201
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Frikke-Schmidt H, O'Rourke RW, Lumeng CN, Sandoval DA, Seeley RJ. Does bariatric surgery improve adipose tissue function? Obes Rev 2016; 17:795-809. [PMID: 27272117 PMCID: PMC5328428 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bariatric surgery is currently the most effective treatment for obesity. Not only do these types of surgeries produce significant weight loss but also they improve insulin sensitivity and whole body metabolic function. The aim of this review is to explore how altered physiology of adipose tissue may contribute to the potent metabolic effects of some of these procedures. This includes specific effects on various fat depots, the function of individual adipocytes and the interaction between adipose tissue and other key metabolic tissues. Besides a dramatic loss of fat mass, bariatric surgery shifts the distribution of fat from visceral to the subcutaneous compartment favoring metabolic improvement. The sensitivity towards lipolysis controlled by insulin and catecholamines is improved, adipokine secretion is altered and local adipose inflammation as well as systemic inflammatory markers decreases. Some of these changes have been shown to be weight loss independent, and novel hypothesis for these effects includes include changes in bile acid metabolism, gut microbiota and central regulation of metabolism. In conclusion bariatric surgery is capable of improving aspects of adipose tissue function and do so in some cases in ways that are not entirely explained by the potent effect of surgery. © 2016 World Obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R W O'Rourke
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - C N Lumeng
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA
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202
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Khaitan A, Kilberg M, Kravietz A, Ilmet T, Tastan C, Mwamzuka M, Marshed F, Liu M, Ahmed A, Borkowsky W, Unutmaz D. HIV-Infected Children Have Lower Frequencies of CD8+ Mucosal-Associated Invariant T (MAIT) Cells that Correlate with Innate, Th17 and Th22 Cell Subsets. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161786. [PMID: 27560150 PMCID: PMC4999196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT) are innate T cells restricted by major histocompatibility related molecule 1 (MR1) presenting riboflavin metabolite ligands derived from microbes. Specificity to riboflavin metabolites confers MAIT cells a broad array of host-protective activity against gram-negative and -positive bacteria, mycobacteria, and fungal pathogens. MAIT cells are present at low levels in the peripheral blood of neonates and gradually expand to relatively abundant levels during childhood. Despite no anti-viral activity, MAIT cells are depleted early and irreversibly in HIV infected adults. Such loss or impaired expansion of MAIT cells in HIV-positive children may render them more susceptible to common childhood illnesses and opportunistic infections. In this study we evaluated the frequency of MAIT cells in perinatally HIV-infected children, their response to antiretroviral treatment and their associations with HIV clinical status and related innate and adaptive immune cell subsets with potent antibacterial effector functions. We found HIV+ children between ages 3 to 18 years have significantly decreased CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies compared to uninfected healthy children. Remarkably, CD8 MAIT levels gradually increased with antiretroviral therapy, with greater recovery when treatment is initiated at a young age. Moreover, diminished CD8+ MAIT cell frequencies are associated with low CD4:CD8 ratios and elevated sCD14, suggesting a link with HIV disease progression. Last, CD8+ MAIT cell levels tightly correlate with other antibacterial and mucosa-protective immune subsets, namely, neutrophils, innate-like T cells, and Th17 and Th22 cells. Together these findings suggest that low frequencies of MAIT cells in HIV positive children are part of a concerted disruption to the innate and adaptive immune compartments specialized in sensing and responding to pathogenic or commensal bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alka Khaitan
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Max Kilberg
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Adam Kravietz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Tiina Ilmet
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Cihan Tastan
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | | | | | - Mengling Liu
- New York University, Division of Biostatistics, Department of Population Health, Department of Environmental Medicine, New York, NY, United States of America
| | | | - William Borkowsky
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Derya Unutmaz
- New York University, Department of Microbiology, New York, NY, United States of America
- The Jackson Laboratory for Genomic Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States of America
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203
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Morris JL, Bridson TL, Alim MA, Rush CM, Rudd DM, Govan BL, Ketheesan N. Development of a diet-induced murine model of diabetes featuring cardinal metabolic and pathophysiological abnormalities of type 2 diabetes. Biol Open 2016; 5:1149-62. [PMID: 27402965 PMCID: PMC5004603 DOI: 10.1242/bio.016790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The persistent rise in global incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) continues to have significant public health and economic implications. The availability of relevant animal models of T2D is critical to elucidating the complexity of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying this disease and the implications this has on susceptibility to T2D complications. Whilst many high-fat diet-induced rodent models of obesity and diabetes exist, growing appreciation of the contribution of high glycaemic index diets on the development of hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance highlight the requirement for animal models that more closely represent global dietary patterns reflective of modern society. To that end, we sought to develop and validate a murine model of T2D based on consumption of an energy-dense diet containing moderate levels of fat and a high glycaemic index to better reflect the aetiopathogenesis of T2D. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed an energy-dense (ED) diet and the development of pathological features used in the clinical diagnosis of T2D was assessed over a 30-week period. Compared with control mice, 87% of mice fed an ED diet developed pathognomonic signs of T2D including glucose intolerance, hyperglycaemia, glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and glycosuria within 30 weeks. Furthermore, dyslipidaemia, chronic inflammation, alterations in circulating leucocytes and renal impairment were also evident in ED diet-fed mice compared with mice receiving standard rodent chow. Longitudinal profiling of metabolic and biochemical parameters provide support of an aetiologically and clinically relevant model of T2D that will serve as a valuable tool for mechanistic and therapeutic studies investigating the pathogenic complications of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jodie L Morris
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Tahnee L Bridson
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Md Abdul Alim
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Catherine M Rush
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Donna M Rudd
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Brenda L Govan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
| | - Natkunam Ketheesan
- Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, Division of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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204
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Kurioka A, Walker LJ, Klenerman P, Willberg CB. MAIT cells: new guardians of the liver. Clin Transl Immunology 2016; 5:e98. [PMID: 27588203 PMCID: PMC5007630 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2016.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver is an important immunological organ that remains sterile and tolerogenic in homeostasis, despite continual exposure to non-self food and microbial-derived products from the gut. However, where intestinal mucosal defenses are breached or in the presence of a systemic infection, the liver acts as a second 'firewall', because of its enrichment with innate effector cells able to rapidly respond to infections or tissue dysregulation. One of the largest populations of T cells within the human liver are mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like T-cell population that can recognize a highly conserved antigen derived from the microbial riboflavin synthesis pathway. MAIT cells are emerging as significant players in the human immune system, associated with an increasing number of clinical diseases of bacterial, viral, autoimmune and cancerous origin. As reviewed here, we are only beginning to investigate the potential role of this dominant T-cell subset in the liver, but the reactivity of MAIT cells to both inflammatory cytokines and riboflavin derivatives suggests that MAIT cells may have an important role in first line of defense as part of the liver firewall. As such, MAIT cells are promising targets for modulating the host defense and inflammation in both acute and chronic liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Kurioka
