Role of Catalase in Oxidative Stress- and Age-Associated Degenerative Diseases. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2019;2019:9613090. [PMID: 31827713 PMCID: PMC6885225 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9613090]

High fat diet exacerbates long-term metabolic, neuropathological, and behavioral derangements in an experimental mouse model of traumatic brain injury

AIMS

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a serious public health concern. Although TBI targets the brain, it can exert several systemic effects which can worsen the complications observed in TBI subjects. Currently, there is no FDA-approved therapy available for its treatment. Thus, there has been an increasing need to understand other factors that could modulate TBI outcomes. Among the factors involved are diet and lifestyle. High-fat diets (HFD), rich in saturated fat, have been associated with adverse effects on brain health.

MAIN METHODS

To study this phenomenon, an experimental mouse model of open head injury, induced by the controlled cortical impact was used along with high-fat feeding to evaluate the impact of HFD on brain injury outcomes. Mice were fed HFD for a period of two months where several neurological, behavioral, and molecular outcomes were assessed to investigate the impact on chronic consequences of the injury 30 days post-TBI.

KEY FINDINGS

Two months of HFD feeding, together with TBI, led to a notable metabolic, neurological, and behavioral impairment. HFD was associated with increased blood glucose and fat-to-lean ratio. Spatial learning and memory, as well as motor coordination, were all significantly impaired. Notably, HFD aggravated neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neurodegeneration. Also, cell proliferation post-TBI was repressed by HFD, which was accompanied by an increased lesion volume.

SIGNIFICANCE

Our research indicated that chronic HFD feeding can worsen functional outcomes, predispose to neurodegeneration, and decrease brain recovery post-TBI. This sheds light on the clinical impact of HFD on TBI pathophysiology and rehabilitation as well.

Downregulation of oxidative stress-mediated glial innate immune response suppresses seizures in a fly epilepsy model

Previous work in our laboratory has shown that mutations in prickle (pk) cause myoclonic-like seizures and ataxia in Drosophila, similar to what is observed in humans carrying mutations in orthologous PRICKLE genes. Here, we show that pk mutant brains show elevated, sustained neuronal cell death that correlates with increasing seizure penetrance, as well as an upregulation of mitochondrial oxidative stress and innate immune response (IIR) genes. Moreover, flies exhibiting more robust seizures show increased levels of IIR-associated target gene expression suggesting they may be linked. Genetic knockdown in glia of either arm of the IIR (Immune Deficiency [Imd] or Toll) leads to a reduction in neuronal death, which in turn suppresses seizure activity, with oxidative stress acting upstream of IIR. These data provide direct genetic evidence that oxidative stress in combination with glial-mediated IIR leads to progression of an epilepsy disorder.

Exosome-Coated tPA/Catalase Nanoformulation for Thrombolytic Therapy

Current tissue plasminogen-based therapeutic strategies for stroke suffer from systemic side effects and poor efficacy. Hence, novel drug delivery methods are needed to overcome these shortcomings. Exosome-based drug formulations have been shown to have superior therapeutic outcomes compared to conventional systemic drug delivery approaches. In this paper, we report exosome surface-coated tissue plasminogen activator (tPA)/catalase nanoformulations with improved thrombolytic efficacy compared to free tPA, which also reduce side effects. The results showed that the tPA exosome formulations retained tPA activity, improved tPA stability, exhibited significant fibrinolysis, and showed no significant toxicity effects. Further, when combined with antioxidant enzyme catalase, the formulation was able to inhibit hydrogen peroxide-mediated oxidative stress and toxicity. Hence, exosome-based tPA/catalase nanoformulations could have the potential to offer a safer and effective thrombolytic therapy.

Propionate exerts neuroprotective and neuroregenerative effects in the peripheral nervous system

In inflammatory neuropathies, oxidative stress results in neuronal and Schwann cell (SC) death promoting early neurodegeneration and clinical disability. Treatment with the short-chain fatty acid propionate showed a significant immunoregulatory and neuroprotective effect in multiple sclerosis patients. Similar effects have been described for patients with chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (CIDP). Therefore, Schwann cell's survival and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) outgrowth were evaluated in vitro after propionate treatment and application of H2O2 or S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-L-penicillamine (SNAP) to evaluate neuroprotection. In addition, DRG resistance was evaluated by the application of oxidative stress by SNAP ex vivo after in vivo propionate treatment. Propionate treatment secondary to SNAP application on DRG served as a neuroregeneration model. Histone acetylation as well as expression of the free fatty acid receptor (FFAR) 2 and 3, histone deacetylases, neuroregeneration markers, and antioxidative mediators were investigated. β-hydroxybutyrate was used as a second FFAR3 ligand, and pertussis toxin was used as an FFAR3 antagonist. FFAR3, but not FFAR2, expression was evident on SC and DRG. Propionate-mediated activation of FFAR3 and histone 3 hyperacetylation resulted in increased catalase expression and increased resistance to oxidative stress. In addition, propionate treatment resulted in enhanced neuroregeneration with concomitant growth-associated protein 43 expression. We were able to demonstrate an antioxidative and neuroregenerative effect of propionate on SC and DRG mediated by FFAR3-induced histone acetylases expression. Our results describe a pathway to achieve neuroprotection/neuroregeneration relevant for patients with immune-mediated neuropathies.

Two Argan Oil Phytosterols, Schottenol and Spinasterol, Attenuate Oxidative Stress and Restore LPS-Dysregulated Peroxisomal Functions in Acox1-/- and Wild-Type BV-2 Microglial Cells

Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in neuroinflammation, in which microglia dysfunction plays a central role. Previous studies suggest that argan oil attenuates oxidative stress, inflammation, and peroxisome dysfunction in mouse brains. In this study, we explored the effects of two major argan oil (AO) phytosterols, Schottenol (Schot) and Spinasterol (Spina), on oxidative stress, inflammation, and peroxisomal dysfunction in two murine microglial BV-2 cell lines, wild-ype (Wt) and Acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1)-deficient cells challenged with LPS treatment. Herein, we used an MTT test to reveal no cytotoxicity for both phytosterols with concentrations up to 5 µM. In the LPS-activated microglial cells, cotreatment with each of these phytosterols caused a significant decrease in intracellular ROS production and the NO level released in the culture medium. Additionally, Schot and Spina were able to attenuate the LPS-dependent strong induction of Il-1β and Tnf-α mRNA levels, as well as the iNos gene and protein expression in both Wt and Acox1-/- microglial cells. On the other hand, LPS treatment impacted both the peroxisomal antioxidant capacity and the fatty acid oxidation pathway. However, both Schot and Spina treatments enhanced ACOX1 activity in the Wt BV-2 cells and normalized the catalase activity in both Wt and Acox1-/- microglial cells. These data suggest that Schot and Spina can protect cells from oxidative stress and inflammation and their harmful consequences for peroxisomal functions and the homeostasis of microglial cells. Collectively, our work provides a compelling argument for the protective mechanisms of two major argan oil phytosterols against LPS-induced brain neuroinflammation.

Prevalence of Hypertension and Obesity: Profile of Mitochondrial Function and Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress

Obesity and hypertension are health problems of increasing prevalence in developed countries. The link between obesity and hypertension is not yet fully determined. Oxidative stress (OS) and mitochondrial function may play a role in obesity-associated hypertension. A cross-sectional study with 175 subjects with normal weight, overweight, or obese who attended a medical check-up was included. The subjects were divided according to the body mass index (BMI) into normal-weight (n-53), overweight (n-84), and obesity (n-38). Hypertension was also evaluated. To measure mitochondrial function, ATP hydrolysis and ATP synthesis in platelets and serum, respectively, were determined. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, lipohydroperoxides, 8-isoprostanes, carbonyl groups in proteins, nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHG), 8-oxoguanine glycosylase (hOGG1), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were measured by standard colorimetric or immunoassay methods. Obese subjects showed lower ATP hydrolysis activity than normal weight and overweight subjects (p < 0.01). No differences between those groups were found in ATP synthase and catalase activities, lipid hydroperoxides, carbonyl groups in proteins, 8-isoprostanes, and NO metabolites. In the obesity group, SOD activity (p < 0.01) was decreased while 8-OHG (p < 0.01) was increased. Subjects with hypertension showed increased 8-OHG (p < 0.01) and less reparative enzyme (hOGG1 p = 0.04) than subjects with normal weight. Moreover, we found a decrease of SOD (p < 0.01), catalase activities (p = 0.04), NO metabolites (p < 0.01), and increases of carbonyl groups in proteins (p = 0.01), TNF-α (p < 0.01) and IL-6 (p < 0.01 in hypertensive subjects. Obese subjects show a decrease in ATP hydrolysis. The decrease in ATP hydrolysis rate and ATP synthesis and an increase in OS and inflammation markers were associated with the hypertensive state.

