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Xu M, Liu L, Song C, Chen W, Gui S. Ghrelin improves vascular autophagy in rats with vascular calcification. Life Sci 2016; 179:23-29. [PMID: 27916732 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS This study aimed to investigate whether ghrelin ameliorated vascular calcification (VC) through improving autophagy. METHODS VC model was induced by nicotine plus vitamin D3 in rats and β-glycerophosphate in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC). Calcium deposition was detected by von Kossa staining or alizarin red S staining. ALP activity was also detected. Western blot was used to assess the protein expression. RESULTS Ghrelin treatment attenuated the elevation of calcium deposition and ALP activity in VC model both in vivo and in vitro. Interesting, the protein levels of autophagy markers, LC3 and beclin1 were significantly upregulated by ghrelin in VC model. An autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine blocks the ameliorative effect of ghrelin on VC. Furthermore, protein expressions of phosphate-AMPK were increased by ghrelin treatment both in calcified aorta and VSMC. The effect of ghrelin on autophagy induction and VC attenuation was prevented by AMPK inhibitor, compound C. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggested that ghrelin improved autophagy through AMPK activation, which was resulted in VC amelioration. These data maybe throw light on prevention and therapy of VC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Xu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China.
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China
| | - Chenfang Song
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China
| | - Shuyan Gui
- Department of Endocrine, Affiliated Nanshan Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, China
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Pillai ICL, Li S, Romay M, Lam L, Lu Y, Huang J, Dillard N, Zemanova M, Rubbi L, Wang Y, Lee J, Xia M, Liang O, Xie YH, Pellegrini M, Lusis AJ, Deb A. Cardiac Fibroblasts Adopt Osteogenic Fates and Can Be Targeted to Attenuate Pathological Heart Calcification. Cell Stem Cell 2016; 20:218-232.e5. [PMID: 27867037 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian tissues calcify with age and injury. Analogous to bone formation, osteogenic cells are thought to be recruited to the affected tissue and induce mineralization. In the heart, calcification of cardiac muscle leads to conduction system disturbances and is one of the most common pathologies underlying heart blocks. However the cell identity and mechanisms contributing to pathological heart muscle calcification remain unknown. Using lineage tracing, murine models of heart calcification and in vivo transplantation assays, we show that cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) adopt an osteoblast cell-like fate and contribute directly to heart muscle calcification. Small-molecule inhibition of ENPP1, an enzyme that is induced upon injury and regulates bone mineralization, significantly attenuated cardiac calcification. Inhibitors of bone mineralization completely prevented ectopic cardiac calcification and improved post injury heart function. Taken together, these findings highlight the plasticity of fibroblasts in contributing to ectopic calcification and identify pharmacological targets for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulekha C L Pillai
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Shen Li
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Milagros Romay
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Human Genetics & Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Larry Lam
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yan Lu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jie Huang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Nathaniel Dillard
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Marketa Zemanova
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Liudmilla Rubbi
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yibin Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Physiology, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jason Lee
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine and Crump Institute for Molecular Imaging, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ming Xia
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Owen Liang
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Ya-Hong Xie
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, School of Engineering, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Matteo Pellegrini
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Departments of Human Genetics & Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, UCLA, CA 90095, USA
| | - Arjun Deb
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), CA 90095, USA; Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, David Geffen School of Medicine, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Letters and Sciences, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Eli & Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Molecular Biology Institute, UCLA, CA 90095, USA; Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA, CA 90095, USA.
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Masuda M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Keenan AL, Shiozaki Y, Okamura K, Chick WS, Williams K, Zhao X, Rahman SM, Tintut Y, Adams CM, Miyazaki M. Activating transcription factor-4 promotes mineralization in vascular smooth muscle cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e88646. [PMID: 27812542 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.88646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that upregulation of the ER stress-induced pro-osteogenic transcription factor ATF4 plays an important role in vascular calcification, a common complication in patients with aging, diabetes, and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this study, we demonstrated the pathophysiological role of ATF4 in vascular calcification using global Atf4 KO, smooth muscle cell-specific (SMC-specific) Atf4 KO, and transgenic (TG) mouse models. Reduced expression of ATF4 in global ATF4-haplodeficient and SMC-specific Atf4 KO mice reduced medial and atherosclerotic calcification under normal kidney and CKD conditions. In contrast, increased expression of ATF4 in SMC-specific Atf4 TG mice caused severe medial and atherosclerotic calcification. We further demonstrated that ATF4 transcriptionally upregulates the expression of type III sodium-dependent phosphate cotransporters (PiT1 and PiT2) by interacting with C/EBPβ. These results demonstrate that the ER stress effector ATF4 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification through increased phosphate uptake in vascular SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Masuda
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | | | - Audrey L Keenan
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Yuji Shiozaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Kayo Okamura
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
| | - Wallace S Chick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Kristina Williams
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Zhao
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | | | - Yin Tintut
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Makoto Miyazaki
- Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, and
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Bover J, Górriz JL, Ureña-Torres P, Lloret MJ, Ruiz-García C, daSilva I, Chang P, Rodríguez M, Ballarín J. Detección de las calcificaciones cardiovasculares: ¿una herramienta útil para el nefrólogo? Nefrologia 2016; 36:587-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nefro.2016.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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wu M, Tang RN, Liu H, Pan MM, Liu BC. Cinacalcet ameliorates aortic calcification in uremic rats via suppression of endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1423-1431. [PMID: 27593220 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies found that cinacalcet (CINA) markedly attenuated vascular calcification in uremic rats, but its underlying mechanisms are still largely unknown. Recent evidence have demonstrated that endothelial cells (ECs) participate in ectopic calcification in part by mediating endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). In this study, we investigated whether CINA ameliorated aortic calcification in uremic rats via suppression of EndMT. METHODS Uremia was induced in rats by feeding rats a 0.75% adenine diet for 4 weeks. After adenine withdrawal, the rats were maintained on a 1.03% phosphorus diet for next 8 weeks. At initiation of the adenine diet, rats were orally administered CINA (10mg/kg one day) for 12 weeks. The aortic expression of EndMT- and chondrocyte- markers was examined. The effect of elevated PTH on EndMT was also studied in aortic ECs. RESULTS In uremic rats, CINA treatment significantly decreased the serum PTH concentrations, but did not affect the elevated levels of serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P) and Ca×P product. Besides, CINA significantly attenuated aortic calcification, and inhibited the expression of chondrocyte markers (SOX9 and COL2A1) and chondrocyte proteoglycan in uremic aortas. Moreover, CINA treatment largely abolished the up-regulation of mesenchymal markers (FSP1 and α-SMA) and down-regulation of the endothelial marker (CD31), which accompanied aortic calcification in uremic aorta samples. In vitro, PTH increased the expression of EndMT-markers in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that strategies aiming at reducing serum PTH might prevent uremic aortic calcification by abrogating EndMT.
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206
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Paccou J, Edwards MH, Patsch JM, Jameson KA, Ward KA, Moss C, Dennison EM, Cooper C. Lower leg arterial calcification assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography is associated with bone microstructure abnormalities in women. Osteoporos Int 2016; 27:3279-3287. [PMID: 27325126 PMCID: PMC5040512 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-016-3660-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In older women, the presence of lower leg arterial calcification assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography is associated with relevant bone microstructure abnormalities at the distal tibia and distal radius. INTRODUCTION Here, we report the relationships of bone geometry, volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and bone microarchitecture with lower leg arterial calcification (LLAC) as assessed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). METHODS We utilized the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS), where we were able to study associations between measures obtained from HR-pQCT of the distal radius and distal tibia in 341 participants with or without LLAC. Statistical analyses were performed separately for women and men. We used linear regression models to investigate the cross-sectional relationships between LLAC and bone parameters. RESULTS The mean (SD) age of participants was 76.4 (2.6) and 76.1 (2.5) years in women and men, respectively. One hundred and eleven of 341 participants (32.6 %) had LLAC that were visible and quantifiable by HR-pQCT. The prevalence of LLAC was higher in men than in women (46.4 % (n = 83) vs. 17.3 % (n = 28), p < 0.001). After adjustment for confounding factors, we found that women with LLAC had substantially lower Ct.area (β = -0.33, p = 0.016), lower Tb.N (β = -0.54, p = 0.013) and higher Tb.Sp (β = 0.54, p = 0.012) at the distal tibia and lower Tb.Th (β = -0.49, p = 0.027) at the distal radius compared with participants without LLAC. Distal radial or tibial bone parameter analyses in men according to their LLAC status revealed no significant differences with the exception of Tb.N (β = 0.27, p = 0.035) at the distal tibia. CONCLUSION In the HCS, the presence of LLAC assessed by HR-pQCT was associated with relevant bone microstructure abnormalities in women. These findings need to be replicated and further research should study possible pathophysiological links between vascular calcification and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Paccou
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Department of Rheumatology, Lille University Hospital, Lille 2, 59037, Lille cedex, France
| | - M H Edwards
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - J M Patsch
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - K A Jameson
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - K A Ward
- MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, 120 Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
| | - C Moss
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - E M Dennison
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Victoria University, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - C Cooper
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
- NIHR Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Science, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 5UG, UK.
