201
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Bernardo BC, Blaxall BC. From Bench to Bedside: New Approaches to Therapeutic Discovery for Heart Failure. Heart Lung Circ 2016; 25:425-34. [PMID: 26993094 DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is a significant global health problem, which is becoming worse as the population ages, and remains one of the biggest burdens on our economy. Despite significant advances in cardiovascular medicine, management and surgery, mortality rates remain high, with almost half of patients with heart failure dying within five years of diagnosis. As a multifactorial clinical syndrome, heart failure still represents an epidemic threat, highlighting the need for deeper insights into disease mechanisms and the development of innovative therapeutic strategies for both treatment and prevention. In this review, we discuss conventional heart failure therapies and highlight new pharmacological agents targeting pathophysiological features of the failing heart, for example, non-coding RNAs, angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors, cardiac myosin activators, BGP-15 and molecules targeting GRK2 including M119, gallein and paroxetine. Finally, we address the disparity between phase II and phase III clinical trials that prevent the translation of emerging HF therapies into new and approved therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca C Bernardo
- Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Burns C Blaxall
- The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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202
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Tan VP, Miyamoto S. Nutrient-sensing mTORC1: Integration of metabolic and autophagic signals. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 95:31-41. [PMID: 26773603 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The ability of adult cardiomyocytes to regenerate is limited, and irreversible loss by cell death plays a crucial role in heart diseases. Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular catabolic process through which long-lived proteins and damaged organelles are targeted for lysosomal degradation. Autophagy is important in cardiac homeostasis and can serve as a protective mechanism by providing an energy source, especially in the face of sustained starvation. Cellular metabolism is closely associated with cell survival, and recent evidence suggests that metabolic and autophagic signaling pathways exhibit a high degree of crosstalk and are functionally interdependent. In this review, we discuss recent progress in our understanding of regulation of autophagy and its crosstalk with metabolic signaling, with a focus on the nutrient-sensing mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie P Tan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA
| | - Shigeki Miyamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0636, USA.
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203
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HDAC inhibition: A novel therapeutic approach for atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2016; 202:722-3. [PMID: 26476024 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.09.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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204
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Gurianova V, Stroy D, Ciccocioppo R, Gasparova I, Petrovic D, Soucek M, Dosenko V, Kruzliak P. Stress response factors as hub-regulators of microRNA biogenesis: implication to the diseased heart. Cell Biochem Funct 2015; 33:509-18. [PMID: 26659949 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.3151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of heart function and then an intriguing therapeutic target for plenty of diseases. The problem raised is that many data in this area are contradictory, thus limiting the use of miRNA-based therapy. The goal of this review is to describe the hub-mechanisms regulating the biogenesis and function of miRNAs, which could help in clarifying some contradictions in the miRNA world. With this scope, we analyse an array of factors, including several known agents of stress response, mediators of epigenetic changes, regulators of alternative splicing, RNA editing, protein synthesis and folding and proteolytic systems. All these factors are important in cardiovascular function and most of them regulate miRNA biogenesis, but their influence on miRNAs was shown for non-cardiac cells or some specific cardiac pathologies. Finally, we consider that studying the stress response factors, which are upstream regulators of miRNA biogenesis, in the diseased heart could help in (1) explaining some contradictions concerning miRNAs in heart pathology, (2) making the role of miRNAs in pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease more clear, and therefore, (3) getting powerful targets for its molecular therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Gurianova
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Dmytro Stroy
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I; Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Università degli Studi di Pavia, Italy
| | - Iveta Gasparova
- Institute of Biology, Genetics and Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Daniel Petrovic
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miroslav Soucek
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Victor Dosenko
- Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, Ukraine
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Second Department of Internal Medicine, St. Anne's University Hospital and Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
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205
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Liu D, Zhang M, Xie W, Lan G, Cheng HP, Gong D, Huang C, Lv YC, Yao F, Tan YL, Li L, Zheng XL, Tang CK. MiR-486 regulates cholesterol efflux by targeting HAT1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 472:418-24. [PMID: 26654953 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Excessive cholesterol accumulation in macrophages is a major factor of foam cell formation and development of atherosclerosis. Previous studies suggested that miR-486 plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases, but the underlying mechanism is still unknown. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to determine whether miR-486 regulates ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) mediated cholesterol efflux, and also explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS AND RESULTS Based on bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay, we transfected miR-486 mimic and miR-486 inhibitor into THP-1 macrophage-derived foam cells, and found that miR-486 directly bound to histone acetyltransferase-1 (HAT1) 3'UTR, and downregulated its mRNA and protein expression. In addition, our studies through transfection with wildtype HAT1 or shHAT1 (short hairpin HAT1) revealed that HAT1 could promote the expression of ABCA1 at both mRNA and protein levels. At the same time, the acetylation levels of the lysines 5 and 12 of histone H4 were upregulated after overexpression with HAT1. Meanwhile, the results of liquid scintillation counter and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) showed that miR-486 promoted cholesterol accumulation in THP-1 macrophages. CONCLUSION These data indicated that miR-486 aggravate the cholesterol accumulation in THP-1 cells by targeting HAT1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Liu
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Gang Lan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Hai-Peng Cheng
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Duo Gong
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Chong Huang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yun-Cheng Lv
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Feng Yao
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Yu-Lin Tan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, 3330 Hospital Dr NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada
| | - Chao-Ke Tang
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan, China.
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206
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Therapeutic targeting of autophagy in cardiovascular disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 95:86-93. [PMID: 26602750 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily ancient process of intracellular catabolism necessary to preserve cellular homeostasis in response to a wide variety of stresses. In the case of post-mitotic cells, where cell replacement is not an option, finely tuned quality control of cytoplasmic constituents and organelles is especially critical. And due to the ubiquitous and critical role of autophagic flux in the maintenance of cell health, it comes as little surprise that perturbation of the autophagic process is observed in multiple disease processes. A large body of preclinical evidence suggests that autophagy is a double-edged sword in cardiovascular disease, acting in either beneficial or maladaptive ways, depending on the context. In light of this, the autophagic machinery in cardiomyocytes and other cardiovascular cell types has been proposed as a potential therapeutic target. Here, we summarize current knowledge regarding the dual functions of autophagy in cardiovascular disease. We go on to analyze recent evidence suggesting that titration of autophagic flux holds potential as a novel treatment strategy.
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207
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Maejima Y, Isobe M, Sadoshima J. Regulation of autophagy by Beclin 1 in the heart. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 95:19-25. [PMID: 26546165 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy in cardiomyocytes is implicated in various heart disease conditions. Beclin 1, a mammalian ortholog of yeast Atg6 and a core component of the autophagy machinery, plays a central role in the regulation of autophagy through activation of Vps34. Beclin 1's ability to activate Vps34 is tightly regulated via transcriptional regulation, miRNA, post-translational modification, and interaction with Beclin 1 binding proteins. Of these mechanisms, binding of Beclin 1 with Bcl-2 family proteins (Bcl-2/XL) that negatively regulate autophagy activity has been shown to be both positively and negatively regulated by various kinases, including DAPK, ROCK1, Mst1 and JNK1, in response to external stimuli. Beclin 1's interaction with Bcl-2/XL also secondarily affects apoptosis through regulation of pro-apoptotic BH3 domain containing proteins. Thus, modulation of Beclin 1 significantly influences both autophagy and apoptosis, thereby deeply affecting the survival and death of cardiomyocytes in the heart. In this review, we discuss the signaling mechanism of autophagy modulation through Beclin 1 and therapeutic potential of Beclin 1 in heart diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA.