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Lucy J Walker
- Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christian B Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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205
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Genser L, Casella Mariolo JR, Castagneto-Gissey L, Panagiotopoulos S, Rubino F. Obesity, Type 2 Diabetes, and the Metabolic Syndrome. Surg Clin North Am 2016; 96:681-701. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2016.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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206
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Zhang X, Zheng X, Yuan Y. Treatment of insulin resistance: straight from the gut. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1284-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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207
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Perdu S, Castellana B, Kim Y, Chan K, DeLuca L, Beristain AG. Maternal obesity drives functional alterations in uterine NK cells. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e85560. [PMID: 27699222 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.85560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Over one-fifth of North American women of childbearing age are obese, putting these women at risk for a variety of detrimental chronic diseases. In addition, obesity increases the risk for developing major complications during pregnancy. The mechanisms by which obesity contributes to pregnancy complications and loss remain unknown. Increasing evidence indicates that obesity results in major changes to adipose tissue immune cell composition and function; whether or not obesity also affects immune function in the uterus has not been explored. Here we investigated the effect of obesity on uterine natural killer (uNK) cells, which are essential for uterine artery remodeling and placental development. Using a cohort of obese or lean women, we found that obesity led to a significant reduction in uNK cell numbers accompanied with impaired uterine artery remodeling. uNK cells isolated from obese women had altered expression of genes and pathways associated with extracellular matrix remodeling and growth factor signaling. Specifically, uNK cells were hyper-responsive to PDGF, resulting in overexpression of decorin. Functionally, decorin strongly inhibited placental development by limiting trophoblast survival. Together, these findings establish a potentially new link between obesity and poor pregnancy outcomes, and indicate that obesity-driven changes to uterine-resident immune cells critically impair placental development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Perdu
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Barbara Castellana
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the
| | - Yoona Kim
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Kathy Chan
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Lauren DeLuca
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Experimental Medicine Graduate Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Alexander G Beristain
- The Child and Family Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the.,Experimental Medicine Graduate Program, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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208
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Hengst J, Strunz B, Deterding K, Ljunggren H, Leeansyah E, Manns MP, Cornberg M, Sandberg JK, Wedemeyer H, Björkström NK. Nonreversible MAIT cell‐dysfunction in chronic hepatitis C virus infection despite successful interferon‐free therapy. Eur J Immunol 2016; 46:2204-10. [DOI: 10.1002/eji.201646447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hengst
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Benedikt Strunz
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Katja Deterding
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
| | - Hans‐Gustaf Ljunggren
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
- Program in Emerging Infectious DiseasesDuke–National University of Singapore Medical School Singapore Singapore
| | - Michael P. Manns
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Markus Cornberg
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Johan K. Sandberg
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Department of GastroenterologyHepatology and EndocrinologyHannover Medical School Hannover Germany
- German Center for Infection Research partner site Hannover‐Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Niklas K. Björkström
- Center for Infectious MedicineDepartment of Medicine HuddingeKarolinska InstitutetKarolinska University Hospital Stockholm Sweden
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209
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Mondot S, Boudinot P, Lantz O. MAIT, MR1, microbes and riboflavin: a paradigm for the co-evolution of invariant TCRs and restricting MHCI-like molecules? Immunogenetics 2016; 68:537-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00251-016-0927-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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210
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Chehimi M, Robert M, Bechwaty ME, Vial G, Rieusset J, Vidal H, Pirola L, Eljaafari A. Adipocytes, like their progenitors, contribute to inflammation of adipose tissues through promotion of Th-17 cells and activation of monocytes, in obese subjects. Adipocyte 2016; 5:275-82. [PMID: 27617173 PMCID: PMC5013985 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2015.1134402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, we have reported that adipose tissue-derived stem cells (ASC) harvested from obese donors induce a pro-inflammatory environment when co-cultured with peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC), with a polarization of T cells toward the Th17 cell lineage, increased secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokines, and down-regulation of Th1 cytokines, such as IFNγ and TNFα. However, whether differentiated adipocytes, like the aforementioned ASC, are pro-inflammatory in obese subject AT remained to be investigated. Herein, we isolated ASC from AT of obese donors and differentiated them into adipocytes, for either 8 or 14 d. We analyzed their capacity to activate blood MNC after stimulation with phytohemagglutinin A (PHA), or not, in co-culture assays. Our results showed that co-cultures of MNC with adipocytes, like with ASC, increased IL-17A, IL-1β, and IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion. Moreover, like ASC, adipocytes down-regulated TNFα secretion by Th1 cells. As adipocytes differentiated from ASC of lean donors also promoted IL-17A secretion by MNC, an experimental model of high-fat versus chow diet mice was used and supported that adipocytes from obese, but not lean AT, are able to mediate IL-17A secretion by PHA-activated MNCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that, as ASC, adipocytes in obese AT might contribute to the establishment of a low-grade chronic inflammation state.
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211
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Hayashi E, Chiba A, Tada K, Haga K, Kitagaichi M, Nakajima S, Kusaoi M, Sekiya F, Ogasawara M, Yamaji K, Tamura N, Takasaki Y, Miyake S. Involvement of Mucosal-associated Invariant T cells in Ankylosing Spondylitis. J Rheumatol 2016; 43:1695-703. [DOI: 10.3899/jrheum.151133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Objective.Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is characterized by chronic inflammation of the axial and peripheral joints and ligamentous attachments. Gut immunity is thought to be involved in AS, because a prominent coexistence of gut and joint inflammation has been observed in patients with AS. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are preferentially located in the gut lamina propria and produce inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 17 (IL-17) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), which are therapeutic targets for AS. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of MAIT cells in AS.Methods.The frequency of MAIT cells and their cytokine production were determined in patients with AS and healthy controls (HC). The expression of a MAIT cell activation marker (CD69) was analyzed in patients with AS by using flow cytometry.Results.The frequency of MAIT cells in the peripheral blood was lower in patients with AS compared with HC. The levels of IL-17 produced by MAIT cells after activation were higher in patients with AS than in the HC. CD69 expression on MAIT cells correlated with the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score in patients with AS.Conclusion.These results suggest the involvement of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of AS.