- NIHR Nutrition Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Trust, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK.
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Thoracic aorta calcification but not inflammation is associated with increased cardiovascular disease risk: results of the CAMONA study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016; 44:249-258. [PMID: 27796543 PMCID: PMC5214929 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-016-3552-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Arterial inflammation and vascular calcification are regarded as early prognostic markers of cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this study we investigated the relationship between CVD risk and arterial inflammation (18F-FDG PET/CT imaging), vascular calcification metabolism (Na18F PET/CT imaging), and vascular calcium burden (CT imaging) of the thoracic aorta in a population at low CVD risk. Methods Study participants underwent blood pressure measurements, blood analyses, and 18F-FDG and Na18F PET/CT imaging. In addition, the 10-year risk for development of CVD, based on the Framingham risk score (FRS), was estimated. CVD risk was compared across quartiles of thoracic aorta 18F-FDG uptake, Na18F uptake, and calcium burden on CT. Results A total of 139 subjects (52 % men, mean age 49 years, age range 21 – 75 years, median FRS 6 %) were evaluated. CVD risk was, on average, 3.7 times higher among subjects with thoracic aorta Na18F uptake in the highest quartile compared with those in the lowest quartile of the distribution (15.5 % vs. 4.2 %; P < 0.001). CVD risk was on average, 3.7 times higher among subjects with a thoracic aorta calcium burden on CT in the highest quartile compared with those in the lowest two quartiles of the distribution (18.0 % vs. 4.9 %; P < 0.001). CVD risk was similar in subjects in all quartiles of thoracic aorta 18F-FDG uptake. Conclusion Our findings indicate that an unfavourable CVD risk profile is associated with marked increases in vascular calcification metabolism and vascular calcium burden of the thoracic aorta, but not with arterial inflammation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00259-016-3552-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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208
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Zhou S, Cai B, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Wang L, Liu K, Zhang H, Sun L, Cai H, Lu G, Liu X, Xu G. CDKN2B Methylation and Aortic Arch Calcification in Patients with Ischemic Stroke. J Atheroscler Thromb 2016; 24:609-620. [PMID: 27773886 PMCID: PMC5453686 DOI: 10.5551/jat.36897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim:CDKN2A/2B near chromosome 9p21 has been proposed as a potential genetic etiology for both atherosclerosis and arterial calcification. DNA methylation, which can change the expression of CDKN2A/2B, may be an underlying mechanism for this association. This study aimed to evaluate whether CDKN2A/2B methylation is related to aortic arch calcification (AAC) in patients with ischemic stroke. Methods: DNA methylation levels of CDKN2A/2B was measured using venous blood samples in 322 patients with ischemic stroke. A total of 36 CpG sites around promoter regions of CDKN2A/2B were examined. AAC was quantified with Agatston score based on results of computed tomography angiography. Results: There were 248 (77.0%) patients with and 74 (23.0%) patients without evident AAC. Compared with patients without AAC, patients with AAC had higher methylation levels of CDKN2B (5.72 vs 4.94, P < 0.001). Using a generalized linear model, positive correlation between methylation levels and log-transformed calcification scores was detected at CDKN2B (β = 0.275 ± 0.116, P = 0.018). Conclusion: Patients with higher levels of DNA methylation of CDKN2B may bear increased risk for AAC. Further studies to reveal the underlying mechanisms of this association are warranted for establishing a cause–effect relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyu Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Biyang Cai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Zhizhong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Yumeng Zhang
- Department of Gerontology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Keting Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Lingli Sun
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Huan Cai
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Southern Medical University
| | - Guangming Lu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
| | - Gelin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University
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Rodríguez AJ, Scott D, Khan B, Khan N, Hodge A, English DR, Giles GG, Ebeling PR. Low Relative Lean Mass is Associated with Increased Likelihood of Abdominal Aortic Calcification in Community-Dwelling Older Australians. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:340-9. [PMID: 27272030 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0157-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Age-related loss of skeletal muscle is associated with increased risk of functional limitation and cardiovascular (CV) mortality. In the elderly abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) can increase CV risk by altering aortic properties which may raise blood pressure and increase cardiac workload. This study investigated the association between low muscle mass and AAC in community-dwelling older Australians. Data for this cross-sectional analysis were drawn from a 2010 sub-study of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study in the setting of community-dwelling older adults. Three hundred and twenty-seven participants [mean age = 71 ± 6 years; mean BMI = 28 ± 5 kg/m(2); females n = 199 (62 %)] had body composition determined by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and AAC determined by radiography. Participants were stratified into tertiles of sex-specific BMI-normalised appendicular lean mass (ALM). Those in the lowest tertile were considered to have low relative muscle mass. Aortic calcification score (ACS) was determined visually as the extent of calcification on the aortic walls between L1 and L4 vertebrae (range: 0-24). Severe AAC was defined as ACS ≥ 6. Prevalence of any AAC was highest in participants with low relative muscle mass (74 %) compared to the middle (65 %) and upper (53 %) tertiles (p trend = 0.006). The lower ALM/BMI tertile had increased odds (Odds ratio = 2.3; 95 % confidence interval: 1.1-4.6; p = 0.021) of having any AAC; and having more severe AAC (2.2; 1.2-4.0; p = 0.009) independent of CV risk factors, serum calcium and physical activity. AAC is more prevalent and severe in community-dwelling older adults with low relative muscle mass. Maintaining muscle mass could form part of a broader primary prevention strategy in reducing AAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J Rodríguez
- Bone and Muscle Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - David Scott
- Bone and Muscle Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus), University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Australia
| | - Belal Khan
- Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus), University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
- Department of Medicine, Max Super Specialty Hospital, Patparganj, Delhi, India
| | - Nayab Khan
- Department of Radiology, Diwan Chand Satyapal Aggarwaal Diagnostic Imaging Research Centre, New Delhi, India
| | - Allison Hodge
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Dallas R English
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Peter R Ebeling
- Bone and Muscle Health Research Group, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Monash Medical Centre, 246 Clayton Road, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Melbourne Medical School (Western Campus), University of Melbourne, St Albans, Australia
- Australian Institute for Musculoskeletal Science, St Albans, Australia
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Wu M, Zhang JD, Tang RN, Crowley SD, Liu H, Lv LL, Ma KL, Liu BC. Elevated PTH induces endothelial-to-chondrogenic transition in aortic endothelial cells. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2016; 312:F436-F444. [PMID: 27582099 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00210.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that increased parathyroid hormone (PTH) attributable to secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease accelerates the arteriosclerotic fibrosis and calcification. Although the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown, endothelial cells (ECs) have recently been demonstrated to participate in calcification in part by providing chondrogenic cells via the endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EndMT). Therefore, this study aimed to investigate whether elevated PTH could induce endothelial-to-chondrogenic transition in aortic ECs and to determine the possible underlying signaling pathway. We found that treatment of ECs with PTH significantly upregulated the expression of EndMT-related markers. Accordingly, ECs treated with PTH exhibited chondrogenic potential. In vivo, lineage-tracing model-subjected mice with endothelial-specific green fluorescent protein fluorescence to chronic PTH infusion showed a marked increase in the aortic expression of chondrocyte markers, and confocal microscopy revealed the endothelial origin of cells expressing chondrocyte markers in the aorta after PTH infusion. Furthermore, this in vitro study showed that PTH enhanced the nuclear localization of β-catenin in ECs, whereas β-catenin siRNA or DKK1, an inhibitor of β-catenin nuclear translocation, attenuated the upregulation of EndMT-associated and chondrogenic markers induced by PTH. In summary, our study demonstrated that elevated PTH could induce the transition of ECs to chondrogenic cells via EndMT, possibly mediated by the nuclear translocation of β-catenin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Jian-Dong Zhang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Ri-Ning Tang