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208
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Huang YY, Fang ZF, Hu XQ, Zhou SH. HDAC inhibition: A novel therapeutic target for pulmonary hypertension by reducing right ventricular hypertrophy through diverse pathological mechanisms. Int J Cardiol 2015; 196:125-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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209
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Xie S, Deng Y, Pan YY, Wang ZH, Ren J, Guo XL, Yuan X, Shang J, Liu HG. Melatonin protects against chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced cardiac hypertrophy by modulating autophagy through the 5′ adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:975-981. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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210
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Altamirano F, Wang ZV, Hill JA. Cardioprotection in ischaemia-reperfusion injury: novel mechanisms and clinical translation. J Physiol 2015; 593:3773-88. [PMID: 26173176 PMCID: PMC4575567 DOI: 10.1113/jp270953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, robust successes have been achieved in conquering the acutely lethal manifestations of heart disease. Nevertheless, the prevalence of heart disease, especially heart failure, continues to rise. Among the precipitating aetiologies, ischaemic disease is a leading cause of heart failure. In the context of ischaemia, the myocardium is deprived of oxygen and nutrients, which elicits a cascade of events that provokes cell death. This ischaemic insult is typically coupled with reperfusion, either spontaneous or therapeutically imposed, wherein blood supply is restored to the previously ischaemic tissue. While this intervention limits ischaemic injury, it triggers a new cascade of events that is also harmful, viz. reperfusion injury. In recent years, novel insights have emerged regarding mechanisms of ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and some hold promise as targets of therapeutic relevance. Here, we review a select number of these pathways, focusing on recent discoveries and highlighting prospects for therapeutic manipulation for clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Altamirano
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Zhao V Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, 75390, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, 75390, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical CenterDallas, TX, 75390, USA
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211
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Nanayakkara G, Alasmari A, Mouli S, Eldoumani H, Quindry J, McGinnis G, Fu X, Berlin A, Peters B, Zhong J, Amin R. Cardioprotective HIF-1α-frataxin signaling against ischemia-reperfusion injury. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H867-79. [PMID: 26071548 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00875.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated the protective signaling of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1 α against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in the heart. In the present study, we provide further evidence for a cardioprotective mechanism by HIF-1α against I/R injury exerted via the mitochondrial protein frataxin, which regulates mitochondrial Fe-S cluster formation. Disruption of frataxin has been found to induce mitochondrial iron overload and subsequent ROS production. We observed that frataxin expression was elevated in mice hearts subjected to I/R injury, and this response was blunted in cardiomyocyte-specific HIF-1α knockout (KO) mice. Furthermore, these HIF-1α KO mice sustained extensive cardiac damage from I/R injury compared with control mice. Similarly, reduction of HIF-1α by RNA inhibition resulted in an attenuation of frataxin expression in response to hypoxia in H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Therefore, we postulated that HIF-1α transcriptionally regulates frataxin expression in response to hypoxia and offers a cardioprotective mechanism against ischemic injury. Our promoter activity and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the presence of a functional hypoxia response element in the frataxin promoter. Our data also suggest that increased frataxin mitigated mitochondrial iron overload and subsequent ROS production, thus preserving mitochondrial membrane integrity and viability of cardiomyocytes. We postulate that frataxin may exert its beneficial effects by acting as an iron storage protein under hypoxia and subsequently facilitates the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane potential and promotes cell survival. The findings from our study revealed that HIF-1α-frataxin signaling promotes a protective mechanism against hypoxic/ischemic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayani Nanayakkara
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Abdullah Alasmari
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Shravanthi Mouli
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Haitham Eldoumani
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - John Quindry
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Graham McGinnis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Xiaoyu Fu
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Avery Berlin
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Bridget Peters
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama; and
| | - Juming Zhong
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama
| | - Rajesh Amin
- Cardio-Metabolic Lab, Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison School of Pharmacy, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama;
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212
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Singh R, Kuai D, Guziewicz KE, Meyer J, Wilson M, Lu J, Smith M, Clark E, Verhoeven A, Aguirre GD, Gamm DM. Pharmacological Modulation of Photoreceptor Outer Segment Degradation in a Human iPS Cell Model of Inherited Macular Degeneration. Mol Ther 2015; 23:1700-1711. [PMID: 26300224 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2015.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Degradation of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is essential for vision, and studies have implicated altered POS processing in the pathogenesis of some retinal degenerative diseases. Consistent with this concept, a recently established hiPSC-RPE model of inherited macular degeneration, Best disease (BD), displayed reduced rates of POS breakdown. Herein we utilized this model to determine (i) if disturbances in protein degradation pathways are associated with delayed POS digestion and (ii) whether such defect(s) can be pharmacologically targeted. We found that BD hiPSC-RPE cultures possessed increased protein oxidation, decreased free-ubiquitin levels, and altered rates of exosome secretion, consistent with altered POS processing. Application of valproic acid (VPA) with or without rapamycin increased rates of POS degradation in our model, whereas application of bafilomycin-A1 decreased such rates. Importantly, the negative effect of bafilomycin-A1 could be fully reversed by VPA. The utility of hiPSC-RPE for VPA testing was further evident following examination of its efficacy and metabolism in a complementary canine disease model. Our findings suggest that disturbances in protein degradation pathways contribute to the POS processing defect observed in BD hiPSC-RPE, which can be manipulated pharmacologically. These results have therapeutic implications for BD and perhaps other maculopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruchira Singh
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - David Kuai
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Karina E Guziewicz
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jackelyn Meyer
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Molly Wilson
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Jianfeng Lu
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Molly Smith
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Eric Clark
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Amelia Verhoeven
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Gustavo D Aguirre
- Department of Clinical Studies-Philadelphia, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - David M Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, USA.
