201
|
Cruz CR, Bollard CM. T-cell and natural killer cell therapies for hematologic malignancies after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: enhancing the graft-versus-leukemia effect. Haematologica 2016; 100:709-19. [PMID: 26034113 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.113860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies, but infection, graft-versus-host disease and relapse are still important problems. Calcineurin inhibitors, T-cell depletion strategies, and immunomodulators have helped to prevent graft-versus-host disease, but have a negative impact on the graft-versus-leukemia effect. T cells and natural killer cells are both thought to be important in the graft-versus-leukemia effect, and both cell types are amenable to ex vivo manipulation and clinical manufacture, making them versatile immunotherapeutics. We provide an overview of these immunotherapeutic strategies following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, with discussions centered on natural killer and T-cell biology. We discuss the contributions of each cell type to graft-versus-leukemia effects, as well as the current research directions in the field as related to adoptive cell therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.
Collapse
|
202
|
Sadelain M, Brentjens R, Rivière I, Park J. CD19 CAR Therapy for Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia. Am Soc Clin Oncol Educ Book 2016:e360-3. [PMID: 25993197 DOI: 10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.e360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) therapy is an emerging immunotherapy that shows great promise for cancer, in particular acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). CARs are recombinant receptors for antigen, which, in a single molecule, redirect the specificity and function of T lymphocytes. Following their genetic transfer to patient T cells, the latter acquire the ability to recognize leukemia cells and destroy them. Several years ago, we identified CD19 as an attractive target for CAR therapy for most B cell malignancies, including ALL. We and others have reported remarkable clinical outcomes in adults and children with ALL, achieving a high complete remission rate irrespective of age, prior treatments, or other prognostic markers. Severe cytokine release may develop in patients with high tumor burdens. Several interventions are available to curb the cytokine release syndrome when it occurs. Based on the impressive results obtained with CD19 CAR therapy for ALL, it is realistic to expect that CD19 CARs will become part of the armamentarium for B cell-ALL and other B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Sadelain
- From the Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Renier Brentjens
- From the Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Isabelle Rivière
- From the Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Jae Park
- From the Center for Cell Engineering and Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| |
Collapse
|
203
|
Dai H, Wang Y, Lu X, Han W. Chimeric Antigen Receptors Modified T-Cells for Cancer Therapy. J Natl Cancer Inst 2016; 108:djv439. [PMID: 26819347 PMCID: PMC4948566 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djv439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The genetic modification and characterization of T-cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) allow functionally distinct T-cell subsets to recognize specific tumor cells. The incorporation of costimulatory molecules or cytokines can enable engineered T-cells to eliminate tumor cells. CARs are generated by fusing the antigen-binding region of a monoclonal antibody (mAb) or other ligand to membrane-spanning and intracellular-signaling domains. They have recently shown clinical benefit in patients treated with CD19-directed autologous T-cells. Recent successes suggest that the modification of T-cells with CARs could be a powerful approach for developing safe and effective cancer therapeutics. Here, we briefly review early studies, consider strategies to improve the therapeutic potential and safety, and discuss the challenges and future prospects for CAR T-cells in cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanren Dai
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Wang
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuechun Lu
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Weidong Han
- Affiliations of authors: Department of Immunology (HD, YW, WH) and Department of Molecular Biology (WH), Institute of Basic Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Department of Bio-therapeutic (HD, YW, WH), and Department of Hematology (XL), Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
204
|
L1 Cell Adhesion Molecule-Specific Chimeric Antigen Receptor-Redirected Human T Cells Exhibit Specific and Efficient Antitumor Activity against Human Ovarian Cancer in Mice. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146885. [PMID: 26761817 PMCID: PMC4711972 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic modalities are needed for ovarian cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Recent clinical trials have demonstrated the impressive therapeutic potential of adoptive therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-redirected T cells to target hematological cancers, and emerging studies suggest a similar impact may be achieved for solid cancers. We sought determine whether genetically-modified T cells targeting the CE7-epitope of L1-CAM, a cell adhesion molecule aberrantly expressed in several cancers, have promise as an immunotherapy for ovarian cancer, first demonstrating that L1-CAM was highly over-expressed on a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines, primary ovarian tumor tissue specimens, and ascites-derived primary cancer cells. Human central memory derived T cells (TCM) were then genetically modified to express an anti-L1-CAM CAR (CE7R), which directed effector function upon tumor antigen stimulation as assessed by in vitro cytokine secretion and cytotoxicity assays. We also found that CE7R+ T cells were able to target primary ovarian cancer cells. Intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of CE7R+ TCM induced a significant regression of i.p. established SK-OV-3 xenograft tumors in mice, inhibited ascites formation, and conferred a significant survival advantage compared with control-treated animals. Taken together, these studies indicate that adoptive transfer of L1-CAM-specific CE7R+ T cells may offer a novel and effective immunotherapy strategy for advanced ovarian cancer.
Collapse
|
205
|
Norelli M, Casucci M, Bonini C, Bondanza A. Clinical pharmacology of CAR-T cells: Linking cellular pharmacodynamics to pharmacokinetics and antitumor effects. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1865:90-100. [PMID: 26748354 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive cell transfer of T cells genetically modified with tumor-reactive chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) is a rapidly emerging field in oncology, which in preliminary clinical trials has already shown striking antitumor efficacy. Despite these premises, there are still a number of open issues related to CAR-T cells, spanning from their exact mechanism of action (pharmacodynamics), to the factors associated with their in vivo persistence (pharmacokinetics), and, finally, to the relative contribution of each of the two in determining the antitumor effects and accompanying toxicities. In light of the unprecedented curative potential of CAR-T cells and of their predicted wide availability in the next few years, in this review we will summarize the current knowledge on the clinical pharmacology aspects of what is anticipated to be a brand new class of biopharmaceuticals to join the therapeutic armamentarium of cancer doctors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Norelli
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy
| | - M Casucci
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - C Bonini
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy; Experimental Hematology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - A Bondanza
- Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Hospital Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy; Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
206
|
Karlsson H, Svensson E, Gigg C, Jarvius M, Olsson-Strömberg U, Savoldo B, Dotti G, Loskog A. Evaluation of Intracellular Signaling Downstream Chimeric Antigen Receptors. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144787. [PMID: 26700307 PMCID: PMC4689545 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
CD19-targeting CAR T cells have shown potency in clinical trials targeting B cell leukemia. Although mainly second generation (2G) CARs carrying CD28 or 4-1BB have been investigated in patients, preclinical studies suggest that third generation (3G) CARs with both CD28 and 4-1BB have enhanced capacity. However, little is known about the intracellular signaling pathways downstream of CARs. In the present work, we have analyzed the signaling capacity post antigen stimulation in both 2G and 3G CARs. 3G CAR T cells expanded better than 2G CAR T cells upon repeated stimulation with IL-2 and autologous B cells. An antigen-driven accumulation of CAR+ cells was evident post antigen stimulation. The cytotoxicity of both 2G and 3G CAR T cells was maintained by repeated stimulation. The phosphorylation status of intracellular signaling proteins post antigen stimulation showed that 3G CAR T cells had a higher activation status than 2G. Several proteins involved in signaling downstream the TCR were activated, as were proteins involved in the cell cycle, cell adhesion and exocytosis. In conclusion, 3G CAR T cells had a higher degree of intracellular signaling activity than 2G CARs which may explain the increased proliferative capacity seen in 3G CAR T cells. The study also indicates that there may be other signaling pathways to consider when designing or evaluating new generations of CARs.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD28 Antigens/immunology
- Case-Control Studies
- Flow Cytometry
- Healthy Volunteers
- Humans
- Immunotherapy
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/pathology
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Nude
- Receptors, Antigen/immunology
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor Superfamily, Member 9/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Karlsson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Emma Svensson
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Camilla Gigg
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Jarvius
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ulla Olsson-Strömberg
- Department of Medical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Section of Hematology, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Barbara Savoldo
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Gianpietro Dotti
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Angelica Loskog
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
207
|
Lorentzen CL, Straten PT. CD19-Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells for Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia and Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia. Scand J Immunol 2015; 82:307-19. [PMID: 26099639 DOI: 10.1111/sji.12331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) for cancer represents a promising new treatment modality. ACT based on the administration of cytotoxic T cells genetically engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) recognizing CD19 expressed by B cell malignancies has been shown to induce complete lasting responses in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL). So far, eleven clinical trials including 99 CLL and ALL patients treated with CAR T cells targeting CD19 have been published, and the results from these trials are promising with impressive clinical responses in heavily pretreated patients. Thus, CAR T cell therapy has induced complete responses in both CLL and ALL, and surprisingly, current results indicate that patients with ALL are more prone to respond than are CLL patients. Importantly, the majority of CAR cell studies have observed severe therapy-associated toxicities, which needs attention. Herein we review current data and discuss key aspects of this powerful approach to treat and potentially cure B cell malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C L Lorentzen
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, 65Q9 Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - P T Straten
- Center for Cancer Immune Therapy (CCIT), Department of Hematology, 65Q9 Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
208
|
Harris DT, Kranz DM. Adoptive T Cell Therapies: A Comparison of T Cell Receptors and Chimeric Antigen Receptors. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 37:220-230. [PMID: 26705086 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The tumor-killing properties of T cells provide tremendous opportunities to treat cancer. Adoptive T cell therapies have begun to harness this potential by endowing a functionally diverse repertoire of T cells with genetically modified, tumor-specific recognition receptors. Normally, this antigen recognition function is mediated by an αβ T cell receptor (TCR), but the dominant therapeutic forms currently in development are synthetic constructs called chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). While CAR-based adoptive cell therapies are already showing great promise, their basic mechanistic properties have been studied in less detail compared with those of αβ TCRs. In this review, we compare and contrast various features of TCRs versus CARs, with a goal of highlighting issues that need to be addressed to fully exploit the therapeutic potential of both.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Harris
