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Scorzoni L, de Paula E Silva ACA, Marcos CM, Assato PA, de Melo WCMA, de Oliveira HC, Costa-Orlandi CB, Mendes-Giannini MJS, Fusco-Almeida AM. Antifungal Therapy: New Advances in the Understanding and Treatment of Mycosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:36. [PMID: 28167935 PMCID: PMC5253656 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The high rates of morbidity and mortality caused by fungal infections are associated with the current limited antifungal arsenal and the high toxicity of the compounds. Additionally, identifying novel drug targets is challenging because there are many similarities between fungal and human cells. The most common antifungal targets include fungal RNA synthesis and cell wall and membrane components, though new antifungal targets are being investigated. Nonetheless, fungi have developed resistance mechanisms, such as overexpression of efflux pump proteins and biofilm formation, emphasizing the importance of understanding these mechanisms. To address these problems, different approaches to preventing and treating fungal diseases are described in this review, with a focus on the resistance mechanisms of fungi, with the goal of developing efficient strategies to overcoming and preventing resistance as well as new advances in antifungal therapy. Due to the limited antifungal arsenal, researchers have sought to improve treatment via different approaches, and the synergistic effect obtained by the combination of antifungals contributes to reducing toxicity and could be an alternative for treatment. Another important issue is the development of new formulations for antifungal agents, and interest in nanoparticles as new types of carriers of antifungal drugs has increased. In addition, modifications to the chemical structures of traditional antifungals have improved their activity and pharmacokinetic parameters. Moreover, a different approach to preventing and treating fungal diseases is immunotherapy, which involves different mechanisms, such as vaccines, activation of the immune response and inducing the production of host antimicrobial molecules. Finally, the use of a mini-host has been encouraging for in vivo testing because these animal models demonstrate a good correlation with the mammalian model; they also increase the speediness of as well as facilitate the preliminary testing of new antifungal agents. In general, many years are required from discovery of a new antifungal to clinical use. However, the development of new antifungal strategies will reduce the therapeutic time and/or increase the quality of life of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Scorzoni
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana C A de Paula E Silva
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline M Marcos
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Patrícia A Assato
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Wanessa C M A de Melo
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Haroldo C de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Caroline B Costa-Orlandi
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Maria J S Mendes-Giannini
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
| | - Ana M Fusco-Almeida
- Laboratório de Micologia Clínica, Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas Araraquara, Brasil
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202
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Abstract
The high incidence and mortality of invasive fungal infections and serious drug resistance have become a global public health issue. The ability of fungal cells to form biofilms is an important reason for the emergence of severe resistance to most clinically available antifungal agents. Targeting fungal biofilm formation by small molecules represents a promising new strategy for the development of novel antifungal agents. This perspective will provide a comprehensive review of fungal biofilm inhibitors. In particular, discovery strategies, chemical structures, antibiofilm/antifungal activities, and structure-activity relationship studies will be discussed. Development of inhibitors to treat biofilm-related resistant fungal infections is a new yet clinically unexploited paradigm, and there is still a long way to go to clinical application. Better understanding of fungal biofilms in combination with systematic drug discovery efforts will pave the way for potential clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanchao Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Dong
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunquan Sheng
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University , 325 Guohe Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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203
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Sunde M, Pham CLL, Kwan AH. Molecular Characteristics and Biological Functions of Surface-Active and Surfactant Proteins. Annu Rev Biochem 2017; 86:585-608. [PMID: 28125290 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-biochem-061516-044847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Many critical biological processes take place at hydrophobic:hydrophilic interfaces, and a wide range of organisms produce surface-active proteins and peptides that reduce surface and interfacial tension and mediate growth and development at these boundaries. Microorganisms produce both small lipid-associated peptides and amphipathic proteins that allow growth across water:air boundaries, attachment to surfaces, predation, and improved bioavailability of hydrophobic substrates. Higher-order organisms produce surface-active proteins with a wide variety of functions, including the provision of protective foam environments for vulnerable reproductive stages, evaporative cooling, and gas exchange across airway membranes. In general, the biological functions supported by these diverse polypeptides require them to have an amphipathic nature, and this is achieved by a diverse range of molecular structures, with some proteins undergoing significant conformational change or intermolecular association to generate the structures that are surface active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Sunde
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; ,
| | - Chi L L Pham
- Discipline of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; ,
| | - Ann H Kwan
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences and Australian Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia;
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204
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Shukla N, Osmani AH, Osmani SA. Microtubules are reversibly depolymerized in response to changing gaseous microenvironments within Aspergillus nidulans biofilms. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:634-644. [PMID: 28057761 PMCID: PMC5328622 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-10-0750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
How microtubules (MTs) are regulated during fungal biofilm formation is unknown. By tracking MT +end-binding proteins (+TIPS) in Aspergillus nidulans, we find that MTs are regulated to depolymerize within forming fungal biofilms. During this process, EB1, dynein, and ClipA form transient fibrous and then bar-like structures, novel configurations for +TIPS. Cells also respond in an autonomous manner, with cells separated by a septum able to maintain different MT dynamics. Surprisingly, all cells with depolymerized MTs rapidly repolymerize their MTs after air exchange above the static culture medium of biofilms. Although the specific gasotransmitter for this biofilm response is not known, we find that addition of hydrogen sulfide gas to growing cells recapitulates all aspects of reversible MT depolymerization and transient formation of +TIPs bars. However, as biofilms mature, physical removal of part of the biofilm is required to promote MT repolymerization, which occurs at the new biofilm edge. We further show MT depolymerization within biofilms is regulated by the SrbA hypoxic transcription factor and that without SrbA, MTs are maintained as biofilms form. This reveals a new mode of MT regulation in response to changing gaseous biofilm microenvironments, which could contribute to the unique characteristics of fungal biofilms in medical and industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Shukla
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210.,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Aysha H Osmani
- Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
| | - Stephen A Osmani
- Ohio State Biochemistry Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210 .,Department of Molecular Genetics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210
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205
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Siddhanta S, Paidi SK, Bushley K, Prasad R, Barman I. Exploring Morphological and Biochemical Linkages in Fungal Growth with Label-Free Light Sheet Microscopy and Raman Spectroscopy. Chemphyschem 2016; 18:72-78. [PMID: 27860053 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201601062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Imaging tip growth in fungal hyphae is highly warranted to unravel the molecular mechanism of this extraordinarily precise and localized phenomenon. In situ probing of fungal cultures, however, have been challenging due to their inherent complexity and light penetration issues associated with conventional optical imaging. In this work, we report a label-free approach using a combination of light sheet microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to obtain concomitant morphological and biochemical information from the growing specimen. We show that the variance in morphology in the symbiotic fungus Piriformospora indica are rooted in the underlying differences in chemical composition in the specific growth zones. Our findings suggest that this potent two-pronged approach can comprehensively characterize growth areas and elucidate microbe interactions in still developing colonies with high sensitivity and multiplexing capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumik Siddhanta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Santosh Kumar Paidi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA
| | - Kathryn Bushley
- Department of Plant Biology, University of Minnesota, MN, 55108, USA
| | - Ram Prasad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Amity Institute of Microbial Technology, Amity University, Noida, 201303, India), Tel: (+91) 874-585-5570, Fax: (+91) 120-243-1878
