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Greenaway KH, Kalokerinos EK. Suppress for success? Exploring the contexts in which expressing positive emotion can have social costs. EUROPEAN REVIEW OF SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/10463283.2017.1331874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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202
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Riehle M, Lincoln TM. Social consequences of subclinical negative symptoms: An EMG study of facial expressions within a social interaction. J Behav Ther Exp Psychiatry 2017; 55:90-98. [PMID: 28092781 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbtep.2017.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2016] [Revised: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The negative symptoms of schizophrenia are related to lower social functioning even in non-clinical samples, but little is known about the distinct social consequences of motivational and expressive negative symptoms. In this study we focused on expressive negative symptoms and examined how these symptoms and varying degrees of pro-social facial expressiveness (smiling and mimicry of smiling) relate to the social evaluations by face-to-face interaction partners and to social support. METHODS We examined 30 dyadic interactions within a sample of non-clinical participants (N = 60) who were rated on motivational and expressive negative symptoms with the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS). We collected data on both interaction partners' smiling-muscle (zygomaticus major) activation simultaneously with electromyography and assessed the general amount of smiling and the synchrony of smiling muscle activations between interaction partners (mimicry of smiling). Interaction partners rated their willingness for future interactions with each other after the interactions. RESULTS Interaction partners of participants scoring higher on expressive negative symptoms expressed less willingness for future interactions with these participants (r = -0.37; p = 0.01). Smiling behavior was negatively related to expressive negative symptoms but also explained by motivational negative symptoms. Mimicry of smiling and both negative symptom domains were also associated with participants' satisfaction with their social support network. LIMITATIONS Non-clinical sample with (relatively) low levels of symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Expressive negative symptoms have tangible negative interpersonal consequences and directly relate to diminished pro-social behavior and social support, even in non-clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Riehle
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Tania M Lincoln
- Universität Hamburg, Department of Psychology, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
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203
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Kraaijenvanger EJ, Hofman D, Bos PA. A neuroendocrine account of facial mimicry and its dynamic modulation. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 77:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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204
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Sachisthal MSM, Sauter DA, Fischer AH. Mimicry of ingroup and outgroup emotional expressions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1298355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Disa A. Sauter
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Agneta H. Fischer
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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205
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Sato W, Kochiyama T, Uono S, Yoshikawa S, Toichi M. Direction of Amygdala-Neocortex Interaction During Dynamic Facial Expression Processing. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:1878-1890. [PMID: 26908633 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic facial expressions of emotion strongly elicit multifaceted emotional, perceptual, cognitive, and motor responses. Neuroimaging studies revealed that some subcortical (e.g., amygdala) and neocortical (e.g., superior temporal sulcus and inferior frontal gyrus) brain regions and their functional interaction were involved in processing dynamic facial expressions. However, the direction of the functional interaction between the amygdala and the neocortex remains unknown. To investigate this issue, we re-analyzed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data from 2 studies and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data from 1 study. First, a psychophysiological interaction analysis of the fMRI data confirmed the functional interaction between the amygdala and neocortical regions. Then, dynamic causal modeling analysis was used to compare models with forward, backward, or bidirectional effective connectivity between the amygdala and neocortical networks in the fMRI and MEG data. The results consistently supported the model of effective connectivity from the amygdala to the neocortex. Further increasing time-window analysis of the MEG demonstrated that this model was valid after 200 ms from the stimulus onset. These data suggest that emotional processing in the amygdala rapidly modulates some neocortical processing, such as perception, recognition, and motor mimicry, when observing dynamic facial expressions of emotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wataru Sato
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine and
| | - Takanori Kochiyama
- Brain Activity Imaging Center, Advanced Telecommunications Research Institute International, Soraku-gun, Kyoto 619-0288, Japan
| | - Shota Uono
- Department of Neurodevelopmental Psychiatry, Habilitation and Rehabilitation, Graduate School of Medicine and
| | - Sakiko Yoshikawa
- Kokoro Research Center, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Motomi Toichi
- Faculty of Human Health Science, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
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206
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207
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Korb S, Osimo SA, Suran T, Goldstein A, Rumiati RI. Face proprioception does not modulate access to visual awareness of emotional faces in a continuous flash suppression paradigm. Conscious Cogn 2017; 51:166-180. [PMID: 28388482 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An important question in neuroscience is which multisensory information, presented outside of awareness, can influence the nature and speed of conscious access to our percepts. Recently, proprioceptive feedback of the hand was reported to lead to faster awareness of congruent hand images in a breaking continuous flash suppression (b-CFS) paradigm. Moreover, a vast literature suggests that spontaneous facial mimicry can improve emotion recognition, even without awareness of the stimulus face. However, integration of visual and proprioceptive information about the face to date has not been tested with CFS. The modulation of visual awareness of emotional faces by facial proprioception was investigated across three separate experiments. Face proprioception was induced with voluntary facial expressions or with spontaneous facial mimicry. Frequentist statistical analyses were complemented with Bayesian statistics. No evidence of multisensory integration was found, suggesting that proprioception does not modulate access to visual awareness of emotional faces in a CFS paradigm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Korb
- Neuroscience and Society Lab, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Applied Psychology: Health, Development, Enhancement and Intervention, University of Vienna, Liebiggasse 5, 1010 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Sofia A Osimo
- Neuroscience and Society Lab, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Tiziano Suran
- Neuroscience and Society Lab, SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136 Trieste, Italy.
| | - Ariel Goldstein
- Cognitive Science Department, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91905, Israel.
