered light-sensitive proteins to selectively activate or inhibit specific cell types and neural circuits within milliseconds, allowing greater specificity and temporal precision for dissecting neural circuit mechanisms in diseases. In this review, we discuss the current view of post-stroke remapping and recovery, including recent studies that use optogenetics to investigate neural circuit remapping after stroke, as well as optogenetic stimulation to enhance stroke recovery. Multimodal approaches employing optogenetics in conjunction with other readouts (e.g., in vivo neuroimaging techniques, behavior assays, and next-generation sequencing) will advance our understanding of neural circuit reorganization during post-stroke recovery, as well as provide important insights into which brain circuits to target when designing brain stimulation strategies for future clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
| | - Markus Aswendt
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, R281, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305-5327, USA.
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231
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Ng HBT, Kao KLC, Chan YC, Chew E, Chuang KH, Chen SHA. Modality specificity in the cerebro-cerebellar neurocircuitry during working memory. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:164-73. [PMID: 26930173 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested cerebro-cerebellar circuitry in working memory. The present fMRI study aims to distinguish differential cerebro-cerebellar activation patterns in verbal and visual working memory, and employs a quantitative analysis to deterimine lateralization of the activation patterns observed. Consistent with Chen and Desmond (2005a,b) predictions, verbal working memory activated a cerebro-cerebellar circuitry that comprised left-lateralized language-related brain regions including the inferior frontal and posterior parietal areas, and subcortically, right-lateralized superior (lobule VI) and inferior cerebellar (lobule VIIIA/VIIB) areas. In contrast, a distributed network of bilateral inferior frontal and inferior temporal areas, and bilateral superior (lobule VI) and inferior (lobule VIIB) cerebellar areas, was recruited during visual working memory. Results of the study verified that a distinct cross cerebro-cerebellar circuitry underlies verbal working memory. However, a neural circuitry involving specialized brain areas in bilateral neocortical and bilateral cerebellar hemispheres subserving visual working memory is observed. Findings are discussed in the light of current models of working memory and data from related neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H B Tommy Ng
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore
| | - K-L Cathy Kao
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore
| | - Y C Chan
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Effie Chew
- Division of Neurology, University Medicine Cluster, National University Health System, Singapore; Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - K H Chuang
- The Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - S H Annabel Chen
- Division of Psychology, School of Humanities and Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637332, Singapore; Centre for Research and Development in Learning (CRADLE), Nanyang Technological University, 637459, Singapore.
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232
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Subtype of mild cognitive impairment in elderly patients with essential tremor. Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord 2016; 29:141-5. [PMID: 25037029 DOI: 10.1097/wad.0000000000000054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Several studies have demonstrated that patients with essential tremor (ET) may also have mild cognitive impairments (MCIs), and cross-sectional and population-based studies have shown that ET is associated with prevalent dementia. Different presentations of MCI are suggested to be associated with different pathologies. For example, amnestic MCI may be associated with Alzheimer disease. Therefore, in this study, we explored whether the MCI subtype in patients with ET (MCI-ET+) is different from the MCI subtype in patients without ET attending a memory outpatient clinic (MCI-ET-). METHODS Using a case-control study design, cognitive status in MCI patients with ET and without ET was assessed by neuropsychological testing. Patients with MCI were stratified into groups: amnestic and nonamnestic MCI, or single-domain and multidomain MCI. RESULTS Of the 93 patients in the ET+ group and the 169 in the ET- group, 45 (48.4%) and 94 (55.6%) patients had MCI, respectively. The frequency of MCI subtypes between the 2 groups was different, such that 25 (55.6%) patients had nonamnestic MCI in the ET+ group and 68 (72.3%) patients had amnestic MCI in ET- group (χ=10.195, P=0.001). Compared with the MCI-ET+ group, patients in the MCI-ET- group showed more severe impairments in verbal and visuospatial memory functions. CONCLUSIONS ET is associated with MCI, particularly the nonamnestic subtype. These results suggest that cognitive change in patients with ET may have a different pathogenesis from that of Alzheimer disease.