Bone microenvironment regulative hydrogels with ROS scavenging and prolonged oxygen-generating for enhancing bone repair

Large bone defects resulting from fractures and disease are a major clinical challenge, being often unable to heal spontaneously by the body's repair mechanisms. Lines of evidence have shown that hypoxia-induced overproduction of ROS in bone defect region has a major impact on delaying bone regeneration. However, replenishing excess oxygen in a short time cause high oxygen tension that affect the activity of osteoblast precursor cells. Therefore, reasonably restoring the hypoxic condition of bone microenvironment is essential for facilitating bone repair. Herein, we designed ROS scavenging and responsive prolonged oxygen-generating hydrogels (CPP-L/GelMA) as a "bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel" to reverse the hypoxic microenvironment in bone defects region. CPP-L/GelMA hydrogels comprises an antioxidant enzyme catalase (CAT) and ROS-responsive oxygen-releasing nanoparticles (PFC@PLGA/PPS) co-loaded liposome (CCP-L) and GelMA hydrogels. Under hypoxic condition, CPP-L/GelMA can release CAT for degrading hydrogen peroxide to generate oxygen and be triggered by superfluous ROS to continuously release the oxygen for more than 2 weeks. The prolonged oxygen enriched microenvironment generated by CPP-L/GelMA hydrogel significantly enhanced angiogenesis and osteogenesis while inhibited osteoclastogenesis. Finally, CPP-L/GelMA showed excellent bone regeneration effect in a mice skull defect model through the Nrf2-BMAL1-autophagy pathway. Hence, CPP-L/GelMA, as a bone microenvironment regulative hydrogel for bone tissue respiration, can effectively scavenge ROS and provide prolonged oxygen supply according to the demand in bone defect region, possessing of great clinical therapeutic potential.

Association of Catalase Gene Polymorphisms with Idiopathic Nephrotic Syndrome in a Chinese Pediatric Population

OBJECTIVE

Our aim was to investigate the association between gene polymorphisms in catalase (CAT), a well-known oxidative stress regulator, and susceptibility to idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (INS) or responses to steroid therapy in a Chinese pediatric population.

METHODS

We analyzed 3 CAT single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNVs; rs7943316, rs769217, and rs12270780) using multi-polymerase chain reaction combined with next-generation sequencing in 183 INS patients and 100 healthy controls.

RESULTS

For the allele and genotype frequencies of the CAT SNVs, no significant differences were observed between INS patients and controls. Patients with C allele of CAT rs769217 had a higher risk of developing steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome than the steroid-sensitive nephrotic syndrome patients (P = 0.018; odds ratio = 1.76).

CONCLUSION

Our data suggests that genetic variations in CAT were unlikely to confer susceptibility to INS in Chinese children, whereas the C allele of the CAT rs769217 polymorphism showed a strong association with steroid-dependent responses in Chinese INS children.

Detection of Peroxisomal Proteins During Mycobacterial Infection

Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles with essential roles in lipid and reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism. They are involved in modulating the immune responses during microbial infection, thus having major impact on several bacterial and viral infectious diseases including tuberculosis. Intracellular pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb) employ various strategies to suppress the host oxidative stress mechanisms to avoid killing by the host. Peroxisome-mediated ROS balance is crucial for innate immune responses to M. tb. Therefore, peroxisomes represent promising targets for host-directed therapeutics to tuberculosis. Here, we present protocols used in our laboratory for the culture of M. tb and detection of peroxisomal proteins in M. tb infected macrophages.

Novel potential therapeutic targets of alopecia areata

Alopecia areata (AA) is a non-scarring hair loss disorder caused by autoimmunity. The immune collapse of the hair follicle, where interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and CD8+ T cells accumulate, is a key factor in AA. However, the exact functional mechanism remains unclear. Therefore, AA treatment has poor efficacy maintenance and high relapse rate after drug withdrawal. Recent studies show that immune-related cells and molecules affect AA. These cells communicate through autocrine and paracrine signals. Various cytokines, chemokines and growth factors mediate this crosstalk. In addition, adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs), gut microbiota, hair follicle melanocytes, non-coding RNAs and specific regulatory factors have crucial roles in intercellular communication without a clear cause, suggesting potential new targets for AA therapy. This review discusses the latest research on the possible pathogenesis and therapeutic targets of AA.

Deciphering the sequential changes of monocytes/macrophages in the progression of IDD with longitudinal approach using single-cell transcriptome

Intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD) is a chronic inflammatory disease with intricate connections between immune infiltration and oxidative stress (OS). Complex cell niches exist in degenerative intervertebral disk (IVD) and interact with each other and regulate the disk homeostasis together. However, few studies have used longitudinal approach to describe the immune response of IDD progression. Here, we conducted conjoint analysis of bulk-RNA sequencing and single-cell sequencing, together with a series of techniques like weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), immune infiltration analysis, and differential analysis, to systematically decipher the difference in OS-related functions of different cell populations within degenerative IVD tissues, and further depicted the longitudinal alterations of immune cells, especially monocytes/macrophages in the progression of IDD. The OS-related genes CYP1A1, MMP1, CCND1, and NQO1 are highly expressed and might be diagnostic biomarkers for the progression of IDD. Further landscape of IVD microenvironment showed distinct changes in cell proportions and characteristics at late degeneration compared to early degeneration of IDD. Monocytes/macrophages were classified into five distinct subpopulations with different roles. The trajectory lineage analysis revealed transcriptome alterations from effector monocytes/macrophages and regulatory macrophages to other subtypes during the evolution process and identified monocytes/macrophage subpopulations that had rapidly experienced the activation of inflammatory or anti-inflammatory responses. This study further proposed that personalized therapeutic strategies are needed to be formulated based on specific monocyte/macrophage subtypes and degenerative stages of IDD.

Catalase and interleukin-6 serum elevation in a prediction of treatment-resistance in male schizophrenia patients

BACKGROUND

Oxidative stress (OS) and neuroinflammatory pathways play an important role in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The present study investigated the relationship between OS, inflammatory cytokines, and clinical features in male patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia (TRS).

METHOD

We measured plasma OS parameters, including manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD), copper/zinc-containing SOD (CuZn-SOD), total-SOD (T-SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px); and serum inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)- 1α, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interferon (IFN)-γ, from 80 male patients with chronic schizophrenia (31 had TRS and 49 had chronic stable schizophrenia (CSS)), and 42 healthy controls. The severity of psychotic symptoms was evaluated using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS).

RESULTS

Compared with healthy controls, plasma Mn-SOD, CuZn-SOD, T-SOD, GSH-Px, and MDA levels were significantly lower, while CAT and serum IL-6 levels were higher in both TRS and CSS male patients (all P < 0.05). Significant differences in the activities of CAT (F = 6.068, P = 0.016) and IL-6 levels (F = 6.876, P = 0.011) were observed between TRS and CSS male patients after analysis of covariance. Moreover, a significant positive correlation was found between IL-6 levels and PANSS general psychopathology subscores (r = 0.485, P = 0.006) and between CAT activity and PANSS total scores (r = 0.409, P = 0.022) in TRS male patients. CAT and IL-6 levels were predictors for TRS. Additionally, in chronic schizophrenia patients, a significant positive correlation was observed between IL-6 and GSH-Px (r = 0.292, P = 0.012), and the interaction effect of IL-6 and GSH-Px was positively associated with PANSS general psychopathology scores (r = 0.287, P = 0.014).