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208
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Jospe K, Flöel A, Lavidor M. The Role of Embodiment and Individual Empathy Levels in Gesture Comprehension. Exp Psychol 2017; 64:56-64. [PMID: 28219261 DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169/a000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Research suggests that the action-observation network is involved in both emotional-embodiment (empathy) and action-embodiment (imitation) mechanisms. Here we tested whether empathy modulates action-embodiment, hypothesizing that restricting imitation abilities will impair performance in a hand gesture comprehension task. Moreover, we hypothesized that empathy levels will modulate the imitation restriction effect. One hundred twenty participants with a range of empathy scores performed gesture comprehension under restricted and unrestricted hand conditions. Empathetic participants performed better under the unrestricted compared to the restricted condition, and compared to the low empathy participants. Remarkably however, the latter showed the exactly opposite pattern and performed better under the restricted condition. This pattern was not found in a facial expression recognition task. The selective interaction of embodiment restriction and empathy suggests that empathy modulates the way people employ embodiment in gesture comprehension. We discuss the potential of embodiment-induced therapy to improve empathetic abilities in individuals with low empathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karine Jospe
- 1 Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,2 The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Agnes Flöel
- 3 Department of Neurology Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Germany
| | - Michal Lavidor
- 1 Department of Psychology, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel.,2 The Gonda Brain Research Center, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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209
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Hühnel I, Kuszynski J, Asendorpf JB, Hess U. Emotional mimicry of older adults’ expressions: effects of partial inclusion in a Cyberball paradigm. Cogn Emot 2017; 32:92-101. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1284046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Hühnel
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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210
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Beyond emotion recognition deficits: A theory guided analysis of emotion processing in Huntington’s disease. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 73:276-292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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211
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Riehle M, Kempkensteffen J, Lincoln TM. Quantifying Facial Expression Synchrony in Face-To-Face Dyadic Interactions: Temporal Dynamics of Simultaneously Recorded Facial EMG Signals. JOURNAL OF NONVERBAL BEHAVIOR 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10919-016-0246-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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212
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Hess U, Arslan R, Mauersberger H, Blaison C, Dufner M, Denissen JJA, Ziegler M. Reliability of surface facial electromyography. Psychophysiology 2016; 54:12-23. [DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2015] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Ruben Arslan
- Department of Psychology; Georg August Universität Göttingen; Göttingen Germany
| | - Heidi Mauersberger
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Christophe Blaison
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Dufner
- Department of Psychology; Universität Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Jaap J. A. Denissen
- Tilburg School of Social and Behavioral Sciences; Tilburg University; Tilburg The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Ziegler
- Department of Psychology; Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin; Berlin Germany
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213
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Social Context Modulates Facial Imitation of Children's Emotional Expressions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167991. [PMID: 27930714 PMCID: PMC5145233 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Children use emotional facial expressions of others for guiding their behavior, a process which is important to a child’s social-emotional development. Earlier studies on facial interaction demonstrate that imitation of emotional expressions of others is automatic, yet can be dynamically modulated depending on contextual information. Considering the value of emotional expressions for children especially, we tested whether and to what extent information about children’s temperament and domestic situation alters mimicry of their emotional expressions. Results show that angry expressions of children displaying negative behavior resulted in stronger imitation, which may serve as a corrective signal. Sad facial expressions resulted in stronger imitation towards those behaving positively but only when exposed to a difficult domestic situation, indicating increased empathy towards these children. These findings shed new light on the dynamic implicit communicative processes that shape interaction with children of different social-emotional backgrounds.
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214
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Untrustworthiness inhibits congruent facial reactions to happy faces. Biol Psychol 2016; 121:30-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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215
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Rymarczyk K, Żurawski Ł, Jankowiak-Siuda K, Szatkowska I. Emotional Empathy and Facial Mimicry for Static and Dynamic Facial Expressions of Fear and Disgust. Front Psychol 2016; 7:1853. [PMID: 27933022 PMCID: PMC5120108 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial mimicry is the tendency to imitate the emotional facial expressions of others. Increasing evidence suggests that the perception of dynamic displays leads to enhanced facial mimicry, especially for happiness and anger. However, little is known about the impact of dynamic stimuli on facial mimicry for fear and disgust. To investigate this issue, facial EMG responses were recorded in the corrugator supercilii, levator labii, and lateral frontalis muscles, while participants viewed static (photos) and dynamic (videos) facial emotional expressions. Moreover, we tested whether emotional empathy modulated facial mimicry for emotional facial expressions. In accordance with our predictions, the highly empathic group responded with larger activity in the corrugator supercilii and levator labii muscles. Moreover, dynamic compared to static facial expressions of fear revealed enhanced mimicry in the high-empathic group in the frontalis and corrugator supercilii muscles. In the low-empathic group the facial reactions were not differentiated between fear and disgust for both dynamic and static facial expressions. We conclude that highly empathic subjects are more sensitive in their facial reactions to the facial expressions of fear and disgust compared to low empathetic counterparts. Our data confirms that personal characteristics, i.e., empathy traits as well as modality of the presented stimuli, modulate the strength of facial mimicry. In addition, measures of EMG activity of the levator labii and frontalis muscles may be a useful index of empathic responses of fear and disgust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Rymarczyk
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of SciencesWarsaw, Poland; Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Social Sciences and HumanitiesWarsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Żurawski
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Social Sciences and Humanities Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences Warsaw, Poland
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216
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Lewis MB, Dunn E. Instructions to mimic improve facial emotion recognition in people with sub-clinical autism traits. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2016; 70:2357-2370. [PMID: 27734764 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1238950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
People tend to mimic the facial expression of others. It has been suggested that this helps provide social glue between affiliated people but it could also aid recognition of emotions through embodied cognition. The degree of facial mimicry, however, varies between individuals and is limited in people with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). The present study sought to investigate the effect of promoting facial mimicry during a facial-emotion-recognition test. In two experiments, participants without an ASC diagnosis had their autism quotient (AQ) measured. Following a baseline test, they did an emotion-recognition test again but half of the participants were asked to mimic the target face they saw prior to making their responses. Mimicry improved emotion recognition, and further analysis revealed that the largest improvement was for participants who had higher scores on the autism traits. In fact, recognition performance was best overall for people who had high AQ scores but also received the instruction to mimic. Implications for people with ASC are explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emily Dunn
- a School of Psychology , Cardiff University , Cardiff , UK
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217
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218
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Wróbel M, Królewiak K. Do We Feel the Same Way If We Think the Same Way? Shared Attitudes and the Social Induction of Affect. BASIC AND APPLIED SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01973533.2016.1227709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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219
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Blocker HS, McIntosh DN. Automaticity of the interpersonal attitude effect on facial mimicry: It takes effort to smile at neutral others but not those we like. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-016-9581-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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220