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21218, USA.,Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA), Tel: (+1) 410-516-0656, Fax: (+1) 410-516-4316
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206
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Guilhelmelli F, Vilela N, Smidt KS, de Oliveira MA, da Cunha Morales Álvares A, Rigonatto MCL, da Silva Costa PH, Tavares AH, de Freitas SM, Nicola AM, Franco OL, Derengowski LDS, Schwartz EF, Mortari MR, Bocca AL, Albuquerque P, Silva-Pereira I. Activity of Scorpion Venom-Derived Antifungal Peptides against Planktonic Cells of Candida spp. and Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida albicans Biofilms. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1844. [PMID: 27917162 PMCID: PMC5114273 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections has been increasing in the last decades, while the number of available antifungal classes remains the same. The natural and acquired resistance of some fungal species to available therapies, associated with the high toxicity of these drugs on the present scenario and makes an imperative of the search for new, more efficient and less toxic therapeutic choices. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a potential class of antimicrobial drugs consisting of evolutionarily conserved multifunctional molecules with both microbicidal and immunomodulatory properties being part of the innate immune response of diverse organisms. In this study, we evaluated 11 scorpion-venom derived non-disulfide-bridged peptides against Cryptococcus neoformans and Candida spp., which are important human pathogens. Seven of them, including two novel molecules, showed activity against both genera with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 3.12 to 200 μM and an analogous activity against Candida albicans biofilms. Most of the peptides presented low hemolytic and cytotoxic activity against mammalian cells. Modifications in the primary peptide sequence, as revealed by in silico and circular dichroism analyses of the most promising peptides, underscored the importance of cationicity for their antimicrobial activity as well as the amphipathicity of these molecules and their tendency to form alpha helices. This is the first report of scorpion-derived AMPs against C. neoformans and our results underline the potential of scorpion venom as a source of antimicrobials. Further characterization of their mechanism of action, followed by molecular optimization to decrease their cytotoxicity and increase antimicrobial activity, is needed to fully clarify their real potential as antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Guilhelmelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Nathália Vilela
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Karina S Smidt
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Marco A de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Alice da Cunha Morales Álvares
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Maria C L Rigonatto
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Pedro H da Silva Costa
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Aldo H Tavares
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Sônia M de Freitas
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - André M Nicola
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Octávio L Franco
- Center of Proteomic and Biochemistry Analysis, Post Graduation in Biotechnology and Genomic Sciences, Catholic University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Lorena da Silveira Derengowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Elisabeth F Schwartz
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Márcia R Mortari
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, Department of Physiological Sciences, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Anamélia L Bocca
- Laboratory of Applied Immunology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Albuquerque
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil; Faculty of Ceilândia, University of BrasíliaBrasília, Brazil
| | - Ildinete Silva-Pereira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Cellular Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Brasília Brasília, Brazil
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207
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Ribeiro FC, de Barros PP, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Lactobacillus rhamnosus inhibits Candida albicans virulence factors in vitro and modulates immune system in Galleria mellonella. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 122:201-211. [PMID: 27727499 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential anti-Candida effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus ATCC 9595 on Candida albicans ATCC 18804 using in vitro and in vivo models. METHODS AND RESULTS The in vitro analysis evaluated the effects of L. rhamnosus on C. albicans's biofilm formation by CFU count and metabolic activity, filamentation capacity, and adhesion (ALS3 and HWP1) and transcriptional regulatory gene (BCR1 and CPH1) expression. The in vitro results showed that both the L. rhamnosus cells and supernatant reduced C. albicans biofilm formation, filamentation and gene expression. In the in vivo study, the treatment with L. rhamnosus supernatant increased 80% the survival of Galleria mellonella larvae infected with C. albicans. Furthermore, the supernatant of L. rhamnosus recruited haemocytes into the haemolymph (2·1-fold increase). CONCLUSIONS Lactobacillus rhamnosus reduced the biofilm formation and filamentation of C. albicans in vitro by negatively regulating all studied C. albicans genes. Lactobacillus rhamnosus protected G. mellonella against experimental candidiasis in vivo. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study is the first study to report the anti-Candida properties of L. rhamnosus ATCC 9595. The supernatant of this strain has immunomodulatory effects on the G. mellonella model and protects the larvae against pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- F C Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - P P de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - R D Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - J C Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
| | - A O C Jorge
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ Estadual Paulista, Sao Jose dos Campos, Brazil
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208
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Jeong SY, Yi T, Lee CH, Kim TG. Spatiotemporal dynamics and correlation networks of bacterial and fungal communities in a membrane bioreactor. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 105:218-230. [PMID: 27619498 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To systematically study biofilm communities responsible for biofouling in membrane bioreactors (MBRs), we characterized the spatiotemporal dynamics of bacterial and fungal biofilm communities, and their networks, in a pilot-scale flat-sheet MBR treating actual municipal wastewater. Activated sludge (AS) and membrane samples were collected on days 4 and 8. The membranes were cut into 18 tiles, and bacterial and fungal communities were analyzed using next generation sequencing. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) plots revealed significant temporal variations in bacterial and fungal biofilm communities due to changes in the abundances of a few dominant members. Although the experimental conditions and inoculum species pools remained constant, variogram plots of bacterial and fungal communities revealed decay in local community similarity with geographic distance at each sampling time. Variogram modeling (exponential rise to maximum, R2 ≥ 0.79) revealed that decay patterns of both communities were different between days 4 and 8. In addition, networks of bacteria or fungi alone were distinct in network composition between days 4 and 8. The day-8 networks were more compact and clustered than those of the earlier time point. Bacteria-fungi networks show that the number of inter-domain associations decreased from 113 to 40 with time, confirming that membrane biofilm is a complex consortium of bacteria and fungi. Spatiotemporal succession in biofilm communities may be common on MBR membranes, resulting from different geographic distributions of initial microbial populations and their priority effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Yeon Jeong
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, South Korea
| | - Taewoo Yi
- National Institute of Ecology, Choongnam 33657, South Korea
| | - Chung-Hak Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, South Korea
| | - Tae Gwan Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Pusan National University, Pusan 46241, South Korea.
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209
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Temporal Profile of Biofilm Formation, Gene Expression and Virulence Analysis in Candida albicans Strains. Mycopathologia 2016; 182:285-295. [DOI: 10.1007/s11046-016-0088-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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210
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Abstract
The extracellular matrix of biofilm is unique to the biofilm lifestyle, and it has key roles in community survival. A complete understanding of the biochemical nature of the matrix is integral to the understanding of the roles of matrix components. This knowledge is a first step toward the development of novel therapeutics and diagnostics to address persistent biofilm infections. Many of the assay methods needed for refined matrix composition analysis require milligram amounts of material that is separated from the cellular components of these complex communities. The protocol described here explains the large-scale production and isolation of the Candida biofilm extracellular matrix. To our knowledge, the proposed procedure is the only currently available approach in the field that yields milligram amounts of biofilm matrix. This procedure first requires biofilms to be seeded in large-surface-area roller bottles, followed by cell adhesion and biofilm maturation during continuous movement of the medium across the surface of the rotating bottle. The formed matrix is then separated from the entire biomass using sonication, which efficiently removes the matrix without perturbing the fungal cell wall. Subsequent filtration, dialysis and lyophilization steps result in a purified matrix product sufficient for biochemical, structural and functional assays. The overall protocol takes ∼11 d to complete. This protocol has been used for Candida species, but, using the troubleshooting guide provided, it could be adapted for other fungi or bacteria.