CONCLUSION

This preliminary study indicated that variations in OS and inflammatory cytokines may be involved in psychopathology for patients with chronic schizophrenia, especially in male patients with TRS.

Sublethal cadmium exposure in the freshwater snail Lymnaea stagnalis meets a deficient, poorly responsive metallothionein system while evoking oxidative and cellular stress

The Great Pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis (Gastropoda, Hygrophila) is a wide-spread freshwater gastropod, being considered as a model organism for research in many fields of biology, including ecotoxicology. The aim of the present study was to explore the Cd sensitivity of L. stagnalis through the measurement of a biomarker battery for oxidative, toxic and cellular stress. The interpretation of biomarker parameters occurred against the background of a truncated metallothionein protein with a limited Cd-binding capacity. Individuals of L. stagnalis were exposed through 14 days to uncontaminated water (controls) or to low (30 μg · L^-1) or high (50 μg · L^-1) Cd concentrations. The digestive gland of control and low-Cd exposed snails was processed for transcriptional analysis of the Metallothionein (MT) gene expression, and for determination of biomarkers for oxidative stress, toxicity and cellular stress. Digestive gland supernatants of high-Cd exposed snails were subjected to chromatography and subsequent analysis by spectrophotometry. It was shown that the MT system of L. stagnalis is functionally deficient, with a poor Cd responsiveness at both, the transcriptional and the protein expression levels. Instead, L. stagnalis appears to rely on alternative detoxification mechanisms such as Cd binding by phytochelatins and metal inactivation by compartmentalization within the lysosomal system. In spite of this, however, traces of Cd apparently leak out of the pre-determined detoxification pathways, leading to adverse effects, which is clearly indicated by biomarkers of oxidative and cellular stress.

Amelioration of 5-Fluorouracil Induced Nephrotoxicity by Acacia catechu through Overcoming Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Wistar Rats

AIM

The research intended to explore the possible nephroprotective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction derived from Acacia catechu leaves against nephrotoxicity brought about by 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) in Wistar rats.

BACKGROUND

While possessing strong anticancer properties, 5-FU is hindered in its therapeutic application due to significant organ toxicity linked to elevated oxidative stress and inflammation.

OBJECTIVE

The study is undertaken to conduct an analysis of the ethyl acetate fraction of A. catechu leaves both in terms of quality and quantity, examining its impact on different biochemical and histopathological parameters within the context of 5-FU-induced renal damage in rats and elucidation of the mechanism behind the observed outcomes.

METHODOLOGY

Intraperitoneal injection of 5-FU at a dosage of 20 mg/kg/day over 5 days was given to induce nephrotoxicity in rats. The evaluation of nephrotoxicity involved quantifying serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and electrolyte concentrations. Furthermore, superoxide dismutase, catalase antioxidant enzymes, and TNF-α concentration in serum were also measured.

RESULTS

5-FU injection led to the initiation of oxidative stress within the kidneys, leading to modifications in renal biomarkers (including serum creatinine, urea, uric acid, and Na+, K+ levels), and a reduction in antioxidant enzymes namely superoxide dismutase and catalase. Notably, the presence of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α was significantly elevated due to 5-FU. Microscopic examination of renal tissue revealed tubular degeneration and congestion. However, treatment involving the ethyl acetate fraction derived from A. catechu leaves effectively and dose-dependently reversed the changes observed in renal biomarkers, renal antioxidant enzymes, inflammatory mediators, and histopathological features, bringing them closer to normal conditions. The observed recuperative impact was mainly attributed to the antioxidant and antiinflammatory properties of the fraction.

CONCLUSION

The ethyl acetate fraction of A. catechu leaves exhibited a mitigating influence on the renal impairment caused by 5-FU, showcasing its potential as a nephroprotective agent capable of preventing and ameliorating 5-FU-induced nephrotoxicity.

Anmyungambi Decoction Ameliorates Obesity through Activation of Non-Shivering Thermogenesis in Brown and White Adipose Tissues

Obesity is a burden to global health. Non-shivering thermogenesis of brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) is a novel strategy for obesity treatment. Anmyungambi (AMGB) decoction is a multi-herb decoction with clinical anti-obesity effects. Here, we show the effects of AMGB decoction using high-fat diet (HFD)-fed C57BL6/J mice. All four versions of AMGB decoction (100 mg/kg/day, oral gavage for 28 days) suppressed body weight gain and obesity-related blood parameters in the HFD-fed obese mice. They also inhibited adipogenesis and induced lipolysis in inguinal WAT (iWAT). Especially, the AMGB-4 with 2:1:3:3 composition was the most effective; thus, further studies were performed with the AMGB-4 decoction. The AMGB-4 decoction displayed a dose-dependent body weight gain suppression. Serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, and blood glucose decreased as well. In epididymal WAT, iWAT, and BAT, the AMGB-4 decoction increased lipolysis markers. Additionally, the AMGB-4 decoction-fed mice showed an increased non-shivering thermogenic program in BAT and iWAT. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and suppressed antioxidative factors induced by the HFD feeding were also altered to normal levels by the AMGB-4 decoction treatment. Overall, our study supports the clinical use of AMGB decoction for obesity treatment by studying its mechanisms. AMGB decoction alleviates obesity through the activation of the lipolysis-thermogenesis program and the elimination of pathological ROS in thermogenic adipose tissues.

Can a Large Number of Transplanted Mesenchymal Stem Cells Have an Optimal Therapeutic Effect on Improving Ovarian Function?

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are next-generation treatment in degenerative diseases. For the application of mesenchymal stem cell therapy to degenerative disease, transplantation conditions (e.g., optimized dose, delivery route and regenerating efficacy) should be considered. Recently, researchers have studied the mode of action of MSC in the treatment of ovarian degenerative disease. However, the evidence for the optimal number of cells for the developing stem cell therapeutics is insufficient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy in ovarian dysfunction, depends on cell dose. By intraovarian transplantation of low (1 × 105) and high (5 × 105) doses of placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (PD-MSCs) into thioacetamide (TAA)-injured rats, we compared the levels of apoptosis and oxidative stress that depend on different cell doses. Apoptosis and oxidative stress were significantly decreased in the transplanted (Tx) group compared to the non-transplanted (NTx) group in ovarian tissues from TAA-injured rats (* p < 0.05). In addition, we confirmed that follicular development was significantly increased in the Tx groups compared to the NTx group (* p < 0.05). However, there were no significant differences in the apoptosis, antioxidant or follicular development of injured ovarian tissues between the low and high doses PD-MSCs group. These findings provide new insights into the understanding and evidence obtained from clinical trials for stem cell therapy in reproductive systems.

Mechanisms of cerium-induced stress in plants: A meta-analysis

A comprehensive evaluation of the effects of cerium on plants is lacking even though cerium is extensively applied to the environment. Here, the effects of cerium on plants were meta-analyzed using a newly developed database consisting of approximately 8500 entries of published data. Cerium affects plants by acting as oxidative stressor causing hormesis, with positive effects at low concentrations and adverse effects at high doses. Production of reactive oxygen species and its linked induction of antioxidant enzymes (e.g. catalase and superoxide dismutase) and non-enzymatic antioxidants (e.g. glutathione) are major mechanisms driving plant response mechanisms. Cerium also affects redox signaling, as indicated by altered GSH/GSSG redox pair, and electrolyte leakage, Ca²⁺, K⁺, and K⁺/Na⁺, indicating an important role of K⁺ and Na⁺ homeostasis in cerium-induced stress and altered mineral (ion) balance. The responses of the plants to cerium are further extended to photosynthesis rate (A), stomatal conductance (g_s), photosynthetic efficiency of PSII, electron transport rate, and quantum yield of PSII. However, photosynthesis response is regulated not only by physiological controls (e.g. g_s), but also by biochemical controls, such as via changed Hill reaction and RuBisCO carboxylation. Cerium concentrations <0.1-25 mg L^-1 commonly enhance chlorophyll a and b, g_s, A, and plant biomass, whereas concentrations >50 mg L^-1 suppress such fitness-critical traits at trait-specific concentrations. There was no evidence that cerium enhances yields. Observations were lacking for yield response to low concentrations of cerium, whereas concentrations >50 mg Kg^-1 suppress yields, in line with the response of chlorophyll a and b. Cerium affects the uptake and tissue concentrations of several micro- and macro-nutrients, including heavy metals. This study enlightens the understanding of some mechanisms underlying plant responses to cerium and provides critical information that can pave the way to reducing the cerium load in the environment and its associated ecological and human health risks.