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Wessler J, Hansen J. The effect of psychological distance on automatic goal contagion. COMPREHENSIVE RESULTS IN SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 1:51-85. [PMID: 29098177 PMCID: PMC5644154 DOI: 10.1080/23743603.2017.1288877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We investigated how psychological distance influences goal contagion (the extent to which people automatically adopt another person's goals). On the basis of construal-level theory, we predicted people would be more prone to goal contagion when primed with psychological distance (vs. closeness) because they would construe the other person's behavior in terms of its underlying goal. Alternatively, we predicted people primed with psychological closeness (vs. distance) would be more prone to goal contagion because closeness may increase the personal relevance of another's goals - a process not mediated by construal level. In two preregistered studies, participants read about a student whose behavior implied either an academic or a social goal. We manipulated (a) participants' level of mental construal with a mind-set task (Study 1) and (b) their social distance from another person who showed academic or social behaviors (Study 2). We measured performance on an anagram task as an indicator of academic goal contagion. For Study 1, we predicted that participants reading about academic (vs. social) behaviors would show a better anagram performance, especially when primed with an abstract mind-set. For Study 2, we predicted that construal level and relevance effects might cancel each other out, because distance triggers both high-level construal and less relevance. In contrast to the construal-level hypothesis, the mind-set manipulation did not affect goal contagion in Study 1. In accordance with the relevance hypothesis, psychological proximity increased goal contagion in Study 2. We discuss how the findings relate to previous findings on goal contagion and imitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Wessler
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Jochim Hansen
- Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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221
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The many faces of a face: Comparing stills and videos of facial expressions in eight dimensions (SAVE database). Behav Res Methods 2016; 49:1343-1360. [DOI: 10.3758/s13428-016-0790-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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222
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The Modulation of Mimicry by Ethnic Group-Membership and Emotional Expressions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161064. [PMID: 27557135 PMCID: PMC4996423 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mimicry has been ascribed affiliative functions. In three experiments, we used a newly developed social-affective mimicry task (SAMT) to investigate mimicry´s modulation by emotional facial expressions (happy, angry) and ethnic group-membership (White in-group, Black out-group). Experiment 1 established the main consistent effect across experiments, which was enhanced mimicry to angry out-group faces compared to angry in-group faces. Hence the SAMT was useful for experimentally investigating the modulation of mimicry. Experiment 2 demonstrated that these effects were not confounded by general aspects of response conflict, as a Simon task resulted in different response patterns than the SAMT. Experiment 2 and pooled analysis of Experiments 1 and 2 also corroborated the finding of enhanced mimicry to angry out-group faces. Experiment 3 tested whether this effect was related to perceptions of threat, by framing angry persons as physically threatening, or not. Selective enhancement of mimicry to out-group persons framed as physically threatening confirmed this hypothesis. Further support for the role of threat was derived from implicit measures showing, in all experiments, that black persons were more strongly associated with threat. Furthermore, enhanced mimicry was consistently related to response facilitation in the execution of congruent movements. This suggests that mimicry acted as a social congruency signal. Our findings suggest that mimicry may serve as an appeasement signal in response to negative affiliative intent. This extends previous models of mimicry, which have predominantly focused on its role in reciprocating affiliation. It suggests that mimicry might not only be used to maintain and establish affiliative bonds, but also to ameliorate a negative social situation.
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223
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Garcia D, Kappas A, Küster D, Schweitzer F. The dynamics of emotions in online interaction. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2016; 3:160059. [PMID: 27853586 PMCID: PMC5108936 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.160059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We study the changes in emotional states induced by reading and participating in online discussions, empirically testing a computational model of online emotional interaction. Using principles of dynamical systems, we quantify changes in valence and arousal through subjective reports, as recorded in three independent studies including 207 participants (110 female). In the context of online discussions, the dynamics of valence and arousal is composed of two forces: an internal relaxation towards baseline values independent of the emotional charge of the discussion and a driving force of emotional states that depends on the content of the discussion. The dynamics of valence show the existence of positive and negative tendencies, while arousal increases when reading emotional content regardless of its polarity. The tendency of participants to take part in the discussion increases with positive arousal. When participating in an online discussion, the content of participants' expression depends on their valence, and their arousal significantly decreases afterwards as a regulation mechanism. We illustrate how these results allow the design of agent-based models to reproduce and analyse emotions in online communities. Our work empirically validates the microdynamics of a model of online collective emotions, bridging online data analysis with research in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garcia
- Chair of Systems Design, ETH Zurich, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Arvid Kappas
- Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Dennis Küster
- Jacobs University Bremen, Campus Ring 1, 28759 Bremen, Germany
| | - Frank Schweitzer
- Chair of Systems Design, ETH Zurich, Weinbergstrasse 56/58, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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224
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Argaud S, Delplanque S, Houvenaghel JF, Auffret M, Duprez J, Vérin M, Grandjean D, Sauleau P. Does Facial Amimia Impact the Recognition of Facial Emotions? An EMG Study in Parkinson's Disease. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0160329. [PMID: 27467393 PMCID: PMC4965153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0160329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
According to embodied simulation theory, understanding other people’s emotions is fostered by facial mimicry. However, studies assessing the effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion are still controversial. In Parkinson’s disease (PD), one of the most distinctive clinical features is facial amimia, a reduction in facial expressiveness, but patients also show emotional disturbances. The present study used the pathological model of PD to examine the role of facial mimicry on emotion recognition by investigating EMG responses in PD patients during a facial emotion recognition task (anger, joy, neutral). Our results evidenced a significant decrease in facial mimicry for joy in PD, essentially linked to the absence of reaction of the zygomaticus major and the orbicularis oculi muscles in response to happy avatars, whereas facial mimicry for expressions of anger was relatively preserved. We also confirmed that PD patients were less accurate in recognizing positive and neutral facial expressions and highlighted a beneficial effect of facial mimicry on the recognition of emotion. We thus provide additional arguments for embodied simulation theory suggesting that facial mimicry is a potential lever for therapeutic actions in PD even if it seems not to be necessarily required in recognizing emotion as such.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soizic Argaud
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
| | - Sylvain Delplanque
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jean-François Houvenaghel
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Manon Auffret
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Joan Duprez
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
| | - Marc Vérin
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Neurology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, Campus Biotech, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul Sauleau
- Behavior and Basal Ganglia" research unit (EA4712), University of Rennes 1, Rennes, France
- Department of Neurophysiology, Rennes University Hospital, Rennes, France
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225
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Kaiser J, Davey GCL, Parkhouse T, Meeres J, Scott RB. Emotional facial activation induced by unconsciously perceived dynamic facial expressions. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 110:207-211. [PMID: 27457534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.07.504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Do facial expressions of emotion influence us when not consciously perceived? Methods to investigate this question have typically relied on brief presentation of static images. In contrast, real facial expressions are dynamic and unfold over several seconds. Recent studies demonstrate that gaze contingent crowding (GCC) can block awareness of dynamic expressions while still inducing behavioural priming effects. The current experiment tested for the first time whether dynamic facial expressions presented using this method can induce unconscious facial activation. Videos of dynamic happy and angry expressions were presented outside participants' conscious awareness while EMG measurements captured activation of the zygomaticus major (active when smiling) and the corrugator supercilii (active when frowning). Forced-choice classification of expressions confirmed they were not consciously perceived, while EMG revealed significant differential activation of facial muscles consistent with the expressions presented. This successful demonstration opens new avenues for research examining the unconscious emotional influences of facial expressions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kaiser
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK.