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213
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Fatima N, Cohen DC, Sukumar G, Sissung TM, Schooley JF, Haigney MC, Claycomb WC, Cox RT, Dalgard CL, Bates SE, Flagg TP. Histone deacetylase inhibitors modulate KATP subunit transcription in HL-1 cardiomyocytes through effects on cholesterol homeostasis. Front Pharmacol 2015; 6:168. [PMID: 26321954 PMCID: PMC4534802 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2015.00168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are under investigation for the treatment of a number of human health problems. HDIs have proven therapeutic value in refractory cases of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Electrocardiographic ST segment morphological changes associated with HDIs were observed during development. Because ST segment morphology is typically linked to changes in ATP sensitive potassium (KATP) channel activity, we tested the hypothesis that HDIs affect cardiac KATP channel subunit expression. Two different HDIs, romidepsin and trichostatin A, caused ~20-fold increase in SUR2 (Abcc9) subunit mRNA expression in HL-1 cardiomyocytes. The effect was specific for the SUR2 subunit as neither compound causes a marked change in SUR1 (Abcc8) expression. Moreover, the effect was cell specific as neither HDI markedly altered KATP subunit expression in MIN6 pancreatic β-cells. We observe significant enrichment of the H3K9Ac histone mark specifically at the SUR2 promoter consistent with the conclusion that chromatin remodeling at this locus plays a role in increasing SUR2 gene expression. Unexpectedly, however, we also discovered that HDI-dependent depletion of cellular cholesterol is required for the observed effects on SUR2 expression. Taken together, the data in the present study demonstrate that KATP subunit expression can be epigenetically regulated in cardiomyocytes, defines a role for cholesterol homeostasis in mediating epigenetic regulation and suggests a potential molecular basis for the cardiac effects of the HDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naheed Fatima
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Devin C Cohen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gauthaman Sukumar
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tristan M Sissung
- Developmental Therapeutic Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James F Schooley
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark C Haigney
- Department of Medicine, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - William C Claycomb
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, LSU Health Sciences Center New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Rachel T Cox
- Department of Biochemistry, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clifton L Dalgard
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Susan E Bates
- Developmental Therapeutic Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Thomas P Flagg
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, F. Edward Hebert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences Bethesda, MD, USA
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214
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O’Donovan TR, Rajendran S, O’Reilly S, O’Sullivan GC, McKenna SL. Lithium Modulates Autophagy in Esophageal and Colorectal Cancer Cells and Enhances the Efficacy of Therapeutic Agents In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134676. [PMID: 26248051 PMCID: PMC4527721 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Many epithelial cancers, particularly gastrointestinal tract cancers, remain poor prognosis diseases, due to resistance to cytotoxic therapy and local or metastatic recurrence. We have previously shown that apoptosis incompetent esophageal cancer cells induce autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents and this can facilitate their recovery. However, known pharmacological inhibitors of autophagy could not enhance cytotoxicity. In this study, we have examined two well known, clinically approved autophagy inducers, rapamycin and lithium, for their effects on chemosensitivity in apoptosis incompetent cancer cells. Both lithium and rapamycin were shown to induce autophagosomes in esophageal and colorectal cancer cells by western blot analysis of LC3 isoforms, morphology and FACS quantitation of Cyto-ID or mCherry-GFP-LC3. Analysis of autophagic flux indicates inefficient autophagosome processing in lithium treated cells, whereas rapamycin treated cells showed efficient flux. Viability and recovery was assessed by clonogenic assays. When combined with the chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil, rapamycin was protective. In contrast, lithium showed strong enhancement of non-apoptotic cell death. The combination of lithium with 5-fluorouracil or oxaliplatin was then tested in the syngenic mouse (balb/c) colorectal cancer model—CT26. When either chemotherapeutic agent was combined with lithium a significant reduction in tumor volume was achieved. In addition, survival was dramatically increased in the combination group (p < 0.0001), with > 50% of animals achieving long term cure without re-occurrence (> 1 year tumor free). Thus, combination treatment with lithium can substantially improve the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents in apoptosis deficient cancer cells. Induction of compromised autophagy may contribute to this cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey R. O’Donovan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Simon Rajendran
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Seamus O’Reilly
- Department of Medical Oncology, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Gerald C. O’Sullivan
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Sharon L. McKenna
- Leslie C. Quick Laboratory, Cork Cancer Research Centre, BioSciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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215
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Abstract
Heart failure is a leading cause of death worldwide. Despite medical advances, the dismal prognosis of heart failure has not been improved. The heart is a high energy-demanding organ. Impairments of cardiac energy metabolism and mitochondrial function are intricately linked to cardiac dysfunction. Mitochondrial dysfunction contributes to impaired myocardial energetics and increased oxidative stress in heart failure, and the opening of mitochondrial permeability transition pore triggers cell death and myocardial remodeling. Therefore, there has been growing interest in targeting mitochondria and metabolism for heart failure therapy. Recent developments suggest that mitochondrial protein lysine acetylation modulates the sensitivity of the heart to stress and hence the propensity to heart failure. This article reviews the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in heart failure, with a special emphasis on the regulation of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)/NADH) ratio and sirtuin-dependent lysine acetylation by mitochondrial function. Strategies for targeting NAD(+)-sensitive mechanisms in order to intervene in protein lysine acetylation and, thereby, improve stress tolerance, are described, and their usefulness in heart failure therapy is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Fung Lee
- Mitochondria and Metabolism Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington
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216
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Abstract
Baseline physiological function of the mammalian heart is under the constant threat of environmental or intrinsic pathological insults. Cardiomyocyte proteins are thus subject to unremitting pressure to function optimally, and this depends on them assuming and maintaining proper conformation. This review explores the multiple defenses a cell may use for its proteins to assume and maintain correct protein folding and conformation. There are multiple quality control mechanisms to ensure that nascent polypeptides are properly folded and mature proteins maintain their functional conformation. When proteins do misfold, either in the face of normal or pathological stimuli or because of intrinsic mutations or post-translational modifications, they must either be refolded correctly or recycled. In the absence of these corrective processes, they may become toxic to the cell. Herein, we explore some of the underlying mechanisms that lead to proteotoxicity. The continued presence and chronic accumulation of misfolded or unfolded proteins can be disastrous in cardiomyocytes because these misfolded proteins can lead to aggregation or the formation of soluble peptides that are proteotoxic. This in turn leads to compromised protein quality control and precipitating a downward spiral of the cell's ability to maintain protein homeostasis. Some underlying mechanisms are discussed and the therapeutic potential of interfering with proteotoxicity in the heart is explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- From the Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital Research Foundation, Cincinnati, OH.
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217
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Matsushima S, Sadoshima J. The role of sirtuins in cardiac disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 309:H1375-89. [PMID: 26232232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00053.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Modification of histones is one of the important mechanisms of epigenetics, in which genetic control is determined by factors other than an individual's DNA sequence. Sirtuin family proteins, which are class III histone deacetylases, were originally identified as gene silencers that affect the mating type of yeast, leading to the name "silent mating-type information regulation 2" (SIR2). They are characterized by their requirement of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide for their enzyme activity, unlike other classes of histone deacetylases. Sirtuins have been traditionally linked to longevity and the beneficial effects of calorie restriction and DNA damage repair. Recently, sirtuins have been shown to be involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including aging, energy responses to low calorie availability, and stress resistance, as well as apoptosis and inflammation. Sirtuins can also regulate mitochondrial biogenesis and circadian clocks. Seven sirtuin family proteins (Sirt1-7) have been identified as mammalian SIR2 orthologs, localized in different subcellular compartments, namely, the cytoplasm (Sirt1, 2), the mitochondria (Sirt3, 4, 5), and the nucleus (Sirt1, 2, 6, 7). Sirt1 is evolutionarily close to yeast SIR2 and has been the most intensively investigated in the cardiovascular system. Endogenous Sirt1 plays a pivotal role in mediating the cell death/survival process and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Downregulation of Sirt2 is protective against ischemic-reperfusion injury. Increased Sirt3 expression has been shown to correlate with longevity in humans. In addition, Sirt3 protects cardiomyocytes from aging and oxidative stress and suppresses cardiac hypertrophy. Sirt6 has also recently been demonstrated to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy, and Sirt7 is known to regulate apoptosis and stress responses in the heart. On the other hand, the roles of Sirt4 and Sirt5 in the heart remain largely uncharacterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouji Matsushima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Hokkaido University Graduate School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; and