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - David M Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Matthews Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
209
|
Enhancement of the in vivo persistence and antitumor efficacy of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells through the delivery of modified TERT mRNA. Cell Discov 2015; 1:15040. [PMID: 27462436 PMCID: PMC4860832 DOI: 10.1038/celldisc.2015.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is a promising therapeutic strategy for treating tumors, demonstrating its efficiency in eliminating several hematological malignancies in recent years. However, a major obstacle associated with current chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy is that the limited replicative lifespan of chimeric antigen receptor T cells prohibits the long-term persistence and expansion of these cells in vivo, potentially hindering the long-term therapeutic effects of chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy. Here we showed that the transient delivery of modified mRNA encoding telomerase reverse transcriptase to human chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeting the CD19 antigen (CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells) would transiently elevate the telomerase activity in these cells, leading to increased proliferation and delayed replicative senescence without risk of insertion mutagenesis or immortalization. Importantly, compared to conventional CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells, after the transient delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA, these CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells showed improved persistence and proliferation in mouse xenograft tumor models of human B-cell malignancies. Furthermore, the transfer of CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cells after the transient delivery of telomerase reverse transcriptase mRNA enhanced long-term antitumor effects in mouse xenograft tumor models compared with conventional CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T cell transfer. The results of the present study provide an effective and safe method to improve the therapeutic potential of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, which might be beneficial for treating other types of cancer, particularly solid tumors.
Collapse
|
210
|
McLaughlin L, Cruz CR, Bollard CM. Adoptive T-cell therapies for refractory/relapsed leukemia and lymphoma: current strategies and recent advances. Ther Adv Hematol 2015; 6:295-307. [PMID: 26622998 DOI: 10.1177/2040620715594736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite significant advancements in the treatment and outcome of hematologic malignancies, prognosis remains poor for patients who have relapsed or refractory disease. Adoptive T-cell immunotherapy offers novel therapeutics that attempt to utilize the noted graft versus leukemia effect. While CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells have thus far been the most clinically successful application of adoptive T immunotherapy, further work with antigen specific T cells and CARs that recognize other targets have helped diversify the field to treat a broad spectrum of hematologic malignancies. This article will focus primarily on therapies currently in the clinical trial phase as well as current downfalls or limitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren McLaughlin
- Children's National Health System and The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - C Russell Cruz
- Children's National Health System and The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Catherine M Bollard
- Children's National Health System and The George Washington University, 111 Michigan Ave, Washington, DC 20010, USA
| |
Collapse
|
211
|
Chimeric Antigen Receptors for Cancer: Progress and Challenges. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-015-0026-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
212
|
Liu C, Ma X, Liu B, Chen C, Zhang H. HIV-1 functional cure: will the dream come true? BMC Med 2015; 13:284. [PMID: 26588898 PMCID: PMC4654816 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The reservoir of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), a long-lived pool of latently infected cells harboring replication-competent viruses, is the major obstacle to curing acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Although the combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) can successfully suppress HIV-1 viremia and significantly delay the progression of the disease, it cannot eliminate the viral reservoir and the patient must continue to take anti-viral medicines for life. Currently, the appearance of the 'Berlin patient', the 'Boston patients', and the 'Mississippi baby' have inspired many therapeutic strategies for HIV-1 aimed at curing efforts. However, the specific eradication of viral latency and the recovery and optimization of the HIV-1-specific immune surveillance are major challenges to achieving such a cure. Here, we summarize recent studies addressing the mechanisms underlying the viral latency and define two categories of viral reservoir: 'shallow' and 'deep'. We also present the current strategies and recent advances in the development of a functional cure for HIV-1, focusing on full/partial replacement of the immune system, 'shock and kill', and 'permanent silencing' approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Xiancai Ma
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Bingfeng Liu
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Cancan Chen
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- Institute of Human Virology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China. .,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
| |
Collapse
|
213
|
Liu X, Sun M, Yu S, Liu K, Li X, Shi H. Potential therapeutic strategy for gastric cancer peritoneal metastasis by NKG2D ligands-specific T cells. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3095-104. [PMID: 26543378 PMCID: PMC4622417 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s91122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Despite advancements in its treatment, gastric cancer continues to be one of the leading causes of cancer deaths worldwide. Adoptive transfer of chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells is a promising antitumor therapy for many cancers. The purpose of this study was to construct a chimeric receptor linking the extracellular domain of NKG2D to the CD28 and CD3zeta chain intracellular domains to target gastric cancers that expressed NKG2D ligands. Methods Expression of NKG2D ligands including MICA, MICB, and ULBP1–3 in a gastric cancer cell line and primary gastric cancer cells from ascites samples were analyzed using flow cytometry. Co-culture experiments were performed by incubating chNKG2D T cells with gastric cancer cell lines and with primary human gastric cancer cells isolated from ascites and by measuring cytokine and chemokine release and cytotoxicity. Results Gastric cancer cell lines and ascites-derived primary human gastric cancer cells expressed high levels of MICA, MICB, and ULBP2. ChNKG2D T cells secreted proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines when cultured with these cancer cells. In addition, chNKG2D T cells lysed gastric cancer cell lines and the ascites-derived primary human gastric cancer cells. Conclusion These data indicate that treatment with chNKG2D-expressing T cells is a potential immunotherapy for gastric cancer with peritoneal metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianqiang Liu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Meili Sun
- Department of Oncology, Jinan Central Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Shui Yu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xirui Li
- Medical Department, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Shi
- Department of Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
214
|
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Zhao and colleagues test various chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells to show that CD28-CD3ζ CAR T cells that constitutively express 4-1BBL promote T cell expansion and tumor eradication while reducing exhaustion. The results have important implications for the development of effective CAR T cell therapies in cancer patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Holohan
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James C Lee
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jeffrey A Bluestone
- UCSF Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 513 Parnassus Avenue, Box 0540, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
215
|
Zhao Z, Condomines M, van der Stegen SJC, Perna F, Kloss CC, Gunset G, Plotkin J, Sadelain M. Structural Design of Engineered Costimulation Determines Tumor Rejection Kinetics and Persistence of CAR T Cells. Cancer Cell 2015; 28:415-428. [PMID: 26461090 PMCID: PMC5003056 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 567] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
T cell engineering is a powerful means to rapidly generate anti-tumor T cells. The costimulatory properties of second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) determine the overall potency of adoptively transferred T cells. Using an in vivo "stress test" to challenge CD19-targeted T cells, we studied the functionality and persistence imparted by seven different CAR structures providing CD28 and/or 4-1BB costimulation. One configuration, which uses two signaling domains (CD28 and CD3ζ) and the 4-1BB ligand, provided the highest therapeutic efficacy, showing balanced tumoricidal function and increased T cell persistence accompanied by an elevated CD8/CD4 ratio and decreased exhaustion. Remarkably, induction of the IRF7/IFNβ pathway was required for optimal anti-tumor activity. Thus, 1928z-41BBL T cells possess strikingly potent intrinsic and immunomodulatory qualities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeguo Zhao
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maud Condomines
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Sjoukje J C van der Stegen
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fabiana Perna
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Christopher C Kloss
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jason Plotkin
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Immunology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
216
|
Sommermeyer D, Hudecek M, Kosasih PL, Gogishvili T, Maloney DG, Turtle CJ, Riddell SR. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells derived from defined CD8+ and CD4+ subsets confer superior antitumor reactivity in vivo. Leukemia 2015; 30:492-500. [PMID: 26369987 PMCID: PMC4746098 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2015.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 603] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive T-cell therapy with gene-modified T-cells expressing a tumor-reactive T-cell receptor (TCR) or chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) is a rapidly growing field of translational medicine and has shown success in the treatment of B-cell malignancies and solid tumors. In all reported trials, patients have received T-cell products comprised of random compositions of CD4+ and CD8+ naïve and memory T-cells, meaning that each patient received a different therapeutic agent. This variation might have influenced the efficacy of T-cell therapy, and complicates comparison of outcomes between different patients and across trials. We analyzed CD19 CAR-expressing effector T-cells derived from different subsets (CD4+/CD8+ naïve, central memory, effector memory). T-cells derived from each of the subsets were efficiently transduced and expanded, but showed clear differences in effector function and proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Combining the most potent CD4+ and CD8+ CAR-expressing subsets resulted in synergistic antitumor effects in vivo. We show that CAR-T-cell products generated from defined T-cell subsets can provide uniform potency compared with products derived from unselected T-cells that vary in phenotypic composition. These findings have important implications for the formulation of T-cell products for adoptive therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Sommermeyer
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Hudecek
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine II - Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - P L Kosasih
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - T Gogishvili
- Department of Medicine II - Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - D G Maloney
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - C J Turtle
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - S R Riddell
- Program in Immunology, Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
217
|
Abstract
Second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) retarget and reprogramme T cells to augment their antitumour efficacy. The combined activating and co-stimulatory domains incorporated in these CARs critically determine the function, differentiation, metabolism and persistence of engineered T cells. CD19-targeted CARs that incorporate CD28 or 4-1BB signalling domains are the best known to date. Both have shown remarkable complete remission rates in patients with refractory B cell malignancies. Recent data indicate that CD28-based CARs direct a brisk proliferative response and boost effector functions, whereas 4-1BB-based CARs induce a more progressive T cell accumulation that may compensate for less immediate potency. These distinct kinetic features can be exploited to further develop CAR-based T cell therapies for a variety of cancers. A new field of immunopharmacology is emerging.