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Steven D Crowley
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center and Durham VA Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Hong Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Lin-Li Lv
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Kun-Ling Ma
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
| | - Bi-Cheng Liu
- Institute of Nephrology, Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University School of Medicine, Nanjing, China; and
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211
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Ezura Y, Lin X, Hatta A, Izu Y, Noda M. Interleukin-1β Suppresses the Transporter Genes Ank and Ent1 Expression in Stromal Progenitor Cells Retaining Mineralization. Calcif Tissue Int 2016; 99:199-208. [PMID: 27086348 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-016-0139-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Heterotopic ossification (HO) in various tissues evokes clinical problems. Inflammatory responses of the stromal progenitor cells may be involved in its etiology. Previous report indicated that pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β enhanced the in vitro calcification of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), by suppressing the expression of ectonucleotide pyrophosphatase/phosphodiesterase-1 gene (ENPP1). However, possible contribution of other related factors had not been investigated. Here, we investigated the expression of regulators of extracellular pyrophosphate and nucleosides including Enpp1, Nt5e, Ank, Enptds, and Ent1, examining various connective tissue stromal progenitor cells, including bone marrow stromal cells and synovium derived cells from mouse, or bone marrow MSCs from human. Consistent with previous studies, we observed characteristic suppression of the osteoblastic marker genes by IL-1β during the osteogenic culture for 20 days. In addition, we observed a reduced expression of the important transporter genes, Ank and Ent1, whereas the alteration in Enpp1 and Nt5e levels was not always consistent among the cell types. Our results suggest that IL-1β suppresses not only the osteoblastic but also the negative regulators of soft-tissue calcification, including Ank and Ent1 in stromal progenitor cells, which may contribute to the mechanisms of HO in various disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Ezura
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 5-45 1-Chome, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
| | - Xin Lin
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 5-45 1-Chome, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Arina Hatta
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 5-45 1-Chome, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yayoi Izu
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 5-45 1-Chome, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masaki Noda
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 5-45 1-Chome, Yushima, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
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212
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwight A Towler
- From the Endocrine Division, Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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213
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Ladich E, Yahagi K, Romero ME, Virmani R. Vascular diseases: aortitis, aortic aneurysms, and vascular calcification. Cardiovasc Pathol 2016; 25:432-41. [PMID: 27526100 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases of the aorta broadly include noninfectious and infectious aortitis, periaortitis, atherosclerosis, and inflammatory atherosclerotic aneurysms. Aortitis is uncommon but is increasingly recognized as an important cause of aortic aneurysms and dissections. Abdominal (AAA) and thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA) have different pathologies and etiologies. AAAs are the most common type of aortic aneurysm, and the vast majority of these are atherosclerotic. The causes of TAA vary depending on the site of involvement, but medial degeneration is a common pathologic substrate, regardless of etiology, and genetic influences play a prominent role in TAA expression. Standardized classification schemes for inflammatory and degenerative diseases of the aorta have only recently been added to the pathology literature. A brief overview of the new histopathologic classifications for aortic inflammatory and degenerative diseases has recently been published by the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology and the Association for European Cardiovascular Pathology as a consensus document on the surgical pathology of the aorta. Vascular calcification is a highly regulated biologic process, and the mechanisms leading to vascular calcification are under investigation. Calcification may occur in the intima (atherosclerotic) or in the media secondary to metabolic disease. Rarely, vascular calcification may be associated with genetic disorders.
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214
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Hsu JJ, Lim J, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Cell-matrix mechanics and pattern formation in inflammatory cardiovascular calcification. Heart 2016; 102:1710-1715. [PMID: 27406839 DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2016-309667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific diseases of the cardiovascular system, such as atherosclerotic calcification and calcific aortic valve disease, are widespread and clinically significant, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Vascular cells, like bone cells, interact with their matrix substrate through molecular signals, and through biomechanical signals, such as traction forces transmitted from cytoskeleton to matrix. The interaction of contractile vascular cells with their matrix may be one of the most important factors controlling pathological mineralisation of the artery wall and cardiac valves. In many respects, the matricrine and matrix mechanical changes in calcific vasculopathy and valvulopathy resemble those occurring in embryonic bone development and normal bone mineralisation. The matrix proteins provide a microenvironment for propagation of crystal growth and provide mechanical cues to the cells that direct differentiation. Small contractions of the cytoskeleton may tug on integrin links to sites on matrix proteins, and thereby sense the stiffness, possibly through deformation of binding proteins causing release of differentiation factors such as products of the members of the transforming growth factor-β superfamily. Inflammation and matrix characteristics are intertwined: inflammation alters the matrix such as through matrix metalloproteinases, while matrix mechanical properties affect cellular sensitivity to inflammatory cytokines. The adhesive properties of the matrix also regulate self-organisation of vascular cells into patterns through reaction-diffusion phenomena and left-right chirality. In this review, we summarise the roles of extracellular matrix proteins and biomechanics in the development of inflammatory cardiovascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey J Hsu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Jina Lim
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Yin Tintut
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Linda L Demer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, California, USA
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215
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Fu Y, Gao C, Liang Y, Wang M, Huang Y, Ma W, Li T, Jia Y, Yu F, Zhu W, Cui Q, Li Y, Xu Q, Wang X, Kong W. Shift of Macrophage Phenotype Due to Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein Deficiency Drives Atherosclerotic Calcification. Circ Res 2016; 119:261-76. [DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.115.308021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Rationale:
Intimal calcification is highly correlated with atherosclerotic plaque burden, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. We recently reported that cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), a component of vascular extracellular matrix, is an endogenous inhibitor of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification.
Objective:
To investigate whether COMP affects atherosclerotic calcification.
Methods and Results:
ApoE
−/−
COMP
−/−
mice fed with chow diet for 12 months manifested more extensive atherosclerotic calcification in the innominate arteries than did
ApoE
−/−
mice. To investigate which origins of COMP contributed to atherosclerotic calcification, bone marrow transplantation was performed between
ApoE
−/−
and
ApoE
−/−
COMP
−/−
mice. Enhanced calcification was observed in mice transplanted with
ApoE
−/−
COMP
−/−
bone marrow compared with mice transplanted with
ApoE
−/−
bone marrow, indicating that bone marrow–derived COMP may play a critical role in atherosclerotic calcification. Furthermore, microarray profiling of wild-type and
COMP
−/−
macrophages revealed that COMP-deficient macrophages exerted atherogenic and osteogenic characters. Integrin β3 protein was attenuated in
COMP
−/−
macrophages, and overexpression of integrin β3 inhibited the shift of macrophage phenotypes by COMP deficiency. Furthermore, adeno-associated virus 2–integrin β3 infection attenuated atherosclerotic calcification in
ApoE
−/−
COMP
−/−
mice. Mechanistically, COMP bound directly to β-tail domain of integrin β3 via its C-terminus, and blocking of the COMP–integrin β3 association by β-tail domain mimicked the COMP deficiency–induced shift in macrophage phenotypes. Similar to COMP deficiency in mice, transduction of adeno-associated virus 2–β-tail domain enhanced atherosclerotic calcification in
ApoE
−/−
mice.