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211
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Poyntner C, Blasi B, Arcalis E, Mirastschijski U, Sterflinger K, Tafer H. The Transcriptome of Exophiala dermatitidis during Ex-vivo Skin Model Infection. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:136. [PMID: 27822460 PMCID: PMC5075926 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The black yeast Exophiala dermatitidis is a widespread polyextremophile and human pathogen, that is found in extreme natural habitats and man-made environments such as dishwashers. It can cause various diseases ranging from phaeohyphomycosis and systemic infections, with fatality rates reaching 40%. While the number of cases in immunocompromised patients are increasing, knowledge of the infections, virulence factors and host response is still scarce. In this study, for the first time, an artificial infection of an ex-vivo skin model with Exophiala dermatitidis was monitored microscopically and transcriptomically. Results show that Exophiala dermatitidis is able to actively grow and penetrate the skin. The analysis of the genomic and RNA-sequencing data delivers a rich and complex transcriptome where circular RNAs, fusion transcripts, long non-coding RNAs and antisense transcripts are found. Changes in transcription strongly affect pathways related to nutrients acquisition, energy metabolism, cell wall, morphological switch, and known virulence factors. The L-Tyrosine melanin pathway is specifically upregulated during infection. Moreover the production of secondary metabolites, especially alkaloids, is increased. Our study is the first that gives an insight into the complexity of the transcriptome of Exophiala dermatitidis during artificial skin infections and reveals new virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Poyntner
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Blasi
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Elsa Arcalis
- Department for Applied Genetics and Cell Biology, Molecular Plant Physiology and Crop Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Ursula Mirastschijski
- Klinikum Bremen-Mitte, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Center for Biomolecular Interactions Bremen, University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Katja Sterflinger
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
| | - Hakim Tafer
- Department of Biotechnology, VIBT EQ Extremophile Center, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Austria
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212
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Pais P, Costa C, Cavalheiro M, Romão D, Teixeira MC. Transcriptional Control of Drug Resistance, Virulence and Immune System Evasion in Pathogenic Fungi: A Cross-Species Comparison. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2016; 6:131. [PMID: 27812511 PMCID: PMC5072224 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2016.00131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors are key players in the control of the activation or repression of gene expression programs in response to environmental stimuli. The study of regulatory networks taking place in fungal pathogens is a promising research topic that can help in the fight against these pathogens by targeting specific fungal pathways as a whole, instead of targeting more specific effectors of virulence or drug resistance. This review is focused on the analysis of regulatory networks playing a central role in the referred mechanisms in the human fungal pathogens Aspergillus fumigatus, Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida parapsilosis, and Candida tropicalis. Current knowledge on the activity of the transcription factors characterized in each of these pathogenic fungal species will be addressed. Particular focus is given to their mechanisms of activation, regulatory targets and phenotypic outcome. The review further provides an evaluation on the conservation of transcriptional circuits among different fungal pathogens, highlighting the pathways that translate common or divergent traits among these species in what concerns their drug resistance, virulence and host immune evasion features. It becomes evident that the regulation of transcriptional networks is complex and presents significant variations among different fungal pathogens. Only the oxidative stress regulators Yap1 and Skn7 are conserved among all studied species; while some transcription factors, involved in nutrient homeostasis, pH adaptation, drug resistance and morphological switching are present in several, though not all species. Interestingly, in some cases not very homologous transcription factors display orthologous functions, whereas some homologous proteins have diverged in terms of their function in different species. A few cases of species specific transcription factors are also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Pais
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina Costa
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Cavalheiro
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Romão
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel C Teixeira
- Biological Sciences Research Group, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de LisboaLisbon, Portugal; Biological Sciences Research Group, Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior TécnicoLisboa, Portugal
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213
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Dissecting Candida albicans Infection from the Perspective of C. albicans Virulence and Omics Approaches on Host-Pathogen Interaction: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17101643. [PMID: 27763544 PMCID: PMC5085676 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17101643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida bloodstream infections remain the most frequent life-threatening fungal disease, with Candida albicans accounting for 70% to 80% of the Candida isolates recovered from infected patients. In nature, Candida species are part of the normal commensal flora in mammalian hosts. However, they can transform into pathogens once the host immune system is weakened or breached. More recently, mortality attributed to Candida infections has continued to increase due to both inherent and acquired drug resistance in Candida, the inefficacy of the available antifungal drugs, tedious diagnostic procedures, and a rising number of immunocompromised patients. Adoption of animal models, viz. minihosts, mice, and zebrafish, has brought us closer to unraveling the pathogenesis and complexity of Candida infection in human hosts, leading towards the discovery of biomarkers and identification of potential therapeutic agents. In addition, the advancement of omics technologies offers a holistic view of the Candida-host interaction in a non-targeted and non-biased manner. Hence, in this review, we seek to summarize past and present milestone findings on C. albicans virulence, adoption of animal models in the study of C. albicans infection, and the application of omics technologies in the study of Candida–host interaction. A profound understanding of the interaction between host defense and pathogenesis is imperative for better design of novel immunotherapeutic strategies in future.
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González-Ramírez AI, Ramírez-Granillo A, Medina-Canales MG, Rodríguez-Tovar AV, Martínez-Rivera MA. Analysis and description of the stages of Aspergillus fumigatus biofilm formation using scanning electron microscopy. BMC Microbiol 2016; 16:243. [PMID: 27756222 PMCID: PMC5069814 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-016-0859-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biofilms are a highly structured consortia of microorganisms that adhere to a substrate and are encased within an extracellular matrix (ECM) that is produced by the organisms themselves. Aspergillus fumigatus is a biotechnological fungus that has a medical and phytopathogenic significance, and its biofilm occurs in both natural and artificial environments; therefore, studies on the stages observed in biofilm formation are of great significance due to the limited knowledge that exists on this specific topic and because there are multiple applications that are being carried out. Results Growth curves were obtained from the soil and clinical isolates of the A. fumigatus biofilm formation. The optimal conditions for both of the isolates were inocula of 1 × 106 conidia/mL, incubated at 28 °C during 24 h; these showed stages similar to those described in classic microbial growth: the lag, exponential, and stationary phases. However, the biofilms formed at 37 °C were uneven. The A. fumigatus biofilm was similar regardless of the isolation source, but differences were presented according to the incubation temperature. The biofilm stages included the following: 1) adhesion to the plate surface (4 h), cell co-aggregation and exopolymeric substance (EPS) production; 2) conidial germination into hyphae (8-12 h), development, hyphal elongation, and expansion with channel formation (16-20 h); and 3) biofilm maturation as follows: mycelia development, hyphal layering networks, and channels formation, and high structural arrangement of the mycelia that included hyphal anastomosis and an extensive production of ECM (24 h); the ECM covered, surrounded and strengthened the mycelial arrangements, particular at 37 °C. In the clinical isolate, irregular fungal structures, such as microhyphae that are short and slender hyphae, occurred; 4) In cell dispersion, the soil isolate exhibited higher conidia than the clinical isolate, which had the capacity to germinate and generate new mycelia growth (24 h). In addition, we present images on the biofilm’s structural arrangement and chemical composition using fluorochromes to detect metabolic activity (FUNI) and mark molecules, such as chitin, DNA, mannose, glucose and proteins. Conclusions To our knowledge, this is the first time that, in vitro, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) images of the stages of A. fumigatus biofilm formation have been presented with a particular emphasis on the high hyphal organization and in diverse ECM to observe biofilm maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Itzel González-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Adrián Ramírez-Granillo
- Unidad de Microscopía ENCB, Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María Gabriela Medina-Canales
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Angeles Martínez-Rivera
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Departamento de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN), Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico. .,Prolongación de Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, C.P. 11340, Ciudad de México, Mexico.
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Sharma V, Purushotham R, Kaur R. The Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase Regulates Retrograde Trafficking of the Iron Permease CgFtr1 and Iron Homeostasis in Candida glabrata. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24715-24734. [PMID: 27729452 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.751529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), which phosphorylates phosphatidylinositol and produces PI3P, has been implicated in protein trafficking, intracellular survival, and virulence in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata Here, we demonstrate PI3-kinase (CgVps34) to be essential for maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis. We examine how CgVps34 regulates the fundamental process of iron acquisition, and underscore its function in vesicular trafficking as a central determinant. RNA sequencing analysis revealed iron homeostasis genes to be differentially expressed upon CgVps34 disruption. Consistently, the Cgvps34Δ mutant displayed growth attenuation in low- and high-iron media, increased intracellular iron content, elevated mitochondrial aconitase activity, impaired biofilm formation, and extenuated mouse organ colonization potential. Furthermore, we demonstrate for the first time that C. glabrata cells respond to iron limitation by expressing the iron permease CgFtr1 primarily on the cell membrane, and to iron excess via internalization of the plasma membrane-localized CgFtr1 to the vacuole. Our data show that CgVps34 is essential for the latter process. We also report that macrophage-internalized C. glabrata cells express CgFtr1 on the cell membrane indicative of an iron-restricted macrophage internal milieu, and Cgvps34Δ cells display better survival in iron-enriched medium-cultured macrophages. Overall, our data reveal the centrality of PI3K signaling in iron metabolism and host colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandana Sharma
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Survey Nos. 728, 729, 730 and 734, Opposite Uppal Water Tank, Beside BSNL T E Building, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Ranga Reddy District, India and; the Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, India
| | - Rajaram Purushotham
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Survey Nos. 728, 729, 730 and 734, Opposite Uppal Water Tank, Beside BSNL T E Building, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Ranga Reddy District, India and
| | - Rupinder Kaur
- From the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, Survey Nos. 728, 729, 730 and 734, Opposite Uppal Water Tank, Beside BSNL T E Building, Uppal, Hyderabad 500039, Ranga Reddy District, India and.