Piracetam as a Therapeutic Agent for Doxorubicin-Induced Cognitive Deficits by Enhancing Cholinergic Functions and Reducing Neuronal Inflammation, Apoptosis, and Oxidative Stress in Rats

Cancer chemotherapy is known to cause cognitive defects in patients. Our study investigated the effect of piracetam (PIRA; 200 or 400 mg/kg) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cognitive deficits in a rat model. The cognitive parameters were analyzed using elevated plus-maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), neuroinflammatory mediators (cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)), apoptotic proteins (B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2), Bcl2 associated X protein (Bax), cysteine aspartate specific protease-3 (caspase-3)), oxidative parameters (malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase (CAT), and glutathione (GSH)) were also determined in the brain. PIRA administration offered significant protection against DOX-induced cognitive deficits in all maze tests and restored cholinergic functions via a significant reduction in AChE levels. Additionally, PIRA suppressed DOX-induced neuroinflammatory mediators (COX-2, PGE2, NF-κB, and TNF-α), pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax and caspase-3), and oxidative stress (MDA). Besides, it facilitated antioxidant (CAT and GSH) levels. Hence, our study highlighted that the neuroprotective activity of PIRA against DOX-induced cognitive deficits can be linked to reductions of AChE levels, neuro-inflammatory mediators, pro-apoptotic proteins, and oxidative stress.

Catalase-deficient mice induce aging faster through lysosomal dysfunction

BACKGROUND

Lysosomes are a central hub for cellular metabolism and are involved in the regulation of cell homeostasis through the degradation or recycling of unwanted or dysfunctional organelles through the autophagy pathway. Catalase, a peroxisomal enzyme, plays an important role in cellular antioxidant defense by decomposing hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. In accordance with pleiotropic significance, both impaired lysosomes and catalase have been linked to many age-related pathologies with a decline in lifespan. Aging is characterized by progressive accumulation of macromolecular damage and the production of high levels of reactive oxygen species. Although lysosomes degrade the most long-lived proteins and organelles via the autophagic pathway, the role of lysosomes and their effect on catalase during aging is not known. The present study investigated the role of catalase and lysosomal function in catalase-knockout (KO) mice.

METHODS

We performed experiments on WT and catalase KO younger (9 weeks) and mature adult (53 weeks) male mice and Mouse embryonic fibroblasts isolated from WT and KO mice from E13.5 embryos as in vivo and in ex-vivo respectively. Mouse phenotyping studies were performed with controls, and a minimum of two independent experiments were performed with more than five mice in each group.

RESULTS

We found that at the age of 53 weeks (mature adult), catalase-KO mice exhibited an aging phenotype faster than wild-type (WT) mice. We also found that mature adult catalase-KO mice induced leaky lysosome by progressive accumulation of lysosomal content, such as cathespin D, into the cytosol. Leaky lysosomes inhibited autophagosome formation and triggered impaired autophagy. The dysregulation of autophagy triggered mTORC1 (mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1) activation. However, the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine and mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin rescued leaky lysosomes and aging phenotypes in catalase-deficient mature adult mice.

CONCLUSIONS

This study unveils the new role of catalase and its role in lysosomal function during aging. Video abstract.

Ellagic acid: insight into its protective effects in age-associated disorders

The disparity in the free radical generation and the production of antioxidants to counteract its effect is known as oxidative stress. Oxidative stress causes damage to the macromolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and DNA and RNA. The oxidative damage to the cellular components leads to a process of aging and various age-associated disorders. The literature survey for this review was done using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. The papers showing the studies related to aging and age-associated disorders have been selected for reviewing this paper. Ellagic acid has been used as the keyword, and more emphasis has been put on papers from the last 10 years. However, some papers with significant studies prior to 10 years have also been considered. Almost 250 papers have been studied for reviewing this paper, and about 135 papers have been cited. Ellagic acid (EA) is present in high quantities in pomegranate and various types of berries. It is known to possess the antioxidant potential and protects from the harmful effects of free radicals. Various studies have shown its effect to protect cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, cancer, and diabetes. The present review focuses on the protective effect of ellagic acid in age-associated disorders. The effect of EA has been studied in various chronic disorders but the scope of this review is limited to cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. All the disease aspects have not been addressed in this particular review.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates inflammatory responses and oxidative stress in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis via silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1)/nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) pathway

The protective effects of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced endometritis in vivo and in vitro will be explored in this study. The endometritis model was induced in female BALB/c mice uterus by perfusion with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and EGCG were administered at 1 h before LPS induction. The primary bovine endometrial epithelial cells (BEECs) were treated with EGCG for 1 h before LPS stimulation. Uterine histopathological changes, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, inflammatory cytokine levels and oxidative stress markers were determined. The extent of Bax, Bcl-2, cleaved caspase-3, silent information regulator transcript-1 (SIRT1), nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC) and Caspase1 was detected by Western blot and real-time quantitative PCR assays. The results showed that EGCG significantly reversed the LPS-induced uterine histopathological changes, MPO activity, pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Additionally, EGCG decreased oxidative stress and reduced cell apoptosis by upregulating SIRT1 expression, downregulating the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. These findings indicated that EGCG exerted its greatest protective effects by blocking inflammatory responses, lowering oxidative stress, and reducing apoptosis via the SIRT1/NLRP3, making its promising candidate treatment for endometritis.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis on the Role of Nutraceuticals in the Management of Neuropathic Pain in In Vivo Studies

The control of neuropathic pain is a leading challenge in modern medicine. Traditional medicine has, for a long time, used natural compounds such as nutraceuticals for this purpose, and extensive evidence has supported their role in controlling oxidative stress and persistent pain-related inflammation. Nutraceuticals are natural products belonging to the food sector whose consumption could be related to physiological benefits. Indeed, they are used to improve health, prevent chronic diseases, and delay the aging process. Here, we report a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a more comprehensive report on the use of nutraceuticals in neuropathic pain, including evaluating confounding factors. A search of the literature has been conducted on principal databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Web of Science) following the PRISMA statement, and we retrieved 484 articles, 12 of which were selected for the meta-analysis. The results showed that administration of natural drugs in animals with neuropathic pain led to a significant reduction in thermal hyperalgesia, measured in both the injured paw (SMD: 1.79; 95% CI: 1.41 to 2.17; p < 0.0001) and in the two paws (SMD: −1.74; 95% CI: −3.36 to −0.11; p = 0.036), as well as a reduction in mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia (SMD: 1.95, 95% CI: 1.08 to 2.82; p < 0.001) when compared to controls. The results of the review indicate that nutraceutical compounds could be clinically relevant for managing persistent neuropathic pain.

Andrographolide Inhibits Lipotoxicity-Induced Activation of the NLRP3 Inflammasome in Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages

Andrographolide is the major bioactive component of the herb Andrographis paniculata and is a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Obesity leads to an excess of free fatty acids, particularly palmitic acid (PA), in the circulation. Obesity also causes the deposition of ectopic fat in nonadipose tissues, which leads to lipotoxicity, a condition closely associated with inflammation. Here, we investigated whether andrographolide could inhibit PA-induced inflammation by activating autophagy, activating the antioxidant defense system, and blocking the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were primed with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and then activated with PA. LPS/PA treatment increased both the mRNA expression of NLRP3 and IL-1[Formula: see text] and the release of IL-1[Formula: see text] in BMDMs. Andrographolide inhibited the LPS/PA-induced protein expression of caspase-1 and the release of IL-1[Formula: see text]. Furthermore, andrographolide attenuated LPS/PA-induced mtROS generation by first promoting autophagic flux and catalase activity, and ultimately inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Our results suggest that the mechanisms by which andrographolide downregulates LPS/PA-induced IL-1[Formula: see text] release in BMDMs involve promoting autophagic flux and catalase activity. Andrographolide may thus be a candidate to prevent obesity- and lipotoxicity-driven chronic inflammatory disease.