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233
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Zhang JR, Feng T, Hou YN, Chan P, Wu T. Functional Connectivity of Vim Nucleus in Tremor- and Akinetic-/Rigid-Dominant Parkinson's Disease. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:378-86. [PMID: 26849713 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the involvement of the ventral intermediate nucleus of thalamus (Vim) in the tremor- and akinetic-/rigid-related networks in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS Tremor-dominant (TD) and akinetic-/rigid-dominant (ARD) PD patients were recruited and scanned by resting-state functional MRI. Functional connectivity from the Vim nucleus was analyzed. RESULTS In the TD patients, the Vim nucleus exhibited increased connectivity with the cerebellum/dentate nucleus, primary motor cortex (M1), supplementary motor area (SMA), premotor cortex, thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, and parietal cortex compared with the controls, while the connections between the Vim nucleus and M1 and cerebellum/dentate nucleus had positive correlations with the tremor scores. In the ARD patients, the Vim nucleus only showed enhanced connectivity with the globus pallidus and limbic lobe compared with the controls, and no connectivity showed correlation against the akinetic-rigidity scores. TD patients had increased connectivity with the Vim nucleus in the cerebellum, M1, SMA, thalamus, globus pallidus, putamen, and parietal cortex compared with ARD patients. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that the Vim nucleus has an important role in the tremor-related network, but not in the akinetic-/rigid-related network. Our finding is helpful to explain the selective effect of Vim deep brain stimulation in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Rong Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ya-Nan Hou
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Piu Chan
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory on Neurodegenerative Disorders of Ministry of Education, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson's Disease, Parkinson Disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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234
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van Baarsen K, Kleinnijenhuis M, Jbabdi S, Sotiropoulos S, Grotenhuis J, van Cappellen van Walsum A. A probabilistic atlas of the cerebellar white matter. Neuroimage 2016; 124:724-732. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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235
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Bernard JA, Orr JM, Mittal VA. Differential motor and prefrontal cerebello-cortical network development: Evidence from multimodal neuroimaging. Neuroimage 2016; 124:591-601. [PMID: 26391125 PMCID: PMC4651741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While our understanding of cerebellar structural development through adolescence and young adulthood has expanded, we still lack knowledge of the developmental patterns of cerebellar networks during this critical portion of the lifespan. Volume in lateral posterior cerebellar regions associated with cognition and the prefrontal cortex develops more slowly, reaching their peak volume in adulthood, particularly as compared to motor Lobule V. We predicted that resting state functional connectivity of the lateral posterior regions would show a similar pattern of development during adolescence and young adulthood. That is, we expected to see changes over time in Crus I and Crus II connectivity with the cortex, but no changes in Lobule V connectivity. Additionally, we were interested in how structural connectivity changes in cerebello-thalamo-cortical white matter are related to changes in functional connectivity. A sample of 23 individuals between 12 and 21years old underwent neuroimaging scans at baseline and 12months later. Functional networks of Crus I and Crus II showed significant connectivity decreases over 12months, though there were no differences in Lobule V. Furthermore, these functional connectivity changes were correlated with increases in white matter structural integrity in the corresponding cerebello-thalamo-cortical white matter tract. We suggest that these functional network changes are due to both later pruning in the prefrontal cortex as well as further development of the white matter tracts linking these brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Bernard
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, United States.