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212
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Laugel B, Lloyd A, Meermeier EW, Crowther MD, Connor TR, Dolton G, Miles JJ, Burrows SR, Gold MC, Lewinsohn DM, Sewell AK. Engineering of Isogenic Cells Deficient for MR1 with a CRISPR/Cas9 Lentiviral System: Tools To Study Microbial Antigen Processing and Presentation to Human MR1-Restricted T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:971-82. [PMID: 27307560 PMCID: PMC4947828 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1501402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The nonclassical HLA molecule MHC-related protein 1 (MR1) presents metabolites of the vitamin B synthesis pathways to mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and other MR1-restricted T cells. This new class of Ags represents a variation on the classical paradigm of self/non-self discrimination because these T cells are activated through their TCR by small organic compounds generated during microbial vitamin B2 synthesis. Beyond the fundamental significance, the invariant nature of MR1 across the human population is a tantalizing feature for the potential development of universal immune therapeutic and diagnostic tools. However, many aspects of MR1 Ag presentation and MR1-restricted T cell biology remain unknown, and the ubiquitous expression of MR1 across tissues and cell lines can be a confounding factor for experimental purposes. In this study, we report the development of a novel CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing lentiviral system and its use to efficiently disrupt MR1 expression in A459, THP-1, and K562 cell lines. We generated isogenic MR1(-/-) clonal derivatives of the A549 lung carcinoma and THP-1 monocytic cell lines and used these to study T cell responses to intracellular pathogens. We confirmed that MAIT cell clones were unable to respond to MR1(-/-) clones infected with bacteria whereas Ag presentation by classical and other nonclassical HLAs was unaffected. This system represents a robust and efficient method to disrupt the expression of MR1 and should facilitate investigations into the processing and presentation of MR1 Ags as well as into the biology of MAIT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Laugel
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Angharad Lloyd
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Erin W Meermeier
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - Michael D Crowther
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas R Connor
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Garry Dolton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - John J Miles
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Scott R Burrows
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4006, Australia
| | - Marielle C Gold
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - David M Lewinsohn
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Andrew K Sewell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
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213
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Burcelin R. Gut microbiota and immune crosstalk in metabolic disease. Mol Metab 2016; 5:771-81. [PMID: 27617200 PMCID: PMC5004167 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gut microbiota is considered as a major regulator of metabolic disease. This reconciles the notion of metabolic inflammation and the epidemic development of the disease. In addition to evidence showing that a specific gut microbiota characterizes patients with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and hepatic steatosis, the mechanisms causal to the disease could be related to the translocation of microbiota from the gut to the tissues, inducing inflammation. The mechanisms regulating such a process are based on the crosstalk between the gut microbiota and the host immune system. The hologenome theory of evolution supports this concept and implies that therapeutic strategies aiming to control glycemia should take into account both the gut microbiota and the host immune system. Scope of review This review discusses the latest evidence regarding the bidirectional impact of the gut microbiota on host immune system crosstalk for the control of metabolic disease, hyperglycemia, and obesity. To avoid redundancies with the literature, we will focus our attention on the intestinal immune system, identifying evidence for the generation of novel therapeutic strategies, which could be based on the control of the translocation of gut bacteria to tissues. Such novel strategies should hamper the role played by gut microbiota dysbiosis on the development of metabolic inflammation. Major conclusions Recent evidence in rodents allows us to conclude that an impaired intestinal immune system characterizes and could be causal in the development of metabolic disease. The fine understanding of the molecular mechanisms should allow for the development of a first line of treatment for metabolic disease and its co-morbidities. This article is part of a special issue on microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Burcelin
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), Toulouse, France
- Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 1048, Institut des Maladies Métaboliques et Cardiovasculaires (I2MC), F-31432 Toulouse Cedex 4, France
- Inserm 1048, Hôpital Rangueil, 31400 Toulouse, France. Tel.: +33 561 32 56 14; fax: +33 561 32 56 21.Inserm 1048Hôpital RangueilToulouse31400France
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214
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Abstract
CD1- and MHC-related molecule-1 (MR1)-restricted T lymphocytes recognize nonpeptidic antigens, such as lipids and small metabolites, and account for a major fraction of circulating and tissue-resident T cells. They represent a readily activated, long-lasting population of effector cells and contribute to the early phases of immune response, orchestrating the function of other cells. This review addresses the main aspects of their immunological functions, including antigen and T cell receptor repertoires, mechanisms of nonpeptidic antigen presentation, and the current evidence for their participation in human and experimental diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Mori
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
| | - Marco Lepore
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , ,
| | - Gennaro De Libero
- Department of Biomedicine, Basel University Hospital and Basel University, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland; , , .,Singapore Immunology Network, A*STAR, 138648 Singapore
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215
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Toubal A, Lehuen A. Lights on MAIT cells, a new immune player in liver diseases. J Hepatol 2016; 64:1008-1010. [PMID: 26867492 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amine Toubal
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France; UMR8104, CNRS, Paris, France; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
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216
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Genser L, Poitou C, Brot-Laroche É, Rousset M, Vaillant JC, Clément K, Thenet S, Leturque A. [Alteration of intestinal permeability: the missing link between gut microbiota modifications and inflammation in obesity?]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:461-469. [PMID: 27225918 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163205012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of obesity and associated metabolic complications is a worldwide public health issue. The role of the gut in the pathophysiology of obesity, with an important part for microbiota, is becoming obvious. In rodent models of diet-induced obesity, the modifications of gut microbiota are associated with an alteration of the intestinal permeability increasing the passage of food or bacterial antigens, which contribute to low-grade inflammation and insulin resistance. In human obesity, intestinal permeability modification, and its role in the crosstalk between gut microbiota changes and inflammation at systemic and tissular levels, are still poorly documented. Hence, further characterization of the triggering mechanisms of such inflammatory responses in obese subjects could enable the development of personalized intervention strategies that will help to reduce the risk of obesity-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Genser
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Sorbonne universités, université Paris 06, UMR-S 1166, Nutriomics Team, F-75013 Paris, France - Inserm, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics, F-75013 5Paris, France
| | - Christine Poitou
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Sorbonne universités, université Paris 06, UMR-S 1166, Nutriomics Team, F-75013 Paris, France - Inserm, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics, F-75013 5Paris, France - Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de nutrition, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Édith Brot-Laroche
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, UMPC université Paris 6, université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, EPHE laboratoire de pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Monique Rousset