| | - Graham C L Davey
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Thomas Parkhouse
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Jennifer Meeres
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
| | - Ryan B Scott
- School of Psychology, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
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226
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Rymarczyk K, Żurawski Ł, Jankowiak-Siuda K, Szatkowska I. Do Dynamic Compared to Static Facial Expressions of Happiness and Anger Reveal Enhanced Facial Mimicry? PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158534. [PMID: 27390867 PMCID: PMC4938565 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Facial mimicry is the spontaneous response to others’ facial expressions by mirroring or matching the interaction partner. Recent evidence suggested that mimicry may not be only an automatic reaction but could be dependent on many factors, including social context, type of task in which the participant is engaged, or stimulus properties (dynamic vs static presentation). In the present study, we investigated the impact of dynamic facial expression and sex differences on facial mimicry and judgment of emotional intensity. Electromyography recordings were recorded from the corrugator supercilii, zygomaticus major, and orbicularis oculi muscles during passive observation of static and dynamic images of happiness and anger. The ratings of the emotional intensity of facial expressions were also analysed. As predicted, dynamic expressions were rated as more intense than static ones. Compared to static images, dynamic displays of happiness also evoked stronger activity in the zygomaticus major and orbicularis oculi, suggesting that subjects experienced positive emotion. No muscles showed mimicry activity in response to angry faces. Moreover, we found that women exhibited greater zygomaticus major muscle activity in response to dynamic happiness stimuli than static stimuli. Our data support the hypothesis that people mimic positive emotions and confirm the importance of dynamic stimuli in some emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystyna Rymarczyk
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (KR); (ŁŻ)
| | - Łukasz Żurawski
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- * E-mail: (KR); (ŁŻ)
| | - Kamila Jankowiak-Siuda
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Institute of Cognitive and Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Iwona Szatkowska
- Laboratory of Psychophysiology, Department of Neurophysiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology of Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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227
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Livingstone SR, Vezer E, McGarry LM, Lang AE, Russo FA. Deficits in the Mimicry of Facial Expressions in Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychol 2016; 7:780. [PMID: 27375505 PMCID: PMC4894910 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Humans spontaneously mimic the facial expressions of others, facilitating social interaction. This mimicking behavior may be impaired in individuals with Parkinson's disease, for whom the loss of facial movements is a clinical feature. Objective: To assess the presence of facial mimicry in patients with Parkinson's disease. Method: Twenty-seven non-depressed patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease and 28 age-matched controls had their facial muscles recorded with electromyography while they observed presentations of calm, happy, sad, angry, and fearful emotions. Results: Patients exhibited reduced amplitude and delayed onset in the zygomaticus major muscle region (smiling response) following happy presentations (patients M = 0.02, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.15 to 0.18, controls M = 0.26, CI 0.14 to 0.37, ANOVA, effect size [ES] = 0.18, p < 0.001). Although patients exhibited activation of the corrugator supercilii and medial frontalis (frowning response) following sad and fearful presentations, the frontalis response to sad presentations was attenuated relative to controls (patients M = 0.05, CI −0.08 to 0.18, controls M = 0.21, CI 0.09 to 0.34, ANOVA, ES = 0.07, p = 0.017). The amplitude of patients' zygomaticus activity in response to positive emotions was found to be negatively correlated with response times for ratings of emotional identification, suggesting a motor-behavioral link (r = –0.45, p = 0.02, two-tailed). Conclusions: Patients showed decreased mimicry overall, mimicking other peoples' frowns to some extent, but presenting with profoundly weakened and delayed smiles. These findings open a new avenue of inquiry into the “masked face” syndrome of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven R Livingstone
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson UniversityToronto, ON, Canada; Department of Computer Science and Information Systems, University of Wisconsin-River FallsWisconsin, WI, USA; Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Esztella Vezer
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Lucy M McGarry
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson University Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony E Lang
- Division of Neurology, Department of Medicine, University of TorontoToronto, ON, Canada; Morton and Gloria Shulman Movement Disorder Centre at The Toronto Western HospitalToronto, ON, Canada
| | - Frank A Russo
- Department of Psychology, Ryerson UniversityToronto, ON, Canada; Toronto Rehabilitation InstituteToronto, ON, Canada
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228
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Farmer H, Carr EW, Svartdal M, Winkielman P, Hamilton AFDC. Status and Power Do Not Modulate Automatic Imitation of Intransitive Hand Movements. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151835. [PMID: 27096167 PMCID: PMC4838218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The tendency to mimic the behaviour of others is affected by a variety of social factors, and it has been argued that such “mirroring” is often unconsciously deployed as a means of increasing affiliation during interpersonal interactions. However, the relationship between automatic motor imitation and status/power is currently unclear. This paper reports five experiments that investigated whether social status (Experiments 1, 2, and 3) or power (Experiments 4 and 5) had a moderating effect on automatic imitation (AI) in finger-movement tasks, using a series of different manipulations. Experiments 1 and 2 manipulated the social status of the observed person using an associative learning task. Experiment 3 manipulated social status via perceived competence at a simple computer game. Experiment 4 manipulated participants’ power (relative to the actors) in a card-choosing task. Finally, Experiment 5 primed participants using a writing task, to induce the sense of being powerful or powerless. No significant interactions were found between congruency and social status/power in any of the studies. Additionally, Bayesian hypothesis testing indicated that the null hypothesis should be favoured over the experimental hypothesis in all five studies. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for AI tasks, social effects on mimicry, and the hypothesis of mimicry as a strategic mechanism to promote affiliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Farmer
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Evan W. Carr
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0109 La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, United States of America
| | - Marita Svartdal
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
| | - Piotr Winkielman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, 0109 La Jolla, CA 92093-0109, United States of America
- Behavioural Science Group, Warwick Business School, The University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, ul. Chodakowska 19/31, 03-815, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Antonia F. de C. Hamilton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, WC1N 3AR, United Kingdom