Antioxidant Potential of Diosmin and Diosmetin against Oxidative Stress in Endothelial Cells

Phlebotropic flavonoids, including diosmin and its aglycone diosmetin, are natural polyphenols widely used in the prevention and treatment of chronic venous insufficiency (CVI). As oxidative stress plays an important role in the development of pathophysiology of the cardiovascular system, the study aimed to investigate the protective effects of diosmin and diosmetin on hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂)-induced oxidative stress in endothelial cells. The cells were pretreated with different concentrations of the flavonoid prior to the H₂O₂ exposure. The cell viability, the level of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), the activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes-including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase GPx-and the malondialdehyde (MDA) level were assessed. It was found that the H₂O₂-induced oxidative stress was ameliorated by diosmin/diosmetin in a concentration-dependent manner. The flavonoids restored the activity of cellular antioxidant enzymes and lowered the MDA level upregulated by the H₂O₂ exposure. These results indicate that diosmin and diosmetin may prevent oxidative stress in endothelial cells; therefore, they may protect against the development and progression of oxidative-stress-related disorders.

Anti-Aging Effect of Agrocybe aegerita Polysaccharide through Regulation of Oxidative Stress and Gut Microbiota

Polysaccharides extracted from Agrocybe aegerita (AAPS) have various physiological effects. In this study, we used the naturally aging Drosophila melanogaster and D-galactose-induced aging mice as animal models to study the anti-aging effects of AAPS via the alleviation of oxidative stress and regulation of gut microbiota. Results showed that AAPS could significantly prolong lifespan and alleviate oxidative stress induced by H₂O₂ of Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, AAPS significantly increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes in Drosophila melanogaster and mice, and reduced the content of MDA. Furthermore, AAPS reshaped the disordered intestinal flora, increased the abundance ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria Lactobacillus. Our results demonstrated that AAPS had good antioxidant and potential anti-aging effects in vivo.

Label-free quantitative proteomics and stress responses in pigs-The case of short or long road transportation

Ethical livestock production is currently a major concern for consumers. In parallel, research has shown that transport duration is an important factor affecting animal welfare and has a negative impact on the final product quality and on the production cost. This study applied proteomics methods to the animal stress/welfare problem in pigs muscle-exudate with the aim to identify proteins indicative of molecular processes underpinning transport stress and to better characterise this species as a biomedical model. A broader perspective of the problem was obtained by applying label-free LC-MS to characterise the proteome response to transport stress (short or long road transportation) in pigs within the same genetic line. A total of 1,464 proteins were identified, following statistical analysis 66 proteins clearly separating pigs subject to short road transportation and pigs subject long road transportation. These proteins were mainly involved in cellular and metabolic processes. Catalase and stress-induced phosphoprotein-1 were further confirmed by Western blot as being involved in the process of self-protection of the cells in response to stress. This study provide an insight into the molecular processes that are involved in pig adaptability to transport stress and are a step-forward for the development of an objective evaluation method of stress in order to improve animal care and management in farm animals.

Potential Benefits of Selenium Supplementation in Reducing Insulin Resistance in Patients with Cardiometabolic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Selenium is a trace element that has been reported to be effective in regulating glucose and lipid metabolism. However, there is conflicting evidence from different clinical trials of selenium supplementation in treating cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs).

OBJECTIVE

This meta-analysis aimed to identify the effects of selenium supplementation on insulin resistance, glucose homeostasis, and lipid profiles in patients with CMDs.

METHODS

Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of selenium supplementation for treating CMDs were screened in five electronic databases. Insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), and glycosylated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1c) were defined as the primary outcome markers, and lipid profiles were considered the secondary outcome markers.

RESULTS

Ten studies involving 526 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The results suggested that selenium supplementation significantly reduced serum insulin levels (standardized men difference [SMD]: -0.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] [-0.84, -0.21], p = 0.001, I² = 68%) and HOMA-IR (SMD: -0.50, 95% CI [-0.86, -0.14], p = 0.006, I² = 75%) and increased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels (SMD: 0.97; 95% CI [0.26, 1.68], p = 0.007, I² = 92%), but had no significant effect on FPG, total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C).

CONCLUSION

Current evidence supports the beneficial effects of selenium supplementation on reducing insulin levels, HOMA-IR, and increasing HDL-C levels. Selenium supplementation may be an effective strategy for reducing insulin resistance in patients with CMDs. However, more high-quality clinical studies are needed to improve the certainty of our estimates.

Lutein Decreases Inflammation and Oxidative Stress and Prevents Iron Accumulation and Lipid Peroxidation at Glutamate-Induced Neurotoxicity

The xanthophyll carotenoid lutein has been widely used as supplementation due to its protective effects in light-induced oxidative stress. Its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory features suggest that it has a neuroprotective role as well. Glutamate is a major excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (CNS), which plays a key role in regulating brain function. Excess accumulation of intracellular glutamate accelerates an increase in the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons leading to glutamate neurotoxicity. In this study, we focused on the effects of glutamate on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells to identify the possible alterations in oxidative stress, inflammation, and iron metabolism that affect the neurological function itself and in the presence of antioxidant lutein. First, ROS measurements were performed, and then catalase (CAT) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) enzyme activity were determined by enzyme activity assay kits. The ELISA technique was used to detect proinflammatory TNFα, IL-6, and IL-8 cytokine secretions. Alterations in iron uptake, storage, and release were followed by gene expression measurements and Western blotting. Total iron level detections were performed by a ferrozine-based iron detection method, and a heme assay kit was used for heme measurements. The gene expression toward lipid-peroxidation was determined by RT-PCR. Our results show glutamate changes ROS, inflammation, and antioxidant enzyme activity, modulate iron accumulation, and may initiate lipid peroxidation in SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, lutein attenuates the glutamate-induced effects on ROS, inflammation, iron metabolism, and lipid peroxidation. According to our findings, lutein could be a beneficial, supportive treatment in neurodegenerative disorders.

The Role of Equilibrium between Free Radicals and Antioxidants in Depression and Bipolar Disorder

Background: Increasing evidence suggests that the presence of oxidative stress and disorders of the antioxidant defense system are involved in a wide range of neuropsychiatric disorders, such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia and major depression, but the exact mechanism remains unknown. This review focuses on a better appreciation of the contribution of oxidative stress to depression and bipolar disorder. Methods: This review was conducted by extracting information from other research and review studies, as well as other meta-analyses, using two search engines, PubMed and Google Scholar. Results: As far as depression is concerned, there is agreement among researchers on the association between oxidative stress and antioxidants. In bipolar disorder, however, most of them observe strong lipid peroxidation in patients, while regarding antioxidant levels, opinions are divided. Nevertheless, in recent years, it seems that on depression, there are mainly meta-analyses and reviews, rather than research studies, unlike on bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Undoubtedly, this review shows that there is an association among oxidative stress, free radicals and antioxidants in both mental disorders, but further research should be performed on the exact role of oxidative stress in the pathophysiology of these diseases.

Oral Macrocystis pyrifera Fucoidan Administration Exhibits Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Properties and Improves DSS-Induced Colitis in C57BL/6J Mice

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a complex and multifactorial disorder characterised by relapsing and remitting inflammation of the intestinal tract. Oxidative stress (OS) is the result of an imbalance between production and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which has been associated with inflammatory responses and implicated in the exacerbation of IBD. Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide from brown seaweed, is a well-known anti-inflammatory agent and emerging evidence indicates that fucoidan extracts from Macrocystis pyrifera (MPF and DP-MPF) may also modulate oxidative stress. This study investigated the impact of fucoidan extracts, MPF and DP-MPF in a dextran sodium sulphate (DSS)-induced mouse model of acute colitis. 3% DSS was administered in C57BL/6J male mice over a period of 7 days, and MPF and DP-MPF were co-administered orally at a dose of 400 mg/kg body weight. Our results indicated that MPF and DP-MPF significantly prevented body weight loss, improved the disease activity index (DAI), restored colon lengths, reduced the wet colon weight, reduced spleen enlargement, and improved the overall histopathological score. Consistent with the reported anti-inflammatory functions, fucoidan extracts, MPF and DP-MPF significantly reduced the colonic levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), nitric oxide (NO), malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the levels of antioxidant enzymes, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). In addition, MPF and DP-MPF significantly inhibited levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in colon-derived tissues. Collectively, our results indicate that MPF and DP-MPF exhibited anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects representing a promising therapeutic strategy for the cure of IBD.