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, UMPC université Paris 6, université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, EPHE laboratoire de pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Christophe Vaillant
- Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de chirurgie digestive, hépato-bilio-pancréatique, transplantation hépatique, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Karine Clément
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Sorbonne universités, université Paris 06, UMR-S 1166, Nutriomics Team, F-75013 Paris, France - Inserm, UMRS 1166, Nutriomics, F-75013 5Paris, France - Assistance-Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, service de nutrition, 47-83, boulevard de l'Hôpital, F-75013 Paris, France
| | - Sophie Thenet
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, UMPC université Paris 6, université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, EPHE laboratoire de pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Armelle Leturque
- Institut de cardiométabolisme et nutrition, ICAN, hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, F-75013, Paris, France - Centre de recherche des Cordeliers, Inserm, UMPC université Paris 6, université Paris Descartes Paris 5, CNRS, EPHE laboratoire de pharmacologie cellulaire et moléculaire, 75006 Paris, France
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217
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Haga K, Chiba A, Shibuya T, Osada T, Ishikawa D, Kodani T, Nomura O, Watanabe S, Miyake S. MAIT cells are activated and accumulated in the inflamed mucosa of ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:965-72. [PMID: 26590105 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic, relapsing and remitting, inflammatory disorder of the large intestine. Mucosal associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a member of innate-like lymphocytes found abundantly in the mucosal tissue. The contribution of MAIT cells in the pathogenesis of UC is still unclear; therefore, this study aimed at investigating the role of these cells in patients with UC. METHODS The frequency of MAIT cells, as well as the production of cytokines and expression levels of activation markers by these cells in the peripheral blood of UC patients and healthy controls, was analyzed by flow cytometry. MAIT cells were also quantified in colon biopsies of UC patients using a confocal microscope. RESULTS There was a significant reduction in MAIT cell frequency in the peripheral blood of UC patients compared with healthy controls (P < 0.0001). MAIT cells from UC patients secreted more interleukin (IL)-17 than healthy controls (P < 0.05). The expression levels of CD69 on these cells were correlated with disease activity and endoscopic scores and plasma levels of IL-18. Furthermore, MAIT cells increased in the inflamed mucosa, and their frequency was correlated with clinical and endoscopic disease activity in UC patients. CONCLUSIONS The findings from this study indicate that MAIT cells could be associated with UC and may serve as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiichi Haga
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asako Chiba
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyoshi Shibuya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taro Osada
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Ishikawa
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Kodani
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Nomura
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sumio Watanabe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sachiko Miyake
- Departments of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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218
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Sugimoto C, Fujita H, Wakao H. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells from induced pluripotent stem cells: A novel approach for modeling human diseases. World J Stem Cells 2016; 8:158-169. [PMID: 27114747 PMCID: PMC4835674 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v8.i4.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice have frequently been used to model human diseases involving immune dysregulation such as autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. These models help elucidate the mechanisms underlying the disease and in the development of novel therapies. However, if mice are deficient in certain cells and/or effectors associated with human diseases, how can their functions be investigated in this species? Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells, a novel innate-like T cell family member, are a good example. MAIT cells are abundant in humans but scarce in laboratory mice. MAIT cells harbor an invariant T cell receptor and recognize nonpeptidic antigens vitamin B2 metabolites from bacteria and yeasts. Recent studies have shown that MAIT cells play a pivotal role in human diseases such as bacterial infections and autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. MAIT cells possess granulysin, a human-specific effector molecule, but granulysin and its homologue are absent in mice. Furthermore, MAIT cells show poor proliferation in vitro. To overcome these problems and further our knowledge of MAIT cells, we have established a method to expand MAIT cells via induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In this review, we describe recent advances in the field of MAIT cell research and our approach for human disease modeling with iPSC-derived MAIT cells.
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219
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Godfrey DI, Uldrich AP, McCluskey J, Rossjohn J, Moody DB. The burgeoning family of unconventional T cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 16:1114-23. [PMID: 26482978 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
While most studies of T lymphocytes have focused on T cells reactive to complexes of peptide and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) proteins, many other types of T cells do not fit this paradigm. These include CD1-restricted T cells, MR1-restricted mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells), MHC class Ib-reactive T cells, and γδ T cells. Collectively, these T cells are considered 'unconventional', in part because they can recognize lipids, small-molecule metabolites and specially modified peptides. Unlike MHC-reactive T cells, these apparently disparate T cell types generally show simplified patterns of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression, rapid effector responses and 'public' antigen specificities. Here we review evidence showing that unconventional T cells are an abundant component of the human immune system and discuss the immunotherapeutic potential of these cells and their antigenic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Adam P Uldrich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Infection and Immunity Program and The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Institute of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff, UK.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - D Branch Moody
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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220
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Mucosa-Associated Invariant T Cells Are Systemically Depleted in Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Rhesus Macaques. J Virol 2016; 90:4520-4529. [PMID: 26912615 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02876-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Mucosa-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells contribute to host immune protection against a wide range of potential pathogens via the recognition of bacterial metabolites presented by the major histocompatibility complex class I-related molecule MR1. Although bacterial products translocate systemically in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected Asian macaques, several studies have shown that MAIT cell frequencies actually decrease in peripheral blood during the course of HIV/SIV disease. However, the mechanisms underlying this proportional decline remain unclear. In this study, we characterized the phenotype, activation status, functionality, distribution, and clonotypic structure of MAIT cell populations in the peripheral blood, liver, mesenteric lymph nodes (MLNs), jejunum, and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid of healthy and SIV-infected rhesus macaques (RMs). Low frequencies of MAIT cells were observed in the peripheral blood, MLNs, and BAL fluid of SIV-infected RMs. These numerical changes were coupled with increased proliferation and a highly public T cell receptor alpha (TCRα) repertoire in the MAIT cell compartment without redistribution to other anatomical sites. Collectively, our data show systemically decreased frequencies of MAIT cells likely attributable to enhanced turnover in SIV-infected RMs. This process may impair protective immunity against certain opportunistic infections with progression to AIDS. IMPORTANCE The data presented in this study reveal for the first time that MAIT cells are systemically depleted in an AIDS virus infection. These findings provide a new mechanistic link with our current understanding of HIV/SIV pathogenesis and implicate MAIT cell depletion in the disease process.