Collapse
|
218
|
Abstract
Twenty-five years after its inception, the genetic engineering of T cells is now a therapeutic modality pursued at an increasing number of medical centers. This immunotherapeutic strategy is predicated on gene transfer technology to instruct T lymphocytes to recognize and reject tumor cells. Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are synthetic receptors that mediate antigen recognition, T cell activation, and - in the case of second-generation CARs - costimulation to augment T cell functionality and persistence. We demonstrated over a decade ago that human T cells engineered with a CD19-specific CAR eradicated B cell malignancies in mice. Several phase I clinical trials eventually yielded dramatic results in patients with leukemia or lymphoma, especially acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). This review recounts the milestones of CD19 CAR therapy and summarizes lessons learned from the CD19 paradigm.
Collapse
|
219
|
Zappasodi R, de Braud F, Di Nicola M. Lymphoma Immunotherapy: Current Status. Front Immunol 2015; 6:448. [PMID: 26388871 PMCID: PMC4555084 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale to treat lymphomas with immunotherapy comes from long-standing evidence on their distinctive immune responsiveness. Indolent B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas, in particular, establish key interactions with the immune microenvironment to ensure prosurvival signals and prevent antitumor immune activation. However, reports of spontaneous regressions indicate that, under certain circumstances, patients develop therapeutic antitumor immunity. Several immunotherapeutic approaches have been thus developed to boost these effects in all patients. To date, targeting CD20 on malignant B cells with the antibody rituximab has been the most clinically effective strategy. However, relapse and resistance prevent to cure approximately half of B-NHL patients, underscoring the need of more effective therapies. The recognition of B-cell receptor variable regions as B-NHL unique antigens promoted the development of specific vaccines to immunize patients against their own tumor. Despite initial promising results, this strategy has not yet demonstrated a sufficient clinical benefit to reach the regulatory approval. Several novel agents are now available to stimulate immune effector functions or counteract immunosuppressive mechanisms, such as engineered antitumor T cells, co-stimulatory receptor agonist, and immune checkpoint-blocking antibodies. Thus, multiple elements can now be exploited in more effective combinations to break the barriers for the induction of anti-lymphoma immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Zappasodi
- Ludwig Collaborative and Swim Across America Laboratory, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Filippo de Braud
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| | - Massimo Di Nicola
- Unit of Medical Oncology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy ; Unit of Immunotherapy and Anticancer Innovative Therapeutics, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori , Milan , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
220
|
Wang X, Wong CW, Urak R, Taus E, Aguilar B, Chang WC, Mardiros A, Budde LE, Brown CE, Berger C, Forman SJ, Jensen MC. Comparison of naïve and central memory derived CD8 + effector cell engraftment fitness and function following adoptive transfer. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1072671. [PMID: 26942092 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1072671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human CD8+ effector T cells derived from CD45RO+CD62L+ precursors enriched for central memory (TCM) precursors retain the capacity to engraft and reconstitute functional memory upon adoptive transfer, whereas effectors derived from CD45RO+CD62L- precursors enriched for effector memory precursors do not. Here we sought to compare the engraftment fitness and function of CD8+ effector T cells derived from CD45RA+CD62L+ precursors enriched for naïve and stem cell memory precursors (TN/SCM) with that of TCM. We found that cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) derived from TCM transcribed higher levels of CD28, FOS, INFγ, Eomesodermin (Eomes), and lower levels of BCL2L11, maintained higher levels of phosphorylated AKT, and displayed enhanced sensitivity to the proliferative and anti-apoptotic effects of γ-chain cytokines compared to CTLs derived from TN/SCM. Higher frequencies of CTLs derived from TCM retained CD28 expression and upon activation secreted higher levels of IL-2. In NOD/Scid IL-2RγCnull mice, CD8+ TCM derived CTLs engrafted to higher frequencies in response to human IL-15 and mounted robust proliferative responses to an immunostimulatory vaccine. Similarly, CD8+ TCM derived CD19CAR+ CTLs exhibited superior antitumor potency following adoptive transfer compared to their CD8+ TN/SCM derived counterparts. These studies support the use of TCM enriched cell products for adoptive therapy of cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - ChingLam W Wong
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ryan Urak
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Ellie Taus
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Brenda Aguilar
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Armen Mardiros
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Lihua E Budde
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Berger
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology & Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, City of Hope National Medical Center , Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Michael C Jensen
- Program in Immunology, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Ben Towne Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
221
|
Roberts SS, Chou AJ, Cheung NKV. Immunotherapy of Childhood Sarcomas. Front Oncol 2015; 5:181. [PMID: 26301204 PMCID: PMC4528283 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Pediatric sarcomas are a heterogeneous group of malignant tumors of bone and soft tissue origin. Although more than 100 different histologic subtypes have been described, the majority of pediatric cases belong to the Ewing’s family of tumors, rhabdomyosarcoma and osteosarcoma. Most patients that present with localized stage are curable with surgery and/or chemotherapy; however, those with metastatic disease at diagnosis or those who experience a relapse continue to have a very poor prognosis. New therapies for these patients are urgently needed. Immunotherapy is an established treatment modality for both liquid and solid tumors, and in pediatrics, most notably for neuroblastoma and osteosarcoma. In the past, immunomodulatory agents such as interferon, interleukin-2, and liposomal-muramyl tripeptide phosphatidyl-ethanolamine have been tried, with some activity seen in subsets of patients; additionally, various cancer vaccines have been studied with possible benefit. Monoclonal antibody therapies against tumor antigens such as disialoganglioside GD2 or immune checkpoint targets such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 are being actively explored in pediatric sarcomas. Building on the success of adoptive T cell therapy for EBV-related lymphoma, strategies to redirect T cells using chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies are rapidly evolving with potential for the treatment of sarcomas. This review will focus on recent preclinical and clinical developments in targeted agents for pediatric sarcomas with emphasis on the immunobiology of immune checkpoints, immunoediting, tumor microenvironment, antibody engineering, cell engineering, and tumor vaccines. The future integration of antibody-based and cell-based therapies into an overall treatment strategy of sarcoma will be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen S Roberts
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Alexander J Chou
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| | - Nai-Kong V Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center , New York, NY , USA
| |
Collapse
|
222
|
Suzuki M, Curran KJ, Cheung NKV. Chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies to retarget T cells in pediatric oncology. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2015; 62:1326-36. [PMID: 25832831 PMCID: PMC4976492 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using antigen-specific T cells has broad therapeutic potential. Chimeric antigen receptors and bispecific antibodies can redirect T cells to kill tumors without human leukocyte antigens (HLA) restriction. Key determinants of clinical potential include the choice of target antigen, antibody specificity, antibody affinity, tumor accessibility, T cell persistence, and tumor immune evasion. For pediatric cancers, additional constraints include their propensity for bulky metastatic disease and the concern for late toxicities from treatment. Nonetheless, the recent preclinical and clinical developments of these T cell based therapies are highly encouraging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065 NY
| | - Kevin J. Curran
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065 NY
| | - Nai-Kong V. Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics; Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center; 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065 NY
| |
Collapse
|
223
|