| | - Joseph M Orr
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, United States; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, United States
| | - Vijay A Mittal
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Center for Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, United States; Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, United States
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236
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Rajković K, Marić DL, Milošević NT, Jeremic S, Arsenijević VA, Rajković N. Mathematical modeling of the neuron morphology using two dimensional images. J Theor Biol 2015; 390:80-5. [PMID: 26646765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this study mathematical analyses such as the analysis of area and length, fractal analysis and modified Sholl analysis were applied on two dimensional (2D) images of neurons from adult human dentate nucleus (DN). Using mathematical analyses main morphological properties were obtained including the size of neuron and soma, the length of all dendrites, the density of dendritic arborization, the position of the maximum density and the irregularity of dendrites. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for modeling the size of neurons and the length of all dendrites. However, the RSM model based on the second-order polynomial equation was only possible to apply to correlate changes in the size of the neuron with other properties of its morphology. Modeling data provided evidence that the size of DN neurons statistically depended on the size of the soma, the density of dendritic arborization and the irregularity of dendrites. The low value of mean relative percent deviation (MRPD) between the experimental data and the predicted neuron size obtained by RSM model showed that model was suitable for modeling the size of DN neurons. Therefore, RSM can be generally used for modeling neuron size from 2D images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Rajković
- Laboratory for Image Analysis, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Dušica L Marić
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nebojša T Milošević
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Sanja Jeremic
- Institute for Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Nemanja Rajković
- Department of Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Serbia
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237
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D'Mello AM, Stoodley CJ. Cerebro-cerebellar circuits in autism spectrum disorder. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:408. [PMID: 26594140 PMCID: PMC4633503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is one of the most consistent sites of abnormality in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and cerebellar damage is associated with an increased risk of ASD symptoms, suggesting that cerebellar dysfunction may play a crucial role in the etiology of ASD. The cerebellum forms multiple closed-loop circuits with cerebral cortical regions that underpin movement, language, and social processing. Through these circuits, cerebellar dysfunction could impact the core ASD symptoms of social and communication deficits and repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. The emerging topography of sensorimotor, cognitive, and affective subregions in the cerebellum provides a new framework for interpreting the significance of regional cerebellar findings in ASD and their relationship to broader cerebro-cerebellar circuits. Further, recent research supports the idea that the integrity of cerebro-cerebellar loops might be important for early cortical development; disruptions in specific cerebro-cerebellar loops in ASD might impede the specialization of cortical regions involved in motor control, language, and social interaction, leading to impairments in these domains. Consistent with this concept, structural, and functional differences in sensorimotor regions of the cerebellum and sensorimotor cerebro-cerebellar circuits are associated with deficits in motor control and increased repetitive and stereotyped behaviors in ASD. Further, communication and social impairments are associated with atypical activation and structure in cerebro-cerebellar loops underpinning language and social cognition. Finally, there is converging evidence from structural, functional, and connectivity neuroimaging studies that cerebellar right Crus I/II abnormalities are related to more severe ASD impairments in all domains. We propose that cerebellar abnormalities may disrupt optimization of both structure and function in specific cerebro-cerebellar circuits in ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anila M D'Mello
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
| | - Catherine J Stoodley
- Department of Psychology, American University Washington DC, USA ; Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, American University Washington DC, USA
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238