Reactive Oxygen Species Suppressive Kraft Lignin-Gelatin Antioxidant Hydrogels for Chronic Wound Repair

Chronic wound is difficult to repair because the normal wound healing mechanism is inhibited by the continuous inflammatory response. The delayed inflammatory responses generate high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at the wound sites, which leads to a longer inflammatory phase and induces a vicious cycle that interferes with the normal wound healing process. Therefore, ROS scavenging is an important factor for chronic wound healing. In this study, antioxidant hydrogel is developed by cross-linking kraft lignin, an antioxidant agent, and gelatin (Klig-Gel). Klig-Gel hydrogel is fabricated via ring opening reaction with epichlorohydrin as a cross-linker. High ROS scavenging activities are confirmed by various antioxidant evaluations, and in vitro natural antioxidant expression tests show reduction of oxidative stress. Mechanical properties of Klig-Gel hydrogel are tailorable by introducing different amount of kraft lignin to the hydrogel system. Biocompatibility is confirmed regardless of the kraft lignin content. Klig-Gel hydrogel is a promising ROS scavenging material that can be applied in various chronic wound healing applications.

Regulation of the molecular repertoires of oxidative stress response in the gills and olfactory organ of Atlantic salmon following infection and treatment of the parasite Neoparameoba perurans

The present study investigated the involvement of key molecular regulators of oxidative stress in amoebic gill disease (AGD), a parasitic infestation in Atlantic salmon. In addition, the study evaluated how these molecular biomarkers responded when AGD-affected fish were exposed to a candidate chemotherapeutic peracetic acid (PAA). Atlantic salmon were experimentally infected with the parasite Neoparameoba perurans, the causative agent of AGD, by bath exposure and after 2 weeks, the fish were treated with three commercial PAA products (i.e., Perfectoxid, AquaDes and ADDIAqua) at a dose of 5 ppm. Two exposure durations were evaluated - 30 min and 60 min. Sampling was performed 24 h and 2 weeks after PAA treatment (equivalent to 2- and 4-weeks post infection). At each sampling point, the following parameters were evaluated: gross gill pathology, gill parasitic load, plasma reactive oxygen species (ROS) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC), histopathology and gene expression profiling of genes with key involvement in oxidative stress in the gills and olfactory organ. AGD did not result in systemic oxidative stress as ROS and TAC levels remained unchanged. There were no clear patterns of AGD-mediated regulation of the oxidative stress biomarkers in both the gills and olfactory organ; significant changes in the expression were mostly related to time rather than infection status. However, the expression profiles of the oxidative stress biomarkers in AGD-affected salmon, following treatment with PAA, revealed that gills and olfactory organ responded differently - upregulation was prominent in the gills while downregulation was more frequent in the olfactory organ. The expression of catalase, glutathione S-transferase and thioredoxin reductase 2 was significantly affected by the treatments, both in the gills and olfactory organ, and these alterations were influenced by the duration of exposure and PAA product type. Parasitic load in the gills did significantly increase after treatment regardless of the product and exposure duration; the parasite was undetectable in some fish treated with AquaDes for 30 mins. However, PAA treated groups for 30 min showed lower macroscopic gill scores than the infected-untreated fish. Histology disclosed the classic pathological findings such as multifocal hyperplasia and increased number of mucous cells in AGD-affected fish. Microscopic scoring of gill injuries showed that AGD-infected-PAA-treated fish had lower scores, however, an overall trend could not be established. The morphology and structural integrity of the olfactory organ were not significantly altered by parasitism or PAA treatment. Collectively, the results indicate that AGD did not affect the systemic and mucosal oxidative status of Atlantic salmon. However, such a striking profile was changed when AGD-affected fish were exposed to oxidative chemotherapeutics. Moreover, the gills and olfactory organ demonstrated distinct patterns of gene expression of oxidative stress biomarkers in AGD-infected-PAA-treated fish. Lastly, PAA treatment did not fully resolve the infection, but appeared not to worsen the mucosal health either.

ROS: Basic Concepts, Sources, Cellular Signaling, and its Implications in Aging Pathways

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are bioproducts of cellular metabolism. There is a range of molecules with oxidizing properties known as ROS. Despite those molecules being implied negatively in aging and numerous diseases, their key role in cellular signaling is evident. ROS control several biological processes such as inflammation, proliferation, and cell death. The redox signaling underlying these cellular events is one characteristic of the new generation of scientists aimed at defining the role of ROS in the cellular environment. The control of redox potential, which includes the balance of the sources of ROS and the antioxidant system, implies an important target for understanding the cells' fate derived from redox signaling. In this review, we summarized the chemical, the redox balance, the signaling, and the implications of ROS in biological aging.

The Fate of Erythrocytes after Cerebral Hemorrhage

After a cerebral hemorrhage (intracerebral, subarachnoid, and intraventricular), extravasated blood contributes to both initial brain injury, via physical disruption and mass effect, and secondary injury, through the release of potentially neurotoxic and pro-inflammatory factors such as hemoglobin, iron, and peroxiredoxin-2. Erythrocytes are a major blood component and are a source of such damaging factors. Erythrolysis after cerebral hemorrhage releases potential neurotoxins, contributing to brain injury and edema. Alternatively, erythrocyte phagocytosis via microglia or macrophages may limit the spill of neurotoxins therefore limiting subsequent brain injury. The aim of this review is to discuss the process of phagocytosis of erythrocytes by microglia or macrophages after cerebral hemorrhage, the effect of erythrolysis on brain injury, novel mechanisms of erythrocyte and phagocyte egress from the brain, and exciting new targets in this pathway to attenuate brain injury. Understanding the fate of erythrocytes after cerebral hemorrhage may uncover additional potential interventions for clinical translational research.

Dextran sodium sulfate alters antioxidant status in the gut affecting the survival of Drosophila melanogaster

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of disorders characterized by chronic inflammation in the intestine. Several studies confirmed that oxidative stress induced by an enormous amount of reactive free radicals triggers the onset of IBD. Currently, there is an increasing trend in the global incidence of IBD and it is coupled with a lack of adequate long-term therapeutic options. At the same time, progress in research to understand the pathogenesis of IBD has been hampered due to the absence of adequate animal models. Currently, the toxic chemical Dextran Sulfate Sodium (DSS) induced gut inflammation in rodents is widely perceived as a good model of experimental colitis or IBD. Drosophila melanogaster, a genetic animal model, shares ~ 75% sequence similarity to genes causing different diseases in humans and also has conserved digestion and absorption features. Therefore, in the current study, we used Drosophila as a model system to induce and investigate DSS-induced colitis. Anatomical, biochemical, and molecular analyses were performed to measure the levels of inflammation and cellular disturbances in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of Drosophila. Our study shows that DSS-induced inflammation lowers the levels of antioxidant molecules, affects the life span, reduces physiological activity and induces cellular damage in the GI tract mimicking pathophysiological features of IBD in Drosophila. Such a DSS-induced Drosophila colitis model can be further used for understanding the molecular pathology of IBD and screening novel drugs.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-022-03349-2.