Chen F, Fan C, Gu X, Zhang H, Liu Q, Gao X, Lu J, He B, Lai X. Construction of Anti-CD20 Single-Chain Antibody-CD28-CD137-TCRζ Recombinant Genetic Modified T Cells and its Treatment Effect on B Cell Lymphoma. Med Sci Monit 2015. [PMID: 26195067 PMCID: PMC4537073 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Immunotherapy has been explored as a new therapy for B cell lymphoma, which is a non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Because CD20 is a B lymphocyte-specific marker, anti-CD20 single chain-tagged T lymphocytes have already begun to be experimentally used in B cell lymphoma treatment, but its use is still limited because of its unspecific targeting. T cells transfected with CD28 and CD137 can significantly improve the ability of cytokines secretion and anti-tumor effect, as well as extending T cell survival time and improving their proliferation ability. Material/Methods Genes containing anti-CD20-CD28-CD137-TCRζ were constructed. After cloning and sequencing, the plasmid was constructed and packaged by lentivirus. It was transfected to the peripheral blood T lymphocyte after identification transfection to induce the fusion protein expression. The cells were incubated with Raji cells and the LDH test was performed to detect the cytotoxic effect of CAR-T cells; the tumor volume and survival rate were measured to observe its inhibitory effect on B cell lymphoma in nude mice. Results Gene with anti-CD20-CD28-CD137-TCRζ was successfully constructed and transfected to the T cell surface. LDH assay revealed that CAR-T cells can kill the Raji cells with a killing rate of 32.89±6.26%. It can significantly inhibit B cell lymphoma growth in nude mice. Conclusions T lymphocytes transfected with anti-CD20-CD28-CD137-TCRζ fusion gene can kill B cell lymphoma, which could provide a new strategy for tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Chuming Fan
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Xuezhong Gu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Haixi Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Xiaoli Gao
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Lu
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Baoli He
- Animal Laboratory, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| | - Xun Lai
- Department of Hematology, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, Yunnan, China (mainland)
| |
Collapse
|
224
|
Kranz LM, Birtel M, Krienke C, Grunwitz C, Petschenka J, Reuter KC, van de Roemer N, Vascotto F, Vormehr M, Kreiter S, Diken M. CIMT 2015: The right patient for the right therapy - Report on the 13th annual meeting of the Association for Cancer Immunotherapy. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2015; 12:213-21. [PMID: 26186022 PMCID: PMC4962731 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1068485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lena M Kranz
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI); University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Birtel
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Christina Krienke
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI); University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Grunwitz
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Jutta Petschenka
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Niels van de Roemer
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- Research Center for Immunotherapy (FZI); University Medical Center; Johannes Gutenberg University; Mainz, Germany
| | - Fulvia Vascotto
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Mathias Vormehr
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
- BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals GmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Sebastian Kreiter
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH; Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
225
|
Poirot L, Philip B, Schiffer-Mannioui C, Le Clerre D, Chion-Sotinel I, Derniame S, Potrel P, Bas C, Lemaire L, Galetto R, Lebuhotel C, Eyquem J, Cheung GWK, Duclert A, Gouble A, Arnould S, Peggs K, Pule M, Scharenberg AM, Smith J. Multiplex Genome-Edited T-cell Manufacturing Platform for "Off-the-Shelf" Adoptive T-cell Immunotherapies. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3853-64. [PMID: 26183927 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 418] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using autologous T cells endowed with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has emerged as a powerful means of treating cancer. However, a limitation of this approach is that autologous CAR T cells must be generated on a custom-made basis. Here we show that electroporation of transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) mRNA allows highly efficient multiplex gene editing in primary human T cells. We use this TALEN-mediated editing approach to develop a process for the large-scale manufacturing of T cells deficient in expression of both their αβ T-cell receptor (TCR) and CD52, a protein targeted by alemtuzumab, a chemotherapeutic agent. Functionally, T cells manufactured with this process do not mediate graft-versus-host reactions and are rendered resistant to destruction by alemtuzumab. These characteristics enable the administration of alemtuzumab concurrently or prior to engineered T cells, supporting their engraftment. Furthermore, endowing the TALEN-engineered cells with a CD19 CAR led to efficient destruction of CD19(+) tumor targets even in the presence of the chemotherapeutic agent. These results demonstrate the applicability of TALEN-mediated genome editing to a scalable process, which enables the manufacturing of third-party CAR T-cell immunotherapies against arbitrary targets. As such, CAR T-cell immunotherapies can therefore be used in an "off-the-shelf" manner akin to other biologic immunopharmaceuticals
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Brian Philip
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gordon Weng-Kit Cheung
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Karl Peggs
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Pule
- Department of Haematology, UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew M Scharenberg
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington
| | | |
Collapse
|
226
|
Condomines M, Arnason J, Benjamin R, Gunset G, Plotkin J, Sadelain M. Tumor-Targeted Human T Cells Expressing CD28-Based Chimeric Antigen Receptors Circumvent CTLA-4 Inhibition. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130518. [PMID: 26110267 PMCID: PMC4482147 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive T cell therapy represents a promising treatment for cancer. Human T cells engineered to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) recognize and kill tumor cells in a MHC-unrestricted manner and persist in vivo when the CAR includes a CD28 costimulatory domain. However, the intensity of the CAR-mediated CD28 activation signal and its regulation by the CTLA-4 checkpoint are unknown. We investigated whether T cells expressing an anti-CD19, CD3 zeta and CD28-based CAR (19-28z) displayed the same proliferation and anti-tumor abilities than T cells expressing a CD3 zeta-based CAR (19z1) costimulated through the CD80/CD28, ligand/receptor pathway. Repeated in vitro antigen-specific stimulations indicated that 19-28z+ T cells secreted higher levels of Th1 cytokines and showed enhanced proliferation compared to those of 19z1+ or 19z1-CD80+ T cells. In an aggressive pre-B cell leukemia model, mice treated with 19-28z+ T cells had 10-fold reduced tumor progression compared to those treated with 19z1+ or 19z1-CD80+ T cells. shRNA-mediated CTLA-4 down-regulation in 19z1-CD80+ T cells significantly increased their in vivo expansion and anti-tumor properties, but had no effect in 19-28z+ T cells. Our results establish that CTLA-4 down-regulation may benefit human adoptive T cell therapy and demonstrate that CAR design can elude negative checkpoints to better sustain T cell function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maud Condomines
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (MS)
| | - Jon Arnason
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Reuben Benjamin
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Gertrude Gunset
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Jason Plotkin
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
| | - Michel Sadelain
- Center for Cell Engineering and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MC); (MS)
| |
Collapse
|
227
|
Ménager J, Gorin JB, Maurel C, Drujont L, Gouard S, Louvet C, Chérel M, Faivre-Chauvet A, Morgenstern A, Bruchertseifer F, Davodeau F, Gaschet J, Guilloux Y. Combining α-Radioimmunotherapy and Adoptive T Cell Therapy to Potentiate Tumor Destruction. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130249. [PMID: 26098691 PMCID: PMC4476754 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionizing radiation induces direct and indirect killing of cancer cells and for long has been considered as immunosuppressive. However, this concept has evolved over the past few years with the demonstration that irradiation can increase tumor immunogenicity and can actually favor the implementation of an immune response against tumor cells. Adoptive T-cell transfer (ACT) is also used to treat cancer and several studies have shown that the efficacy of this immunotherapy was enhanced when combined with radiation therapy. α-Radioimmunotherapy (α-RIT) is a type of internal radiotherapy which is currently under development to treat disseminated tumors. α-particles are indeed highly efficient to destroy small cluster of cancer cells with minimal impact on surrounding healthy tissues. We thus hypothesized that, in the setting of α-RIT, an immunotherapy like ACT, could benefit from the immune context induced by irradiation. Hence, we decided to further investigate the possibilities to promote an efficient and long-lasting anti-tumor response by combining α-RIT and ACT. To perform such study we set up a multiple myeloma murine model which express the tumor antigen CD138 and ovalbumine (OVA). Then we evaluated the therapeutic efficacy in the mice treated with α-RIT, using an anti-CD138 antibody coupled to bismuth-213, followed by an adoptive transfer of OVA-specific CD8+ T cells (OT-I CD8+ T cells). We observed a significant tumor growth control and an improved survival in the animals treated with the combined treatment. These results demonstrate the efficacy of combining α-RIT and ACT in the MM model we established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Ménager