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221
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Dias J, Sobkowiak MJ, Sandberg JK, Leeansyah E. Human MAIT-cell responses to Escherichia coli: activation, cytokine production, proliferation, and cytotoxicity. J Leukoc Biol 2016; 100:233-40. [PMID: 27034405 PMCID: PMC4946616 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.4ta0815-391rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A tool-kit of adapted and optimized methods allowing for detailed functional examination of human MAIT cells responding to bacterial antigen. Mucosa-associated invariant T cells are a large and relatively recently described innate-like antimicrobial T-cell subset in humans. These cells recognize riboflavin metabolites from a range of microbes presented by evolutionarily conserved major histocompatibility complex, class I-related molecules. Given the innate-like characteristics of mucosa-associated invariant T cells and the novel type of antigens they recognize, new methodology must be developed and existing methods refined to allow comprehensive studies of their role in human immune defense against microbial infection. In this study, we established protocols to examine a range of mucosa-associated invariant T-cell functions as they respond to antigen produced by Escherichia coli. These improved and dose- and time-optimized experimental protocols allow detailed studies of MR1-dependent mucosa-associated invariant T-cell responses to Escherichia coli pulsed antigen-presenting cells, as assessed by expression of activation markers and cytokines, by proliferation, and by induction of apoptosis and death in major histocompatibility complex, class I-related–expressing target cells. The novel and optimized protocols establish a framework of methods and open new possibilities to study mucosa-associated invariant T-cell immunobiology, using Escherichia coli as a model antigen. Furthermore, we propose that these robust experimental systems can also be adapted to study mucosa-associated invariant T-cell responses to other microbes and types of antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Dias
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michał J Sobkowiak
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan K Sandberg
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Edwin Leeansyah
- Center for Infectious Medicine, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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222
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Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance are associated with chronic inflammation in metabolic tissues such as adipose tissue and the liver. Recently, growing evidence has implicated the intestinal immune system as an important contributor to metabolic disease. Obesity predisposes to altered intestinal immunity and is associated with changes to the gut microbiota, intestinal barrier function, gut-residing innate and adaptive immune cells, and oral tolerance to luminal antigens. Accordingly, the gut immune system may represent a novel therapeutic target for systemic inflammation in insulin resistance. This review discusses the emerging field of intestinal immunity in obesity-related insulin resistance and how it affects metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Pathology, University Health Network, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada.
| | - Helen Luck
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Shawn Winer
- Diabetes Research Group, Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, 101 College Street, Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine, St. Michael's Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada.
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223
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Hinks TSC. Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in autoimmunity, immune-mediated diseases and airways disease. Immunology 2016; 148:1-12. [PMID: 26778581 PMCID: PMC4819138 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are a novel class of innate-like T cells, expressing a semi-invariant T-cell receptor (TCR) and able to recognize small molecules presented on the non-polymorphic MHC-related protein 1. Their intrinsic effector-memory phenotype, enabling secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and their relative abundance in humans imply a significant potential to contribute to autoimmune processes. However, as MAIT cells were unknown until recently and specific immunological tools were unavailable, little is known of their roles in disease. Here I review observations from clinical studies and animal models of autoimmune and immune-mediated diseases including the roles of MAIT cells in systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, inflammatory bowel disease and airways diseases. MAIT cell deficiencies are frequently observed in peripheral blood, and at sites of disease such as the airways in asthma. However, MAIT cells have a specific sensitivity to suppression by therapeutic corticosteroids that may confound many of these observations, as may the tendency of the surface marker CD161 to activation-induced down-regulation. Nonetheless, the dependence on bacteria for the development of MAIT cells suggests a potentially important protective role linking the influences of early life microbial exposures and subsequent development of autoimmunity. Conversely, MAIT cells could contribute to chronic inflammation either through TCR-independent activation, or potentially by TCR recognition of as yet undiscovered ligands. Future research will be greatly facilitated by the immunological tools that are now available, including murine genetic models and human and murine specific tetramers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy S C Hinks
- Department for Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Southampton Faculty of Medicine, Sir Henry Wellcome Laboratories, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK.,NIHR Southampton Respiratory Biomedical Research Unit, Southampton University Hospital, Southampton, UK
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224
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Majdoubi A, Kishta OA, Thibodeau J. Role of antigen presentation in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in obese adipose tissue. Cytokine 2016; 82:112-21. [PMID: 26854212 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Type II diabetes regroups different physiological anomalies that ultimately lead to low-grade chronic inflammation, insulin resistance and loss of pancreatic β-cells. Obesity is one of the best examples of such a condition that can develop into Metabolic Syndrome, causing serious health problems of great socio-economic consequences. The pathological outcome of obesity has a genetic basis and depends on the delicate balance between pro- and anti-inflammatory effectors of the immune system. The causal link between obesity and inflammation is well established. While innate immunity plays a key role in the development of a pro-inflammatory state in obese adipose tissues, it has now become clear that adaptive immune cells are also involved and participate in the cascade of events that lead to metabolic perturbations. The efficacy of some immunotherapeutic protocols in reducing the symptoms of obesity-driven metabolic syndrome in mice implicated all arms of the immune response. Recently, the production of pathogenic immunoglobulins and pro-inflammatory cytokines by B and T lymphocytes suggested an auto-immune basis for the establishment of a non-healthy obese state. Understanding the cellular landscape of obese adipose tissues and how immune cells sustain chronic inflammation holds the key to the development of targeted therapies. In this review, we emphasize the role of antigen-presenting cells and MHC molecules in obese adipose tissue and the general contribution of the adaptive arm of the immune system in inflammation-induced insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelilah Majdoubi
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Osama A Kishta
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Jacques Thibodeau
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie Moléculaire, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université de Montréal, Québec, Canada.
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225
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Norata GD, Caligiuri G, Chavakis T, Matarese G, Netea MG, Nicoletti A, O'Neill LAJ, Marelli-Berg FM. The Cellular and Molecular Basis of Translational Immunometabolism. Immunity 2016; 43:421-34. [PMID: 26377896 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2015.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The immune response requires major changes to metabolic processes, and indeed, energy metabolism and functional activation are fully integrated in immune cells to determine their ability to divide, differentiate, and carry out effector functions. Immune cell metabolism has therefore become an attractive target area for therapeutic purposes. A neglected aspect in the translation of immunometabolism is the critical connection between systemic and cellular metabolism. Here, we discuss the importance of understanding and manipulating the integration of systemic and immune cell metabolism through in-depth analysis of immune cell phenotype and function in human metabolic diseases and, in parallel, of the effects of conventional metabolic drugs on immune cell differentiation and function. We examine how the recent identification of selective metabolic programs operating in distinct immune cell subsets and functions has the potential to deliver tools for cell- and function-specific immunometabolic targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Danilo Norata
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy; Center for the Study of Atherosclerosis, Bassini Hospital, Cinisello Balsamo, 20092 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Caligiuri
- Unité 1148, INSERM, Hôpital X Bichat, 75018 Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75013 Paris, France; Département Hospitalo-Universitaire "FIRE," 75018 Paris, France
| | - Triantafyllos Chavakis
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Dipartimento di Medicina e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Salerno, Baronissi, 84081 Salerno, Italy; IRCCS MultiMedica, 20138 Milan, Italy
| | - Mihai Gheorge Netea
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Antonino Nicoletti
- Department of Clinical Pathobiochemistry and Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Luke A J O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and Immunology, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Federica M Marelli-Berg
- William Harvey Research Institute, Bart's and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
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226
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Bosevski M, Stojanovska L, Apostolopoulos V. Inflammatory biomarkers: impact for diabetes and diabetic vascular disease. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015; 47:1029-31. [PMID: 26511092 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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227
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have established an association between obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes and a number of cancer types. Research has focused predominantly on altered endocrine factors, growth factors and signalling pathways, with little known in man about the immune involvement in the relevant pathophysiological processes. Moreover, in an era of exciting new breakthroughs in cancer immunotherapy, there is also a need to study the safety and efficacy of immunotherapeutics in the complex setting of inflammatory-driven obesity-associated cancer. This review addresses key immune cell subsets underpinning obesity-associated inflammation and describes how such immune compartments might be targeted to prevent and treat obesity-associated cancer. We propose that the modulation, metabolism, migration and abundance of pro- and anti-inflammatory cells and tumour-specific T cells might be therapeutically altered to both restore immune balance, alleviating pathological inflammation, and to improve anti-tumour immune responses in obesity-associated cancer.