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229
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Murata A, Saito H, Schug J, Ogawa K, Kameda T. Spontaneous Facial Mimicry Is Enhanced by the Goal of Inferring Emotional States: Evidence for Moderation of "Automatic" Mimicry by Higher Cognitive Processes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153128. [PMID: 27055206 PMCID: PMC4824486 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
A number of studies have shown that individuals often spontaneously mimic the facial expressions of others, a tendency known as facial mimicry. This tendency has generally been considered a reflex-like "automatic" response, but several recent studies have shown that the degree of mimicry may be moderated by contextual information. However, the cognitive and motivational factors underlying the contextual moderation of facial mimicry require further empirical investigation. In this study, we present evidence that the degree to which participants spontaneously mimic a target's facial expressions depends on whether participants are motivated to infer the target's emotional state. In the first study we show that facial mimicry, assessed by facial electromyography, occurs more frequently when participants are specifically instructed to infer a target's emotional state than when given no instruction. In the second study, we replicate this effect using the Facial Action Coding System to show that participants are more likely to mimic facial expressions of emotion when they are asked to infer the target's emotional state, rather than make inferences about a physical trait unrelated to emotion. These results provide convergent evidence that the explicit goal of understanding a target's emotional state affects the degree of facial mimicry shown by the perceiver, suggesting moderation of reflex-like motor activities by higher cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiko Murata
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisamichi Saito
- Department of Behavioral Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Joanna Schug
- Department of Psychology, The College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Kenji Ogawa
- Department of Psychology, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kameda
- Department of Social Psychology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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230
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He S, Zheng X, Zeng D, Luo C, Zhang Z. Exploring Entrainment Patterns of Human Emotion in Social Media. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0150630. [PMID: 26953692 PMCID: PMC4782991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Emotion entrainment, which is generally defined as the synchronous convergence of human emotions, performs many important social functions. However, what the specific mechanisms of emotion entrainment are beyond in-person interactions, and how human emotions evolve under different entrainment patterns in large-scale social communities, are still unknown. In this paper, we aim to examine the massive emotion entrainment patterns and understand the underlying mechanisms in the context of social media. As modeling emotion dynamics on a large scale is often challenging, we elaborate a pragmatic framework to characterize and quantify the entrainment phenomenon. By applying this framework on the datasets from two large-scale social media platforms, we find that the emotions of online users entrain through social networks. We further uncover that online users often form their relations via dual entrainment, while maintain it through single entrainment. Remarkably, the emotions of online users are more convergent in nonreciprocal entrainment. Building on these findings, we develop an entrainment augmented model for emotion prediction. Experimental results suggest that entrainment patterns inform emotion proximity in dyads, and encoding their associations promotes emotion prediction. This work can further help us to understand the underlying dynamic process of large-scale online interactions and make more reasonable decisions regarding emergency situations, epidemic diseases, and political campaigns in cyberspace.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saike He
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Xiaolong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Daniel Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- Department of Management Information Systems, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, 85721, United States of America
| | - Chuan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Zhu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Management and Control for Complex Systems, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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231
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Toscano H, Schubert TW. Judged and Remembered Trustworthiness of Faces Is Enhanced by Experiencing Multisensory Synchrony and Asynchrony in the Right Order. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145664. [PMID: 26716682 PMCID: PMC4696736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This work builds on the enfacement effect. This effect occurs when experiencing a rhythmic stimulation on one’s cheek while seeing someone else’s face being touched in a synchronous way. This typically leads to cognitive and social-cognitive effects similar to self-other merging. In two studies, we demonstrate that this multisensory stimulation can change the evaluation of the other’s face. In the first study, participants judged the stranger’s face and similar faces as being more trustworthy after synchrony, but not after asynchrony. Synchrony interacted with the order of the stroking; hence trustworthiness only changed when the synchronous stimulation occurred before the asynchronous one. In the second study, a synchronous stimulation caused participants to remember the stranger’s face as more trustworthy, but again only when the synchronous stimulation came before the asynchronous one. The results of both studies show that order of stroking creates a context in which multisensory synchrony can affect the trustworthiness of faces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Toscano
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas W. Schubert
- Instituto Universitário de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL), Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, Lisboa, Portugal
- Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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232
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Emotional mimicry signals pain empathy as evidenced by facial electromyography. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16988. [PMID: 26647740 PMCID: PMC4673531 DOI: 10.1038/srep16988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Facial mimicry has been suggested to be a behavioral index for emotional empathy. The present study is the first to investigate the link between facial muscle activity and empathy for pain by facial electromyographic (EMG) recording while observers watched videos depicting real-life painful events. Three types of visual stimulus were used: an intact painful scene and arm-only (needle injection) and face only (painful expression) scenes. Enhanced EMG activity of the corrugator supercilii (CS) and zygomaticus major (ZM) muscles was found when observers viewed others in pain, supporting a unique pain expression that is distinct from the expression of basic emotions. In the intact video stimulus condition, CS activity was correlated positively with the empathic concern score and ZM activity, suggesting facial mimicry mediated empathy for pain. Cluster analysis of facial EMG responses revealed markedly different patterns among stimulus types, including response category, ratio, and temporal dynamics, indicating greater ecological validity of the intact scene in eliciting pain empathy as compared with partial scenes. This study is the first to quantitatively describe pain empathy in terms of facial EMG data. It may provide important evidence for facial mimicry as a behavioral indicator of pain empathy.