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Jean-Baptiste Gorin
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Catherine Maurel
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Sébastien Gouard
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | | | - Michel Chérel
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Alain Faivre-Chauvet
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France; CHU Nantes, Nuclear Medicine Department, Nantes, France
| | - Alfred Morgenstern
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Bruchertseifer
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Institute for Transuranium Elements, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - François Davodeau
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Joëlle Gaschet
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Yannick Guilloux
- CRCNA-UMR 892 INSERM, Nantes, France; 6299 CNRS, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| |
Collapse
|
228
|
Haji-Fatahaliha M, Hosseini M, Akbarian A, Sadreddini S, Jadidi-Niaragh F, Yousefi M. CAR-modified T-cell therapy for cancer: an updated review. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 44:1339-49. [PMID: 26068778 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2015.1052465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The use of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells is a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. These genetically modified receptors contain an antigen-binding moiety, a hinge region, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular costimulatory domain resulting in T-cell activation subsequent to antigen binding. Optimal tumor removal through CAR-modified T cells requires suitable target antigen selection, co-stimulatory signaling domain, and the ability of CAR T cells to traffic, persist, and retain antitumor function after adoptive transfer. There are several elements which can improve antitumor function of CAR T cells, including signaling, conditioning chemotherapy and irradiation, tumor burden of the disease, T-cell phenotype, and supplementary cytokine usage. This review outlines four generations of CAR. The pre-clinical and clinical studies showed that this technique has a great potential for treatment of solid and hematological malignancies. The main purpose of the current review is to focus on the pre-clinical and clinical developments of CAR-based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Haji-Fatahaliha
- a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Maryam Hosseini
- b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Asiye Akbarian
- d Department of Microbiology , Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Sanam Sadreddini
- a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| | - Farhad Jadidi-Niaragh
- e Department of Immunology , School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mehdi Yousefi
- a Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,b Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran.,c Department of Immunology , Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences , Tabriz , Iran
| |
Collapse
|
229
|
Beavis PA, Slaney CY, Kershaw MH, Neeson PJ, Darcy PK. Enhancing the efficacy of adoptive cellular therapy by targeting tumor-induced immunosuppression. Immunotherapy 2015; 7:499-512. [DOI: 10.2217/imt.15.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Strategies aimed at stimulating the immune system against cancer have signaled a new era for designing new effective therapies for patients. Recent breakthroughs in adoptive cellular therapy and in using checkpoint inhibitors for some patients have renewed much enthusiasm in this field. However, it has become apparent that tumors can use a multitude of inhibitory networks to effectively reduce antitumor immunity. This review discusses our current knowledge of these immune suppressive mechanisms used by tumors and describes potential new strategies that may counteract this problem resulting in significantly increasing therapeutic outcomes of adoptive immunotherapy in a higher proportion of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Beavis
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Clare Y Slaney
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Michael H Kershaw
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Paul J Neeson
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
| | - Phillip K Darcy
- Cancer Immunology Program, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, East Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Australia
- Department of Pathology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
230
|
Chang ZL, Silver PA, Chen YY. Identification and selective expansion of functionally superior T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors. J Transl Med 2015; 13:161. [PMID: 25990251 PMCID: PMC4457995 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0519-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) have shown exciting promise in cancer therapy, particularly in the treatment of B-cell malignancies. However, optimization of CAR-T cell production remains a trial-and-error exercise due to a lack of phenotypic benchmarks that are clearly predictive of anti-tumor functionality. A close examination of the dynamic changes experienced by CAR-T cells upon stimulation can improve understanding of CAR-T-cell biology and identify potential points for optimization in the production of highly functional T cells. METHODS Primary human T cells expressing a second-generation, anti-CD19 CAR were systematically examined for changes in phenotypic and functional responses to antigen exposure over time. Multi-color flow cytometry was performed to quantify dynamic changes in CAR-T cell viability, proliferation, as well as expression of various activation and exhaustion markers in response to varied antigen stimulation conditions. RESULTS Stimulated CAR-T cells consistently bifurcate into two distinct subpopulations, only one of which (CAR(hi)/CD25(+)) exhibit anti-tumor functions. The use of central memory T cells as the starting population and the resilience-but not antigen density-of antigen-presenting cells used to expand CAR-T cells were identified as critical parameters that augment the production of functionally superior T cells. We further demonstrate that the CAR(hi)/CD25(+) subpopulation upregulates PD-1 but is resistant to PD-L1-induced dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS CAR-T cells expanded ex vivo for adoptive T-cell therapy undergo dynamic phenotypic changes during the expansion process and result in two distinct populations with dramatically different functional capacities. Significant and sustained CD25 and CAR expression upregulation is predictive of robust anti-tumor functionality in antigen-stimulated T cells, despite their correlation with persistent PD-1 upregulation. The functionally superior subpopulation can be selectively augmented by careful calibration of antigen stimulation and the enrichment of central memory T-cell type.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- ZeNan L Chang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Boelter Hall 5531, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Molecular Biology Institute, University of California-Los Angeles, 611 Charles E. Young Drive East, Boyer Hall 168B, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| | - Pamela A Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, WAB 563, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Yvonne Y Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California-Los Angeles, 420 Westwood Plaza, Boelter Hall 5531, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
231
|
Hong YP, Li ZD, Prasoon P, Zhang Q. Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: From basic research to clinical use. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:980-992. [PMID: 25954480 PMCID: PMC4419101 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i7.980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cancer worldwide with a poor prognosis. Few strategies have been proven efficient in HCC treatment, particularly for those patients not indicated for curative resection or transplantation. Immunotherapy has been developed for decades for cancer control and is attaining more attention as a result of encouraging outcomes of new strategies such as chimeric antigen receptor T cells and immune checkpoint blockade. Right at the front of the new era of immunotherapy, we review the immunotherapy in HCC treatment, from basic research to clinical trials, covering anything from immunomodulators, tumor vaccines and adoptive immunotherapy. The mechanisms, efficacy and safety as well as the approach particulars are unveiled to assist readers to gain a concise but extensive understanding of immunotherapy of HCC.