Conclusions:
These results reveal that COMP deficiency acted via integrin β3 to drive macrophages toward the atherogenic and osteogenic phenotype and thereby aggravate atherosclerotic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Cheng Gao
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Ying Liang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Meili Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Yaqian Huang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Wei Ma
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Tuoyi Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Yiting Jia
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Fang Yu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Wanlin Zhu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Qinghua Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Yanhui Li
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Qingbo Xu
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Xian Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
| | - Wei Kong
- From the Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., X.W., W.K.), Department of Biomedical Informatics (W.M., Q.C.), Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Y.L.), Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, P. R. China (Y.F., C.G., Y.L., M.W., Y.H., W.M., T.L., Y.J., F.Y., Q.C., Y.L., X.W., W.K.); School of Biological Science and Medical
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216
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O'Rourke C, Shelton G, Hutcheson JD, Burke MF, Martyn T, Thayer TE, Shakartzi HR, Buswell MD, Tainsh RE, Yu B, Bagchi A, Rhee DK, Wu C, Derwall M, Buys ES, Yu PB, Bloch KD, Aikawa E, Bloch DB, Malhotra R. Calcification of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells and Imaging of Aortic Calcification and Inflammation. J Vis Exp 2016. [PMID: 27284788 DOI: 10.3791/54017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. Atherosclerotic plaques, consisting of lipid-laden macrophages and calcification, develop in the coronary arteries, aortic valve, aorta, and peripheral conduit arteries and are the hallmark of cardiovascular disease. In humans, imaging with computed tomography allows for the quantification of vascular calcification; the presence of vascular calcification is a strong predictor of future cardiovascular events. Development of novel therapies in cardiovascular disease relies critically on improving our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis. Advancing our knowledge of atherosclerotic mechanisms relies on murine and cell-based models. Here, a method for imaging aortic calcification and macrophage infiltration using two spectrally distinct near-infrared fluorescent imaging probes is detailed. Near-infrared fluorescent imaging allows for the ex vivo quantification of calcification and macrophage accumulation in the entire aorta and can be used to further our understanding of the mechanistic relationship between inflammation and calcification in atherosclerosis. Additionally, a method for isolating and culturing animal aortic vascular smooth muscle cells and a protocol for inducing calcification in cultured smooth muscle cells from either murine aortas or from human coronary arteries is described. This in vitro method of modeling vascular calcification can be used to identify and characterize the signaling pathways likely important for the development of vascular disease, in the hopes of discovering novel targets for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin O'Rourke
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Georgia Shelton
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Megan F Burke
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Trejeeve Martyn
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Timothy E Thayer
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Hannah R Shakartzi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Mary D Buswell
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Robert E Tainsh
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Binglan Yu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Aranya Bagchi
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - David K Rhee
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Connie Wu
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Matthias Derwall
- Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University
| | - Emmanuel S Buys
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Paul B Yu
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Kenneth D Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital; Harvard Medical School
| | - Donald B Bloch
- Anesthesia Center for Critical Care Research of the Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Department of Anesthesiology, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen, RWTH Aachen University; Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases and the Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital
| | - Rajeev Malhotra
- Cardiovascular Research Center and Cardiology Division of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital; Harvard Medical School;
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217
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Abstract
Vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy, is frequently complicated by vascular calcification. Previously believed to be an end-stage process of unregulated mineral precipitation, it is now well established to be a multi-faceted disease influenced by the characteristics of its vascular location, the origins of calcifying cells and numerous regulatory pathways. It reflects the fundamental plasticity of the vasculature that is gradually being revealed by progress in vascular and stem cell biology. This review provides a brief overview of where we stand in our understanding of vascular calcification, facing the challenge of translating this knowledge into viable preventive and therapeutic strategies.
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218
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Zoccali C, London G. Con: vascular calcification is a surrogate marker, but not the cause of ongoing vascular disease, and it is not a treatment target in chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2016; 30:352-7. [PMID: 25712936 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfv021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In this narrative review, we discuss the dynamics and pathobiology of calcium accumulation in the arterial system and then appraise the validity of vascular calcification as a surrogate end point in cardiovascular (CV) diseases and in chronic kidney disease (CKD) in particular. Calcification follows inflammation in human atherosclerosis and therefore most likely represents a secondary phenomenon. This phenomenon is proportional to the severity of antecedent inflammation and is perhaps a healing process. As such, vascular calcification is a disease marker and a prognostic factor but not a relevant aetiological factor in arterial disease in CKD patients. Therefore, targeting vascular calcifications per se is unlikely to improve clinical outcomes. To maximize health benefits, the approach to vascular disease in CKD patients should focus on the prevention of arterial lesions by correcting the several, traditional and non-traditional, pro-atherogenic risk factors responsible for arterial injury, hyperphoshataemia and CKD-mineral and bone disorder disorders included. Interventions aiming at modifying late arterial lesions like calcifications are unlikely to produce tangible health benefits in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmine Zoccali
- CNR-IFC (National Research Council of Italy and Pisa Institute of Clinical Physiology, Reggio Cal Unit), Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Gerard London
- Department of Pharmacology, Georges Pompidou European Hospital, National Institute of Health and Medical Research U970, Paris, France
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Abstract
Bone and heart health are linked through a variety of cellular, endocrine, and metabolic mechanisms, including the bidirectional effects of mineral-regulating hormones parathyroid hormone and fibroblast growth factor 23. Nutrition plays an important role in the development of both cardiovascular and bone disease. This review describes current knowledge on the relations between the cardiovascular system and bone and the influence of key nutrients involved in mineral metabolism-calcium, vitamin D, and phosphorus-on heart and bone health, as well as the racial/ethnic differences in cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis and the influence that nutrition has on these disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Connie M Weaver
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
| | - Dwight A Towler
- Internal Medicine/Endocrine Division, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX; and
| | | | - Regan L Bailey
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN; Office of Dietary Supplements, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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220
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Yap YS, Ting KT, Chi WC, Lin CH, Liu YC, Chuang WL. Aortic Arch Calcification Predicts Patency Loss of Arteriovenous Fistula in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24943. [PMID: 27101807 PMCID: PMC4840307 DOI: 10.1038/srep24943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic arch calcification (AAC) is recognized as an important cardiovascular risk factor in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of AAC grade on patency rates of arteriovenous fistula (AVF) in this specific population. The data of 286 ESRD patients who had an initial AVF placed were reviewed. The extent of AAC identified on chest radiography was divided into four grades (0–3). The association between AAC grade, other clinical factors, and primary patency of AVF was then analyzed by Cox proportional hazard analysis. The multivariate analysis demonstrated that the presence of AAC grade 2 (hazard ratio (95% confidence interval): 1.80 (1.15–2.84); p = 0.011) and grade 3 (3.03 (1.88–4.91); p < 0.001), and higher level of intact-parathyroid hormone (p = 0.047) were associated with primary patency loss of AVF. In subgroup analysis, which included AVF created by a surgeon assisted with preoperative vascular mapping, only AAC grade 3 (2.41 (1.45–4.00); p = 0.001), and higher intact-parathyroid hormone (p = 0.025) level were correlated with AVF patency loss. In conclusion, higher AAC grade and intact-parathyroid hormone level predicted primary patency loss of AVF in an ESRD population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yit-Sheung Yap
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Ting Ting
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Mednicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Che Chi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hao Lin
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chun Liu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yuan's General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Long Chuang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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221
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Aluganti Narasimhulu C, Fernandez-Ruiz I, Selvarajan K, Jiang X, Sengupta B, Riad A, Parthasarathy S. Atherosclerosis--do we know enough already to prevent it? Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 27:92-102. [PMID: 26974701 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we have briefly summarized the characteristics of lipids and lipoproteins and the atherosclerotic process. The development of atherosclerosis is a continuous process that involves numerous cellular and acellular processes that influence the behavior of each other. These include oxidative stress, lipoprotein modifications, macrophage polarization, macrophage lipid accumulation, generation of pro- and anti-inflammatory components, calcification, cellular growth and proliferation, and plaque rupture. The precise role(s) of many of these are unknown. Understanding the events at each particular stage might shed more light onto the process as a whole and could potentially reveal targets for intervention. Therapeutic modalities that work at one stage may have little to no influence on other stages of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irene Fernandez-Ruiz
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Krithika Selvarajan
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Xeuting Jiang
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Bhaswati Sengupta
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Aladdin Riad
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, United States.
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222
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Szulc P. Abdominal aortic calcification: A reappraisal of epidemiological and pathophysiological data. Bone 2016; 84:25-37. [PMID: 26688274 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In men and women, there is a significant association between the risk of cardiovascular event (myocardial infarction, stroke) and risk of major fragility fracture (hip, vertebra). Abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) can be assessed using semiquantitative scores on spine radiographs and spine scans obtained by DXA. Severe AAC is associated with higher risk of major cardiovascular event. Not only does severe AAC reflect poor cardiovascular health status, but also directly disturbs blood flow in the vascular system. Severe (but not mild or moderate) AAC is associated with lower bone mineral density (BMD), faster bone loss and higher risk of major fragility fracture. The fracture risk remains increased after adjustment for BMD and other potential risk factors. The association between severe AAC and fracture risk was found in both sexes, mainly in the follow-ups of less than 10years. Many factors contribute to initiation and progression of AAC: lifestyle, co-morbidities, inorganic ions, dyslipidemia, hormones, cytokines (e.g. inflammatory cytokines, RANKL), matrix vesicles, microRNAs, structural proteins (e.g. elastin), vitamin K-dependent proteins, and medications (e.g. vitamin K antagonists). Osteogenic transdifferentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) and circulating osteoprogenitors penetrating into vascular wall plays a major role in the AAC initiation and progression. Vitamin K-dependent proteins protect vascular tunica media against formation of calcified deposits (matrix GLA protein, GLA-rich protein) and against VSMC apoptosis (Gas6). Further studies are needed to investigate clinical utility of AAC for the assessment of fracture and cardiovascular risk at the individual level and develop new medications permitting to prevent AAC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawel Szulc
- INSERM UMR 1033, University of Lyon, Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France.