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218
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Herr DJ, Aune SE, Menick DR. Induction and Assessment of Ischemia-reperfusion Injury in Langendorff-perfused Rat Hearts. J Vis Exp 2015:e52908. [PMID: 26274877 DOI: 10.3791/52908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The biochemical events surrounding ischemia reperfusion injury in the acute setting are of great importance to furthering novel treatment options for myocardial infarction and cardiac complications of thoracic surgery. The ability of certain drugs to precondition the myocardium against ischemia reperfusion injury has led to multiple clinical trials, with little success. The isolated heart model allows acute observation of the functional effects of ischemia reperfusion injury in real time, including the effects of various pharmacological interventions administered at any time-point before or within the ischemia-reperfusion injury window. Since brief periods of ischemia can precondition the heart against ischemic injury, in situ aortic cannulation is performed to allow for functional assessment of non-preconditioned myocardium. A saline filled balloon is placed into the left ventricle to allow for real-time measurement of pressure generation. Ischemic injury is simulated by the cessation of perfusion buffer flow, followed by reperfusion. The duration of both ischemia and reperfusion can be modulated to examine biochemical events at any given time-point. Although the Langendorff isolated heart model does not allow for the consideration of systemic events affecting ischemia and reperfusion, it is an excellent model for the examination of acute functional and biochemical events within the window of ischemia reperfusion injury as well as the effect of pharmacological intervention on cardiac pre- and postconditioning. The goal of this protocol is to demonstrate how to perform in situ aortic cannulation and heart excision followed by ischemia/reperfusion injury in the Langendorff model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Herr
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Sverre E Aune
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Donald R Menick
- Department of Medicine/Cardiology, Gazes Cardiac Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina; Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, Medical University of South Carolina;
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219
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence reveals that histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition has potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. The protective effect of HDAC inhibition involves multiple mechanisms. Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is protective in lung injury as a key regulator of antioxidant response. The authors examined whether HDAC inhibition provided protection against ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) lung injury in rats by up-regulating HO-1 activity. METHODS Acute lung injury was induced by producing 40 min of ischemia followed by 60 min of reperfusion in isolated perfused rat lungs. The rats were randomly allotted to control group, I/R group, or I/R + valproic acid (VPA) group with or without an HO-1 activity inhibitor (zinc protoporphyrin IX) (n = 6 per group). RESULTS I/R caused significant increases in the lung edema, pulmonary arterial pressure, lung injury scores, tumor necrosis factor-α, and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant-1 concentrations in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid. Malondialdehyde levels, carbonyl contents, and myeloperoxidase-positive cells in lung tissue were also significantly increased. I/R stimulated the degradation of inhibitor of nuclear factor-κB-α, nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κB, and up-regulation of HO-1 activity. Furthermore, I/R decreased B-cell lymphoma-2, heat shock protein 70, acetylated histone H3 protein expression, and increased the caspase-3 activity in the rat lungs. In contrast, VPA treatment significantly attenuated all the parameters of lung injury, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation. In addition, VPA treatment also enhanced HO-1 activity. Treatment with zinc protoporphyrin IX blocked the protective effect of VPA. CONCLUSIONS VPA protected against I/R-induced lung injury. The protective mechanism may be partly due to enhanced HO-1 activity following HDAC inhibition.
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220
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Wang S, Li Y, Song X, Wang X, Zhao C, Chen A, Yang P. Febuxostat pretreatment attenuates myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury via mitochondrial apoptosis. J Transl Med 2015; 13:209. [PMID: 26136232 PMCID: PMC4489215 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-015-0578-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Febuxostat is a selective inhibitor of xanthine oxidase (XO). XO is a critical source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Inhibition of XO is therapeutically effective in I/R injury. Evidence suggests that febuxostat exerts antioxidant effects by directly scavenging ROS. The present study was performed to investigate the effects of febuxostat on myocardial I/R injury and its underlying mechanisms. Methods We utilized an in vivo mouse model of myocardial I/R injury and an in vitro neonatal rat cardiomyocyte (NRC) model of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury. Mice were randomized into five groups: Sham, I/R (I/R + Vehicle), I/R + FEB (I/R + febuxostat), AL + I/R (I/R + allopurinol) and FEB (febuxostat), respectively. The I/R + FEB mice were pretreated with febuxostat (5 mg/kg; i.p.) 24 and 1 h prior to I/R. NRCs received febuxostat (1 and 10 µM) at 24 and 1 h before exposure to hypoxia for 3 h followed by reoxygenation for 3 h. Cardiac function, myocardial infarct size, serum levels of creatine kinase (CK) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and myocardial apoptotic index (AI) were measured in order to ascertain the effects of febuxostat on myocardial I/R injury. Hypoxia/reperfusion (H/R) injury in NRCs was examined using MTT, LDH leakage assay and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The underlying mechanisms were determined by measuring ROS production, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and expression of cytochrome c, cleaved caspases as well as Bcl-2 protein levels. Results Myocardial I/R led to an elevation in the myocardial infarct size, serum levels of CK and LDH, cell death and AI. Furthermore, I/R reduced cardiac function. These changes were significantly attenuated by pretreatment with febuxostat and allopurinol, especially by febuxostat. Febuxostat also protected the mitochondrial structure following myocardial I/R, inhibited H/R-induced ROS generation, stabilized the ΔΨm, alleviated cytosolic translocation of mitochondrial cytochrome C, inhibited activation of caspase-3 and -9, upregulated antiapoptotic proteins and downregulated proapoptotic proteins. Conclusions This study revealed that febuxostat pretreatment mediates the cardioprotective effects against I/R and H/R injury by inhibiting mitochondrial-dependent apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Yunpeng Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Xudong Song
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Xianbao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Cong Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Aihua Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
| | - Pingzhen Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, No. 253, Gongye Road, Guangzhou, 510280, China.
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221
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Ren J, Taegtmeyer H. Too much or not enough of a good thing — The Janus faces of autophagy in cardiac fuel and protein homeostasis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 84:223-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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222
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Manea SA, Constantin A, Manda G, Sasson S, Manea A. Regulation of Nox enzymes expression in vascular pathophysiology: Focusing on transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms. Redox Biol 2015; 5:358-366. [PMID: 26133261 PMCID: PMC4501559 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidases (Nox) represent a family of hetero-oligomeric enzymes whose exclusive biological function is the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Nox-derived ROS are essential modulators of signal transduction pathways that control key physiological activities such as cell growth, proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis, immune responses, and biochemical pathways. Enhanced formation of Nox-derived ROS, which is generally associated with the up-regulation of different Nox subtypes, has been established in various pathologies, namely cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, obesity, cancer, and neurodegeneration. The detrimental effects of Nox-derived ROS are related to alterations in cell signalling and/or direct irreversible oxidative damage of nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Thus, understanding of transcriptional regulation mechanisms of Nox enzymes have been extensively investigated in an attempt to find ways to counteract the excessive formation of Nox-derived ROS in various pathological states. Despite the numerous existing data, the molecular pathways responsible for Nox up-regulation are not completely understood. This review article summarizes some of the recent advances and concepts related to the regulation of Nox expression in the vascular pathophysiology. It highlights the role of transcription factors and epigenetic mechanisms in this process. Identification of the signalling molecules involved in Nox up-regulation, which is associated with the onset and development of cardiovascular dysfunction may contribute to the development of novel strategies for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Nox is a unique class of enzymes whose sole function is the generation of ROS. Nox-derived ROS play a major role in cell physiology. Enhanced expression and activation of Nox has been reported in numerous pathologies. Nox expression is regulated via complex transcription factor-epigenetic mechanisms. Understanding of Nox regulation is essential to counteract ROS-induced cell damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Adriana Manea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Alina Constantin
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Gina Manda
- "Victor Babes" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Shlomo Sasson
- The Institute for Drug Research, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adrian Manea
- Institute of Cellular Biology and Pathology "Nicolae Simionescu" of the Romanian Academy, 8, B.P. Hasdeu Street, 050568 Bucharest, Romania.