Collapse
|
232
|
Wang E, Wang LC, Tsai CY, Bhoj V, Gershenson Z, Moon E, Newick K, Sun J, Lo A, Baradet T, Feldman MD, Barrett D, Puré E, Albelda S, Milone MC. Generation of Potent T-cell Immunotherapy for Cancer Using DAP12-Based, Multichain, Chimeric Immunoreceptors. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:815-26. [PMID: 25941351 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-15-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) bearing an antigen-binding domain linked in cis to the cytoplasmic domains of CD3ζ and costimulatory receptors have provided a potent method for engineering T-cell cytotoxicity toward B-cell leukemia and lymphoma. However, resistance to immunotherapy due to loss of T-cell effector function remains a significant barrier, especially in solid malignancies. We describe an alternative chimeric immunoreceptor design in which we have fused a single-chain variable fragment for antigen recognition to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains of KIR2DS2, a stimulatory killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR). We show that this simple, KIR-based CAR (KIR-CAR) triggers robust antigen-specific proliferation and effector function in vitro when introduced into human T cells with DAP12, an immunotyrosine-based activation motifs-containing adaptor. T cells modified to express a KIR-CAR and DAP12 exhibit superior antitumor activity compared with standard first- and second-generation CD3ζ-based CARs in a xenograft model of mesothelioma highly resistant to immunotherapy. The enhanced antitumor activity is associated with improved retention of chimeric immunoreceptor expression and improved effector function of isolated tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. These results support the exploration of KIR-CARs for adoptive T-cell immunotherapy, particularly in immunotherapy-resistant solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enxiu Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Liang-Chuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ching-Yi Tsai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Vijay Bhoj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zack Gershenson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Edmund Moon
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kheng Newick
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jing Sun
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Albert Lo
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Timothy Baradet
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael D Feldman
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David Barrett
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Animal Biology, University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Albelda
- Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
233
|
Long AH, Haso WM, Shern JF, Wanhainen KM, Murgai M, Ingaramo M, Smith JP, Walker AJ, Kohler ME, Venkateshwara VR, Kaplan RN, Patterson GH, Fry TJ, Orentas RJ, Mackall CL. 4-1BB costimulation ameliorates T cell exhaustion induced by tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptors. Nat Med 2015; 21:581-90. [PMID: 25939063 PMCID: PMC4458184 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1202] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) targeting CD19 have mediated dramatic antitumor responses in hematologic malignancies, but tumor regression has rarely occurred using CARs targeting other antigens. It remains unknown whether the impressive effects of CD19 CARs relate to greater susceptibility of hematologic malignancies to CAR therapies, or superior functionality of the CD19 CAR itself. We show that tonic CAR CD3-ζ phosphorylation, triggered by antigen-independent clustering of CAR single-chain variable fragments, can induce early exhaustion of CAR T cells that limits antitumor efficacy. Such activation is present to varying degrees in all CARs studied, except the highly effective CD19 CAR. We further determine that CD28 costimulation augments, whereas 4-1BB costimulation reduces, exhaustion induced by persistent CAR signaling. Our results provide biological explanations for the antitumor effects of CD19 CARs and for the observations that CD19 CAR T cells incorporating the 4-1BB costimulatory domain are more persistent than those incorporating CD28 in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H Long
- 1] Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Waleed M Haso
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jack F Shern
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Kelsey M Wanhainen
- 1] Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Biology, Colgate University, Hamilton, New York, USA
| | - Meera Murgai
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria Ingaramo
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jillian P Smith
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alec J Walker
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - M Eric Kohler
- 1] Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA. [2] Department of Pediatrics, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Vikas R Venkateshwara
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosandra N Kaplan
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - George H Patterson
- Section on Biophotonics, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terry J Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Rimas J Orentas
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Pediatric Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| |
Collapse
|
234
|
Figueroa JA, Reidy A, Mirandola L, Trotter K, Suvorava N, Figueroa A, Konala V, Aulakh A, Littlefield L, Grizzi F, Rahman RL, R. Jenkins M, Musgrove B, Radhi S, D'Cunha N, D'Cunha LN, Hermonat PL, Cobos E, Chiriva-Internati M. Chimeric Antigen Receptor Engineering: A Right Step in the Evolution of Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy. Int Rev Immunol 2015; 34:154-87. [PMID: 25901860 DOI: 10.3109/08830185.2015.1018419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
|
235
|
Engineering T Cells to Functionally Cure HIV-1 Infection. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1149-1159. [PMID: 25896251 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the ability of antiretroviral therapy to minimize human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication and increase the duration and quality of patients' lives, the health consequences and financial burden associated with the lifelong treatment regimen render a permanent cure highly attractive. Although T cells play an important role in controlling virus replication, they are themselves targets of HIV-mediated destruction. Direct genetic manipulation of T cells for adoptive cellular therapies could facilitate a functional cure by generating HIV-1-resistant cells, redirecting HIV-1-specific immune responses, or a combination of the two strategies. In contrast to a vaccine approach, which relies on the production and priming of HIV-1-specific lymphocytes within a patient's own body, adoptive T-cell therapy provides an opportunity to customize the therapeutic T cells prior to administration. However, at present, it is unclear how to best engineer T cells so that sustained control over HIV-1 replication can be achieved in the absence of antiretrovirals. This review focuses on T-cell gene-engineering and gene-editing strategies that have been performed in efforts to inhibit HIV-1 replication and highlights the requirements for a successful gene therapy-mediated functional cure.
Collapse
|
236
|
Targeting of folate receptor β on acute myeloid leukemia blasts with chimeric antigen receptor-expressing T cells. Blood 2015; 125:3466-76. [PMID: 25887778 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-11-612721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) can produce dramatic results in lymphocytic leukemia patients; however, therapeutic strategies for myeloid leukemia remain limited. Folate receptor β (FRβ) is a myeloid-lineage antigen expressed on 70% of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patient samples. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of the first CARs specific for human FRβ (m909) in vitro and in vivo. m909 CAR T cells exhibited selective activation and lytic function against engineered C30-FRβ as well as endogenous FRβ(+) AML cell lines in vitro. In mouse models of human AML, m909 CAR T cells mediated the regression of engrafted FRβ(+) THP1 AML in vivo. In addition, we demonstrated that treatment of AML with all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) enhanced FRβ expression, resulting in improved immune recognition by m909 CAR T cells. Because many cell surface markers are shared between AML blasts and healthy hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSCs), we evaluated FRβ expression and recognition of HSCs by CAR T cells. m909 CAR T cells were not toxic against healthy human CD34(+) HSCs in vitro. Our results indicate that FRβ is a promising target for CAR T-cell therapy of AML, which may be augmented by combination with ATRA.
Collapse
|
237
|
Frigault MJ, Lee J, Basil MC, Carpenito C, Motohashi S, Scholler J, Kawalekar OU, Guedan S, McGettigan SE, Posey AD, Ang S, Cooper LJN, Platt JM, Johnson FB, Paulos CM, Zhao Y, Kalos M, Milone MC, June CH. Identification of chimeric antigen receptors that mediate constitutive or inducible proliferation of T cells. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 3:356-67. [PMID: 25600436 PMCID: PMC4390458 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-14-0186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study compared second-generation chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) encoding signaling domains composed of CD28, ICOS, and 4-1BB (TNFRSF9). Here, we report that certain CARs endow T cells with the ability to undergo long-term autonomous proliferation. Transduction of primary human T cells with lentiviral vectors encoding some of the CARs resulted in sustained proliferation for up to 3 months following a single stimulation through the T-cell receptor (TCR). Sustained numeric expansion was independent of cognate antigen and did not require the addition of exogenous cytokines or feeder cells after a single stimulation of the TCR and CD28. Results from gene array and functional assays linked sustained cytokine secretion and expression of T-bet (TBX21), EOMES, and GATA-3 to the effect. Sustained expression of the endogenous IL2 locus has not been reported in primary T cells. Sustained proliferation was dependent on CAR structure and high expression, the latter of which was necessary but not sufficient. The mechanism involves constitutive signaling through NF-κB, AKT, ERK, and NFAT. The propagated CAR T cells retained a diverse TCR repertoire, and cellular transformation was not observed. The CARs with a constitutive growth phenotype displayed inferior antitumor effects and engraftment in vivo. Therefore, the design of CARs that have a nonconstitutive growth phenotype may be a strategy to improve efficacy and engraftment of CAR T cells. The identification of CARs that confer constitutive or nonconstitutive growth patterns may explain observations that CAR T cells have differential survival patterns in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Frigault
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jihyun Lee
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Maria Ciocca Basil
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carmine Carpenito
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shinichiro Motohashi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - John Scholler
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Omkar U Kawalekar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonia Guedan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon E McGettigan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Avery D Posey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Sonny Ang
- Division of Pediatrics, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Jesse M Platt
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - F Brad Johnson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Chrystal M Paulos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina. Department of Surgery, Hollings Cancer Center at the Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Yangbing Zhao
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael Kalos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Milone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Carl H June
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| |
Collapse
|
238
|
Morabito F, Recchia AG, Vigna E, De Stefano L, Bossio S, Morabito L, Pellicanò M, Palummo A, Storino F, Caruso N, Gentile M. Promising therapies for the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2015; 24:795-807. [PMID: 25728009 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.2015.1021920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The combination schedule of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab is the gold standard of therapy for younger, physically fit chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients; it allows achieving high and durable complete response rates. Although treatment outcome has considerably improved with chemo-immunotherapy, most patients eventually relapse and CLL is still incurable. Thus, newer and more rationally developed drugs are needed to improve CLL therapy, particularly in cases of relapsed/refractory disease. AREAS COVERED The authors review preclinical and clinical data regarding newer CLL agents, currently undergoing examination, such as: signal transduction and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, B-cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors, next generation mAbs, heat shock protein 90 and histone deacetylase inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. EXPERT OPINION Newer compounds with different mechanisms of action, such as B-cell receptor signal transduction inhibitors, lenalidomide, next generation mAbs and several pro-apoptotic molecules, have shown efficacy in relapsed or refractory CLL patients. Several studies are under way to investigate the efficacy of combinations of these novel drugs. Hopefully, the combined use of these molecules in risk-adapted treatment strategies will change the therapeutic approach in the near future and will pave the way for a long-term control of CLL.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fortunato Morabito
- Azienda Ospedaliera di Cosenza, Dipartimento Oncoematologico, Unità Operativa Complessa di Ematologia , Viale della Repubblica, Cosenza 87100 , Italy +39 0984 681329 ; +39 0984 681866 ; ;
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
239
|
Bouhassira DCG, Thompson JJ, Davila ML. Using gene therapy to manipulate the immune system in the fight against B-cell leukemias. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2015; 15:403-16. [PMID: 25666545 DOI: 10.1517/14712598.2015.1014792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Over 20 years ago, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) were created to endow T cells with new antigen-specificity and create a therapy that could eradicate cancer and provide life-long protection against recurrence. Steady progress has led to significant improvements with CAR design and CAR T-cell production, allowing evaluation of CAR T cells in patients. The initial trials have targeted CD19, which is expressed on normal and malignant B cells. AREAS COVERED We review data from trials for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). In addition, we discuss the on-target toxicities, B-cell aplasia and cytokine release syndrome (CRS), which is uniquely associated with T-cell immunotherapies. EXPERT OPINION We compare the results when targeting the same antigen in CLL or B-ALL and speculate on reasons for outcome differences and future directions to enhance outcomes. Furthermore, the dramatic results targeting B-ALL require further analysis in Phase II trials, and we discuss important components of these future trials. We also suggest a management scheme for CRS. The next several years will be critical and may lead to the first clinical indication of a gene-engineered cell therapy for cancer.