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Kotz SA, Stockert A, Schwartze M. Cerebellum, temporal predictability and the updating of a mental model. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130403. [PMID: 25385781 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We live in a dynamic and changing environment, which necessitates that we adapt to and efficiently respond to changes of stimulus form ('what') and stimulus occurrence ('when'). Consequently, behaviour is optimal when we can anticipate both the 'what' and 'when' dimensions of a stimulus. For example, to perceive a temporally expected stimulus, a listener needs to establish a fairly precise internal representation of its external temporal structure, a function ascribed to classical sensorimotor areas such as the cerebellum. Here we investigated how patients with cerebellar lesions and healthy matched controls exploit temporal regularity during auditory deviance processing. We expected modulations of the N2b and P3b components of the event-related potential in response to deviant tones, and also a stronger P3b response when deviant tones are embedded in temporally regular compared to irregular tone sequences. We further tested to what degree structural damage to the cerebellar temporal processing system affects the N2b and P3b responses associated with voluntary attention to change detection and the predictive adaptation of a mental model of the environment, respectively. Results revealed that healthy controls and cerebellar patients display an increased N2b response to deviant tones independent of temporal context. However, while healthy controls showed the expected enhanced P3b response to deviant tones in temporally regular sequences, the P3b response in cerebellar patients was significantly smaller in these sequences. The current data provide evidence that structural damage to the cerebellum affects the predictive adaptation to the temporal structure of events and the updating of a mental model of the environment under voluntary attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonja A Kotz
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anika Stockert
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Stephanstrasse 1a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany Language and Aphasia Laboratory, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Schwartze
- School of Psychological Sciences, University of Manchester, Brunswick Street, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
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239
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Guo W, Liu F, Zhang Z, Liu G, Liu J, Yu L, Xiao C, Zhao J. Increased Cerebellar Functional Connectivity With the Default-Mode Network in Unaffected Siblings of Schizophrenia Patients at Rest. Schizophr Bull 2015; 41:1317-25. [PMID: 25956897 PMCID: PMC4601712 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbv062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The default-mode network (DMN) is vital in the neurobiology of schizophrenia, and the cerebellum participates in the high-order cognitive network such as the DMN. However, the specific contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN abnormalities remains unclear in unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients. Forty-six unaffected siblings of schizophrenia patients and 46 healthy controls were recruited for a resting-state scan. The images were analyzed using the functional connectivity (FC) method. The siblings showed significantly increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), as well as between the lobule IX and the bilateral MPFC (orbital part) and right superior MPFC compared with the controls. No significantly decreased FC was observed in the siblings relative to the controls. The analyses were replicated in 49 first-episode, drug-naive patients with schizophrenia, and the results showed that the siblings and the patients shared increased FCs between the left Crus I and the left superior MPFC, as well as between the lobule IX and the left MPFC (orbital part) compared with the controls. These findings suggest that increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities emerge earlier than illness onset, which highlight the contribution of the cerebellum to the DMN alterations in unaffected siblings. The shared increased cerebellar-DMN connectivities between the patients and the siblings may be used as candidate endophenotypes for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbin Guo
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China;
| | - Feng Liu
- Key Laboratory for NeuroInformation of Ministry of Education, School of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610054, China
| | - Zhikun Zhang
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Guiying Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jianrong Liu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Liuyu Yu
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Changqing Xiao
- Mental Health Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Guangxi Medical University; Nanning, Guangxi 530021, China
| | - Jingping Zhao
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Key Laboratory of Psychiatry and Mental Health of Hunan Province, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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240
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Mollink J, van Baarsen KM, Dederen PJWC, Foxley S, Miller KL, Jbabdi S, Slump CH, Grotenhuis JA, Kleinnijenhuis M, van Cappellen van Walsum AM. Dentatorubrothalamic tract localization with postmortem MR diffusion tractography compared to histological 3D reconstruction. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3487-501. [PMID: 26438333 PMCID: PMC5009171 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1115-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) tractography is a technique with great potential to characterize the in vivo anatomical position and integrity of white matter tracts. Tractography, however, remains an estimation of white matter tracts, and false-positive and false-negative rates are not available. The goal of the present study was to compare postmortem tractography of the dentatorubrothalamic tract (DRTT) by its 3D histological reconstruction, to estimate the reliability of the tractography algorithm in this specific tract. Recent studies have shown that the cerebellum is involved in cognitive, language and emotional functions besides its role in motor control. However, the exact working mechanism of the cerebellum is still to be elucidated. As the DRTT is the main output tract it is of special interest for the neuroscience and clinical community. A postmortem human brain specimen was scanned on a 7T MRI scanner using a diffusion-weighted steady-state free precession sequence. Tractography was performed with PROBTRACKX. The specimen was subsequently serially sectioned and stained for myelin using a modified Heidenhain–Woelke staining. Image registration permitted the 3D reconstruction of the histological sections and comparison with MRI. The spatial concordance between the two modalities was evaluated using ROC analysis and a similarity index (SI). ROC curves showed a high sensitivity and specificity in general. Highest measures were observed in the superior cerebellar peduncle with an SI of 0.72. Less overlap was found in the decussation of the DRTT at the level of the mesencephalon. The study demonstrates high spatial accuracy of postmortem probabilistic tractography of the DRTT when compared to a 3D histological reconstruction. This gives hopeful prospect for studying structure–function correlations in patients with cerebellar disorders using tractography of the DRTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mollink
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - K M van Baarsen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P J W C Dederen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Foxley
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K L Miller
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S Jbabdi
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - C H Slump
- MIRA Institute for Biomedical and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J A Grotenhuis
- Department of Neurosurgery, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Kleinnijenhuis
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - A M van Cappellen van Walsum
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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241
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Rastogi A, Ghahremani A, Cash R. Modulation of cerebello-cerebral resting state networks by site-specific stimulation. J Neurophysiol 2015; 114:2084-6. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00977.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Converging evidence from neuroimaging and neuromodulation literature suggests that the cerebellum plays a broad role in motor as well as cognitive processes through its participation in resting-state networks. A recent study by Halko et al. ( J Neurosci 34: 12049–12056, 2014) demonstrates, for the first time, the ability to modulate functional connectivity of some of these distinct resting-state networks using site-specific repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of the cerebellum. In this Neuro Forum, we discuss and critically analyze this study, emphasizing important findings, potential therapeutic relevance, and areas worthy of further inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Rastogi
- Institute of Medical Science, Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behavior-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Ayda Ghahremani
- Institute of Medical Science, Collaborative Program in Neuroscience, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; and
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behavior-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robin Cash
- Division of Brain, Imaging and Behavior-Systems Neuroscience, Toronto Western Research Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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242
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebellar mutism (CM) is defined as a peculiar form of mutism that may complicate the surgical excision of posterior cranial fossa tumor. The incidence is variable in the literature, occurring in up to one third of cases in some series. Commonly occurring peculiar features of CM are delayed onset following surgery, limited duration, and spontaneous recovery usually associated with dysarthria. METHODS A review has been performed concerning anatomical substrates and circuits actually considered to be involved in the development of cerebellar mutism, as well as risk factors for its development that have been documented in the literature. Attention has also been given to the long-term prognosis and the possibilities of rehabilitation that can be considered in these children, which has been compared with the authors' institutional experience. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Tumor infiltration of the brainstem seems to represent the most relevant feature related to the development of CM, along with the histological diagnosis of medulloblastoma. On the other hand, hydrocephalus does not represent an independent risk factor. The higher rate of CM in children seems to be related to the higher incidence in children of tumors with malignant histology and brain stem involvement. Surgical technique does not seem to have a definite role; in particular, the use of a telovelar approach as compared to vermian split to reach the fourth ventricle extension of the tumor has not been demonstrated to prevent the development of cerebellar mutism. Concerning long-term prognosis, around one third of the children who develop cerebellar mutism after surgery have a persistent dysarthria, the remaining ones showing a residual phonological impairment. Long-term dysarthric features tend to be more severe and less prone to recovery in children presenting at diagnosis with associated combined procedural memory and defective neurocognitive functions.