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223
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Hydrogen Sulfide Improves Vascular Calcification in Rats by Inhibiting Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:9095242. [PMID: 27022436 PMCID: PMC4789052 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9095242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the vitamin D3 plus nicotine (VDN) model of rats was used to prove that H2S alleviates vascular calcification (VC) and phenotype transformation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Besides, H2S can also inhibit endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) of calcified aortic tissues. The effect of H2S on alleviating VC and phenotype transformation of VSMC can be blocked by TM, while PBA also alleviated VC and phenotype transformation of VSMC that was similar to the effect of H2S. These results suggest that H2S may alleviate rat aorta VC by inhibiting ERS, providing new target and perspective for prevention and treatment of VC.
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224
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LMNA mutations resulting in lipodystrophy and HIV protease inhibitors trigger vascular smooth muscle cell senescence and calcification: Role of ZMPSTE24 downregulation. Atherosclerosis 2016; 245:200-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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225
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Chu Y, Lund DD, Doshi H, Keen HL, Knudtson KL, Funk ND, Shao JQ, Cheng J, Hajj GP, Zimmerman KA, Davis MK, Brooks RM, Chapleau MW, Sigmund CD, Weiss RM, Heistad DD. Fibrotic Aortic Valve Stenosis in Hypercholesterolemic/Hypertensive Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:466-74. [PMID: 26769049 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypercholesterolemia and hypertension are associated with aortic valve stenosis (AVS) in humans. We have examined aortic valve function, structure, and gene expression in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. APPROACH AND RESULTS Control, hypertensive, hypercholesterolemic (Apoe(-/-)), and hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice were studied. Severe aortic stenosis (echocardiography) occurred only in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. There was minimal calcification of the aortic valve. Several structural changes were identified at the base of the valve. The intercusp raphe (or seam between leaflets) was longer in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice than in other mice, and collagen fibers at the base of the leaflets were reoriented to form a mesh. In hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice, the cusps were asymmetrical, which may contribute to changes that produce AVS. RNA sequencing was used to identify molecular targets during the developmental phase of stenosis. Genes related to the structure of the valve were identified, which differentially expressed before fibrotic AVS developed. Both RNA and protein of a profibrotic molecule, plasminogen activator inhibitor 1, were increased greatly in hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice. CONCLUSIONS Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice are the first model of fibrotic AVS. Hypercholesterolemic/hypertensive mice develop severe AVS in the absence of significant calcification, a feature that resembles AVS in children and some adults. Structural changes at the base of the valve leaflets include lengthening of the raphe, remodeling of collagen, and asymmetry of the leaflets. Genes were identified that may contribute to the development of fibrotic AVS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Chu
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Lund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Hardik Doshi
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Henry L Keen
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kevin L Knudtson
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Nathan D Funk
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Jian Q Shao
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Justine Cheng
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Georges P Hajj
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Kathy A Zimmerman
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Melissa K Davis
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Brooks
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Mark W Chapleau
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert M Weiss
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Y.C., D.D.L., H.D., N.D.F., J.C., G.P.H., K.A.Z., M.K.D., R.M.B., M.W.C., R.M.W., D.D.H.), Pharmacology (H.L.K., C.D.S., D.D.H.), Molecular Physiology and Biophysics (M.W.C.), Central Microscopy Research Facility (J.Q.S.), Iowa Institute of Human Genetics Genomics Division (K.L.K.), University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Veterans Administration Medical Center, Iowa City (M.W.C.); and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder (D.D.H.).
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226
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Jana S, Hennessy R, Franchi F, Young M, Hennessy R, Lerman A. Regeneration ability of valvular interstitial cells from diseased heart valve leaflets. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24282k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Valvular interstitial cells from diseased aortic valve leaflets show their ability to regenerate–to proliferate and grow, to express appropriate genes and to deposit suitable proteins–in a non-degenerative nanofibrous substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumen Jana
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester
- USA
| | | | | | - Melissa Young
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester
- USA
| | - Ryan Hennessy
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester
- USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases
- Mayo Clinic
- Rochester
- USA
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227
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Savinov AY, Salehi M, Yadav MC, Radichev I, Millán JL, Savinova OV. Transgenic Overexpression of Tissue-Nonspecific Alkaline Phosphatase (TNAP) in Vascular Endothelium Results in Generalized Arterial Calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2015; 4:e002499. [PMID: 26675253 PMCID: PMC4845279 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.115.002499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ectopic vascular calcification is a common condition associated with aging, atherosclerosis, diabetes, and/or chronic kidney disease. Smooth muscle cells are the best characterized source of osteogenic progenitors in the vasculature; however, recent studies suggest that cells of endothelial origin can also promote calcification. To test this, we sought to increase the osteogenic potential of endothelial cells by overexpressing tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP), a key enzyme that regulates biomineralization, and to determine the pathophysiological effect of endothelial TNAP on vascular calcification and cardiovascular function. METHODS AND RESULTS We demonstrated previously that mice transgenic for ALPL (gene encoding human TNAP) develop severe arterial medial calcification and reduced viability when TNAP is overexpressed in smooth muscle cells. In this study, we expressed the ALPL transgene in endothelial cells following endothelial-specific Tie2-Cre recombination. Mice with endothelial TNAP overexpression survived well into adulthood and displayed generalized arterial calcification. Genes associated with osteochondrogenesis (Runx2, Bglap, Spp1, Opg, and Col2a1) were upregulated in the aortas of endothelial TNAP animals compared with controls. Lesions in coronary arteries of endothelial TNAP mice showed immunoreactivity to Runx2, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and collagen II as well as increased deposition of sialoproteins revealed by lectin staining. By 23 weeks of age, endothelial TNAP mice developed elevated blood pressure and compensatory left ventricular hypertrophy with preserved ejection fraction. CONCLUSIONS This study presented a novel genetic model demonstrating the osteogenic potential of TNAP-positive endothelial cells in promoting pathophysiological vascular calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Y. Savinov
- Children's Health Research CenterSanford ResearchSioux FallsSD
- Department of PediatricsSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaSioux FallsSD
| | - Maryam Salehi
- Children's Health Research CenterSanford ResearchSioux FallsSD
- Division of Basic Biomedical SciencesSanford School of MedicineUniversity of South DakotaVermillionSD
| | - Manisha C. Yadav
- Sanford Children's Health Research CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCA
| | - Ilian Radichev
- Children's Health Research CenterSanford ResearchSioux FallsSD
| | - José Luis Millán
- Sanford Children's Health Research CenterSanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery InstituteLa JollaCA
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228
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Masuda M, Miyazaki-Anzai S, Keenan AL, Okamura K, Kendrick J, Chonchol M, Offermanns S, Ntambi JM, Kuro-O M, Miyazaki M. Saturated phosphatidic acids mediate saturated fatty acid-induced vascular calcification and lipotoxicity. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4544-58. [PMID: 26517697 DOI: 10.1172/jci82871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that saturated fatty acid-induced (SFA-induced) lipotoxicity contributes to the pathogenesis of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases; however, the molecular mechanisms that underlie SFA-induced lipotoxicity remain unclear. Here, we have shown that repression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) enzymes, which regulate the intracellular balance of SFAs and unsaturated FAs, and the subsequent accumulation of SFAs in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), are characteristic events in the development of vascular calcification. We evaluated whether SMC-specific inhibition of SCD and the resulting SFA accumulation plays a causative role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification and generated mice with SMC-specific deletion of both Scd1 and Scd2. Mice lacking both SCD1 and SCD2 in SMCs displayed severe vascular calcification with increased ER stress. Moreover, we employed shRNA library screening and radiolabeling approaches, as well as in vitro and in vivo lipidomic analysis, and determined that fully saturated phosphatidic acids such as 1,2-distearoyl-PA (18:0/18:0-PA) mediate SFA-induced lipotoxicity and vascular calcification. Together, these results identify a key lipogenic pathway in SMCs that mediates vascular calcification.