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223
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Ferguson BS, McKinsey TA. Non-sirtuin histone deacetylases in the control of cardiac aging. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2015; 83:14-20. [PMID: 25791169 PMCID: PMC4459895 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2015.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) catalyze the removal of acetyl-groups from lysine residues within nucelosomal histone tails and thousands of non-histone proteins. The 18 mammalian HDACs are grouped into four classes. Classes I, II and IV HDACs employ zinc as a co-factor for catalytic activity, while class III HDACs (also known as sirtuins) require NAD+ for enzymatic function. Small molecule inhibitors of zinc-dependent HDACs are efficacious in multiple pre-clinical models of pressure overload and ischemic cardiomyopathy, reducing pathological hypertrophy and fibrosis, and improving contractile function. Emerging data have revealed numerous mechanisms by which HDAC inhibitors benefit the heart, including suppression of oxidative stress and inflammation, inhibition of MAP kinase signaling, and enhancement of cardiac protein aggregate clearance and autophagic flux. Here, we summarize recent findings with zinc-dependent HDACs and HDAC inhibitors in the heart, focusing on newly described functions for distinct HDAC isoforms (e.g. HDAC2, HDAC3 and HDAC6). Potential for pharmacological HDAC inhibition as a means of treating age-related cardiac dysfunction is also discussed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado, Denver, 12700 E. 19th Ave Aurora, CO 80045-0508, USA.
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224
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Metformin increases degradation of phospholamban via autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:7165-70. [PMID: 26040000 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508815112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phospholamban (PLN) is an effective inhibitor of the sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase (SERCA). Here, we examined PLN stability and degradation in primary cultured mouse neonatal cardiomyocytes (CMNCs) and mouse hearts using immunoblotting, molecular imaging, and [(35)S]methionine pulse-chase experiments, together with lysosome (chloroquine and bafilomycin A1) and autophagic (3-methyladenine and Atg5 siRNA) antagonists. Inhibiting lysosomal and autophagic activities promoted endogenous PLN accumulation, whereas accelerating autophagy with metformin enhanced PLN degradation in CMNCs. This reduction in PLN levels was functionally correlated with an increased rate of SERCA2a activity, accounting for an inotropic effect of metformin. Metabolic labeling reaffirmed that metformin promoted wild-type and R9C PLN degradation. Immunofluorescence showed that PLN and the autophagy marker, microtubule light chain 3, became increasingly colocalized in response to chloroquine and bafilomycin treatments. Mechanistically, pentameric PLN was polyubiquitinylated at the K3 residue and this modification was required for p62-mediated selective autophagy trafficking. Consistently, attenuated autophagic flux in HECT domain and ankyrin repeat-containing E3 ubiquitin protein ligase 1-null mouse hearts was associated with increased PLN levels determined by immunoblots and immunofluorescence. Our study identifies a biological mechanism that traffics PLN to the lysosomes for degradation in mouse hearts.
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225
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Greco CM, Condorelli G. Epigenetic modifications and noncoding RNAs in cardiac hypertrophy and failure. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015; 12:488-97. [DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2015.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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226
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Kunst G, Klein AA. Peri-operative anaesthetic myocardial preconditioning and protection - cellular mechanisms and clinical relevance in cardiac anaesthesia. Anaesthesia 2015; 70:467-82. [PMID: 25764404 PMCID: PMC4402000 DOI: 10.1111/anae.12975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Preconditioning has been shown to reduce myocardial damage caused by ischaemia–reperfusion injury peri-operatively. Volatile anaesthetic agents have the potential to provide myocardial protection by anaesthetic preconditioning and, in addition, they also mediate renal and cerebral protection. A number of proof-of-concept trials have confirmed that the experimental evidence can be translated into clinical practice with regard to postoperative markers of myocardial injury; however, this effect has not been ubiquitous. The clinical trials published to date have also been too small to investigate clinical outcome and mortality. Data from recent meta-analyses in cardiac anaesthesia are also not conclusive regarding intra-operative volatile anaesthesia. These inconclusive clinical results have led to great variability currently in the type of anaesthetic agent used during cardiac surgery. This review summarises experimentally proposed mechanisms of anaesthetic preconditioning, and assesses randomised controlled clinical trials in cardiac anaesthesia that have been aimed at translating experimental results into the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kunst
- Department of Anaesthetics, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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227
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HDAC Family Members Intertwined in the Regulation of Autophagy: A Druggable Vulnerability in Aggressive Tumor Entities. Cells 2015; 4:135-68. [PMID: 25915736 PMCID: PMC4493453 DOI: 10.3390/cells4020135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The exploitation of autophagy by some cancer entities to support survival and dodge death has been well-described. Though its role as a constitutive process is important in normal, healthy cells, in the milieu of malignantly transformed and highly proliferative cells, autophagy is critical for escaping metabolic and genetic stressors. In recent years, the importance of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in cancer biology has been heavily investigated, and the enzyme family has been shown to play a role in autophagy, too. HDAC inhibitors (HDACi) are being integrated into cancer therapy and clinical trials are ongoing. The effect of HDACi on autophagy and, conversely, the effect of autophagy on HDACi efficacy are currently under investigation. With the development of HDACi that are able to selectively target individual HDAC isozymes, there is great potential for specific therapy that has more well-defined effects on cancer biology and also minimizes toxicity. Here, the role of autophagy in the context of cancer and the interplay of this process with HDACs will be summarized. Identification of key HDAC isozymes involved in autophagy and the ability to target specific isozymes yields the potential to cripple and ultimately eliminate malignant cells depending on autophagy as a survival mechanism.
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228
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Wang J, Hu X, Jiang H. HDAC inhibition: A novel therapeutic target for attenuating myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury by reversing cardiac remodeling. Int J Cardiol 2015; 190:126-7. [PMID: 25918063 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.04.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jichun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang, 430060 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Xiaorong Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang, 430060 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Jiefang Road 238, Wuchang, 430060 Wuhan, PR China.
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229
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele G Schiattarella
- From Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (G.G.S., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX
| | - Joseph A Hill
- From Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (G.G.S., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX.
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230
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Abstract
Autophagy is an important physiological process in the heart, and alterations in autophagic activity can exacerbate or mitigate injury during various pathological processes. Methods to assess autophagy have changed rapidly because the field of research has expanded. As with any new field, methods and standards for data analysis and interpretation evolve as investigators acquire experience and insight. The purpose of this review is to summarize current methods to measure autophagy, selective mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy), and autophagic flux. We will examine several published studies where confusion arose in data interpretation, to illustrate the challenges. Finally, we will discuss methods to assess autophagy in vivo and in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta A Gottlieb
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
| | - Allen M Andres
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Jon Sin
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - David P J Taylor
- From the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and the Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
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231
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Orogo AM, Gustafsson ÅB. Therapeutic targeting of autophagy: potential and concerns in treating cardiovascular disease. Circ Res 2015; 116:489-503. [PMID: 25634972 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.303791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved process by which long-lived proteins and organelles are sequestered by autophagosomes and subsequently degraded by lysosomes for recycling. Autophagy is important for maintaining cardiac homeostasis and is a survival mechanism that is upregulated during stress or starvation. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated or reduced autophagy is associated with heart failure and aging. Thus, modulating autophagy represents an attractive future therapeutic target for treating cardiovascular disease. Activation of autophagy is generally considered to be cardioprotective, whereas excessive autophagy can lead to cell death and cardiac atrophy. It is important to understand how autophagy is regulated to identify ideal therapeutic targets for treating disease. Here, we discuss the key proteins in the core autophagy machinery and describe upstream regulators that respond to extracellular and intracellular signals to tightly coordinate autophagic activity. We review various genetic and pharmacological studies that demonstrate the important role of autophagy in the heart and consider the advantages and limitations of approaches that modulate autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amabel M Orogo
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- From the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla.