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233
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Male and Female Differences in Nonconscious Mimicry: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN PSYCHOLOGY STUDENTS 2015. [DOI: 10.5334/jeps.de] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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234
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Palagi E, Nicotra V, Cordoni G. Rapid mimicry and emotional contagion in domestic dogs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2015; 2:150505. [PMID: 27019737 PMCID: PMC4807458 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.150505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Emotional contagion is a basic form of empathy that makes individuals able to experience others' emotions. In human and non-human primates, emotional contagion can be linked to facial mimicry, an automatic and fast response (less than 1 s) in which individuals involuntary mimic others' expressions. Here, we tested whether body (play bow, PBOW) and facial (relaxed open-mouth, ROM) rapid mimicry is present in domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) during dyadic intraspecific play. During their free playful interactions, dogs showed a stronger and rapid mimicry response (less than 1 s) after perceiving PBOW and ROM (two signals typical of play in dogs) than after perceiving JUMP and BITE (two play patterns resembling PBOW and ROM in motor performance). Playful sessions punctuated by rapid mimicry lasted longer that those sessions punctuated only by signals. Moreover, the distribution of rapid mimicry was strongly affected by the familiarity linking the subjects involved: the stronger the social bonding, the higher the level of rapid mimicry. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the presence of rapid mimicry in dogs, the involvement of mimicry in sharing playful motivation and the social modulation of the phenomenon. All these findings concur in supporting the idea that a possible linkage between rapid mimicry and emotional contagion (a building-block of empathy) exists in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Palagi
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
- Unit of Cognitive Primatology and Primate Center, ISTC, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Velia Nicotra
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Giada Cordoni
- Natural History Museum, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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235
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Bilakhia S, Petridis S, Nijholt A, Pantic M. The MAHNOB Mimicry Database: A database of naturalistic human interactions. Pattern Recognit Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.patrec.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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236
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Neufeld J, Ioannou C, Korb S, Schilbach L, Chakrabarti B. Spontaneous Facial Mimicry is Modulated by Joint Attention and Autistic Traits. Autism Res 2015; 9:781-9. [PMID: 26442665 PMCID: PMC4982086 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Joint attention (JA) and spontaneous facial mimicry (SFM) are fundamental processes in social interactions, and they are closely related to empathic abilities. When tested independently, both of these processes have been usually observed to be atypical in individuals with autism spectrum conditions (ASC). However, it is not known how these processes interact with each other in relation to autistic traits. This study addresses this question by testing the impact of JA on SFM of happy faces using a truly interactive paradigm. Sixty-two neurotypical participants engaged in gaze-based social interaction with an anthropomorphic, gaze-contingent virtual agent. The agent either established JA by initiating eye contact or looked away, before looking at an object and expressing happiness or disgust. Eye tracking was used to make the agent's gaze behavior and facial actions contingent to the participants' gaze. SFM of happy expressions was measured by Electromyography (EMG) recording over the Zygomaticus Major muscle. Results showed that JA augments SFM in individuals with low compared with high autistic traits. These findings are in line with reports of reduced impact of JA on action imitation in individuals with ASC. Moreover, they suggest that investigating atypical interactions between empathic processes, instead of testing these processes individually, might be crucial to understanding the nature of social deficits in autism. Autism Res 2016, 9: 781-789. © 2015 The Authors Autism Research published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Autism Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Neufeld
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Center of Neurodevelopmental Disorders at Karolinska Institutet (KIND), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Ioannou
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.,Laboratoire des Neurosciences Cognitives (LNC), INSERM U960, Institut d'Etudes Cognitives, Ecole Normale Supérieure, Paris, France
| | | | - Leonhard Schilbach
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Cologne, Germany.,Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - Bhismadev Chakrabarti
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics, School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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237
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Leleu A, Godard O, Dollion N, Durand K, Schaal B, Baudouin JY. Contextual odors modulate the visual processing of emotional facial expressions: An ERP study. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:366-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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238
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van der Weiden A, Prikken M, van Haren NE. Self–other integration and distinction in schizophrenia: A theoretical analysis and a review of the evidence. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 57:220-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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239
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Sestito M, Raballo A, Umiltà MA, Amore M, Maggini C, Gallese V. Anomalous echo: Exploring abnormal experience correlates of emotional motor resonance in Schizophrenia Spectrum. Psychiatry Res 2015; 229:559-64. [PMID: 26187341 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Anomalous experiences such as Basic Symptoms (BS) are considered the first subjective manifestation of the neurobiological substrate of schizophrenia. The purpose of this study was to explore whether a low or high emotional motor resonance occurring in Schizophrenia Spectrum (SzSp) patients was related to patients׳ clinical features and to their anomalous subjective experiences as indexed by the Bonn Scale for the Assessment of Basic Symptoms (BSABS). To this aim, we employed a validated paradigm sensitive in evoking a congruent facial mimicry (measured by means of facial electromyographic activity, EMG) through multimodal positive and negative emotional stimuli presentation. Results showed that SzSp patients more resonating with negative emotional stimuli (i.e. Externalizers) had significantly higher scores in BSABS Cluster 3 (Vulnerability) and more psychotic episodes than Internalizers patients. On the other hand, SzSp patients more resonating with positive emotional stimuli (i.e. Externalizers) scored higher in BSABS Cluster 5 (Interpersonal irritation) than Internalizers. Drawing upon a phenomenological-based perspective, we attempted to shed new light on the abnormal experiences characterizing schizophrenia, explaining them in terms of a disruption of the normal self-perception conveyed by the basic, low-level emotional motor mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariateresa Sestito
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Physiology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy; Cognitive Neuroscience Center, Unité mixte de recherche 5229, Centre National pour la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Bron, France.