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243
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Geytenbeek JJ, Oostrom KJ, Harlaar L, Becher JG, Knol DL, Barkhof F, Pinto PS, Vermeulen RJ. Language comprehension in nonspeaking children with severe cerebral palsy: Neuroanatomical substrate? Eur J Paediatr Neurol 2015; 19:510-20. [PMID: 26112263 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpn.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS To identify relations between brain abnormalities and spoken language comprehension, MRI characteristics of 80 nonspeaking children with severe CP were examined. METHODS MRI scans were analysed for patterns of brain abnormalities and scored for specific MRI measures: white matter (WM) areas; size of lateral ventricles, WM abnormality/reduction, cysts, subarachnoid space, corpus callosum thinning and grey matter (GM) areas; cortical GM abnormalities, thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus and nucleus caudatus and cerebellar abnormalities. Language comprehension was assessed with a new validated instrument (C-BiLLT). RESULTS MRI scans of 35 children were classified as a basal ganglia necrosis (BGN) pattern, with damage to central GM areas; in 60% of these children damage to WM areas was also found. MRI scans of 13 children were classified as periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) with little concomitant damage to central GM areas, 13 as malformations and 19 as miscellaneous. Language comprehension was best in children with BGN, followed by malformations and miscellaneous, and was poorest in PVL. Linear regression modelling per pattern group (malformations excluded), with MRI measures as independent variables, revealed that corpus callosum thinning in BGN and parieto-occipital WM reduction in PVL were the most important explanatory factors for poor language comprehension. No MRI measures explained outcomes in language comprehension in the miscellaneous group. CONCLUSIONS Comprehension of spoken language differs between MRI patterns of severe CP. In children with BGN and PVL differences in language comprehension performance is attributed to damage in the WM areas. Language comprehension was most affected in children with WM lesions in the subcortical and then periventricular areas, most characteristic for children with PVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke J Geytenbeek
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Kim J Oostrom
- Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pediatric Psychology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Laurike Harlaar
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jules G Becher
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; The EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk L Knol
- The EMGO+ Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pedro S Pinto
- Department of Radiology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar do Porto, Portugal
| | - R Jeroen Vermeulen
- Department of Child Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands; Neuroscience Campus Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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244
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Mosconi MW, Wang Z, Schmitt LM, Tsai P, Sweeney JA. The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:296. [PMID: 26388713 PMCID: PMC4555040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been repeatedly implicated in gene expression, rodent model and post-mortem studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How cellular and molecular anomalies of the cerebellum relate to clinical manifestations of ASD remains unclear. Separate circuits of the cerebellum control different sensorimotor behaviors, such as maintaining balance, walking, making eye movements, reaching, and grasping. Each of these behaviors has been found to be impaired in ASD, suggesting that multiple distinct circuits of the cerebellum may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients' sensorimotor impairments. We will review evidence that the development of these circuits is disrupted in individuals with ASD and that their study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of sensorimotor deficits and core symptoms of the disorder. Preclinical studies of monogenetic conditions associated with ASD also have identified selective defects of the cerebellum and documented behavioral rescues when the cerebellum is targeted. Based on these findings, we propose that cerebellar circuits may prove to be promising targets for therapeutic development aimed at rescuing sensorimotor and other clinical symptoms of different forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA ; Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter Tsai
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
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245
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Terao Y, Fukuda H, Tokushige S, Inomata-Terada S, Yugeta A, Hamada M, Ichikawa Y, Hanajima R, Ugawa Y. Is multiple system atrophy with cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) like spinocerebellar ataxia and multiple system atrophy with parkinsonism (MSA-P) like Parkinson's disease? - A saccade study on pathophysiology. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 127:1491-1502. [PMID: 26350408 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2015.