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232
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Abstract
Dynamic packaging of DNA into strings of nucleosomes is a major mechanism whereby eukaryotic cells regulate gene expression. Intricate control of nucleosomal structure and assembly governs access of RNA polymerase II to DNA and consequent RNA synthesis. As part of this, post-translational modifications of histone proteins are central to the regulation of chromatin structure, playing vital roles in regulating the activation and repression of gene transcription. In the heart, dynamic homeostasis of histone modification-driven by the actions of modifiers and recruitment of downstream effectors-is a fundamental regulator of the transcriptional reprogramming that occurs in the setting of disease-related stress. Here, we examine the growing evidence for histone modification as a key mechanism governing pathological growth and remodeling of the myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas G Gillette
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas.
| | - Joseph A Hill
- From the Departments of Internal Medicine (Cardiology) (T.G.G., J.A.H.) and Molecular Biology (J.A.H.), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
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233
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Tham YK, Bernardo BC, Ooi JYY, Weeks KL, McMullen JR. Pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure: signaling pathways and novel therapeutic targets. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:1401-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1477-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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234
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Wegener M, Bader A, Giri S. How to mend a broken heart: adult and induced pluripotent stem cell therapy for heart repair and regeneration. Drug Discov Today 2015; 20:667-85. [PMID: 25720353 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recently developed ability to differentiate primary adult stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into cardiomyocytes is providing unprecedented opportunities to produce an unlimited supply of cardiomyocytes for use in patients with heart disease. Here, we examine the evidence for the preclinical use of such cells for successful heart regeneration. We also describe advances in the identification of new cardiac molecular and cellular targets to induce proliferation of cardiomyocytes for heart regeneration. Such new advances are paving the way for a new innovative drug development process for the treatment of heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Wegener
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Augustinus Bader
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany
| | - Shibashish Giri
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Department of Cell Techniques and Applied Stem Cell Biology, Medical Faculty of University of Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, Leipzig D-04103, Germany.
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235
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Protection against reperfusion lung injury via aborgating multiple signaling cascades by trichostatin A. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 25:267-75. [PMID: 25698558 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA) is a histone deacetylase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory effects. Nonetheless, little information is available about the effect of TSA in ischemia-reperfusion (IR)-induced lung injury. In a perfused rat lung model, IR was induced by 40min of ischemia followed by 60min of reperfusion. The rat lungs were randomly divided into several groups including control, control+TSA (0.1mg/kg), IR, and IR+various dosages of TSA (0.05, 0.075, 0.1mg/kg). Bronchoalveolar lavage fluids and lung tissues were obtained and examined at the end of the experiment. TSA dose-dependently diminished IR-induced increased vascular permeability and edema, pulmonary artery pressure, and histological changes in the lungs. Additionally, TSA suppressed lavage tumor necrosis factor-α and cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant concentrations, cell infiltration, and myeloperoxidase-positive cells in the lung tissue. Furthermore, TSA attenuated the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, p38, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase, degradation of the inhibitor of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, and nuclear NF-κB levels. TSA also decreased poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase but enhanced acetylated histone H3 acetylation, Bcl-2, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 (MKP-1) expression in IR lung tissue. Therefore, TSA exerted a protective effect on IR-induced lung injury via increasing histone acetylation and MKP-1 protein expression, repressing NF-κB, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and apoptosis signaling pathways.
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236
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Disatnik MH, Hwang S, Ferreira JCB, Mochly-Rosen D. New therapeutics to modulate mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy in cardiac diseases. J Mol Med (Berl) 2015; 93:279-87. [PMID: 25652199 PMCID: PMC4333238 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-015-1256-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The processes that control the number and shape of the mitochondria (mitochondrial dynamics) and the removal of damaged mitochondria (mitophagy) have been the subject of intense research. Recent work indicates that these processes may contribute to the pathology associated with cardiac diseases. This review describes some of the key proteins that regulate these processes and their potential as therapeutic targets for cardiac diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Hélène Disatnik
- Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
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237
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Abstract
The prevalence of heart disease, especially heart failure, continues to increase, and cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. As cardiomyocytes are essentially irreplaceable, protein quality control is pivotal to cellular homeostasis and, ultimately, cardiac performance. Three evolutionarily conserved mechanisms-autophagy, the unfolded protein response, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system-act in concert to degrade misfolded proteins and eliminate defective organelles. Recent advances have revealed that these mechanisms are intimately associated with cellular metabolism. Going forward, comprehensive understanding of the role of protein quality control mechanisms in cardiac pathology will require integration of metabolic pathways and metabolic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao V Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA
| | - Joseph A Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8573, USA.
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238
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Abstract
Autophagy is a reparative, life-sustaining process by which cytoplasmic components are sequestered in double-membrane vesicles and degraded on fusion with lysosomal compartments. Growing evidence reveals that basal autophagy is an essential in vivo process mediating proper vascular function. Moreover, autophagy is stimulated by many stress-related stimuli in the arterial wall to protect endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells against cell death and the initiation of vascular disease, in particular atherosclerosis. Basal autophagy is atheroprotective during early atherosclerosis but becomes dysfunctional in advanced atherosclerotic plaques. Little is known about autophagy in other vascular disorders, such as aneurysm formation, arterial aging, vascular stiffness, and chronic venous disease, even though autophagy is often impaired. This finding highlights the need for pharmacological interventions with compounds that stimulate the prosurvival effects of autophagy in the vasculature. A large number of animal studies and clinical trials have indicated that oral or stent-based delivery of the autophagy inducer rapamycin or derivatives thereof, collectively known as rapalogs, effectively inhibit the basic mechanisms that control growth and destabilization of atherosclerotic plaques. Other autophagy-inducing drugs, such as spermidine or add-on therapy with widely used antiatherogenic compounds, including statins and metformin, are potentially useful to prevent vascular disease with minimal adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guido R.Y. De Meyer
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mandy O.J. Grootaert
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Cédéric F. Michiels
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ammar Kurdi
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Dorien M. Schrijvers
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Martinet
- From the Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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239
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Guidelines for translational research in heart failure. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2015; 8:3-22. [PMID: 25604959 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-015-9606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) remains a major cause of death and hospitalization worldwide. Despite medical advances, the prognosis of HF remains poor and new therapeutic approaches are urgently needed. The development of new therapies for HF is hindered by inappropriate or incomplete preclinical studies. In these guidelines, we present a number of recommendations to enhance similarity between HF animal models and the human condition in order to reduce the chances of failure in subsequent clinical trials. We propose different approaches to address safety as well as efficacy of new therapeutic products. We also propose that good practice rules are followed from the outset so that the chances of eventual approval by regulatory agencies increase. We hope that these guidelines will help improve the translation of results from animal models to humans and thereby contribute to more successful clinical trials and development of new therapies for HF.
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240
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Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide. As such, there is great interest in identifying novel mechanisms that govern the cardiovascular response to disease-related stress. First described in failing hearts, autophagy within the cardiovascular system has been widely characterized in cardiomyocytes, cardiac fibroblasts, endothelial cells, vascular smooth muscle cells, and macrophages. In all cases, a window of optimal autophagic activity appears to be critical to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis and function; excessive or insufficient levels of autophagic flux can each contribute to heart disease pathogenesis. In this Review, we discuss the potential for targeting autophagy therapeutically and our vision for where this exciting biology may lead in the future.