Chemical Profile of Cyperus laevigatus and Its Protective Effects against Thioacetamide-Induced Hepatorenal Toxicity in Rats

Cyperus species represent a group of cosmopolitan plants used in folk medicine to treat several diseases. In the current study, the phytochemical profile of Cyperus laevigatus ethanolic extract (CLEE) was assessed using UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS. The protective effect of CLEE at 50 and 100 mg /kg body weight (b.w.) was evaluated on hepatorenal injuries induced by thioacetamide (100 mg/kg) via investigation of the extract's effects on oxidative stress, inflammatory markers and histopathological changes in the liver and kidney. UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS analysis of CLEE resulted in the identification of 94 compounds, including organic and phenolic acids, flavones, aurones, and fatty acids. CLEE improved the antioxidant status in the liver and kidney, as manifested by enhancement of reduced glutathione (GSH) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10), in addition to the reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8OHdG). Moreover, CLEE positively affected oxidative stress parameters in plasma and thwarted the depletion of hepatorenal ATP content by thioacetamide (TAA). Furthermore, treatment of rats with CLEE alleviated the significant increase in plasma liver enzymes, kidney function parameters, and inflammatory markers. The protective effect of CLEE was confirmed by a histopathological study of the liver and kidney. Our results proposed that CLEE may reduce TAA-hepatorenal toxicity via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties suppressing oxidative stress.

Protective effect of methionine on the intestinal oxidative stress and microbiota change induced by nickel

Nickel is a common heavy metal pollutant in industrial areas and can cause oxidative damage to human and animal organs. As an essential amino acid with antioxidant function, methionine (Met) may protect the body from the oxidative stress induce by nickel, however, there is not enough research to study in this aspect. The study aims at investigating the effect of Met on the nickel-induced intestinal oxidative stress and further detected the gut microbiota changes. Mice were gavaged with quantitative NiCl₂ (1.6 mg/ml, 0.25 ml) and fed with different doses of methionine in each group. The contents of intestinal oxidation product and antioxidant enzymes were determined by different biochemical quantitative methods, and the data showed that NiCl₂ increased the content of intestinal oxidation product (MDA), and the antioxidant enzymes (GSH-Px, GR, SOD and CAT) were decreased. But this situation was alleviated in the group fed with additional methionine solution (0.5 mg/ml). In addition, we detected changes in the gut microbiota using high-throughput sequencing, the results showed that the structure of intestinal flora was disturbed by NiCl₂, but methionine restored the germs with antioxidant capacity. Based on the results, we speculate that methionine can alleviate the impact of NiCl₂ on the intestinal by enhancing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and the number of gut bacteria with anti-oxidation, suggesting that methionine as a nutritional additive may have the potential to treat nickel poisoning.

Platelet Redox Imbalance in Hypercholesterolemia: A Big Problem for a Small Cell

The imbalance between reactive oxygen species (ROS) synthesis and their scavenging by anti-oxidant defences is the common soil of many disorders, including hypercholesterolemia. Platelets, the smallest blood cells, are deeply involved in the pathophysiology of occlusive arterial thrombi associated with myocardial infarction and stroke. A great deal of evidence shows that both increased intraplatelet ROS synthesis and impaired ROS neutralization are implicated in the thrombotic process. Hypercholesterolemia is recognized as cause of atherosclerosis, cerebro- and cardiovascular disease, and, closely related to this, is the widespread acceptance that it strongly contributes to platelet hyperreactivity via direct oxidized LDL (oxLDL)-platelet membrane interaction via scavenger receptors such as CD36 and signaling pathways including Src family kinases (SFK), mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK), and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. In turn, activated platelets contribute to oxLDL generation, which ends up propagating platelet activation and thrombus formation through a mechanism mediated by oxidative stress. When evaluating the effect of lipid-lowering therapies on thrombogenesis, a large body of evidence shows that the effects of statins and proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 inhibitors are not limited to the reduction of LDL-C but also to the down-regulation of platelet reactivity mainly by mechanisms sensitive to intracellular redox balance. In this review, we will focus on the role of oxidative stress-related mechanisms as a cause of platelet hyperreactivity and the pathophysiological link of the pleiotropism of lipid-lowering agents to the beneficial effects on platelet function.

Medicinal Herbs and Their Derived Ingredients Protect against Cognitive Decline in In Vivo Models of Alzheimer’s Disease

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has pathological hallmarks including amyloid beta (Aβ) plaque formation. Currently approved single-target drugs cannot effectively ameliorate AD. Medicinal herbs and their derived ingredients (MHDIs) have multitarget and multichannel properties, engendering exceptional AD treatment outcomes. This review delineates how in in vivo models MHDIs suppress Aβ deposition by downregulating β- and γ-secretase activities; inhibit oxidative stress by enhancing the antioxidant activities and reducing lipid peroxidation; prevent tau hyperphosphorylation by upregulating protein phosphatase 2A expression and downregulating glycogen synthase kinase-3β expression; reduce inflammatory mediators partly by upregulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2-mediated signaling and downregulating p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK)/c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK)-mediated signaling; attenuate synaptic dysfunction by increasing presynaptic protein, postsynaptic protein, and acetylcholine levels and preventing acetylcholinesterase activity; and protect against neuronal apoptosis mainly by upregulating Akt/cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-mediated anti-apoptotic signaling and downregulating p38 MAPK/JNK/Bcl-2-associated x protein (Bax)/caspase-3-, Bax/apoptosis-inducing factor-, C/EBP homologous protein/glucose-regulated protein 78-, and autophagy-mediated apoptotic signaling. Therefore, MHDIs listed in this review protect against Aβ-induced cognitive decline by inhibiting Aβ accumulation, oxidative stress, tau hyperphosphorylation, inflammation, synaptic damage, and neuronal apoptosis in the cortex and hippocampus during the early and late AD phases.

The Effects of Seven-Day Exposure to Silver Nanoparticles on Fertility and Homeostasis of Zebrafish (Danio rerio)

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are found in open waters, but the effect of their low concentrations on an organism’s homeostasis is not fully understood. The aim of the study was to determine the short-term exposure effects of AgNPs coated by PvP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) on the homeostasis of livers and gonads in zebrafish. Sexually mature zebrafish were exposed for seven days to silver ions (0.01 mg/dm³) or AgNPs (0.01; 0.05; 0.1; 0.5; 1.0 mg/dm³). On the last day, the liver, testes, and ovaries were subjected to a histology analysis. In the liver, we analyzed the expression of the cat, gpx1a, gsr, sod1, and cyp1a genes. On the last day of the experiment, the lowest survival rate was found in the AgNPs 0.05 mg/dm³ group. The histological analysis showed that AgNPs and silver ions cause an increase in the area of hepatocytes. The highest proliferation index of hepatocytes was found in the AgNP 0.05 mg/dm³ group. Furthermore, AgNPs were found to interfere with spermatogenesis and oogonesis as well as reduce the expression levels of the cat, gpx1a, and sod1 genes in the liver compared with the control group. Based on the results, it can be concluded that exposure to AgNPs causes cytotoxic changes in zebrafish, activates the immune system, negatively affects the process of meiosis in the gonads, and generates oxidative stress.

Why the Ala-His-His Peptide Is an Appropriate Scaffold to Remove and Redox Silence Copper Ions from the Alzheimer’s-Related Aβ Peptide

The progressive, neurodegenerative Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most widespread dementia. Due to the ageing of the population and the current lack of molecules able to prevent or stop the disease, AD will be even more impactful for society in the future. AD is a multifactorial disease, and, among other factors, metal ions have been regarded as potential therapeutic targets. This is the case for the redox-competent Cu ions involved in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when bound to the Alzheimer-related Aβ peptide, a process that contributes to the overall oxidative stress and inflammation observed in AD. Here, we made use of peptide ligands to stop the Cu(Aβ)-induced ROS production and we showed why the AHH sequence is fully appropriate, while the two parents, AH and AAH, are not. The AHH peptide keeps its beneficial ability against Cu(Aβ)-induced ROS, even in the presence of Zn^II-competing ions and other biologically relevant ions. The detailed kinetic mechanism by which AHH could exert its action against Cu(Aβ)-induced ROS is also proposed.