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228
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Abstract
At least 2.8 million people die each year as a result of being overweight or obese, and the biggest burden being obesity-related diseases. Overweight and obesity account for a major proportion of type 2 diabetes (T2D) cases. Obesity is associated with inflammation in adipose tissue, namely an infiltration and expansion of macrophages, which produce inflammatory cytokines that interfere with insulin signaling, and a loss of protective cells that promote adipose homeostasis. Thus, it is now clear that inflammation is an underlying cause or contributor to T2D as well as many other obesity-induced diseases, including atherosclerosis and cancer. Inflammatory pathways contribute to impaired glucose handling by adipocytes, hepatocytes, and muscle cells and interfere with insulin production and insulin signaling. This review highlights the roles of the different immune populations in lean adipose tissue and their importance in tissue homeostasis to keep inflammation at bay. We also discuss the changes that occur in these immune cells during the development of obesity, which has detrimental effects on the health of adipose tissue, and local and systemic insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayano Kohlgruber
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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229
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Cui Y, Franciszkiewicz K, Mburu YK, Mondot S, Le Bourhis L, Premel V, Martin E, Kachaner A, Duban L, Ingersoll MA, Rabot S, Jaubert J, De Villartay JP, Soudais C, Lantz O. Mucosal-associated invariant T cell-rich congenic mouse strain allows functional evaluation. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:4171-85. [PMID: 26524590 DOI: 10.1172/jci82424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAITs) have potent antimicrobial activity and are abundant in humans (5%-10% in blood). Despite strong evolutionary conservation of the invariant TCR-α chain and restricting molecule MR1, this population is rare in laboratory mouse strains (≈0.1% in lymphoid organs), and lack of an appropriate mouse model has hampered the study of MAIT biology. Herein, we show that MAITs are 20 times more frequent in clean wild-derived inbred CAST/EiJ mice than in C57BL/6J mice. Increased MAIT frequency was linked to one CAST genetic trait that mapped to the TCR-α locus and led to higher usage of the distal Vα segments, including Vα19. We generated a MAIThi congenic strain that was then crossed to a transgenic Rorcgt-GFP reporter strain. Using this tool, we characterized polyclonal mouse MAITs as memory (CD44+) CD4-CD8lo/neg T cells with tissue-homing properties (CCR6+CCR7-). Similar to human MAITs, mouse MAITs expressed the cytokine receptors IL-7R, IL-18Rα, and IL-12Rβ and the transcription factors promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) and RAR-related orphan receptor γ (RORγt). Mouse MAITs produced Th1/2/17 cytokines upon TCR stimulation and recognized a bacterial compound in an MR1-dependent manner. During experimental urinary tract infection, MAITs migrated to the bladder and decreased bacterial load. Our study demonstrates that the MAIThi congenic strain allows phenotypic and functional characterization of naturally occurring mouse MAITs in health and disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte
- Crosses, Genetic
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Germ-Free Life
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Kruppel-Like Transcription Factors/analysis
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphoid Tissue/cytology
- Lymphokines/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic/genetics
- Mice, Congenic/immunology
- Mice, Congenic/microbiology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microbiota
- Minor Histocompatibility Antigens
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3/analysis
- Phenotype
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Promyelocytic Leukemia Zinc Finger Protein
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Cytokine/analysis
- Urinary Tract Infections/immunology
- Urinary Tract Infections/microbiology
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230
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Treiner E, Liblau RS. Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells in Multiple Sclerosis: The Jury is Still Out. Front Immunol 2015; 6:503. [PMID: 26483793 PMCID: PMC4588106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system is strongly implicated in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), as demonstrated by the efficacy of therapies targeting various components of adaptive immunity. However, the disease still progresses despite these treatments in many patients, while others experience life-threatening adverse effects, urging for the discovery of new immune-targeting medications. Among the immune cell types participating to MS pathogenesis, decades of work have highlighted the prominent role of CD4 T cells. More recent data demonstrate the involvement of CD8 T cells as well. The existence of both pathogenic and protective CD8 T cells subsets has been suggested, adding an additional layer of complexity to the picture. Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate-like lymphocytes that make up to 25% of CD8 T cells in healthy subjects. They are specific for conserved microbial ligands and may constitute an important barrier against invasive bacterial and fungal infection. An increasing number of reports also suggest their possible involvement in chronic inflammatory diseases, including MS. MAIT cells could participate through their ability to produce IFNγ and/or IL-17, two major cytokines in the pathogenesis of several chronic inflammatory/autoimmune diseases. However, the mechanisms by which MAIT cells could be activated in these sterile conditions are not known. Furthermore, contradictory observations have been made, reporting either a protective or a pro-inflammatory behavior of MAIT cells in MS or its murine model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this review article, we will describe the current knowledge on MAIT cell biology in health and disease, and discuss the possible mechanisms behind their role in MS. The specific features of this new non-conventional T cell subset make it an interesting candidate as a biomarker or as the target of immune-mediated intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Treiner
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
| | - Roland S Liblau
- Centre de Physiopathologie de Toulouse-Purpan (CPTP), INSERM UMR1043-CNRS 5282 , Toulouse , France ; Université Toulouse III - Paul-Sabatier , Toulouse , France ; Department of Immunology, Toulouse University Hospital , Toulouse , France
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231
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Apostolopoulos V, de Courten MPJ, Stojanovska L, Blatch GL, Tangalakis K, de Courten B. The complex immunological and inflammatory network of adipose tissue in obesity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2015; 60:43-57. [PMID: 26331761 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201500272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A number of approaches have been utilized in the prevention, management, and treatment of obesity, including, surgery, medication, diet, exercise, and overall lifestyle changes. Despite these interventions, the prevalence of obesity and the various disorders related to it is growing. In obesity, there is a constant state of chronic low-grade inflammation which is characterized by activation and infiltration of pro-inflammatory immune cells and a dysregulated production of high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This pro-inflammatory milieu contributes to insulin resistance, type-2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other related co-morbidities. The roles of the innate (macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, mast cells, NK cells, MAIT cells) and the adaptive (CD4 T cells, CD8 T cells, regulatory T cells, and B cells) immune responses and the roles of adipokines and cytokines in adipose tissue inflammation and obesity are discussed. An understanding of the crosstalk between the immune system and adipocytes may shed light in better treatment modalities for obesity and obesity-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasso Apostolopoulos
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | | | - Lily Stojanovska