| | - Andrea Raballo
- Department of Mental Health, AUSL of Reggio Emilia, Reggio Emilia, Italy; Psychiatric Center Hvidovre, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Mario Amore
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Division, University of Genova, Italy
| | - Carlo Maggini
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychiatric Division, University of Parma, Italy
| | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Neuroscience, Unit of Physiology, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
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240
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Wiggert N, Wilhelm FH, Derntl B, Blechert J. Gender differences in experiential and facial reactivity to approval and disapproval during emotional social interactions. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1372. [PMID: 26441747 PMCID: PMC4585028 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Negative social evaluations represent social threats and elicit negative emotions such as anger or fear. Positive social evaluations, by contrast, may increase self-esteem and generate positive emotions such as happiness and pride. Gender differences are likely to shape both the perception and expression of positive and negative social evaluations. Yet, current knowledge is limited by a reliance on studies that used static images of individual expressers with limited external validity. Furthermore, only few studies considered gender differences on both the expresser and perceiver side. The present study approached these limitations by utilizing a naturalistic stimulus set displaying nine males and nine females (expressers) delivering social evaluative sentences to 32 female and 26 male participants (perceivers). Perceivers watched 30 positive, 30 negative, and 30 neutral messages while facial electromyography (EMG) was continuously recorded and subjective ratings were obtained. Results indicated that men expressing positive evaluations elicited stronger EMG responses in both perceiver genders. Arousal was rated higher when positive evaluations were expressed by the opposite gender. Thus, gender differences need to be more explicitly considered in research of social cognition and affective science using naturalistic social stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Wiggert
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Frank H Wilhelm
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
| | - Birgit Derntl
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Aachen, Germany ; Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich Aachen Research Alliance Aachen, Germany ; Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Center Jülich Jülich, Germany ; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jens Blechert
- Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria ; Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, University of Salzburg Salzburg, Austria
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Leleu A, Demily C, Franck N, Durand K, Schaal B, Baudouin JY. The Odor Context Facilitates the Perception of Low-Intensity Facial Expressions of Emotion. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138656. [PMID: 26390036 PMCID: PMC4577100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been established that the recognition of facial expressions integrates contextual information. In this study, we aimed to clarify the influence of contextual odors. The participants were asked to match a target face varying in expression intensity with non-ambiguous expressive faces. Intensity variations in the target faces were designed by morphing expressive faces with neutral faces. In addition, the influence of verbal information was assessed by providing half the participants with the emotion names. Odor cues were manipulated by placing participants in a pleasant (strawberry), aversive (butyric acid), or no-odor control context. The results showed two main effects of the odor context. First, the minimum amount of visual information required to perceive an expression was lowered when the odor context was emotionally congruent: happiness was correctly perceived at lower intensities in the faces displayed in the pleasant odor context, and the same phenomenon occurred for disgust and anger in the aversive odor context. Second, the odor context influenced the false perception of expressions that were not used in target faces, with distinct patterns according to the presence of emotion names. When emotion names were provided, the aversive odor context decreased intrusions for disgust ambiguous faces but increased them for anger. When the emotion names were not provided, this effect did not occur and the pleasant odor context elicited an overall increase in intrusions for negative expressions. We conclude that olfaction plays a role in the way facial expressions are perceived in interaction with other contextual influences such as verbal information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Leleu
- Équipe Éthologie développementale et psychologie cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS–UMR 1324 INRA–Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- * E-mail: (AL); (JYB)
| | - Caroline Demily
- Centre de Dépistage et de Prises en Charge des Troubles Psychiatriques d’Origine Génétique, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR 5229 CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Nicolas Franck
- Centre de Neuroscience Cognitive, UMR 5229 CNRS, Institut des Sciences Cognitives, Université Lyon 1, Lyon, France
- Service Universitaire de Réhabilitation, Centre Hospitalier le Vinatier, Bron, France
| | - Karine Durand
- Équipe Éthologie développementale et psychologie cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS–UMR 1324 INRA–Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Benoist Schaal
- Équipe Éthologie développementale et psychologie cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS–UMR 1324 INRA–Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Jean-Yves Baudouin
- Équipe Éthologie développementale et psychologie cognitive, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS–UMR 1324 INRA–Université Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (AL); (JYB)
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242
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van Kleef GA, Fischer AH. Emotional collectives: How groups shape emotions and emotions shape groups. Cogn Emot 2015; 30:3-19. [DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2015.1081349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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243
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Abstract
In the age of the Internet and with the dramatic proliferation of mobile listening technologies, music has unprecedented global distribution and embeddedness in people's lives. It is a source of intense experiences of both the most intimate and solitary, and public and collective, kinds - from an individual with their smartphone and headphones, to large-scale live events and global simulcasts; and it increasingly brings together a huge range of cultures and histories, through developments in world music, sampling, the re-issue of historical recordings, and the explosion of informal and home music-making that circulates via YouTube. For many people, involvement with music can be among the most powerful and potentially transforming experiences in their lives. At the same time, there has been increasing interest in music's communicative and affective capacities, and its potential to act as an agent of social bonding and affiliation. This review critically discusses a considerable body of research and scholarship, across disciplines ranging from the neuroscience and psychology of music to cultural musicology and the sociology and anthropology of music, that provides evidence for music's capacity to promote empathy and social/cultural understanding through powerful affective, cognitive and social factors; and explores ways in which to connect and make sense of this disparate evidence (and counter-evidence). It reports the outcome of an empirical study that tests one aspect of those claims, demonstrating that 'passive' listening to the music of an unfamiliar culture can significantly change the cultural attitudes of listeners with high dispositional empathy; presents a model that brings together the primary components of the music and empathy research into a single framework; and considers both some of the applications, and some of the shortcomings and problems, of understanding music from the perspective of empathy.