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Vigili de Kreutzenberg S, Fadini GP, Guzzinati S, Mazzucato M, Volpi A, Coracina A, Avogaro A. Carotid plaque calcification predicts future cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2015; 38:1937-44. [PMID: 26253729 DOI: 10.2337/dc15-0327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The presence of carotid plaques is associated with future cardiovascular events, with local plaque composition being an independent outcome predictor. We examined the association between ultrasonographically determined carotid plaque calcification and incident major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and death in type 2 diabetes (T2D). RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We enrolled 581 patients with T2D who underwent routine carotid ultrasonography. Plaques were classified as echolucent (lipid rich), heterogenous, and echogenic (calcific). We collected demographic, anthropometric, and clinical data at baseline and followed the patients for up to 9 years. RESULTS Plaques were detected in 81.8% of the patients (echolucent in 16.4%, heterogenous in 43.2%, and echogenic in 22.2%). During follow-up (4.3 ± 0.1 years), 58 deaths (27 cardiovascular) and 236 fatal and nonfatal MACE occurred. In univariate analyses, presence versus absence of any carotid plaque was associated with incident MACE, and the hazard ratio (95% CI) progressively increased from echolucent (1.97 [0.93-3.44]), to heterogeneous (3.10 [2.09-4.23]), to echogenic (3.71 [2.09-5.59]) plaques. Compared with echolucent plaques, echogenic plaques were associated with incident MACE independently from confounders. This association was attenuated after adjusting for the degree of stenosis, but in patients with stenosis ≤30%, echogenic plaque type still predicted total and atherosclerotic MACE, even after further adjusting for mean intima-media thickness. CONCLUSIONS In T2D, carotid plaque calcification predicts MACE, especially in patients with a low degree of stenosis. The biology of atherosclerotic calcification in diabetes needs to be further elucidated to understand the basis of this association.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Antonio Volpi
- Diabetology Service, Montebelluna Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Anna Coracina
- Diabetology Service, Montebelluna Hospital, Treviso, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
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230
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Abstract
Dysregulated phosphate metabolism is a common consequence of chronic kidney disease, and is characterized by a high circulating level of fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-23, hyperparathyroidism, and hyperphosphataemia. Kidney transplantation can elicit specific alterations to phosphate metabolism that evolve over time, ranging from severe hypophosphataemia (<0.5 mmol/l) to hyperphosphataemia (>1.50 mmol/l) and high FGF-23 levels. The majority of renal transplant recipients develop hypophosphataemia during the first 3 months after transplantation as a consequence of relatively slow adaptation of FGF-23 and parathyroid hormone levels to restored renal function, and the influence of immunosuppressive drugs. By 3-12 months after transplantation, phosphate homeostasis is at least partially restored in the majority of recipients, which is paralleled by a substantially reduced risk of cardiovascular-associated morbidity and mortality compared with the pre-transplantation setting. Many renal transplant recipients, however, exhibit persistent abnormalities in phosphate homeostasis, which is often due to multifactorial causes, and may contribute to adverse outcomes on the cardiovascular system, kidney, and bone. Dietary and pharmacologic interventions might improve phosphate homeostasis in renal transplant recipients, but additional insight into the pathophysiology of transplantation-associated abnormalities in phosphate homeostasis is needed to further optimize disease management and improve prognosis for renal transplant recipients.
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231
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Hutcheson JD, Goettsch C, Rogers MA, Aikawa E. Revisiting cardiovascular calcification: A multifaceted disease requiring a multidisciplinary approach. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 46:68-77. [PMID: 26358815 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 09/01/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The presence of cardiovascular calcification significantly predicts patients' morbidity and mortality. Calcific mineral deposition within the soft cardiovascular tissues disrupts the normal biomechanical function of these tissues, leading to complications such as heart failure, myocardial infarction, and stroke. The realization that calcification results from active cellular processes offers hope that therapeutic intervention may prevent or reverse the disease. To this point, however, no clinically viable therapies have emerged. This may be due to the lack of certainty that remains in the mechanisms by which mineral is deposited in cardiovascular tissues. Gaining new insight into this process requires a multidisciplinary approach. The pathological changes in cell phenotype that lead to the physicochemical deposition of mineral and the resultant effects on tissue biomechanics must all be considered when designing strategies to treat cardiovascular calcification. In this review, we overview the current cardiovascular calcification paradigm and discuss emerging techniques that are providing new insight into the mechanisms of ectopic calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Maximillian A Rogers
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences and Center for Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States.
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232
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Abstract
Soft tissue mineralization was diagnosed in 19 captive 2-toed sloths ( Choloepus didactylus and Choloepus hoffmanni) ranging from 2 months to 41 years of age. Gross mineralization was evident at necropsy in 6 of 19 sloths and was prominent in the aorta and arteries. Histologically, 11 sloths had arterial mineralization, including mural osseous and chondroid metaplasia and smooth muscle hyperplasia consistent with arteriosclerosis. Visceral mineralization most commonly involved the gastric mucosa (17 sloths), kidneys (17 sloths), and lungs (8 sloths). Eleven sloths ranging in age from 5 to 41 years old had moderate to severe renal disease, which may be an important underlying cause of soft tissue mineralization in adult sloths. However, 5 sloths (juveniles and adults) had severe soft tissue mineralization with histologically normal kidneys or only mild interstitial inflammation or fibrosis, suggesting other causes of calcium and phosphorus imbalance. Degenerative cardiac disease was a common finding in 10 sloths with vascular mineralization and varied from mild to severe with fibrosis and acute noninflammatory myocardial necrosis. Although the prevalence of cardiac disease in adult sloths has not been documented, disease may be exacerbated by hypertension from degenerative arteriosclerosis as noted in this study group. Although renal disease likely contributed substantially to mineralization of tissues in most sloths in this study, nutritional causes of soft tissue mineralization—such as imbalances in dietary vitamin D or calcium and phosphorus—may be an important contributing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Han
- Colorado State University, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Diagnostic Medicine Center, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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233
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Churchill TW, Rasania SP, Rafeek H, Mulvey CK, Terembula K, Ferrari V, Jha S, Lilly SM, Eraso LH, Reilly MP, Qasim AN. Ascending and descending thoracic aorta calcification in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2015; 9:373-81. [PMID: 26119363 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcct.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcification of the thoracic aorta is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and peripheral arterial disease but has not been well studied in diabetics. In addition, many studies consider aortic calcium as a single anatomic entity, whereas calcification of the ascending and descending portions of the thoracic aorta may represent separate phenotypes. We sought to characterize the prevalence of ascending and descending aortic calcium among diabetics and to assess their associations with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary artery calcium, and peripheral arterial disease. METHODS Within the Penn Diabetes Heart Study, a cross-sectional study of subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus but without coronary or renal disease, we quantified Agatston scores of the ascending and descending thoracic aorta in 1739 subjects (63% male, 61% Caucasian). Multivariate logistic and Tobit regressions were used to assess associations with cardiovascular risk factors, coronary calcium, and peripheral arterial disease. RESULTS Of all subjects, 54% had thoracic aortic calcium; of these, 37% had calcium solely in the ascending thoracic aorta and 20% solely in the descending thoracic aorta. In multivariate regression, age, Caucasian race, systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, smoking, and diabetes duration were independently associated with calcium of both the ascending and descending thoracic aorta (P < .001 for all). Ascending and descending aortic calcium were each independently associated with coronary calcium in multivariate regression, but only calcification of the descending thoracic aortic was associated with low ankle-brachial index. CONCLUSION Ascending and descending thoracic aortic calcium have similar associations with traditional cardiovascular risk factors in diabetics and are independently associated with coronary artery calcium. Only calcium in the descending aorta is associated with peripheral arterial disease. Delineation of both phenotypes may provide information about the individualized vascular disease and risk profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suraj P Rasania
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA, USA
| | - Hashmi Rafeek
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claire K Mulvey
- Division of Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Karen Terembula
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Victor Ferrari
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Saurabh Jha
- Department of Radiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott M Lilly
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Luis H Eraso
- Jefferson Vascular Center, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Atif N Qasim