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Gregory L Blatch
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathy Tangalakis
- Centre for Chronic Disease, College of Health and Biomedicine, Victoria University, VIC, Australia
| | - Barbora de Courten
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, School of Public Health and preventative Medicine, Monash University, VIC, Australia.,Diabetes and Vascular Medicine Unit, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
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232
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Magalhaes I, Lehuen A. [Mucosal-associated invariant T cells in obesity and type 2 diabetes]. Med Sci (Paris) 2015; 31:717-9. [PMID: 26340826 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20153108005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France - Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- Inserm U1016, Institut Cochin, 22, rue Méchain, 75014 Paris, France - CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France - Laboratoire d'excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, France - Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, département de diabétologie, hôpital Cochin, 27, rue du faubourg Saint-Jacques, 75014 Paris, France
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233
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Tran CD, Grice DM, Wade B, Kerr CA, Bauer DC, Li D, Hannan GN. Gut permeability, its interaction with gut microflora and effects on metabolic health are mediated by the lymphatics system, liver and bile acid. Future Microbiol 2015; 10:1339-53. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There is evidence to link obesity (and metabolic syndrome) with alterations in gut permeability and microbiota. The underlying mechanisms have been questioned and have prompted this review. We propose that the gut barrier function is a primary driver in maintaining metabolic health with poor health being linked to ‘gut leakiness'. This review will highlight changes in intestinal permeability and how it may change gut microflora and subsequently affect metabolic health by influencing the functioning of major bodily organs/organ systems: the lymphatic system, liver and pancreas. We also discuss the likelihood that metabolic syndrome undergoes a cyclic worsening facilitated by an increase in intestinal permeability leading to gut dysbiosis, culminating in ongoing poor health leading to further exacerbated gut leakiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuong D Tran
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, Adelaide, SA 5000, Australia
| | - Desma M Grice
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Ben Wade
- CSIRO Biosecurity Flagship, Geelong, VIC 3219, Australia
| | - Caroline A Kerr
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Denis C Bauer
- CSIRO Digital Productivity & Services Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 1670, Australia
| | - Dongmei Li
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
| | - Garry N Hannan
- CSIRO Food & Nutrition Flagship, North Ryde, NSW 2113, Australia
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234
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Interleukin-17A Gene Expression in Morbidly Obese Women. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:17469-81. [PMID: 26263971 PMCID: PMC4581203 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160817469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Revised: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from recent studies conducted in rodent models and humans suggest that interleukin-17A (IL-17A) plays a role in the induction of inflammation in adipose tissue during obesity. The aim of this study was to assess the gene expression of IL-17A in adipose tissue of morbidly obese patients. We used RT-PCR to evaluate the expression of IL-17A and several adipo/cytokines in the visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) of 10 normal-weight control women (BMI < 25 kg/m2) and 30 morbidly obese women (MO, BMI > 40 kg/m2). We measured serum levels of IL-17A and adipo/cytokines in MO and normal weight women. IL-17A expression was significantly higher in VAT than in SAT in MO patients (p = 0.0127). It was very low in normal-weight controls in both VAT and SAT tissues. We found positive correlations between IL-17A and IL-6, lipocalin-2 and resistin in VAT of MO patients. The circulating level of IL-17A was higher in the normal-weight group than the MO patients (p = 0.032), and it was significantly related to adiponectin and TNFRII levels. In conclusion, IL-17A expression in VAT is increased in morbidly obese women, which suggests a link between obesity and innate immunity in low-grade chronic inflammation in morbidly obese women.
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235
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Salio M, Cerundolo V. Regulation of Lipid Specific and Vitamin Specific Non-MHC Restricted T Cells by Antigen Presenting Cells and Their Therapeutic Potentials. Front Immunol 2015; 6:388. [PMID: 26284072 PMCID: PMC4517378 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since initial reports, more than 25 years ago, that T cells recognize lipids in the context on non-polymorphic CD1 molecules, our understanding of antigen presentation to non-peptide-specific T cell populations has deepened. It is now clear that αβ T cells bearing semi-invariant T cell receptor, as well as subsets of γδ T cells, recognize a variety of self and non-self lipids and contribute to shaping immune responses via cross talk with dendritic cells and B cells. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that small molecules derived from the microbial riboflavin biosynthetic pathway (vitamin B2) bind monomorphic MR1 molecules and activate mucosal-associated invariant T cells, another population of semi-invariant T cells. Novel insights in the biological relevance of non-peptide-specific T cells have emerged with the development of tetrameric CD1 and MR1 molecules, which has allowed accurate enumeration and functional analysis of CD1- and MR1-restricted T cells in humans and discovery of novel populations of semi-invariant T cells. The phenotype and function of non-peptide-specific T cells will be discussed in the context of the known distribution of CD1 and MR1 molecules by different subsets of antigen-presenting cells at steady state and following infection. Concurrent modulation of CD1 transcription and lipid biosynthetic pathways upon TLR stimulation, coupled with efficient lipid antigen processing, result in the increased cell surface expression of antigenic CD1-lipid complexes. Similarly, MR1 expression is almost undetectable in resting APC and it is upregulated following bacterial infection, likely due to stabilization of MR1 molecules by microbial antigens. The tight regulation of CD1 and MR1 expression at steady state and during infection may represent an important mechanism to limit autoreactivity, while promoting T cell responses to foreign antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariolina Salio
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- MRC Human Immunology Unit, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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236
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Liuzzi AR, McLaren JE, Price DA, Eberl M. Early innate responses to pathogens: pattern recognition by unconventional human T-cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2015; 36:31-7. [PMID: 26182978 PMCID: PMC4594761 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Although typically viewed as a feature of innate immune responses, microbial pattern recognition is increasingly acknowledged as a function of particular cells nominally categorized within the adaptive immune system. Groundbreaking research over the past three years has shown how unconventional human T-cells carrying invariant or semi-invariant TCRs that are not restricted by classical MHC molecules sense microbial compounds via entirely novel antigen presenting pathways. This review will focus on the innate-like recognition of non-self metabolites by Vγ9/Vδ2 T-cells, mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells and germline-encoded mycolyl-reactive (GEM) T-cells, with an emphasis on early immune responses in acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Rita Liuzzi
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Matthias Eberl
- Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK.