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244
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Mauersberger H, Blaison C, Kafetsios K, Kessler C, Hess U. Individual Differences in Emotional Mimicry: Underlying Traits and Social Consequences. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/per.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Mimicry, the imitation of the nonverbal behaviour of others, serves to establish affiliation and to smoothen social interactions. The present research aimed to disentangle rapid facial reactions (RFRs) to affiliative emotions from RFRs to nonaffiliative emotions from a trait perspective. In line with the Mimicry in Social Context Model by Hess and Fischer, we expected that only the former are mimicry responses indicative of underlying social relating competence and predictive of social satisfaction, whereas the latter superficially resemble mimicry responses and are driven by social relating incompetence and have opposite effects on social satisfaction. Further, we assumed that social relating competence would moderate the relationship between stable individuals‘ tendencies to show (mal)adaptive RFRs and social satisfaction. To test these hypotheses, 108 participants first completed scales measuring social relating competence, then participated in a mimicry laboratory task and finally evaluated their naturally occurring social interactions for 10 days. Affiliative RFRs to sadness were related to proximal indices of social relating competence and predicted positive social interactions, whereas nonaffiliative RFRs to disgust were related to social relating incompetence and predicted negative social interactions. By contrast, neither affiliative RFRs to happiness nor nonaffiliative RFRs to anger were linked to proximal indices of social relating competence, and both RFRs were only (dys)functional for interaction quality in less social relating–competent individuals. Copyright © 2015 European Association of Personality Psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Mauersberger
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christophe Blaison
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | - Ursula Hess
- Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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245
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Seibt B, Mühlberger A, Likowski KU, Weyers P. Facial mimicry in its social setting. Front Psychol 2015; 6:1122. [PMID: 26321970 PMCID: PMC4531238 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In interpersonal encounters, individuals often exhibit changes in their own facial expressions in response to emotional expressions of another person. Such changes are often called facial mimicry. While this tendency first appeared to be an automatic tendency of the perceiver to show the same emotional expression as the sender, evidence is now accumulating that situation, person, and relationship jointly determine whether and for which emotions such congruent facial behavior is shown. We review the evidence regarding the moderating influence of such factors on facial mimicry with a focus on understanding the meaning of facial responses to emotional expressions in a particular constellation. From this, we derive recommendations for a research agenda with a stronger focus on the most common forms of encounters, actual interactions with known others, and on assessing potential mediators of facial mimicry. We conclude that facial mimicry is modulated by many factors: attention deployment and sensitivity, detection of valence, emotional feelings, and social motivations. We posit that these are the more proximal causes of changes in facial mimicry due to changes in its social setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Seibt
- Department of Psychology, University of OsloOslo, Norway
- Centro de Investigação e Intervenção Social, ISCTE - Instituto Universitário de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreas Mühlberger
- Department of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
- Department of Psychology, University of RegensburgRegensburg, Germany
| | | | - Peter Weyers
- Department of Psychology, University of WürzburgWürzburg, Germany
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Kret ME, Fischer AH, De Dreu CKW. Pupil Mimicry Correlates With Trust in In-Group Partners With Dilating Pupils. Psychol Sci 2015; 26:1401-10. [PMID: 26231910 DOI: 10.1177/0956797615588306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During close interactions with fellow group members, humans look into one another's eyes, follow gaze, and quickly grasp emotion signals. The eye-catching morphology of human eyes, with unique eye whites, draws attention to the middle part, to the pupils, and their autonomic changes, which signal arousal, cognitive load, and interest (including social interest). Here, we examined whether and how these changes in a partner's pupils are processed and how they affect the partner's trustworthiness. Participants played incentivized trust games with virtual partners, whose pupils dilated, remained static, or constricted. Results showed that (a) participants trusted partners with dilating pupils and withheld trust from partners with constricting pupils, (b) participants' pupils mimicked changes in their partners' pupils, and (c) dilation mimicry predicted trust in in-group partners, whereas constriction mimicry did not. We suggest that pupil-contingent trust is in-group bounded and possibly evolved in and because of group life.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Kret
- Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - A H Fischer
- Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam
| | - C K W De Dreu
- Psychology Department, University of Amsterdam Amsterdam Brain and Cognition Center, University of Amsterdam Center for Experimental Economics and Political Decision Making, University of Amsterdam
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247
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Parkinson B, Manstead ASR. Current Emotion Research in Social Psychology: Thinking About Emotions and Other People. EMOTION REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1177/1754073915590624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This article discusses contemporary social psychological approaches to (a) the social relations and appraisals associated with specific emotions; (b) other people’s impact on appraisal processes; (c) effects of emotion on other people; and (d) interpersonal emotion regulation. We argue that single-minded cognitive perspectives restrict our understanding of interpersonal and group-related emotional processes, and that new methodologies addressing real-time interpersonal and group processes present promising opportunities for future progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Parkinson
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, UK
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248
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Bombari D, Schmid Mast M, Canadas E, Bachmann M. Studying social interactions through immersive virtual environment technology: virtues, pitfalls, and future challenges. Front Psychol 2015; 6:869. [PMID: 26157414 PMCID: PMC4478377 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present review is to explain how immersive virtual environment technology (IVET) can be used for the study of social interactions and how the use of virtual humans in immersive virtual environments can advance research and application in many different fields. Researchers studying individual differences in social interactions are typically interested in keeping the behavior and the appearance of the interaction partner constant across participants. With IVET researchers have full control over the interaction partners, can standardize them while still keeping the simulation realistic. Virtual simulations are valid: growing evidence shows that indeed studies conducted with IVET can replicate some well-known findings of social psychology. Moreover, IVET allows researchers to subtly manipulate characteristics of the environment (e.g., visual cues to prime participants) or of the social partner (e.g., his/her race) to investigate their influences on participants’ behavior and cognition. Furthermore, manipulations that would be difficult or impossible in real life (e.g., changing participants’ height) can be easily obtained with IVET. Beside the advantages for theoretical research, we explore the most recent training and clinical applications of IVET, its integration with other technologies (e.g., social sensing) and future challenges for researchers (e.g., making the communication between virtual humans and participants smoother).
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Affiliation(s)
- Dario Bombari
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marianne Schmid Mast
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elena Canadas
- Department of Organizational Behavior, Faculty of Business and Economics, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
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Tamir M. Why Do People Regulate Their Emotions? A Taxonomy of Motives in Emotion Regulation. PERSONALITY AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY REVIEW 2015; 20:199-222. [DOI: 10.1177/1088868315586325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Emotion regulation involves the pursuit of desired emotional states (i.e., emotion goals) in the service of superordinate motives. The nature and consequences of emotion regulation, therefore, are likely to depend on the motives it is intended to serve. Nonetheless, limited attention has been devoted to studying what motivates emotion regulation. By mapping the potential benefits of emotion to key human motives, this review identifies key classes of motives in emotion regulation. The proposed taxonomy distinguishes between hedonic motives that target the immediate phenomenology of emotions, and instrumental motives that target other potential benefits of emotions. Instrumental motives include behavioral, epistemic, social, and eudaimonic motives. The proposed taxonomy offers important implications for understanding the mechanism of emotion regulation, variation across individuals and contexts, and psychological function and dysfunction, and points to novel research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Tamir
- The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel
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