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241
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Friedman LG, Qureshi YH, Yu WH. Promoting autophagic clearance: viable therapeutic targets in Alzheimer's disease. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:94-108. [PMID: 25421002 PMCID: PMC4322072 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative disorders are characterized by the aberrant accumulation of aggregate-prone proteins. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with the buildup of β-amyloid peptides and tau, which aggregate into extracellular plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, respectively. Multiple studies have linked dysfunctional intracellular degradation mechanisms with AD pathogenesis. One such pathway is the autophagy-lysosomal system, which involves the delivery of large protein aggregates/inclusions and organelles to lysosomes through the formation, trafficking, and degradation of double-membrane structures known as autophagosomes. Converging data suggest that promoting autophagic degradation, either by inducing autophagosome formation or enhancing lysosomal digestion, provides viable therapeutic strategies. In this review, we discuss compounds that can augment autophagic clearance and may ameliorate disease-related pathology in cell and mouse models of AD. Canonical autophagy induction is associated with multiple signaling cascades; on the one hand, the best characterized is mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). Accordingly, multiple mTOR-dependent and mTOR-independent drugs that stimulate autophagy have been tested in preclinical models. On the other hand, there is a growing list of drugs that can enhance the later stages of autophagic flux by stabilizing microtubule-mediated trafficking, promoting lysosomal fusion, or bolstering lysosomal enzyme function. Although altering the different stages of autophagy provides many potential targets for AD therapeutic interventions, it is important to consider how autophagy drugs might also disturb the delicate balance between autophagosome formation and lysosomal degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren G. Friedman
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Yasir H. Qureshi
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
| | - Wai Haung Yu
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Taub Institute for Alzheimer’s Disease Research, Columbia University, 630 West 168th St., New York, NY 10032 USA
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242
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Linton PJ, Gurney M, Sengstock D, Mentzer RM, Gottlieb RA. This old heart: Cardiac aging and autophagy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 83:44-54. [PMID: 25543002 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy, a cellular housekeeping process, is essential to maintain tissue homeostasis, particularly in long-lived cells such as cardiomyocytes. Autophagic activity declines with age and may explain many features of age-related cardiac dysfunction. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge regarding age-related changes in autophagy in the heart. Recent findings from studies in human hearts are presented, including evidence that the autophagic response is intact in the aged human heart. Impaired autophagic clearance of protein aggregates or deteriorating mitochondria will have multiple consequences including increased arrhythmia risk, decreased contractile function, reduced tolerance to ischemic stress, and increased inflammation; thus autophagy represents a potentially important therapeutic target to mitigate the cardiac consequences of aging. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled CV Aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyllis-Jean Linton
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michael Gurney
- Donald P. Shiley BioScience Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David Sengstock
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Oakwood Hospital, Dearborn, MI, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Robert M Mentzer
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Departments of Surgery and Physiology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI, USA; Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Roberta A Gottlieb
- Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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243
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Paneni F, Costantino S, Battista R, Castello L, Capretti G, Chiandotto S, Scavone G, Villano A, Pitocco D, Lanza G, Volpe M, Lüscher TF, Cosentino F. Adverse epigenetic signatures by histone methyltransferase Set7 contribute to vascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:150-8. [PMID: 25472959 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.114.000671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellular studies showed that histone methyltransferase Set7 mediates high glucose-induced inflammation via epigenetic regulation of the transcription factor NF-kB. However, the link between Set7 and vascular dysfunction in patients with diabetes mellitus remains unknown. This study was designed to investigate whether Set7 contributes to vascular dysfunction in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS AND RESULTS Set7-driven epigenetic changes on NF-kB p65 promoter and expression of NF-kB-dependent genes, cyclooxygenase 2 and inducible endothelial nitric oxide synthase, were assessed in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from 68 subjects (44 patients with T2DM and 24 age-matched controls). Brachial artery flow-mediated dilation, 24-hour urinary levels of 8-isoprostaglandin F2α, and plasma adhesion molecules, intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, were also determined. Experiments in human aortic endothelial cells exposed to high glucose were performed to elucidate the mechanisms of Set7-driven inflammation and oxidative stress. Set7 expression increased in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with T2DM when compared with controls. Patients with T2DM showed Set7-dependent monomethylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 on NF-kB p65 promoter. This epigenetic signature was associated with upregulation of NF-kB, subsequent transcription of oxidant/inflammatory genes, and increased plasma levels of intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1. Interestingly, we found that Set7 expression significantly correlated with oxidative marker 8-isoprostaglandin F2α (r=0.38; P=0.01) and flow-mediated dilation (r=-0.34; P=0.04). In human aortic endothelial cells, silencing of Set7 prevented monomethylation of lysine 4 of histone 3 and abolished NF-kB-dependent oxidant and inflammatory signaling. CONCLUSIONS Set7-induced epigenetic changes contribute to vascular dysfunction in patients with T2DM. Targeting this chromatin-modifying enzyme may represent a novel therapeutic approach to prevent atherosclerotic vascular disease in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paneni
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.).
| | - Sarah Costantino
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Rodolfo Battista
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Lorenzo Castello
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Giuliana Capretti
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Sergio Chiandotto
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Scavone
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Angelo Villano
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Dario Pitocco
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Gaetano Lanza
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Massimo Volpe
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Thomas F Lüscher
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
| | - Francesco Cosentino
- From the Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden (F.P., S.C., F.C.); Department of Internal Medicine, Civil Hospital, Sora, Italy (R.B.); Division of Cardiology, Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy (L.C., G.C., S.C., M.V.); Diabetes Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine (G.S., D.P.), Department of Cardiovascular Medicine (A.V., G.L.), Catholic University, Rome, Italy; IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy (M.V.); and Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research, Institute of Physiology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland (T.F.L.)
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McLendon PM, Ferguson BS, Osinska H, Bhuiyan MS, James J, McKinsey TA, Robbins J. Tubulin hyperacetylation is adaptive in cardiac proteotoxicity by promoting autophagy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:E5178-86. [PMID: 25404307 PMCID: PMC4260547 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1415589111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteinopathy causes cardiac disease, remodeling, and heart failure but the pathological mechanisms remain obscure. Mutated αB-crystallin (CryAB(R120G)), when expressed only in cardiomyocytes in transgenic (TG) mice, causes desmin-related cardiomyopathy, a protein conformational disorder. The disease is characterized by the accumulation of toxic misfolded protein species that present as perinuclear aggregates known as aggresomes. Previously, we have used the CryAB(R120G) model to determine the underlying processes that result in these pathologic accumulations and to explore potential therapeutic windows that might be used to decrease proteotoxicity. We noted that total ventricular protein is hypoacetylated while hyperacetylation of α-tubulin, a substrate of histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6) occurs. HDAC6 has critical roles in protein trafficking and autophagy, but its function in the heart is obscure. Here, we test the hypothesis that tubulin acetylation is an adaptive process in cardiomyocytes. By modulating HDAC6 levels and/or activity genetically and pharmacologically, we determined the effects of tubulin acetylation on aggregate formation in CryAB(R120G) cardiomyocytes. Increasing HDAC6 accelerated aggregate formation, whereas siRNA-mediated knockdown or pharmacological inhibition ameliorated the process. HDAC inhibition in vivo induced tubulin hyperacetylation in CryAB(R120G) TG hearts, which prevented aggregate formation and significantly improved cardiac function. HDAC6 inhibition also increased autophagic flux in cardiomyocytes, and increased autophagy in the diseased heart correlated with increased tubulin acetylation, suggesting that autophagy induction might underlie the observed cardioprotection. Taken together, our data suggest a mechanistic link between tubulin hyperacetylation and autophagy induction and points to HDAC6 as a viable therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M McLendon
- The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Bradley S Ferguson
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Hanna Osinska
- The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Md Shenuarin Bhuiyan
- The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Jeanne James
- The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, Anschutz Medical Campus, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045
| | - Jeffrey Robbins
- The Heart Institute, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229; and
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Weeks KL, Avkiran M. Roles and post-translational regulation of cardiac class IIa histone deacetylase isoforms. J Physiol 2014; 593:1785-97. [PMID: 25362149 PMCID: PMC4405742 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2014.282442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte hypertrophy is an integral component of pathological cardiac remodelling in response to mechanical and chemical stresses in settings such as chronic hypertension or myocardial infarction. For hypertrophy to ensue, the pertinent mechanical and chemical signals need to be transmitted from membrane sensors (such as receptors for neurohormonal mediators) to the cardiomyocyte nucleus, leading to altered transcription of the genes that regulate cell growth. In recent years, nuclear histone deacetylases (HDACs) have attracted considerable attention as signal-responsive, distal regulators of the transcriptional reprogramming that in turn precipitates cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, with particular focus on the role of members of the class IIa family, such as HDAC4 and HDAC5. These histone deacetylase isoforms appear to repress cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mechanisms that involve protein interactions in the cardiomyocyte nucleus, particularly with pro-hypertrophic transcription factors, rather than via histone deacetylation. In contrast, evidence indicates that class I HDACs promote cardiomyocyte hypertrophy through mechanisms that are dependent on their enzymatic activity and thus sensitive to pharmacological HDAC inhibitors. Although considerable progress has been made in understanding the roles of post-translational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, oxidation and proteolytic cleavage in regulating class IIa HDAC localisation and function, more work is required to explore the contributions of other PTMs, such as ubiquitination and sumoylation, as well as potential cross-regulatory interactions between distinct PTMs and between class IIa and class I HDAC isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Metin Avkiran
- Corresponding author M. Avkiran: Cardiovascular Division, King's College London British Heart Foundation Centre, The Rayne Institute, St Thomas’ Hospital, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK.