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An C, Yamamoto N. Fungal compositions and diversities on indoor surfaces with visible mold growths in residential buildings in the Seoul Capital Area of South Korea. INDOOR AIR 2016; 26:714-723. [PMID: 26509799 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Indoor visible mold growths are known to be associated with allergies and respiratory illnesses. However, a question remains of their compositions and diversities. Using swab sampling and high-throughput DNA sequencing, this study analyzed taxonomic compositions and diversities of fungi on indoor surfaces laden with visible mold growths in residential apartments in South Korea. The sequencing results showed low species diversities with Shannon indices ranging from 0.14 to 2.29 (mean = 1.11). Several allergy-related genera were detected on the same surface, where the most abundant Cladosporium with a mean relative abundance of 41% co-occurred with less abundant Aspergillus (0.094%), Rhodotorula (6.3%), Cryptococcus (3.7%), Alternaria (4.1%), and Crivellia (17%). β diversity analyses showed significant differences in the fungal communities between enclosed balconies and other indoor areas (P < 0.05, ANOSIM), emphasizing a need to sample at multiple indoor locations when assessments are made for indoor visible mold growths. High-throughput sequencing is powerful in characterizing compositions and diversities of fungal communities. Future studies should examine the relationships between taxonomic compositions and diversities of indoor visible molds and health outcomes of allergies and respiratory illnesses in residential buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- C An
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
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217
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Bradford LL, Ravel J. The vaginal mycobiome: A contemporary perspective on fungi in women's health and diseases. Virulence 2016; 8:342-351. [PMID: 27657355 PMCID: PMC5411243 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1237332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of what is known about fungi in the human vagina has come from culture-based studies and phenotypic characterization of single organisms. Though valuable, these approaches have masked the complexity of fungal communities within the vagina. The vaginal mycobiome has become an emerging field of study as genomics tools are increasingly employed and we begin to appreciate the role these fungal communities play in human health and disease. Though vastly outnumbered by its bacterial counterparts, fungi are important constituents of the vaginal ecosystem in many healthy women. Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungal pathogen, colonizes 20% of women without causing any overt symptoms, yet it is one of the leading causes of infectious vaginitis. Understanding its mechanisms of commensalism and patho-genesis are both essential to developing more effective therapies. Describing the interactions between Candida, bacteria (such as Lactobacillus spp.) and other fungi in the vagina is funda-mental to our characterization of the vaginal mycobiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. Latéy Bradford
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,CONTACT Jacques Ravel Institute for Genome Sciences, 801 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Abstract
Biofilm infections are exceptionally recalcitrant to antimicrobial treatment or clearance by host immune responses. Within biofilms, microbes form adherent multicellular communities that are embedded in an extracellular matrix. Many prescribed antifungal drugs are not effective against biofilm infections owing to several protective factors including poor diffusion of drugs through biofilms as well as specific drug-matrix interactions. Despite the key roles that biofilms play in infections, there is little quantitative information about their composition and structural complexity because of the analytical challenge of studying these dense networks using traditional techniques. Within this review, recent work to elucidate fungal biofilm composition is discussed, with particular attention given to the challenges of annotation and quantification of matrix composition.
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Delarue M, Hartung J, Schreck C, Gniewek P, Hu L, Herminghaus S, Hallatschek O. Self-Driven Jamming in Growing Microbial Populations. NATURE PHYSICS 2016; 12:762-766. [PMID: 27642362 PMCID: PMC5022770 DOI: 10.1038/nphys3741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In natural settings, microbes tend to grow in dense populations [1-4] where they need to push against their surroundings to accommodate space for new cells. The associated contact forces play a critical role in a variety of population-level processes, including biofilm formation [5-7], the colonization of porous media [8, 9], and the invasion of biological tissues [10-12]. Although mechanical forces have been characterized at the single cell level [13-16], it remains elusive how collective pushing forces result from the combination of single cell forces. Here, we reveal a collective mechanism of confinement, which we call self-driven jamming, that promotes the build-up of large mechanical pressures in microbial populations. Microfluidic experiments on budding yeast populations in space-limited environments show that self-driven jamming arises from the gradual formation and sudden collapse of force chains driven by microbial proliferation, extending the framework of driven granular matter [17-20]. The resulting contact pressures can become large enough to slow down cell growth, to delay the cell cycle in the G1 phase, and to strain or even destroy the microenvironment through crack propagation. Our results suggest that self-driven jamming and build-up of large mechanical pressures is a natural tendency of microbes growing in confined spaces, contributing to microbial pathogenesis and biofouling [21-26].
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Delarue
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Jörn Hartung
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carl Schreck
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Pawel Gniewek
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA; Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | - Lucy Hu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley, USA
| | | | - Oskar Hallatschek
- Departments of Physics and Integrative Biology, University of California Berkeley, USA; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization Göttingen, Germany
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Mello TP, Aor AC, Gonçalves DS, Seabra SH, Branquinha MH, Santos ALS. Assessment of biofilm formation by Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:737-749. [PMID: 27309801 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1192610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Reported herein is the ability of Scedosporium apiospermum, S. aurantiacum, S. minutisporum and Lomentospora prolificans conidia to adhere, differentiate into hyphae and form biofilms on both polystyrene and lung epithelial cells. To different degrees, all of the fungi adhered to polystyrene after 4 h, with a predominance of those with germinated conidia. Prolonged fungi-polystyrene contact resulted in the formation of a monolayer of intertwined mycelia, which was identified as a typical biofilm structure due to the presence of a viable mycelial biomass, extracellular matrix and enhanced antifungal resistance. Ultrastructural details were revealed by SEM and CLSM, showing the dense compaction of the mycelial biomass and the presence of channels within the organized biofilm. A similar biofilm structure was observed following the co-culture of each fungus with A549 cells, revealing a mycelial trap covering all of the lung epithelial monolayer. Collectively, these results highlight the potential for biofilm formation by these clinically relevant fungal pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís P Mello
- a Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Aor
- a Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Diego S Gonçalves
- a Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Sergio H Seabra
- c Laboratório de Tecnologia em Cultura de Células , Centro Universitário Estadual da Zona Oeste (UEZO) , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marta H Branquinha
- a Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - André L S Santos
- a Laboratório de Investigação de Peptidases, Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
- b Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica, Instituto de Química , Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Lipopeptides from Bacillus subtilis AC7 inhibit adhesion and biofilm formation of Candida albicans on silicone. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 2016; 109:1375-88. [DOI: 10.1007/s10482-016-0736-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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222
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Primary and Disseminated Cutaneous Coccidioidomycosis: Clinical Aspects and Diagnosis. CURRENT FUNGAL INFECTION REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12281-016-0263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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223
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Abstract
Background: Onychomycosis is a persistent fungal nail infection that is notoriously hard to treat. Approximately 20% to 25% of patients with onychomycosis do not respond to treatment, and 10% to 53% of patients relapse. As such, successful treatment is imperative for long-term disease management. Objective: To identify ways to improve cure rates for onychomycosis. Method: The literature on onychomycosis treatment and recurrence was reviewed to summarize treatment approaches and suggest strategies to increase cure rates. Results and Conclusion: To improve treatment success in onychomycosis, we suggest the following measures be followed: (1) onychomycosis must be correctly diagnosed, (2) the treatment regimen should be tailored to the individual patient, (3) the efficacy of antifungals must be maximized, and (4) recurrence must be prevented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya K. Gupta
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Mediprobe Research, Inc, London, ON, Canada
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Gupta AK, Daigle D, Carviel JL. The role of biofilms in onychomycosis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2016; 74:1241-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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225
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Brunke S, Mogavero S, Kasper L, Hube B. Virulence factors in fungal pathogens of man. Curr Opin Microbiol 2016; 32:89-95. [PMID: 27257746 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Human fungal pathogens are a commonly underestimated cause of severe diseases associated with high morbidity and mortality. Like other pathogens, their survival and growth in the host, as well as subsequent host damage, is thought to be mediated by virulence factors which set them apart from harmless microbes. In this review, we describe and discuss commonly employed strategies for fungal survival and growth in the host and how these affect the host-fungus interactions to lead to disease. While many of these strategies require host-specific virulence factors, more generally any fitness factor which allows growth under host-like conditions can be required for pathogenesis. Furthermore, we briefly summarize how different fungal pathogens are thought to damage the host. We find that in addition to a core of common activities relevant for growth, different groups of fungi employ different strategies which in spite of (or together with) the host's response can lead to disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Brunke
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Selene Mogavero
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Lydia Kasper
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department of Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knoell Institute Jena (HKI), Beutenbergstrasse 11a, 07745, Jena, Germany; Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena, Germany.