- Division of Cardiology, University of California, San Francisco, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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Tölle M, Reshetnik A, Schuchardt M, Höhne M, van der Giet M. Arteriosclerosis and vascular calcification: causes, clinical assessment and therapy. Eur J Clin Invest 2015; 45:976-85. [PMID: 26153098 DOI: 10.1111/eci.12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Arteriosclerosis is a pathological, structural (media vascular calcification) and physiological (modified vascular smooth vessel cells; increased arterial stiffness) alteration of the vessel wall. Through improved assessment methods (functional and imaging), it has become a well-known phenomenon in recent decades. However, its clinical importance was underestimated until recently. MATERIALS AND METHODS Currently available English-speaking data about conditions/diseases associated with arteriosclerosis, its clinical sequels, available diagnostic procedures and therapeutic modalities were reviewed and summarized. RESULTS In recent decades, emerging data have brought about a better understanding of causes and consequences of arteriosclerosis and highlight its growing clinical impact. CONCLUSION Although arteriosclerosis showed an independent clinical impact on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, especially in patients with chronic kidney disease/end-stage renal disease (CKD/ESRD) and diabetes mellitus, convincing clinical therapy concepts are not available until now. The establishment of novel therapeutic strategies derived from basic research is strongly needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Tölle
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Reshetnik
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mirjam Schuchardt
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Markus van der Giet
- Charité Centrum 13, Department of Nephrology and Transplantation, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Valvular endothelial cells: guardians or destroyers of aortic valve integrity? Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:396-8. [PMID: 26277631 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Estublier C, Chapurlat R, Szulc P. Association of severe disc degeneration with all-cause mortality and abdominal aortic calcification assessed prospectively in older men: findings of a single-center prospective study of osteoporosis in men. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1295-304. [PMID: 25772505 DOI: 10.1002/art.39055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the association of disc degeneration with all-cause mortality and with the severity and rate of progression of abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) in older men. METHODS Men >50 years of age (n = 766) underwent lateral spine radiography and blood collection and were monitored prospectively. We assessed the association of disc degeneration with all-cause mortality (at 10 years), AAC severity (at baseline), and AAC progression (at 7.5 years). RESULTS After adjustment for confounders, including AAC, the total overall grade score for AAC predicted all-cause mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.20 per SD increase [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.01-1.43]). The highest tertile of the total overall grade score was associated with higher mortality rates (39.3/1,000 person-years for a score of >8 versus 20.9/1,000 person-years for a score of 0-8; adjusted HR 1.47 [95% CI 1.05-2.06]). The odds of severe AAC (score of >5) increased with the total disc space narrowing score (adjusted HR 1.44 per SD [95% CI 1.11-1.87]). The highest tertile of the total disc space narrowing score was associated with higher odds of severe AAC (adjusted HR 2.42 versus the lowest tertile [95% CI 1.24-4.73]). The probability of long-term AAC stability decreased with an increasing total osteophyte score (adjusted HR 0.66 per SD [95% CI 0.49-0.88]). The highest tertile of the total osteophyte score was associated with a lower probability of AAC stability (adjusted HR 0.35 versus the lowest tertile [95% CI 0.18-0.71]). CONCLUSION Older men with severe disc degeneration have greater AAC severity, faster AAC progression, and higher all-cause mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charline Estublier
- INSERM UMR 1033, Université de Lyon, and Hôpital Edouard Herriot, Lyon, France
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237
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Menegazzo L, Poncina N, Albiero M, Menegolo M, Grego F, Avogaro A, Fadini GP. Diabetes modifies the relationships among carotid plaque calcification, composition and inflammation. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:533-8. [PMID: 26093886 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Diabetes is traditionally associated with vascular calcification, but the molecular mechanisms are largely unknown. We herein explored the relationships among carotid plaque calcification, composition and gene expression, and how these are modified by diabetes. METHODS We collected carotid endoarterectomy specimen from 59 patients, of whom 23 had diabetes. We analysed histology with pentachromic staining, calcification with Alizarin red and Von Kossa's staining, chemical calcium extraction and quantification, as well as gene expression by quantitative PCR. RESULTS We detected no differences in the extent of plaque calcification and in plaque composition between diabetic and non-diabetic patients. In non-diabetic plaques, calcium content was directly correlated with the area occupied by muscle/fibrinoid tissue and inversely correlated with collagen, but such correlations were not seen in plaques from diabetic patients. While consistent correlations were found between calcium content and RUNX2 (direct), as well as Osteopontin (inverse), diabetes modified the association between plaque calcification and inflammatory gene expression. Only in diabetic plaques, calcium content was inversely correlated with MCP1 and IL1b, whereas the direct correlation with TNF-alpha expression seen in non-diabetic plaques was lost in diabetes. CONCLUSIONS Though plaque composition and calcification were not quantitatively affected, diabetes modified the relationships between plaque calcium, composition and inflammation. These results suggest that the mechanisms and the clinical significance of atherosclerotic calcification in diabetic may be different than in non-diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Menegazzo
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicol Poncina
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Mattia Albiero
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirko Menegolo
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Franco Grego
- Department of Cardiac, Vascular and Thoracic Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Angelo Avogaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy
| | - Gian Paolo Fadini
- Department of Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, Padova, Italy.
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Cheng SL, Ramachandran B, Behrmann A, Shao JS, Mead M, Smith C, Krchma K, Bello Arredondo Y, Kovacs A, Kapoor K, Brill LM, Perera R, Williams BO, Towler DA. Vascular smooth muscle LRP6 limits arteriosclerotic calcification in diabetic LDLR-/- mice by restraining noncanonical Wnt signals. Circ Res 2015; 117:142-56. [PMID: 26034040 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.117.306712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Wnt signaling regulates key aspects of diabetic vascular disease. OBJECTIVE We generated SM22-Cre;LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) mice to determine contributions of Wnt coreceptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 (LRP6) in the vascular smooth muscle lineage of male low-density lipoprotein receptor-null mice, a background susceptible to diet (high-fat diet)-induced diabetic arteriosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS As compared with LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) controls, SM22-Cre;LRP6(fl/fl);LDLR(-/-) (LRP6-VKO) siblings exhibited increased aortic calcification on high-fat diet without changes in fasting glucose, lipids, or body composition. Pulse wave velocity (index of arterial stiffness) was also increased. Vascular calcification paralleled enhanced aortic osteochondrogenic programs and circulating osteopontin (OPN), a matricellular regulator of arteriosclerosis. Survey of ligands and Frizzled (Fzd) receptor profiles in LRP6-VKO revealed upregulation of canonical and noncanonical Wnts alongside Fzd10. Fzd10 stimulated noncanonical signaling and OPN promoter activity via an upstream stimulatory factor (USF)-activated cognate inhibited by LRP6. RNA interference revealed that USF1 but not USF2 supports OPN expression in LRP6-VKO vascular smooth muscle lineage, and immunoprecipitation confirmed increased USF1 association with OPN chromatin. ML141, an antagonist of cdc42/Rac1 noncanonical signaling, inhibited USF1 activation, osteochondrogenic programs, alkaline phosphatase, and vascular smooth muscle lineage calcification. Mass spectrometry identified LRP6 binding to protein arginine methyltransferase (PRMT)-1, and nuclear asymmetrical dimethylarginine modification was increased with LRP6-VKO. RNA interference demonstrated that PRMT1 inhibits OPN and TNAP, whereas PRMT4 supports expression. USF1 complexes containing the histone H3 asymmetrically dimethylated on Arg-17 signature of PRMT4 are increased with LRP6-VKO. Jmjd6, a demethylase downregulated with LRP6 deficiency, inhibits OPN and TNAP expression, USF1: histone H3 asymmetrically dimethylated on Arg-17 complex formation, and transactivation. CONCLUSIONS LRP6 restrains vascular smooth muscle lineage noncanonical signals that promote osteochondrogenic differentiation, mediated in part via USF1- and arginine methylation-dependent relays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Li Cheng
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Bindu Ramachandran
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Abraham Behrmann
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Jian-Su Shao
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Megan Mead
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Carolyn Smith
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Karen Krchma
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Yoanna Bello Arredondo
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Attila Kovacs
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Kapil Kapoor
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Laurence M Brill
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Ranjan Perera
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Bart O Williams
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.)
| | - Dwight A Towler
- From the Diabetes and Obesity Research Center, Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Cardiovascular Pathobiology, Orlando, FL (S.-L.C., B.R., A.B., M.M., C.S., Y.B.A., K.K., L.M.B., R.P., D.A.T.); MD Anderson Cancer Center, Cancer Biology, Houston, TX (J.-S.S.); Washington University, Department of Medicine, St. Louis, MO (K.K., A.K.); and Van Andel Research Institute, Department of Cancer and Cell Biology, Grand Rapids, MI (B.O.W.).