Collapse
|
240
|
Lanitis E, Poussin M, Klattenhoff AW, Song D, Sandaltzopoulos R, June CH, Powell DJ. Chimeric antigen receptor T Cells with dissociated signaling domains exhibit focused antitumor activity with reduced potential for toxicity in vivo. Cancer Immunol Res 2015; 1:43-53. [PMID: 24409448 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-13-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy using T lymphocytes genetically modified to express a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR-T) holds considerable promise for the treatment of cancer. However, CAR-based therapies may involve on-target toxicity against normal tissues expressing low amounts of the targeted tumor-associated antigen (TAA). To specify T cells for robust effector function that is selective for tumor but not normal tissue, we developed a trans-signaling CAR strategy, whereby T-cell activation signal 1 (CD3z) is physically dissociated from costimulatory signal 2 (CD28) in two CARs of differing antigen specificity: mesothelin and a-folate receptor (FRa). Human T cells were genetically modified to coexpress signal 1 (anti-Meso scFv-CD3z) and signal 2 (anti-FRa scFv-CD28) CARs in trans. Trans-signaling CAR-T cells showed weak cytokine secretion against target cells expressing only one TAA in vitro, similar to first-generation CAR-T cells bearing CD3z only, but showed enhanced cytokine secretion upon encountering natural or engineered tumor cells coexpressing both antigens, equivalent to that of second-generation CAR-T cells with dual signaling in cis. CAR-T cells with dual specificity also showed potent anticancer activity and persistence in vivo, which was superior to first-generation CAR-T cells and equivalent to second-generation CARs. Importantly, second-generation CAR-T cells exhibited potent activity against cells expressing mesothelin alone, recapitulating normal tissue, whereas trans-signaling CAR-T cells did not. Thus, a dual specificity, trans-signaling CAR approach can potentiate the therapeutic efficacy of CAR-T cells against cancer while minimizing parallel reactivity against normal tissues bearing single antigen.
Collapse
|
241
|
Jensen MC, Riddell SR. Designing chimeric antigen receptors to effectively and safely target tumors. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 33:9-15. [PMID: 25621840 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The adoptive transfer of T cells engineered to express artificial chimeric antigen receptors CARs) that target a tumor cell surface molecule has emerged as an exciting new approach for cancer immunotherapy. Clinical trials in patients with advanced B cell malignancies treated with CD19-specific CAR-modified T cells (CAR-T) have shown impressive antitumor efficacy, leading to optimism that this approach will be useful for treating common solid tumors. Because CAR-T cells recognize tumor cells independent of their expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules, tumors that escape conventional T cells by downregulating HLA and/or mutating components of the antigen processing machinery can be eliminated. The ability to introduce or delete additional genes in T cells has the potential to provide therapeutic cell products with novel attributes that overcome impediments to immune mediated tumor elimination in immunosuppressive tumor microenvironments. This review will discuss recent concepts in the development of effective and safe synthetic CARs for adoptive T cell therapy (ACT).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael C Jensen
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States.
| | - Stanley R Riddell
- University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States; Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Institute, Seattle, WA, United States; Institute for Advanced Study, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
242
|
Park JH, Brentjens RJ. Are all chimeric antigen receptors created equal? J Clin Oncol 2015; 33:651-3. [PMID: 25605860 DOI: 10.1200/jco.2014.57.5472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jae H Park
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | | |
Collapse
|
243
|
Manufacture of T cells using the Sleeping Beauty system to enforce expression of a CD19-specific chimeric antigen receptor. Cancer Gene Ther 2015; 22:95-100. [PMID: 25591810 DOI: 10.1038/cgt.2014.69] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
T cells can be reprogrammed to redirect specificity to tumor-associated antigens (TAAs) through the enforced expression of chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). The prototypical CAR is a single-chain molecule that docks with TAA expressed on the cell surface and, in contrast to the T-cell receptor complex, recognizes target cells independent of human leukocyte antigen. The bioprocessing to generate CAR(+) T cells has been reduced to clinical practice based on two common steps that are accomplished in compliance with current good manufacturing practice. These are (1) gene transfer to stably integrate the CAR using viral and nonviral approaches and (2) activating the T cells for proliferation by crosslinking CD3 or antigen-driven numeric expansion using activating and propagating cells (AaPCs). Here, we outline our approach to nonviral gene transfer using the Sleeping Beauty system and the selective propagation of CD19-specific CAR(+) T cells on AaPCs.
Collapse
|
244
|
Watanabe K, Terakura S, Martens AC, van Meerten T, Uchiyama S, Imai M, Sakemura R, Goto T, Hanajiri R, Imahashi N, Shimada K, Tomita A, Kiyoi H, Nishida T, Naoe T, Murata M. Target antigen density governs the efficacy of anti-CD20-CD28-CD3 ζ chimeric antigen receptor-modified effector CD8+ T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 194:911-20. [PMID: 25520398 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effectiveness of chimeric Ag receptor (CAR)-transduced T (CAR-T) cells has been attributed to supraphysiological signaling through CARs. Second- and later-generation CARs simultaneously transmit costimulatory signals with CD3ζ signals upon ligation, but may lead to severe adverse effects owing to the recognition of minimal Ag expression outside the target tumor. Currently, the threshold target Ag density for CAR-T cell lysis and further activation, including cytokine production, has not yet been investigated in detail. Therefore, we determined the threshold target Ag density required to induce CAR-T cell responses using novel anti-CD20 CAR-T cells with a CD28 intracellular domain and a CD20-transduced CEM cell model. The newly developed CD20CAR-T cells demonstrated Ag-specific lysis and cytokine secretion, which was a reasonable level as a second-generation CAR. For lytic activity, the threshold Ag density was determined to be ∼200 molecules per target cell, whereas the Ag density required for cytokine production of CAR-T cells was ∼10-fold higher, at a few thousand per target cell. CD20CAR-T cells responded efficiently to CD20-downregulated lymphoma and leukemia targets, including rituximab- or ofatumumab-refractory primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. Despite the potential influence of the structure, localization, and binding affinity of the CAR/Ag, the threshold determined may be used for target Ag selection. An Ag density below the threshold may not result in adverse effects, whereas that above the threshold may be sufficient for practical effectiveness. CD20CAR-T cells also demonstrated significant lytic activity against CD20-downregulated tumor cells and may exhibit effectiveness for CD20-positive lymphoid malignancies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Watanabe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Seitaro Terakura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan;
| | - Anton C Martens
- Department of Hematology, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, 1007 MB Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Hematology, University Medical Center Groningen, 9700 RB Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Susumu Uchiyama
- Division of Advanced Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Misa Imai
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Reona Sakemura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Goto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Ryo Hanajiri
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Nobuhiko Imahashi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Shimada
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; Institute for Advanced Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan; and
| | - Akihiro Tomita
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Kiyoi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Nishida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| | - Tomoki Naoe
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan; National Hospital Organization Nagoya Medical Center, Nagoya 460-0001, Japan
| | - Makoto Murata
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
245
|
Universal artificial antigen presenting cells to selectively propagate T cells expressing chimeric antigen receptor independent of specificity. J Immunother 2014; 37:204-13. [PMID: 24714354 DOI: 10.1097/cji.0000000000000032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
T cells genetically modified to stably express immunoreceptors are being assessed for therapeutic potential in clinical trials. T cells expressing a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) are endowed with a new specificity to target tumor-associated antigen (TAA) independent of major histocompatibility complex. Our approach to nonviral gene transfer in T cells uses ex vivo numeric expansion of CAR T cells on irradiated artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPC) bearing the targeted TAA. The requirement for aAPC to express a desired TAA limits the human application of CARs with multiple specificities when selective expansion through coculture with feeder cells is sought. As an alternative to expressing individual TAAs on aAPC, we expressed 1 ligand that could activate CAR T cells for sustained proliferation independent of specificity. We expressed a CAR ligand (designated CARL) that binds the conserved IgG4 extracellular domain of CAR and demonstrated that CARL aAPC propagate CAR T cells of multiple specificities. CARL avoids technical issues and costs associated with deploying clinical-grade aAPC for each TAA targeted by a given CAR. Using CARL enables 1 aAPC to numerically expand all CAR T cells containing the IgG4 domain, and simplifies expansion, testing, and clinical translation of CAR T cells of any specificity.