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246
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Enhancement of Autophagy by Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Trichostatin A Ameliorates Neuronal Apoptosis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 53:18-27. [PMID: 25399954 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8986-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Trichostatin A (TSA), a pan-histone deacetylase inhibitor, exerts multiple neuroprotective properties. This study aims to examine whether TSA could enhance autophagy, thereby reduce neuronal apoptosis and ultimately attenuate early brain injury (EBI) following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). SAH was performed through endovascular perforation method, and mortality, neurological score, and brain water content were evaluated at 24 h after surgery. Western blot were used for quantification of acetylated histone H3, LC3-II, LC3-I, Beclin-1, cytochrome c, Bax, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Immunofluorescence was performed for colocalization of Beclin-1 and neuronal nuclei (NeuN). Apoptotic cell death of neurons was quantified with double staining of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated uridine 5'-triphosphate-biotin nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and NeuN. The autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was used to manipulate the proposed pathway. Our results demonstrated that TSA reduced brain edema and alleviated neurological deficits at 24 h after SAH. TSA significantly increased acetylated histone H3, the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio, and Beclin-1 while decreased Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in the cortex. Beclin-1 and NeuN, TUNEL, and NeuN, respectively, were colocalized in cortical cells. Neuronal apoptosis in the ipsilateral basal cortex was significantly inhibited after TSA treatment. Conversely, 3-MA reversed the beneficial effects of TSA. These results proposed that TSA administration enhanced autophagy, which contributes to alleviation of neuronal apoptosis, improvement of neurological function, and attenuation of EBI following SAH.
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247
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Maejima Y, Chen Y, Isobe M, Gustafsson ÅB, Kitsis RN, Sadoshima J. Recent progress in research on molecular mechanisms of autophagy in the heart. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2014; 308:H259-68. [PMID: 25398984 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00711.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Dysregulation of autophagy, an evolutionarily conserved process for degradation of long-lived proteins and organelles, has been implicated in the pathogenesis of human disease. Recent research has uncovered pathways that control autophagy in the heart and molecular mechanisms by which alterations in this process affect cardiac structure and function. Although initially thought to be a nonselective degradation process, autophagy, as it has become increasingly clear, can exhibit specificity in the degradation of molecules and organelles, such as mitochondria. Furthermore, it has been shown that autophagy is involved in a wide variety of previously unrecognized cellular functions, such as cell death and metabolism. A growing body of evidence suggests that deviation from appropriate levels of autophagy causes cellular dysfunction and death, which in turn leads to heart disease. Here, we review recent advances in understanding the role of autophagy in heart disease, highlight unsolved issues, and discuss the therapeutic potential of modulating autophagy in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Maejima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Yun Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Mitsuaki Isobe
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; and
| | - Åsa B Gustafsson
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Richard N Kitsis
- Departments of Medicine and Cell Biology, Wilf Family Cardiovascular Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Albert Einstein Cancer Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Junichi Sadoshima
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey;
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248
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Andres AM, Stotland A, Queliconi BB, Gottlieb RA. A time to reap, a time to sow: mitophagy and biogenesis in cardiac pathophysiology. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 78:62-72. [PMID: 25444712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Balancing mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis is essential for maintaining a healthy population of mitochondria and cellular homeostasis. Coordinated interplay between these two forces that govern mitochondrial turnover plays an important role as an adaptive response against various cellular stresses that can compromise cell survival. Failure to maintain the critical balance between mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis or homeostatic turnover of mitochondria results in a population of dysfunctional mitochondria that contribute to various disease processes. In this review we outline the mechanics and relationships between mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis, and discuss the implications of a disrupted balance between these two forces, with an emphasis on cardiac physiology. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Mitochondria: From Basic Mitochondrial Biology to Cardiovascular Disease".
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Affiliation(s)
- Allen M Andres
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center
| | | | - Bruno B Queliconi
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute and Barbra Streisand Women's Heart Center
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249
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Blakeslee WW, Wysoczynski CL, Fritz KS, Nyborg JK, Churchill MEA, McKinsey TA. Class I HDAC inhibition stimulates cardiac protein SUMOylation through a post-translational mechanism. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2912-20. [PMID: 25220405 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lysine residues are subject to a multitude of reversible post-translational modifications, including acetylation and SUMOylation. In the heart, enhancement of lysine acetylation or SUMOylation using histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors or SUMO-1 gene transfer, respectively, has been shown to be cardioprotective. Here, we addressed whether there is crosstalk between lysine acetylation and SUMOylation in the heart. Treatment of cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts with pharmacological inhibitors of HDAC catalytic activity robustly increased conjugation of SUMO-1, but not SUMO-2/3, to several high molecular weight proteins in both cell types. The use of a battery of selective HDAC inhibitors and short hairpin RNAs demonstrated that HDAC2, which is a class I HDAC, is the primary HDAC isoform that controls cardiac protein SUMOylation. HDAC inhibitors stimulated protein SUMOylation in the absence of de novo gene transcription or protein synthesis, revealing a post-translational mechanism of HDAC inhibitor action. HDAC inhibition did not suppress the activity of de-SUMOylating enzymes, suggesting that increased protein SUMOylation in HDAC inhibitor-treated cells is due to stimulation of SUMO-1 conjugation rather than blockade of SUMO-1 cleavage. Consistent with this, multiple components of the SUMO conjugation machinery were capable of being acetylated in vitro. These findings reveal a novel role for reversible lysine acetylation in the control of SUMOylation in the heart, and suggest that cardioprotective actions of HDAC inhibitors are in part due to stimulation of protein SUMO-1-ylation in myocytes and fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weston W Blakeslee
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Christina L Wysoczynski
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer K Nyborg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Mair E A Churchill
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Timothy A McKinsey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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250
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali J Marian
- From the Institute of Molecular Medicine, Center for Cardiovascular Genetic Research, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston.
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