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Berberine Antifungal Activity in Fluconazole-Resistant Pathogenic Yeasts: Action Mechanism Evaluated by Flow Cytometry and Biofilm Growth Inhibition in Candida spp. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2016; 60:3551-7. [PMID: 27021328 PMCID: PMC4879420 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01846-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of fungal infections and, in particular, the incidence of fungal antibiotic resistance, which is associated with biofilm formation, have significantly increased, contributing to morbidity and mortality. Thus, new therapeutic strategies need to be developed. In this context, natural products have emerged as a major source of possible antifungal agents. Berberine is a protoberberine-type isoquinoline alkaloid isolated from the roots, rhizomes, and stem bark of natural herbs, such as Berberis aquifolium, Berberis vulgaris, Berberis aristata, and Hydrastis canadensis, and of Phellodendron amurense. Berberine has been proven to have broad antibacterial and antifungal activity. In the present study, the potential antifungal effect of berberine against fluconazole-resistant Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans strains, as well as against the biofilm form of Candida spp., was assessed. The antifungal effect of berberine was determined by a broth microdilution method (the M27-A3 method of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) and flow cytometry techniques, in which the probable mechanism of action of the compound was also assessed. For biofilm assessment, a colorimetric 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to determine the susceptibility of sessile cells. The isolates used in the study belonged to the Laboratory of Bioprospection and Experiments in Yeast (LABEL) of the Federal University of Ceará. After 24 and 72 h, fluconazole-resistant Candida and Cryptococcus neoformans strains showed berberine MICs equal to 8 μg/ml and 16 μg/ml, respectively. Cytometric analysis showed that treatment with berberine caused alterations to the integrity of the plasma and mitochondrial membranes and DNA damage, which led to cell death, probably by apoptosis. Assessment of biofilm-forming isolates after treatment showed statistically significant reductions in biofilm cell activity (P < 0.001).
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227
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Abstract
Fungal biofilms have become an increasingly important clinical problem. The widespread use of antibiotics, frequent use of indwelling medical devices, and a trend toward increased patient immunosuppression have resulted in a creation of opportunity for clinically important yeasts and molds to form biofilms. This review will discuss the diversity and importance of fungal biofilms in the context of clinical medicine, provide novel insights into the clinical management of fungal biofilm infection, present evidence why these structures are recalcitrant to antifungal therapy, and discuss how our knowledge and understanding may lead to novel therapeutic intervention.
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228
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Abstract
Fungal infections constitute a major threat to an escalating number of critically ill patients. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms and, as such, there is a limited armamentarium of antifungal drugs, which leads to high mortality rates. Moreover, fungal infections are often associated with the formation of biofilms, which contribute to virulence and further complicate treatment due to the high level of antifungal drug resistance displayed by sessile cells within these microbial communities. Thus, the treatment of fungal infections associated with a biofilm etiology represents a formidable and unmet clinical challenge. The increasing importance and awareness of fungal biofilms is reflected by the fact that this is now an area of very active research. Studies in the last decade have provided important insights into fungal biofilm biology, physiology, and pathology, as well as into the molecular basis of biofilm resistance. Here we discuss how this accumulated knowledge may inform the development of new antibiofilm strategies and therapeutics that are urgently needed.
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229
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Abstract
In vivo, Aspergillus fumigatus grows as a typical biofilm with hyphae covered by an extracellular matrix (ECM) composed of polysaccharides, galactomannan, and galactosaminogalactan. α1,3 glucans and melanin are also constitutive of the ECM in aspergilloma but not in invasive aspergillosis. In vitro, two biofilm models were established to mimic the in vivo situation. The first model (model 1) uses submerged liquid conditions and is characterized by slow growth, while the second model (model 2) uses agar medium and aerial conditions and is characterized by rapid growth. The composition of the ECM was studied only in the second model and has been shown to be composed of galactomannan, galactosaminogalactan (GAG), and α1,3 glucans, melanin, antigens, and hydrophobins. The presence of extracellular DNA was detected in model 1 biofilm but not in model 2. Transcriptomic analysis employing both biofilm models showed upregulation of genes coding for proteins involved in the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, adhesion, and drug resistance. However, most data on A. fumigatus biofilms have been obtained in vitro and should be confirmed using in vivo animal models. There is a need for new therapeutic antibiofilm strategies that focus on the use of combination therapy, since biofilm formation poses an important clinical problem due to their resistance to antifungal agents. Furthermore, in vivo investigations of A. fumigatus biofilms that incorporate the associated microbiota are needed. Such studies will add another layer of complexity to our understanding of the role of A. fumigatus biofilm during lung invasion.
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Höfs S, Mogavero S, Hube B. Interaction of Candida albicans with host cells: virulence factors, host defense, escape strategies, and the microbiota. J Microbiol 2016; 54:149-69. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-016-5514-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Bujdáková H. Management of Candida biofilms: state of knowledge and new options for prevention and eradication. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:235-51. [PMID: 26849383 DOI: 10.2217/fmb.15.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms formed by Candida species (spp.) on medical devices represent a potential health risk. The focus of current research is searching for new options for the treatment and prevention of biofilm-associated infections using different approaches including modern nanotechnology. This review summarizes current information concerning the most relevant resistance/tolerance mechanisms to conventional drugs and a role of additional factors contributing to these phenomena in Candida spp. (mostly Candida albicans). Additionally, it provides an information update in prevention and eradication of a Candida biofilm including experiences with 'lock' therapy, potential utilization of small molecules in biomedical applications, and perspectives of using photodynamic inactivation in the control of a Candida biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Bujdáková
- Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Department of Microbiology & Virology, Mlynská dolina, Ilkovičova 6, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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Barros PP, Ribeiro FC, Rossoni RD, Junqueira JC, Jorge AOC. Influence of Candida krusei and Candida glabrata on Candida albicans gene expression in in vitro biofilms. Arch Oral Biol 2016; 64:92-101. [PMID: 26803674 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2016.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to evaluate the interactions between the species Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida glabrata in monotypic and mixed biofilm models formed in vitro as well as the relative expression of the ALS1, ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1, TEC1, SAP5, PLB2 and LIP9 genes. MATERIAL AND METHODS Mixed (C. albicans/C. krusei and C. albicans/C. glabrata) and monotypic biofilms were cultured for 0, 12 and 24h. Gene expression was analyzed in the same biofilm model in which the number of CFU/mL was counted. RESULTS The C. albicans CFU/mL values were lower at the 12 and 24h time points in the mixed biofilms compared with the monotypic biofilms, and decreases of 56.23% and 64.4% in C. albicans were observed when this species was associated with C. glabrata and C. krusei, respectively. In the presence of C. krusei, the expression of the ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1 and TEC1 genes of C. albicans was completely inhibited, indicating both transcriptome and the phenotypic antagonism between these two species, but genes related to the secretion of enzymes were stimulated. In the presence of C. glabrata, C. albicans showed a similar gene expression profile to that obtained in association with C. krusei, though it was altered to a lesser degree. CONCLUSION We conclude that C. krusei and C. glabrata may alter or inhibit the mechanisms involved in the in vitro adherence and formation of C. albicans biofilms, influencing the pathogenicity of this species and suggesting a competitive interaction with C. krusei and C. glabrata in biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Pimentel Barros
- Departament of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Camargo Ribeiro
- Departament of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Departament of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Departament of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil
| | - Antonio Olavo Cardoso Jorge
- Departament of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José dos Campos, Brazil
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Muakkassa FK, Ghannoum M. Updates on Therapeutic Strategies Against Candida (and Aspergillus) Biofilm Related Infections. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 931:95-103. [PMID: 27287466 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Fungal biofilm related infections are commonly associated with medical devices with biofilms contributing to the virulence of the involved fungal species. If infection does occur, removal of medical device is often warranted. However, this is not always possible. Moreover, biofilm associated infections are often resistant to antifungals and host immunity. Therefore, a need for new agents and strategies to combat these devastating infections is needed. Although no randomized clinical trials have been conducted or are likely to be conducted in the future, the Infectious Disease Society of America (IDSA) and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID) utilized available published data and clinical experience of the infectious disease community to propose strategies to treat biofilm associated devise infections. In this chapter we describe the emerging therapies for biofilm related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Kamel Muakkassa
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mahmoud Ghannoum
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Medical Mycology, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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Williams C, Rajendran R, Ramage G. Aspergillus Biofilms in Human Disease. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 931:1-11. [PMID: 27271678 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The biofilm phenotype of Aspergillus species is an important and accepted clinical entity. While industrially these biofilms have been used extensively in important biofermentations, their role in clinical infection is less well defined. A recent flurry of activity has demonstrated that these interesting filamentous moulds have the capacity to form biofilms both in vitro and in vivo, and through various investigations have shown that these are exquisitely resistant to antifungal therapies through a range of adaptive resistance mechanisms independent of defined genetic changes. This review will explore the clinical importance of these biofilms and provide contemporary information with respect to their clinical management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Williams
- Institute of Healthcare Policy and Practice, University of West of Scotland, High St, Paisley, PA1 2BE, UK.