Collapse
|
246
|
Singh K, Stempora L, Harvey RD, Kirk AD, Larsen CP, Blazar BR, Kean LS. Superiority of rapamycin over tacrolimus in preserving nonhuman primate Treg half-life and phenotype after adoptive transfer. Am J Transplant 2014; 14:2691-703. [PMID: 25359003 PMCID: PMC4236286 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.12934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Many critical issues remain concerning how best to deploy adoptive regulatory T cell (Treg) immunotherapy to the clinic. These include a determination of their pharmacokinetic characteristics, their optimal dose, their phenotypic stability and the best therapies with which to pair Tregs. By performing a CFSE-labeled autologous Treg pulse experiment, we determined that the accessible peripheral blood Treg pool in rhesus macaques is quite large (75 ± 11 × 10(6) Tregs/kg). Pharmacokinetic analysis revealed that Tregs have two phases of elimination: an α phase, with a T1/2 in the peripheral blood of 32.4 ± 11.3 h and a β phase with a T1/2 of 120.4 ± 19.7 h. In addition to their short initial half-life, Tregs underwent rapid phenotypic shifts after infusion, with significant loss of both CD25 and FoxP3 by day +6. While tacrolimus stabilized CD25 expression, it did not improve T1/2 , nor mitigate the loss of FoxP3. In contrast, rapamycin significantly stabilized both CD25 and FoxP3, and supported an increased half-life, with an α phase of 67.7 ± 6.9 h and a β phase of 252.1 ± 54.9 h. These results suggest that rapamycin may be a necessary addition to Treg immunotherapy, and that tacrolimus may be deleterious to Treg integrity posttransfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Singh
- Department of Surgery, The Emory Transplant Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
247
|
Abstract
CD19 is a B-lineage-specific transmembrane glycoprotein, the expression of which is maintained on more than 95% B-cell malignancies. This strict lineage restriction makes CD19 an ideal target for immune therapies using chimeric antigen receptors (CARs). Here, we review published phase 1 trials of T cells expressing CARs targeting CD19 and describe briefly the biological questions that they addressed. All patients treated in these trials had relapsed B-cell malignancies, which in many cases were chemorefractory. Nonetheless, major responses have been observed, especially in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Many of these responses were accompanied by a systemic inflammatory reaction syndrome that could be life threatening but was almost always reversible with adequate medical management. Given their remarkable activity, CD19-CAR T cells are likely to be quickly incorporated into the management of B-cell neoplasms; these cells have become the paradigm for similar strategies targeting other cancers.
Collapse
|
248
|
Jonnalagadda M, Mardiros A, Urak R, Wang X, Hoffman LJ, Bernanke A, Chang WC, Bretzlaff W, Starr R, Priceman S, Ostberg JR, Forman SJ, Brown CE. Chimeric antigen receptors with mutated IgG4 Fc spacer avoid fc receptor binding and improve T cell persistence and antitumor efficacy. Mol Ther 2014; 23:757-68. [PMID: 25366031 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The success of adoptive therapy using chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-expressing T cells partly depends on optimal CAR design. CARs frequently incorporate a spacer/linker region based on the constant region of either IgG1 or IgG4 to connect extracellular ligand-binding with intracellular signaling domains. Here, we evaluated the potential for the IgG4-Fc linker to result in off-target interactions with Fc gamma receptors (FcγRs). As proof-of-principle, we focused on a CD19-specific scFv-IgG4-CD28-zeta CAR and found that, in contrast to CAR-negative cells, CAR+ T cells bound soluble FcγRs in vitro and did not engraft in NSG mice. We hypothesized that mutations to avoid FcγR binding would improve CAR+ T cell engraftment and antitumor efficacy. Thus, we generated CD19-specific CARs with IgG4-Fc spacers that had either been mutated at two sites (L235E; N297Q) within the CH2 region (CD19R(EQ)) or incorporated a CH2 deletion (CD19Rch2Δ). These mutations reduced binding to soluble FcγRs without altering the ability of the CAR to mediate antigen-specific lysis. Importantly, CD19R(EQ) and CD19Rch2Δ T cells exhibited improved persistence and more potent CD19-specific antilymphoma efficacy in NSG mice. Together, these studies suggest that optimal CAR function may require the elimination of cellular FcγR interactions to improve T cell persistence and antitumor responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Jonnalagadda
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Armen Mardiros
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Ryan Urak
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Xiuli Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Lauren J Hoffman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Alyssa Bernanke
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Wen-Chung Chang
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - William Bretzlaff
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Renate Starr
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Saul Priceman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Julie R Ostberg
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Stephen J Forman
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| | - Christine E Brown
- Department of Hematology and Hematopoietic Cell Transplantation, Beckman Research Institute, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
249
|
Novel agents in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a review about the future. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2014; 15:314-22. [PMID: 25445466 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2014.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Half of a century ago, physicians managing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) recognized some of its presenting features such as lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy, and splenomegaly. Subsequently, an enhanced understanding of the disease mechanisms involved in CLL led to new, more targeted treatments. There is now a plethora of treatments available for CLL. In this review article we discuss in detail several of the novel agents that are being studied or approved for the treatment of CLL including: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors (idelalisib and IPI-145), Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors (ibrutinib), B cell lymphoma 2 inhibitors (ABT-263 and ABT-199), new anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies (obinutuzumab), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (flavopiridol and dinaciclib), immunomodulators (lenalidomide) and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy.
Collapse
|
250
|
Golay J, D'Amico A, Borleri G, Bonzi M, Valgardsdottir R, Alzani R, Cribioli S, Albanese C, Pesenti E, Finazzi MC, Quaresmini G, Nagorsen D, Introna M, Rambaldi A. A novel method using blinatumomab for efficient, clinical-grade expansion of polyclonal T cells for adoptive immunotherapy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 193:4739-47. [PMID: 25267972 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) patients often results in life-threatening immunosuppression. Furthermore, CLL is still an incurable disease due to the persistence of residual leukemic cells. These patients may therefore benefit from immunotherapy approaches aimed at immunoreconstitution and/or the elimination of residual disease following chemotherapy. For these purposes, we designed a simple GMP-compliant protocol for ex vivo expansion of normal T cells from CLL patients' peripheral blood for adoptive therapy, using bispecific Ab blinatumomab (CD3 × CD19), acting both as T cell stimulator and CLL depletion agent, and human rIL-2. Starting from only 10 ml CLL peripheral blood, a mean 515 × 10(6) CD3(+) T cells were expanded in 3 wk. The resulting blinatumomab-expanded T cells (BET) were polyclonal CD4(+) and CD8(+) and mostly effector and central memory cells. The Th1 subset was slightly prevalent over Th2, whereas Th17 and T regulatory cells were <1%. CMV-specific clones were detected in equivalent proportion before and after expansion. Interestingly, BET cells had normalized expression of the synapse inhibitors CD272 and CD279 compared with starting T cells and were cytotoxic against CD19(+) targets in presence of blinatumomab in vitro. In support of their functional capacity, we observed that BET, in combination with blinatumomab, had significant therapeutic activity in a systemic human diffuse large B lymphoma model in NOD-SCID mice. We propose BET as a therapeutic tool for immunoreconstitution of heavily immunosuppressed CLL patients and, in combination with bispecific Ab, as antitumor immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josée Golay
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Anna D'Amico
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Gianmaria Borleri
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Michela Bonzi
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Rut Valgardsdottir
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Maria Chiara Finazzi
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Giulia Quaresmini
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Dirk Nagorsen
- Global Clinical Development, Amgen, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
| | - Martino Introna
- Centro di Terapia Cellulare, "G. Lanzani," USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rambaldi
- Centro Trapianto Midollo Osseo, USC Ematologia, Azienda Ospedaliera Papa Giovanni XXIII, 24127 Bergamo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|