Diversity of gut methanogens and functional enzymes associated with methane metabolism in smallholder dairy cattle

Methane is a greenhouse gas with disastrous consequences when released to intolerable levels. Ruminants produce methane during gut fermentation releasing it through belching and/or flatulence. To better understand the diversity of methanogens and functional enzymes associated with methane metabolism in dairy cows, 48 samples; 6 rumen fluid and 42 dung samples were collected from Kenyan and Tanzanian farms and were analyzed using shotgun metagenomic approach. Statistical analysis for species frequency, relative abundance, percentages, and P values were undertaken using MS Excel and IBM SPSS statistics 20. The results showed archaea from 5 phyla, 9 classes, 16 orders, 25 families, 59 genera, and 87 species. Gut sites significantly contributed to the presence and distribution of various methanogens (P < 0.01). The class Methanomicrobia was abundant in the rumen samples (~ 39%) and dung (~ 44%). The most abundant (~ 17%) methanogen species identified was Methanocorpusculum labreanum. However, some taxonomic class data were unclassified (~ 6% in the rumen and ~ 4% in the dung). Five functional enzymes: Glycine/Serine hydroxymethyltransferase, Formylmethanofuran-tetrahydromethanopterin N-formyltransferase, Formate dehydrogenase, anaerobic carbon monoxide dehydrogenase, and catalase-peroxidase associated with methane metabolism were identified. KEGG functional metabolic analysis for the enzymes identified during this study was significant (P < 0.05) for five metabolism processes. The methanogen species abundances from this study in numbers/kind can be utilized exclusively or jointly as indirect selection criteria for methane mitigation. When targeting functional genes of the microbes/animal for better performance, the concern not to affect the host animal's functionality should be undertaken. Future studies should consider taxonomically categorizing unclassified species.

Curcumin-Loaded Microspheres Are Effective in Preventing Oxidative Stress and Intestinal Inflammatory Abnormalities in Experimental Ulcerative Colitis in Rats

Curcumin’s role in the treatment of ulcerative colitis (UC) has been proven by numerous studies, but its preventive administration, with the aim of reducing the remission episodes that are characteristic of this disease, must be further investigated. This study investigates the effects of a novel curcumin-loaded polymeric microparticulate oral-drug-delivery system for colon targeting (Col-CUR-MPs) in an experimental model of UC. Male Wistar rats (n = 40) were divided into five groups (n = 8), which were treated daily by oral gavage for seven days with a 2% aqueous solution of carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt (CMCNa) (healthy and disease control), free curcumin powder (reference), Col-CUR-MPs (test) and prednisolone (reference) prior to UC induction by the intrarectal administration of acetic acid (AA), followed by animal sacrification and blood and colonic samples’ collection on the eighth day. Col-CUR-MPs exhibited an important preventive effect in the severity degree of oxidative stress that resulted following AA intrarectal administration, which was proved by the highest catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels and the lowest nitrites/nitrates (NOx), total oxidative status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) levels. Biochemical parameter analysis was supported by histopathological assessment, confirming the significant anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of this novel colon-specific delivery system in AA-induced rat models of UC. Thus, this study offers encouraging perspectives regarding the preventive administration of curcumin in the form of a drug delivery system for colon targeting.

Decrease of activity of antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme content, and protein degradation in milk contaminated with heavy metals (cadmium and lead)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of added Cd and Pb to milk on its stability by determining antioxidant enzymatic activities, lysozyme content, and protein degradation. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were spectrophotometrically determined by superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, and glutathione peroxidase assays; lysozyme was identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis, and protein degradation was investigated by spectrophotometric analysis of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and dityrosine content. In this study, contaminated milk samples showed a significant reduction in activity of all studied enzymes compared with control milk. The contamination of milk also led to a significant reduction in the lysozyme content; lysozyme content was decreased about 22% and 18% in Pb milk and Cd milk, respectively, compared with control milk. The presence of the contaminants in the milk resulted in a significant increase of both dityrosine concentration and AOPP compared with the control milk. Moreover, between types of contaminated milk, dityrosine and AOPP values were significantly higher in the Pb milk than in the Cd milk. Therefore, it is important to monitor the presence of these toxic elements in milk for the damage they cause to consumer health both directly due to their ingestion and indirectly due to loss of milk stability.

Exposure to BDE-47 and BDE-209 impaired antioxidative defense mechanisms in Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are persistent organic pollutants (POPs) that pose serious challenges to aquatic animals and environments. Compared with BDE-47 which was one of the most toxic congeners known to date, BDE-209 is less toxic with higher abundance in biotic and abiotic samples. In this study, we have explored the effects of BDE-47 and BDE-209 at different concentrations on the radical oxygen species (ROS) levels and the antioxidant defense system of Brachionus plicatilis. Antioxidant indexes were measured, including total protein content (TSP), the activities of antioxidant enzymes, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The results indicated that while low concentrations of PBDEs could activate the antioxidant defense mechanisms, prolonged exposure to higher concentrations of PBDEs could impair the antioxidative capacity of B.plicatilis (P < 0.05). The overwhelming of the B.plicatilis antioxidant defense mechanism led to an accumulation of free radicals, resulting in the overactivation of lipid peroxidation and the increased frequency of DNA damage (P < 0.05). By studying the toxicity of PBDEs and the detoxification mechanism of B.plicatilis, our research has revealed useful indexes for detecting and monitoring the level of BDE-47 and BDE-209 in the future. Altogether, this study holds immense value in the field of ecotoxicology and environmental safety and will aid in the proper management of PBDEs pollution.

Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction Associated with Peripheral Neuropathy in Type 1 Diabetes

Significance: This review highlights the many intracellular processes generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the peripheral nervous system in the context of type 1 diabetes. The major sources of superoxide and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) are described, and scavenging systems are explained. Important roles of ROS in regulating normal redox signaling and in a disease setting, such as diabetes, contributing to oxidative stress and cellular damage are outlined. The primary focus is the role of hyperglycemia in driving elevated ROS production and oxidative stress contributing to neurodegeneration in diabetic neuropathy (within the dorsal root ganglia [DRG] and peripheral nerve). Recent Advances: Contributors to ROS production under high intracellular glucose concentration such as mitochondria and the polyol pathway are discussed. The primarily damaging impact of ROS on multiple pathways including mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and epigenetic signaling is covered. Critical Issues: There is a strong focus on mechanisms of diabetes-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and how this may drive ROS production (in particular superoxide). The mitochondrial sites of superoxide/H₂O₂ production via mitochondrial metabolism and aerobic respiration are reviewed. Future Directions: Areas for future development are highlighted, including the need to clarify diabetes-induced changes in autophagy and ER function in neurons and Schwann cells. In addition, more clarity is needed regarding the sources of ROS production at mitochondrial sites under high glucose concentration (and lack of insulin signaling). New areas of study should be introduced to investigate the role of ROS, nuclear lamina function, and epigenetic signaling under diabetic conditions in peripheral nerve.

Ambroxol, a mucolytic agent, boosts HO-1, suppresses NF-κB, and decreases the susceptibility of the inflamed rat colon to apoptosis: A new treatment option for treating ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of unknown etiology that increases the risk of developing colorectal cancer and imposes a lifelong healthcare burden on millions of patients worldwide. Current treatment strategies are associated with significant risks and have been shown to be fairly effective. Hence, discovering new therapies that have better efficacy and safety profiles than currently exploited therapeutic strategies is challenging. It has been well delineated that NF-κB/Nrf2 crosstalk is a chief player in the interplay between oxidative stress and inflammation. Ambroxol hydrochloride, a mucolytic agent, has shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity in humans and animals and has not yet been examined for the management of UC. Therefore, our approach was to investigate whether ambroxol could be effective to combat UC using the common acetic acid rat model. Interestingly, a high dose of oral ambroxol (200 mg/kg/day) reasonably improved the microscopic and macroscopic features of the injured colon. This was linked to low disease activity and a reduction in the colonic weight/length ratio. In the context of that, ambroxol boosted Nrf2 activity and upregulated HO-1 and catalase to augment the antioxidant defense against oxidative damage. Besides, ambroxol inactivated NF-κB signaling and its consequent target pro-inflammatory mediators, IL-6 and TNF-α. In contrast, IL-10 is upregulated. Consistent with these results, myeloperoxidase activity is suppressed. Moreover, ambroxol decreased the susceptibility of the injured colon to apoptosis. To conclude, our findings highlight the potential application of ambroxol to modify the progression of UC by its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiapoptotic properties.