| | - Ranjith Rajendran
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Gordon Ramage
- Infection and Immunity Research Group, Glasgow Dental School and Hospital, School of Medicine, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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Gabaldón T, Carreté L. The birth of a deadly yeast: tracing the evolutionary emergence of virulence traits in Candida glabrata. FEMS Yeast Res 2015; 16:fov110. [PMID: 26684722 PMCID: PMC5815135 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/fov110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen whose incidence has increased in the last two decades. Despite its name, this yeast is only distantly related to the model fungal pathogen C. albicans, and more closely related to Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other yeasts that underwent an ancient whole-genome duplication. Understanding what specific traits make C. glabrata a successful opportunistic pathogen within a clade of mostly innocuous yeasts, and how these compare to virulence traits in distant pathogens such as C. albicans is a focus of intense research. From an evolutionary perspective, uncovering how the ability to infect humans has emerged multiple, independent times in different lineages may reveal new disease mechanisms and provide us with the capacity to predict which genomic features in a clade may confer a higher potential to develop virulence against humans. Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human pathogen; genomics analyses have revealed its evolutionary path to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Carreté
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Dr Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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Faria-Oliveira F, Carvalho J, Ferreira C, Hernáez ML, Gil C, Lucas C. Quantitative differential proteomics of yeast extracellular matrix: there is more to it than meets the eye. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:271. [PMID: 26608260 PMCID: PMC4660637 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0550-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Saccharomyces cerevisiae multicellular communities are sustained by a scaffolding extracellular matrix, which provides spatial organization, and nutrient and water availability, and ensures group survival. According to this tissue-like biology, the yeast extracellular matrix (yECM) is analogous to the higher Eukaryotes counterpart for its polysaccharide and proteinaceous nature. Few works focused on yeast biofilms, identifying the flocculin Flo11 and several members of the HSP70 in the extracellular space. Molecular composition of the yECM, is therefore mostly unknown. The homologue of yeast Gup1 protein in high Eukaryotes (HHATL) acts as a regulator of Hedgehog signal secretion, therefore interfering in morphogenesis and cell-cell communication through the ECM, which mediates but is also regulated by this signalling pathway. In yeast, the deletion of GUP1 was associated with a vast number of diverse phenotypes including the cellular differentiation that accompanies biofilm formation. Methods S. cerevisiae W303-1A wt strain and gup1∆ mutant were used as previously described to generate biofilm-like mats in YPDa from which the yECM proteome was extracted. The proteome from extracellular medium from batch liquid growing cultures was used as control for yECM-only secreted proteins. Proteins were separated by SDS-PAGE and 2DE. Identification was performed by HPLC, LC-MS/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF. The protein expression comparison between the two strains was done by DIGE, and analysed by DeCyder Extended Data Analysis that included Principal Component Analysis and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis. Results The proteome of S. cerevisiae yECM from biofilm-like mats was purified and analysed by Nano LC-MS/MS, 2D Difference Gel Electrophoresis (DIGE), and MALDI-TOF/TOF. Two strains were compared, wild type and the mutant defective in GUP1. As controls for the identification of the yECM-only proteins, the proteome from liquid batch cultures was also identified. Proteins were grouped into distinct functional classes, mostly Metabolism, Protein Fate/Remodelling and Cell Rescue and Defence mechanisms, standing out the presence of heat shock chaperones, metalloproteinases, broad signalling cross-talkers and other putative signalling proteins. The data has been deposited to the ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD001133. Conclusions yECM, as the mammalian counterpart, emerges as highly proteinaceous. As in higher Eukaryotes ECM, numerous proteins that could allow dynamic remodelling, and signalling events to occur in/and via yECM were identified. Importantly, large sets of enzymes encompassing full antagonistic metabolic pathways, suggest that mats develop into two metabolically distinct populations, suggesting that either extensive moonlighting or actual metabolism occurs extracellularly. The gup1∆ showed abnormally loose ECM texture. Accordingly, the correspondent differences in proteome unveiled acetic and citric acid producing enzymes as putative players in structural integrity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Faria-Oliveira
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Célia Ferreira
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Maria Luisa Hernáez
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Concha Gil
- Unidad de Proteómica, Universidad Complutense de Madrid - Parque Científico de Madrid (UCM-PCM), Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Microbiología II, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cândida Lucas
- CBMA - Centro de Biologia Molecular e Ambiental, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
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Peralta MA, da Silva MA, Ortega MG, Cabrera JL, Paraje MG. Antifungal activity of a prenylated flavonoid from Dalea elegans against Candida albicans biofilms. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2015; 22:975-980. [PMID: 26407939 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The continuing emergence of infections with antifungal resistant Candida strains requires a constant search for new antifungal drugs, with the plant kingdom being an important source of chemical structures. PURPOSE The present study investigated the antifungal effect of 2',4'-dihydroxy-5'-(1''',1'''-dimethylallyl)-8-prenylpinocembrin (8PP, formerly 6PP), a natural prenylflavonoid, on Candida albicans biofilms, and compared this with an azole antifungal (fluconazole) by studying the cellular stress and antioxidant response. STUDY DESIGN/METHODS The fluconazole sensitive (SCa) and azole-resistant (RCa) C. albicans strains were used, with biofilm formation being studied using crystal violet (CV) and confocal scanning laser microscopy (CSLM). The minimal inhibitory concentration for sessile cells (SMIC) was defined as the concentration of antifungal that caused a 50% (SMIC 50) and 80% (SMIC 80) reduction of treated biofilms. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by the reduction of nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT), and reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI) were determined by the Griess assay. The activities of the superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacity of the biofilms were measured by spectrophotometric methods. ROS accumulation was also detected inside biofilms by using the fluorogenic dye 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA), which was visualized by CSLM. RESULTS The SCa and RCa biofilms were strongly inhibited by 8PP at 100 µM (SMIC 80). We observed that cellular stress affected biofilms growth, resulting in an increase of ROS and also of reactive nitrogen intermediates (RNI), with SOD and CAT being increased significantly in the presence of 8PP. The basal level of the biofilm total antioxidant capacity was higher in RCa than SCa. Moreover, in SCa, the total antioxidant capacity rose considerably in the presence of both 8PP and fluconazole. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that 8PP may be useful for the treatment of biofilm-related Candida infections, through an accumulation of endogenous ROS and RNI that can induce an adaptive response based on a coordinated increase in antioxidant defenses. 8PP may also have a therapeutic potential in C. albicans infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Andrea Peralta
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Angel da Silva
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Ortega
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - José Luis Cabrera
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Gabriela Paraje
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal (IMBIV) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET); Cátedra de Microbiología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Av. Vélez Sarsfield 299, Córdoba, Argentina.
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238
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Srivastava S, Bhargava A. Biofilms and human health. Biotechnol Lett 2015; 38:1-22. [PMID: 26386834 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-015-1960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A biofilm can be defined as a surface-attached (sessile) community of microorganisms embedded and growing in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. These biofilm communities can be found in medical, industrial and natural environments, and can also be engineered in vitro for various biotechnological applications. Biofilms play a significant role in the transmission and persistence of human disease especially for diseases associated with inert surfaces, including medical devices for internal or external use. Biofilm infections on implants or in-dwelling devices are difficult to eradicate because of their much better protection against macrophages and antibiotics, compared to free living cells, leading to severe clinical complications often with lethal outcome. Recent developments in nanotechnology have provided novel approaches to preventing and dispersing biofilm related infections and potentially providing a novel method for fighting infections that is nondrug related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpi Srivastava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow, 226010, India
| | - Atul Bhargava
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (Lucknow Campus), Gomti Nagar Extension, Lucknow, 226010, India.