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with multiple system atrophy (MSA) are classified into those mainly manifesting cerebellar ataxia (MSA-C) and those mainly manifesting parkinsonism (MSA-P). Pathophysiological bases of these subtypes remain unclear. We hypothesized that MSA-C patients would resemble spinocerebellar degeneration patients and MSA-P patients would resemble Parkinson's disease (PD) patients in saccade abnormalities. METHODS We recorded visually guided and memory guided saccades (MGS) in 27 MSA-C and 15 MSA-P patients, as well as 50 age-matched normal subjects, 14 spinocerebellar degeneration patients showing pure cerebellar symptoms (SCD) and 61 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients. RESULTS Saccade parameters of both tasks showed similar changes with progressing disease in SCD and MSA-C patients, as did those of MSA-C and MSA-P patients, although hypometria was slightly more pronounced in MSA-P. In both subtypes of MSA, latency and success rate of MGS were stable throughout disease stages, whereas they deteriorated progressively with progressing disease in PD. CONCLUSIONS Pathophysiology underlying MSA-C and MSA-P is similar as viewed from saccade performance. The MGS performance in MSA was preserved. However, MSA-P patients showed more marked hypometria, suggesting a mixture of basal ganglia pathophysiology. SIGNIFICANCE The similarity of saccade performance between MSA-C and MSA-P may reflect common olivopontocerebellar pathology, while the direct pathway of the basal ganglia is relatively spared compared with PD, even in MSA-P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Terao
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | - Shinnichi Tokushige
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satomi Inomata-Terada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yugeta
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Hamada
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ritsuko Hanajima
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Kitasato University, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Japan
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246
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Peterburs J, Cheng DT, Desmond JE. The Association Between Eye Movements and Cerebellar Activation in a Verbal Working Memory Task. Cereb Cortex 2015; 26:3802-13. [PMID: 26286918 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been argued that cerebellar activations during cognitive tasks may masquerade as cognition, while actually reflecting processes related to movement planning or motor learning. The present study investigated whether the cerebellar load effect for verbal working memory, that is, increased activations in lobule VI/Crus I and lobule VIIB/VIIIA, is related to eye movements and oculomotor processing. Fifteen participants performed an fMRI-based Sternberg verbal working memory task. Oculomotor and cognitive task demands were manipulated by using closely and widely spaced stimuli, and high and low cognitive load. Trial-based quantitative eye movement parameters were obtained from concurrent eye tracking. Conventional MRI analysis replicated the cerebellar load effect in lobules VI and VIIB/VIIIa. With quantitative eye movement parameters as regressors, analysis yielded very similar activation patterns. While load effect and eye regressor generally recruited spatially distinct neocortical and cerebellar regions, conjunction analysis showed that a small subset of prefrontal areas implicated in the load effect also responded to the eye regressor. The present results indicate that cognitive load-dependent activations in lateral superior and posteroinferior cerebellar regions in the Sternberg task are independent of eye movements occurring during stimulus encoding. This is inconsistent with the notion that cognitive load-dependent cerebellar activations merely reflect oculomotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Peterburs
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA Institute of Medical Psychology and Systems Neuroscience, University of Muenster, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Dominic T Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John E Desmond
- Department of Neurology, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Division of Cognitive Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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247
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Batson MA, Petridou N, Klomp DWJ, Frens MA, Neggers SFW. Single session imaging of cerebellum at 7 Tesla: obtaining structure and function of multiple motor subsystems in individual subjects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134933. [PMID: 26259014 PMCID: PMC4530960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent increase in the use of high field MR systems is accompanied by a demand for acquisition techniques and coil systems that can take advantage of increased power and accuracy without being susceptible to increased noise. Physical location and anatomical complexity of targeted regions must be considered when attempting to image deeper structures with small nuclei and/or complex cytoarchitechtonics (i.e. small microvasculature and deep nuclei), such as the brainstem and the cerebellum (Cb). Once these obstacles are overcome, the concomitant increase in signal strength at higher field strength should allow for faster acquisition of MR images. Here we show that it is technically feasible to quickly and accurately detect blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal changes and obtain anatomical images of Cb at high spatial resolutions in individual subjects at 7 Tesla in a single one-hour session. Images were obtained using two high-density multi-element surface coils (32 channels in total) placed beneath the head at the level of Cb, two channel transmission, and three-dimensional sensitivity encoded (3D, SENSE) acquisitions to investigate sensorimotor activations in Cb. Two classic sensorimotor tasks were used to detect Cb activations. BOLD signal changes during motor activity resulted in concentrated clusters of activity within the Cb lobules associated with each task, observed consistently and independently in each subject: Oculomotor vermis (VI/VII) and CrusI/II for pro- and anti-saccades; ipsilateral hemispheres IV-VI for finger tapping; and topographical separation of eye- and hand- activations in hemispheres VI and VIIb/VIII. Though fast temporal resolution was not attempted here, these functional patches of highly specific BOLD signal changes may reflect small-scale shunting of blood in the microvasculature of Cb. The observed improvements in acquisition time and signal detection are ideal for individualized investigations such as differentiation of functional zones prior to surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Batson