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Martin S, Lin H, Ejimadu C, Lee T. Tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase as a target of sFRP2 in cardiac fibroblasts. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C139-47. [PMID: 25972450 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00009.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies of myocardial infarction in secreted Frizzled-related protein 2 (sFRP2) knockout mice and our hamster heart failure therapy based on sFRP2 blockade have established sFRP2 as a key profibrotic cytokine in the heart. The failing hamster heart is marked by prominent fibrosis and calcification with elevated expression of sFRP2. Noting the involvement of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) in bone mineralization and vascular calcification, we determined whether sFRP2 might be an upstream regulator of TNAP. Biochemical assays revealed an approximately twofold increase in the activity of TNAP and elevated levels of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in the failing heart compared with the normal heart. Neither was this change detected in the liver or hamstring muscle nor was it associated with systemic hyperphosphatemia. TNAP was readily cloned from the hamster heart and upon overexpression increased the level of extracellular but not intracellular Pi, which is consistent with the cell surface location of the ectoenzyme. In line with the previous demonstration that sFRP2 blockade attenuated fibrosis, we show here that the therapy downregulated TNAP. This in vivo finding is corroborated by the in vitro study showing that cultured cardiac fibroblasts treated with recombinant sFRP2 protein exhibited progressive increase in the expression and activity of TNAP, which was completely abrogated by cycloheximide or tunicamycin. Induction of TNAP by sFRP2 is restricted to cardiac fibroblasts among the multiple cell types examined, and was not observed with sFRP4. The current work indicates that sFRP2 may promote cardiac fibrocalcification through coordinate activation of tolloid-like metalloproteinases and TNAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Huey Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Chukwuemeka Ejimadu
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Techung Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Bashir A, Moody WE, Edwards NC, Ferro CJ, Townend JN, Steeds RP. Coronary Artery Calcium Assessment in CKD: Utility in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment and Treatment? Am J Kidney Dis 2015; 65:937-48. [PMID: 25754074 DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery calcification (CAC) is a strong predictor of cardiovascular event rates in the general population, and scoring with multislice computed tomography commonly is used to improve risk stratification beyond clinical variables. CAC is accelerated in chronic kidney disease, but this occurs as a result of 2 distinct pathologic processes that result in medial (arteriosclerosis) and intimal (atherosclerosis) deposition. Although there are data that indicate that very high CAC scores may be associated with increased risk of death in hemodialysis, average CAC scores in most patients are elevated at a level at which discriminatory power may be reduced. There is a lack of data to guide management strategies in these patients based on CAC scores. There are even fewer data available for nondialysis patients, and it is uncertain whether CAC score confers an elevated risk of premature cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in such patients. In this article, we review the evidence regarding the utility of CAC score for noninvasive cardiovascular risk assessment in individuals with chronic kidney disease, using a clinical vignette that highlights some of the limitations in using CAC score and considerations in risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bashir
- Department of Cardiology, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - William E Moody
- Department of Cardiology, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Clinical Cardiovascular Science, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola C Edwards
- Department of Cardiology, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Clinical Cardiovascular Science, School of Clinical & Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Charles J Ferro
- Department of Renal Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan N Townend
- Department of Cardiology, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Richard P Steeds
- Department of Cardiology, Nuffield House, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Scharlach C, Kratz H, Wiekhorst F, Warmuth C, Schnorr J, Genter G, Ebert M, Mueller S, Schellenberger E. Synthesis of acid-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles and comparison for targeting atherosclerotic plaques: evaluation by MRI, quantitative MPS, and TEM alternative to ambiguous Prussian blue iron staining. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2015; 11:1085-95. [PMID: 25659644 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED To further optimize citrate-stabilized VSOPs (very small iron oxide particles, developed for MR angiography) for identification of atherosclerotic plaques, we modified their surface during synthesis using eight other acids for electrostatic stabilization. This approach preserves effective production for clinical application. Five particles were suitable to be investigated in targeting plaques of apoE(-/-) mice. Accumulation was evaluated by ex vivo MRI, TEM, and quantitatively by magnetic particle spectroscopy (MPS). Citric- (VSOP), etidronic-, tartaric-, and malic-acid-coated particles accumulated in atherosclerotic plaques with highest accumulation for VSOP (0.2‰ of injected dose). Targets were phagolysosomes of macrophages and of altered endothelial cells. In vivo MRI with VSOP allowed for definite plaque identification. Prussian blue staining revealed abundant endogenous iron in plaques, indistinguishable from particle iron. In apoE(-/-) mice, VSOPs are still the best anionic iron oxide particles for imaging atherosclerotic plaques. MPS allows for quantification of superparamagnetic nanoparticles in such small specimens. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR The presence of vulnerable plaques in arteries is important for the prediction of acute coronary events. VSOP (very small iron oxide particles, developed for MR angiography) have been shown to be very sensitive in identifying atherosclerotic plaques. The authors studied here further modification to the surface of VSOP during synthesis and compared their efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Harald Kratz
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Wiekhorst
- Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Schnorr
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Monika Ebert
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Mueller
- Department of Experimental Neurology, Center for Stroke Research Berlin (CSB), Charité, Berlin, Germany
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Vascular calcification: Mechanisms of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2014; 25:267-74. [PMID: 25435520 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Vascular calcification is highly prevalent and, when present, is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events. Vascular smooth muscle cells play an integral role in mediating vessel calcification by undergoing differentiation to osteoblast-like cells and generating matrix vesicles that serve as a nidus for calcium-phosphate deposition in the vessel wall. Once believed to be a passive process, it is now recognized that vascular calcification is a complex and highly regulated process that involves activation of cellular signaling pathways, circulating inhibitors of calcification, genetic factors, and hormones. This review will examine several of the key mechanisms linking vascular smooth muscle cells to vessel calcification that may be targeted to reduce vessel wall mineralization and, thereby, reduce cardiovascular risk.
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Abstract
During every heartbeat, cardiac valves open and close coordinately to control the unidirectional flow of blood. In this dynamically challenging environment, resident valve cells actively maintain homeostasis, but the signalling between cells and their microenvironment is complex. When homeostasis is disrupted and the valve opening obstructed, haemodynamic profiles can be altered and lead to impaired cardiac function. Currently, late stages of cardiac valve diseases are treated surgically, because no drug therapies exist to reverse or halt disease progression. Consequently, investigators have sought to understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms of valvular diseases using in vitro cell culture systems and biomaterial scaffolds that can mimic the extracellular microenvironment. In this Review, we describe how signals in the extracellular matrix regulate valve cell function. We propose that the cellular context is a critical factor when studying the molecular basis of valvular diseases in vitro, and one should consider how the surrounding matrix might influence cell signalling and functional outcomes in the valve. Investigators need to build a systems-level understanding of the complex signalling network involved in valve regulation, to facilitate drug target identification and promote in situ or ex vivo heart valve regeneration.
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MicroRNAs Regulate Vascular Medial Calcification. Cells 2014; 3:963-80. [PMID: 25317928 PMCID: PMC4276909 DOI: 10.3390/cells3040963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular calcification is highly prevalent in patients with coronary artery disease and, when present, is associated with major adverse cardiovascular events, including an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. The pathogenesis of vascular calcification is complex and is now recognized to recapitulate skeletal bone formation. Vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) play an integral role in this process by undergoing transdifferentiation to osteoblast-like cells, elaborating calcifying matrix vesicles and secreting factors that diminish the activity of osteoclast-like cells with mineral resorbing capacity. Recent advances have identified microRNAs (miRs) as key regulators of this process by directing the complex genetic reprogramming of SMCs and the functional responses of other relevant cell types relevant for vascular calcification. This review will detail SMC and bone biology as it relates to vascular calcification and relate what is known to date regarding the regulatory role of miRs in SMC-mediated vascular calcification.
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Helin TA, Wickholm N, Kautiainen H, Vapaatalo H. Possible Correlation between INR and Serum Calcium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.4236/pp.2014.513129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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