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Functional Divergence of Hsp90 Genetic Interactions in Biofilm and Planktonic Cellular States. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137947. [PMID: 26367740 PMCID: PMC4569550 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is among the most prevalent opportunistic fungal pathogens. Its capacity to cause life-threatening bloodstream infections is associated with the ability to form biofilms, which are intrinsically drug resistant reservoirs for dispersal. A key regulator of biofilm drug resistance and dispersal is the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which stabilizes many signal transducers. We previously identified 226 C. albicans Hsp90 genetic interactors under planktonic conditions, of which 56 are involved in transcriptional regulation. Six of these transcriptional regulators have previously been implicated in biofilm formation, suggesting that Hsp90 genetic interactions identified in planktonic conditions may have functional significance in biofilms. Here, we explored the relationship between Hsp90 and five of these transcription factor genetic interactors: BCR1, MIG1, TEC1, TUP1, and UPC2. We deleted each transcription factor gene in an Hsp90 conditional expression strain, and assessed biofilm formation and morphogenesis. Strikingly, depletion of Hsp90 conferred no additional biofilm defect in the mutants. An interaction was observed in which deletion of BCR1 enhanced filamentation upon reduction of Hsp90 levels. Further, although Hsp90 modulates expression of TEC1, TUP1, and UPC2 in planktonic conditions, it has no impact in biofilms. Lastly, we probed for physical interactions between Hsp90 and Tup1, whose WD40 domain suggests that it might interact with Hsp90 directly. Hsp90 and Tup1 formed a stable complex, independent of temperature or developmental state. Our results illuminate a physical interaction between Hsp90 and a key transcriptional regulator of filamentation and biofilm formation, and suggest that Hsp90 has distinct genetic interactions in planktonic and biofilm cellular states.
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240
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Delicate Metabolic Control and Coordinated Stress Response Critically Determine Antifungal Tolerance of Candida albicans Biofilm Persisters. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015. [PMID: 26195524 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00543-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida infection has emerged as a critical health care burden worldwide, owing to the formation of robust biofilms against common antifungals. Recent evidence shows that multidrug-tolerant persisters critically account for biofilm recalcitrance, but their underlying biological mechanisms are poorly understood. Here, we first investigated the phenotypic characteristics of Candida biofilm persisters under consecutive harsh treatments of amphotericin B. The prolonged treatments effectively killed the majority of the cells of biofilms derived from representative strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Candida tropicalis but failed to eradicate a small fraction of persisters. Next, we explored the tolerance mechanisms of the persisters through an investigation of the proteomic profiles of C. albicans biofilm persister fractions by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The C. albicans biofilm persisters displayed a specific proteomic signature, with an array of 205 differentially expressed proteins. The crucial enzymes involved in glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and protein synthesis were markedly downregulated, indicating that major metabolic activities are subdued in the persisters. It is noteworthy that certain metabolic pathways, such as the glyoxylate cycle, were able to be activated with significantly increased levels of isocitrate lyase and malate synthase. Moreover, a number of important proteins responsible for Candida growth, virulence, and the stress response were greatly upregulated. Interestingly, the persisters were tolerant to oxidative stress, despite highly induced intracellular superoxide. The current findings suggest that delicate metabolic control and a coordinated stress response may play a crucial role in mediating the survival and antifungal tolerance of Candida biofilm persisters.
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De Cremer K, Staes I, Delattin N, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K, De Brucker K. Combinatorial drug approaches to tackleCandida albicansbiofilms. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2015; 13:973-84. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2015.1056162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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242
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Pulsed light for the inactivation of fungal biofilms of clinically important pathogenicCandidaspecies. Yeast 2015; 32:533-40. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
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Abstract
Invasive fungal infections remain a major source of global morbidity and mortality, especially among patients with underlying immune suppression. Successful patient management requires antifungal therapy. Yet, treatment choices are restricted due to limited classes of antifungal agents and the emergence of antifungal drug resistance. In some settings, the evolution of multidrug-resistant strains insensitive to several classes of antifungal agents is a major concern. The resistance mechanisms responsible for acquired resistance are well characterized and include changes in drug target affinity and abundance, and reduction in the intracellular level of drug by biofilms and efflux pumps. The development of high-level and multidrug resistance occurs through a stepwise evolution of diverse mechanisms. The genetic factors that influence these mechanisms are emerging and they form a complex symphony of cellular interactions that enable the cell to adapt and/or overcome drug-induced stress. Drivers of resistance involve a complex blend of host and microbial factors. Understanding these mechanisms will facilitate development of better diagnostics and therapeutic strategies to overcome and prevent antifungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Perlin
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Erika Shor
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, New Jersey Medical School, 185 S Orange Ave, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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Fungal β-1,3-glucan increases ofloxacin tolerance of Escherichia coli in a polymicrobial E. coli/Candida albicans biofilm. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3052-8. [PMID: 25753645 DOI: 10.1128/aac.04650-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past, biofilm-related research has focused mainly on axenic biofilms. However, in nature, biofilms are often composed of multiple species, and the resulting polymicrobial interactions influence industrially and clinically relevant outcomes such as performance and drug resistance. In this study, we show that Escherichia coli does not affect Candida albicans tolerance to amphotericin or caspofungin in an E. coli/C. albicans biofilm. In contrast, ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli is significantly increased in a polymicrobial E. coli/C. albicans biofilm compared to its tolerance in an axenic E. coli biofilm. The increased ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli is mainly biofilm specific, as ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli is less pronounced in polymicrobial E. coli/C. albicans planktonic cultures. Moreover, we found that ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli decreased significantly when E. coli/C. albicans biofilms were treated with matrix-degrading enzymes such as the β-1,3-glucan-degrading enzyme lyticase. In line with a role for β-1,3-glucan in mediating ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli in a biofilm, we found that ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli increased even more in E. coli/C. albicans biofilms consisting of a high-β-1,3-glucan-producing C. albicans mutant. In addition, exogenous addition of laminarin, a polysaccharide composed mainly of poly-β-1,3-glucan, to an E. coli biofilm also resulted in increased ofloxacin tolerance. All these data indicate that β-1,3-glucan from C. albicans increases ofloxacin tolerance of E. coli in an E. coli/C. albicans biofilm.