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Natalia Petridou
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis W. J. Klomp
- Radiology Department, Imaging Division, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten A. Frens
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Erasmus University College, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastiaan F. W. Neggers
- Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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248
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Law N, Smith ML, Greenberg M, Bouffet E, Taylor MD, Laughlin S, Malkin D, Liu F, Moxon-Emre I, Scantlebury N, Mabbott D. Executive function in paediatric medulloblastoma: The role of cerebrocerebellar connections. J Neuropsychol 2015; 11:174-200. [DOI: 10.1111/jnp.12082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Law
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Mary Lou Smith
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Mark Greenberg
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Eric Bouffet
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Michael D. Taylor
- Division of Neurosurgery; Arthur and Sonia Labatt Brain Tumor Research Centre; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Suzanne Laughlin
- Diagnostic Imaging; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - David Malkin
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Pediatrics; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
| | - Fang Liu
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Iska Moxon-Emre
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Pediatric Oncology Group of Ontario; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Nadia Scantlebury
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
| | - Donald Mabbott
- Program in Neuroscience and Mental Health; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
- Department of Psychology; Collaborative Program in Neuroscience; University of Toronto; Ontario Canada
- Division of Hematology/Oncology; Hospital for Sick Children; Toronto Ontario Canada
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249
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Striemer CL, Cantelmi D, Cusimano MD, Danckert JA, Schweizer TA. Deficits in reflexive covert attention following cerebellar injury. Front Hum Neurosci 2015; 9:428. [PMID: 26300756 PMCID: PMC4523795 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traditionally the cerebellum has been known for its important role in coordinating motor output. Over the past 15 years numerous studies have indicated that the cerebellum plays a role in a variety of cognitive functions including working memory, language, perceptual functions, and emotion. In addition, recent work suggests that regions of the cerebellum involved in eye movements also play a role in controlling covert visual attention. Here we investigated whether regions of the cerebellum that are not strictly tied to the control of eye movements might also contribute to covert attention. To address this question we examined the effects of circumscribed cerebellar lesions on reflexive covert attention in a group of patients (n = 11) without any gross motor or oculomotor deficits, and compared their performance to a group of age-matched controls (n = 11). Results indicated that the traditional RT advantage for validly cued targets was significantly smaller at the shortest (50 ms) SOA for cerebellar patients compared to controls. Critically, a lesion overlap analysis indicated that this deficit in the rapid deployment of attention was linked to damage in Crus I and Crus II of the lateral cerebellum. Importantly, both cerebellar regions have connections to non-motor regions of the prefrontal and posterior parietal cortices—regions important for controlling visuospatial attention. Together, these data provide converging evidence that both lateral and midline regions of the cerebellum play an important role in the control of reflexive covert visual attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher L Striemer
- Department of Psychology, MacEwan University Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta Edmonton, AB, Canada ; Glenrose Rehabilitation Hospital Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David Cantelmi
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael D Cusimano
- Division of Neurosurgery, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada ; Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - James A Danckert
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tom A Schweizer
- Division of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, ON, Canada ; Keenan Research Centre, St. Michael's Hospital Toronto, ON, Canada
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250
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Caulfield MD, Zhu DC, McAuley JD, Servatius RJ. Individual differences in resting-state functional connectivity with the executive network: support for a cerebellar role in anxiety vulnerability. Brain Struct Funct 2015; 221:3081-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-015-1088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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