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237
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Magalhaes I, Kiaf B, Lehuen A. iNKT and MAIT Cell Alterations in Diabetes. Front Immunol 2015; 6:341. [PMID: 26191063 PMCID: PMC4489333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are multifactorial diseases with different etiologies in which chronic inflammation takes place. Defects in invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cell populations have been reported in both T1D and T2D patients, mouse models and our recent study revealed mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell defects in T2D and obese patients. Regarding iNKT cells many studies in non-obese diabetic mice demonstrated their protective role against T1D whereas their potential role in human T1D is still under debate. Studies in mouse models and patients suggest that iNKT cells present in adipose tissue (AT) could exert a regulatory role against obesity and associated metabolic disorders, such as T2D. Scarce data are yet available on MAIT cells; however, we recently described MAIT cell abnormalities in the blood and ATs from obese and T2D patients. These data show that a link between MAIT cells and metabolic disorders pave the way for further investigations on MAIT cells in T1D and T2D in humans and mouse models. Furthermore, we hypothesize that the gut microbiota alterations associated with T1D and T2D could modulate iNKT and MAIT cell frequency and functions. The potential role of iNKT and MAIT cells in the regulation of metabolic pathways and their cross-talk with microbiota represent exciting new lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Magalhaes
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Badr Kiaf
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France
| | - Agnès Lehuen
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin , Paris , France ; UMR8104, CNRS , Paris , France ; Laboratoire d'Excellence INFLAMEX, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité , Paris , France ; Département de Diabétologie, Hôpital Cochin, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris , Paris , France
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238
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Sakala IG, Kjer-Nielsen L, Eickhoff CS, Wang X, Blazevic A, Liu L, Fairlie DP, Rossjohn J, McCluskey J, Fremont DH, Hansen TH, Hoft DF. Functional Heterogeneity and Antimycobacterial Effects of Mouse Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Specific for Riboflavin Metabolites. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:587-601. [PMID: 26063000 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi-invariant TCR Vα-chain, and their optimal development is dependent upon commensal flora and expression of the nonpolymorphic MHC class I-like molecule MR1. MAIT cells are activated in an MR1-restricted manner by diverse strains of bacteria and yeast, suggesting a widely shared Ag. Recently, human and mouse MR1 were found to bind bacterial riboflavin metabolites (ribityllumazine [RL] Ags) capable of activating MAIT cells. In this study, we used MR1/RL tetramers to study MR1 dependency, subset heterogeneity, and protective effector functions important for tuberculosis immunity. Although tetramer(+) cells were detected in both MR1(+/+) and MR1(-/-) TCR Vα19i-transgenic (Tg) mice, MR1 expression resulted in significantly increased tetramer(+) cells coexpressing TCR Vβ6/8, NK1.1, CD44, and CD69 that displayed more robust in vitro responses to IL-12 plus IL-18 and RL Ag, indicating that MR1 is necessary for the optimal development of the classic murine MAIT cell memory/effector subset. In addition, tetramer(+) MAIT cells expressing CD4, CD8, or neither developing in MR1(+/+) Vα19i-Tg mice had disparate cytokine profiles in response to RL Ag. Therefore, murine MAIT cells are considerably more heterogeneous than previously thought. Most notably, after mycobacterial pulmonary infection, heterogeneous subsets of tetramer(+) Vα19i-Tg MAIT cells expressing CXCR3 and α4β1 were recruited into the lungs and afforded early protection. In addition, Vα19iCα(-/-)MR(+/+) mice were significantly better protected than were Vα19iCα(-/-)MR1(-/-), wild-type, and MR1(-/-) non-Tg mice. Overall, we demonstrate considerable functional diversity of MAIT cell responses, as well as that MR1-restricted MAIT cells are important for tuberculosis protective immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac G Sakala
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Christopher S Eickhoff
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Azra Blazevic
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute of Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Melbourne, Victoria 3800 Australia; Institute of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110
| | - Ted H Hansen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63110;
| | - Daniel F Hoft
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy, and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Edward A. Doisy Research Center, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO 63104
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239
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, WELBIO-Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue E. Mounier, 73 box B1.73.11, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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240
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Cani PD, Everard A. Keeping gut lining at bay: impact of emulsifiers. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2015; 26:273-4. [PMID: 25887492 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Obesity is associated with altered gut microbiota and low-grade inflammation. Both dietary habits and food composition contribute to the onset of such diseases. Emulsifiers, compounds commonly used in a variety of foods, were shown to induce body weight gain, low-grade inflammation and metabolic disorders. These dietary compounds promote gut microbiota alteration and gut barrier dysfunction leading to negative metabolic alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrice D Cani
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200-Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Amandine Everard
- Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain Drug Research Institute, WELBIO- Walloon Excellence in Life Sciences and BIOtechnology, Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group, 1200-Brussels, Belgium
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241
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Carolan E, Tobin LM, Mangan BA, Corrigan M, Gaoatswe G, Byrne G, Geoghegan J, Cody D, O'Connell J, Winter DC, Doherty DG, Lynch L, O'Shea D, Hogan AE. Altered distribution and increased IL-17 production by mucosal-associated invariant T cells in adult and childhood obesity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 194:5775-80. [PMID: 25980010 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are innate MHC-unrestricted cells that regulate inflammatory responses through the rapid production of cytokines. In this article, we show that circulating MAIT cells are depleted in obese adults, and depletion is associated with diabetic status. Circulating MAIT cells more frequently produced IL-17 upon stimulation ex vivo, a cytokine implicated in insulin resistance. MAIT cells were enriched in adipose tissue (AT) compared with blood. AT MAIT cells, but not circulating MAIT cells, were capable of producing IL-10. In AT from obese subjects, MAIT cells were depleted, were less likely to produce IL-10, and more frequently produced IL-17. Finally, we show that IL-17(+) MAIT cells are also increased in childhood obesity, and altered MAIT cell frequencies in obese children are positively associated with insulin resistance. These data indicate that MAIT cells are enriched in human AT and display an IL-17(+) phenotype in both obese adults and children, correlating with levels of insulin resistance. The alterations in MAIT cells may be contributing to obesity-related sterile inflammation and insulin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eirin Carolan
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland
| | - Laura M Tobin
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Bozgana A Mangan
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Michelle Corrigan
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Gadinthsware Gaoatswe
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Greg Byrne
- School of Biological Sciences, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Justin Geoghegan
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Declan Cody
- Department of Endocrinology, Our Ladies Children's Hospital Crumlin, Dublin 12, Ireland; and
| | - Jean O'Connell
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Desmond C Winter
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Derek G Doherty
- Discipline of Immunology, School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Lydia Lynch
- Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Donal O'Shea
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Andrew E Hogan
- Obesity Immunology Research, St Vincent's University Hospital and University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; National Children's Research Centre, Crumlin Children's Hospital, Dublin 12, Ireland;
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