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El-Kirat-Chatel S, Beaussart A, Derclaye S, Alsteens D, Kucharíková S, Van Dijck P, Dufrêne YF. Force nanoscopy of hydrophobic interactions in the fungal pathogen Candida glabrata. ACS NANO 2015; 9:1648-1655. [PMID: 25621738 DOI: 10.1021/nn506370f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Candida glabrata is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen which binds to surfaces mainly through the Epa family of cell adhesion proteins. While some Epa proteins mediate specific lectin-like interactions with human epithelial cells, others promote adhesion and biofilm formation on plastic surfaces via nonspecific interactions that are not yet elucidated. We report the measurement of hydrophobic forces engaged in Epa6-mediated cell adhesion by means of atomic force microscopy (AFM). Using single-cell force spectroscopy, we found that C. glabrata wild-type (WT) cells attach to hydrophobic surfaces via strongly adhesive macromolecular bonds, while mutant cells impaired in Epa6 expression are weakly adhesive. Nanoscale mapping of yeast cells using AFM tips functionalized with hydrophobic groups shows that Epa6 is massively exposed on WT cells and conveys strong hydrophobic properties to the cell surface. Our results demonstrate that Epa6 mediates strong hydrophobic interactions, thereby providing a molecular basis for the ability of this adhesin to drive biofilm formation on abiotic surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofiane El-Kirat-Chatel
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain , Croix du Sud, 1, bte L7.04.01, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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Abstract
Only few Candida species, e.g., Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida parapsilosis, are successful colonizers of a human host. Under certain circumstances these species can cause infections ranging from superficial to life-threatening disseminated candidiasis. The success of C. albicans, the most prevalent and best studied Candida species, as both commensal and human pathogen depends on its genetic, biochemical, and morphological flexibility which facilitates adaptation to a wide range of host niches. In addition, formation of biofilms provides additional protection from adverse environmental conditions. Furthermore, in many host niches Candida cells coexist with members of the human microbiome. The resulting fungal-bacterial interactions have a major influence on the success of C. albicans as commensal and also influence disease development and outcome. In this chapter, we review the current knowledge of important survival strategies of Candida spp., focusing on fundamental fitness and virulence traits of C. albicans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Polke
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hube
- Department Microbial Pathogenicity Mechanisms, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany; Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Ilse D Jacobsen
- Research Group Microbial Immunology, Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany; Friedrich-Schiller-University, Jena, Germany
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247
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Ramírez Granillo A, Canales MGM, Espíndola MES, Martínez Rivera MA, de Lucio VMB, Tovar AVR. Antibiosis interaction of Staphylococccus aureus on Aspergillus fumigatus assessed in vitro by mixed biofilm formation. BMC Microbiol 2015; 15:33. [PMID: 25880740 PMCID: PMC4335557 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-015-0363-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Microorganisms of different species interact in several ecological niches, even causing infection. During the infectious process, a biofilm of single or multispecies can develop. Aspergillus fumigatus and Staphyloccocus aureus are etiologic agents that can cause infectious keratitis. We analyzed in vitro single A. fumigatus and S. aureus, and mixed A. fumigatus-S. aureus biofilms. Both isolates were from patients with infectious keratitis. Structure of the biofilms was analyzed through microscopic techniques including scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), confocal, and fluorescence microscopy (CLSM) in mixed biofilm as compared with the single A. fumigatus biofilm. Results To our knowledge, this is the first time that the structural characteristics of the mixed biofilm A. fumigatus-A. fumigatus were described and shown. S. aureus sharply inhibited the development of biofilm formed by A. fumigatus, regardless of the stage of biofilm formation and bacterial inoculum. Antibiosis effect of bacterium on fungus was as follows: scarce production of A. fumigatus biofilm; disorganized fungal structures; abortive hyphae; and limited hyphal growth; while conidia also were scarce, have modifications in their surface and presented lyses. Antagonist effect did not depend on bacterial concentration, which could probably be due to cell-cell contact interactions and release of bacterial products. In addition, we present images about the co-localization of polysaccharides (glucans, mannans, and chitin), and DNA that form the extracellular matrix (ECM). In contrast, single biofilms showed extremely organized structures: A. fumigatus showed abundant hyphal growth, hyphal anastomosis, and channels, as well as some conidia, and ECM. S. aureus showed microcolonies and cell-to-cell bridges and ECM. Conclusions Herein we described the antibiosis relationship of S. aureus against A. fumigatus during in vitro biofilm formation, and report the composition of the ECM formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Ramírez Granillo
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - María Gabriela Medina Canales
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | | | - María Angeles Martínez Rivera
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Victor Manuel Bautista de Lucio
- Microbiology and Ocular Proteomics, Research Unit, Institute of Ophthalmology "Fundación de Asistencia Privada Conde de Valenciana". Chimalpopoca 14, Col. Obrera, Del. Cuauhtémoc, 06800, Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Aída Verónica Rodríguez Tovar
- Laboratorio de Micología Médica, Depto. de Microbiología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas (ENCB), Instituto Politécnico Nacional (IPN). Carpio y Plan de Ayala s/n, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, 11340, Mexico City, Mexico.
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248
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Plaza V, Lagües Y, Carvajal M, Pérez-García LA, Mora-Montes HM, Canessa P, Larrondo LF, Castillo L. bcpmr1 encodes a P-type Ca(2+)/Mn(2+)-ATPase mediating cell-wall integrity and virulence in the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Genet Biol 2015; 76:36-46. [PMID: 25677379 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 01/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The cell wall of fungi is generally composed of an inner skeletal layer consisting of various polysaccharides surrounded by a layer of glycoproteins. These usually contain both N- and O-linked oligosaccharides, coupled to the proteins by stepwise addition of mannose residues by mannosyltransferases in the endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus. In yeast, an essential luminal cofactor for these mannosyltransferases is Mn(2+) provided by the Ca(2+)/Mn(2+)-ATPase known as Pmr1. In this study, we have identified and characterized the Botrytis cinerea pmr1 gene, the closest homolog of yeast PMR1. We hypothesized that bcpmr1 also encodes a Ca(2+)/Mn(2+)-ATPase that plays an important role in the protein glycosylation pathway. Phenotypic analysis showed that bcpmr1 null mutants displayed a significant reduction in conidial production, radial growth and diameter of sclerotia. Significant alterations in hyphal cell wall composition were observed including a 83% decrease of mannan levels and an increase in the amount of chitin and glucan. These changes were accompanied by a hypersensitivity to cell wall-perturbing agents such as Calcofluor white, Congo red and zymolyase. Importantly, the Δbcpmr1 mutant showed reduced virulence in tomato (leafs and fruits) and apple (fruits) and reduced biofilm formation. Together, our results highlight the importance of bcpmr1 for protein glycosylation, cell wall structure and virulence of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Plaza
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (FISB), Chile
| | - Yanssuy Lagües
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Mauro Carvajal
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile
| | - Luis A Pérez-García
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Hector M Mora-Montes
- Departamento de Biología, División de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Guanajuato, Noria Alta s/n, Col. Noria Alta, C.P. 36050 Guanajuato, Gto., Mexico
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (FISB), Chile
| | - Luis F Larrondo
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (FISB), Chile
| | - Luis Castillo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Departamento de Biología, Universidad de La Serena, La Serena, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic Biology (FISB), Chile.
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249
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Sidrim JJC, Teixeira CEC, Cordeiro RA, Brilhante RSN, Castelo-Branco DSCM, Bandeira SP, Alencar LP, Oliveira JS, Monteiro AJ, Moreira JLB, Bandeira TJPG, Rocha MFG. β-Lactam antibiotics and vancomycin inhibit the growth of planktonic and biofilm Candida spp.: an additional benefit of antibiotic-lock therapy? Int J Antimicrob Agents 2015; 45:420-3. [PMID: 25631674 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of cefepime, meropenem, piperacillin/tazobactam (TZP) and vancomycin on strains of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis in planktonic and biofilm forms. Twenty azole-derivative-resistant strains of C. albicans (n=10) and C. tropicalis (n=10) were tested. The susceptibility of planktonic Candida spp. to the antibacterial agents was investigated by broth microdilution. The XTT reduction assay was performed to evaluate the viability of growing and mature biofilms following exposure to these drugs. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) ranged from 0.5 mg/mL to 2 mg/mL for cefepime, TZP and vancomycin and from 0.5 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL for meropenem and the drugs also caused statistically significant reductions in biofilm cellular activity both in growing and mature biofilm. Since all of the tested drugs are commonly used in patients with hospital-acquired infections and in those with catheter-related infections under antibiotic-lock therapy, it may be possible to obtain an additional benefit from antibiotic-lock therapy with these drugs, namely the control of Candida biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J C Sidrim
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Carlos E C Teixeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Rossana A Cordeiro
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Raimunda S N Brilhante
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Débora S C M Castelo-Branco
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Silviane P Bandeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lucas P Alencar
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Jonathas S Oliveira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - André J Monteiro
- Department of Statistics and Applied Mathematics, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - José L B Moreira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Tereza J P G Bandeira
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Marcos F G Rocha
- Department of Pathology and Legal Medicine, College of Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Medical Microbiology, Specialized Medical Mycology Center, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; College of Veterinary Medicine, Post Graduate Program in Veterinary Sciences, State University of Ceará, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
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250
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Faria-Oliveira F, Carvalho J, Belmiro CLR, Ramalho G, Pavão M, Lucas C, Ferreira C. Elemental biochemical analysis of the polysaccharides in the extracellular matrix of the yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:685-94. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fábio Faria-Oliveira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Portugal
| | - Joana Carvalho
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Portugal
| | - Celso LR Belmiro
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Biochemistry and Cellular Biology; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; Campus of Macaé RJ Brazil
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Biochemistry and Cellular Biology; Institute of Medical Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ramalho
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Biochemistry and Cellular Biology; Institute of Medical Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - Mauro Pavão
- Laboratory of Glycoconjugates Biochemistry and Cellular Biology; Institute of Medical Biochemistry; Federal University of Rio de Janeiro; RJ Brazil
| | - Cândida Lucas
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Portugal
| | - Célia Ferreira
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology (CBMA); Department of Biology; University of Minho; Portugal
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