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Giovenco DP, Ackerman C, Hrywna M, Delnevo CD. Changes in the availability and promotion of non-cigarette tobacco products near high schools in New Jersey, USA. Tob Control 2017; 27:578-579. [PMID: 28798262 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2017-053800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Giovenco
- Department of Sociomedical Sciences, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, USA
| | - Christopher Ackerman
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Mary Hrywna
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cristine D Delnevo
- Rutgers School of Public Health, Center for Tobacco Studies, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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202
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Robinson CD, Muench C, Brede E, Endrighi R, Szeto EH, Sells JR, Lammers JP, Okuyemi KS, Waters AJ. Effect of attentional retraining on cognition, craving, and smoking in African American smokers. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2017; 31:636-646. [PMID: 28627913 PMCID: PMC5546953 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
African American cigarette smokers have lower rates of cessation than Whites and live in communities with a higher number of tobacco advertisements. Exposure to smoking cues may promote smoking and undermine cessation. It may be possible to reduce attention to smoking cues ("attentional bias"). In this study, we investigated the effect of attentional retraining (AR) on attentional bias and smoking in African American smokers. Nontreatment- seeking African American smokers (N = 64) were randomly assigned to an AR or control condition. Participants were given a mobile device for 2 weeks and prompted to complete up to 3 AR (or control) trainings per day. Participants completed assessments of attentional bias, craving, and smoking both in the lab and in the field. Participants in the AR and control conditions completed an average of 29.07 AR (SD = 12.48) and 30.61 control training tasks (SD = 13.07), respectively. AR reduced attentional bias assessed in the laboratory, F(1, 126) = 9.20, p = .003, and field, F(1, 374) = 6.18, p = .01. This effect generalized to new stimuli, but not to new tasks. AR did not significantly reduce craving or biological measures of smoking. Smoking assessed on the mobile device declined over days in the AR group, F(1, 26) = 10.95, p = .003, but not in the control group, F(1, 27) = 0.02, p = .89. Two weeks of AR administered on a mobile device reduced attentional bias in African American smokers and had mixed effects on smoking. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
- Cendrine D Robinson
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | | | - Emily Brede
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Romano Endrighi
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Edwin H Szeto
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Joanna R Sells
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - John P Lammers
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
| | - Kolawole S Okuyemi
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota
| | - Andrew J Waters
- Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences
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203
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Kruger J, Jama A, Lee JGL, Kennedy S, Banks A, Sharapova S, Agaku I. Point-of-sale cigarette purchase patterns among U.S. adult smokers-National Adult Tobacco Survey, 2012-2014. Prev Med 2017; 101:38-43. [PMID: 28502579 PMCID: PMC5547559 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco products are ubiquitous in most U.S. retail environments. Given that data on preferred point-of-sale purchase locations among U.S. adult tobacco users are limited, an enhanced understanding of tobacco purchase locations can help inform tobacco control policy, planning, and practice. We investigated prevalence and sociodemographic characteristics associated with cigarette purchase location among U.S. adult smokers. Pooled data came from the 2012-2013 (N=60,192) and 2013-2014 (N=75,233) National Adult Tobacco Surveys. Current cigarette smokers (n=18,005) aged ≥18 were asked if they purchased cigarettes within the previous 30days (n=15,182) and, if so, where they last purchased cigarettes. In 2016, logistic regression adjusted for sex, age, race/ethnicity, education level and annual household income was used to assess characteristics associated with purchase location. Among current smokers, 90.2% reported purchasing cigarettes in the past 30days. The most common purchase locations were convenience stores/gas stations (69.1%), tobacco discount stores (9.9%), drug stores (5.0%), supermarkets (4.9%), and liquor stores (3.6%). The odds of purchasing cigarettes at convenience stores/gas stations were higher among men (adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.4; 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.2-1.5) than women; and among adults aged 18-24 (AOR=3.1; 95% CI=2.4-3.9), 25-44 (AOR=3.1; 95% CI=2.7-3.7), and 45-64years (AOR=1.8 95% CI=1.6-2.1) than adults aged ≥65years. Over two-thirds of U.S. smokers last purchased cigarettes from convenience stores/gas stations. Understanding the relationship between purchase location and smoker characteristics may inform tobacco control strategies in the retail environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy Kruger
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States.
| | - Amal Jama
- DB Consulting Group, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, United States
| | - Sara Kennedy
- RTI International, Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Asha Banks
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Saida Sharapova
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Israel Agaku
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
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204
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Leeman J, Myers A, Grant JC, Wangen M, Queen TL. Implementation strategies to promote community-engaged efforts to counter tobacco marketing at the point of sale. Transl Behav Med 2017; 7:405-414. [PMID: 28405905 DOI: 10.1007/s13142-017-0489-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The US tobacco industry spends $8.2 billion annually on marketing at the point of sale (POS), a practice known to increase tobacco use. Evidence-based policy interventions (EBPIs) are available to reduce exposure to POS marketing, and nationwide, states are funding community-based tobacco control partnerships to promote local enactment of these EBPIs. Little is known, however, about what implementation strategies best support community partnerships' success enacting EBPI. Guided by Kingdon's theory of policy change, Counter Tools provides tools, training, and other implementation strategies to support community partnerships' performance of five core policy change processes: document local problem, formulate policy solutions, engage partners, raise awareness of problems and solutions, and persuade decision makers to enact new policy. We assessed Counter Tools' impact at 1 year on (1) partnership coordinators' self-efficacy, (2) partnerships' performance of core policy change processes, (3) community progress toward EBPI enactment, and (4) salient contextual factors. Counter Tools provided implementation strategies to 30 partnerships. Data on self-efficacy were collected using a pre-post survey. Structured interviews assessed performance of core policy change processes. Data also were collected on progress toward EBPI enactment and contextual factors. Analysis included descriptive and bivariate statistics and content analysis. Following 1-year exposure to implementation strategies, coordinators' self-efficacy increased significantly. Partnerships completed the greatest proportion of activities within the "engage partners" and "document local problem" core processes. Communities made only limited progress toward policy enactment. Findings can inform delivery of implementation strategies and tests of their effects on community-level efforts to enact EBPIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Leeman
- School of Nursing, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, CB #7460, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-7460, USA.
| | | | | | - Mary Wangen
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Tara L Queen
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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205
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Kong G, Bold KW, Simon P, Camenga DR, Cavallo DA, Krishnan-Sarin S. Reasons for Cigarillo Initiation and Cigarillo Manipulation Methods among Adolescents. TOB REGUL SCI 2017; 3:S48-S58. [PMID: 29085867 PMCID: PMC5658780 DOI: 10.18001/trs.3.2(suppl1).6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To understand reasons for cigarillo initiation and cigarillo manipulation methods among adolescents. METHODS We conducted surveys in 8 Connecticut high schools to assess reasons for trying a cigarillo and cigarillo manipulation methods. We used multivariable logistic regressions to assess associations with demographics and tobacco use status. RESULTS Among ever cigarillo users (N = 697, 33.6% girls, 16.7 years old [SD = 1.14], 62.1% White), top reasons for trying a cigarillo were curiosity (41.9%), appealing flavors (32.9%), because "friends use it" (25.3%), and low cost (22.4%). Overall, 40.3% of ever cigarillo users added marijuana (to create blunts) and 39.2% did not manipulate the product. Endorsement of these reasons for initiation and manipulation methods differed significantly across sex, age, SES and other tobacco use. CONCLUSIONS Cigarillo regulations should include restricting all appealing flavors, increasing the cost, monitoring the restriction of sales of cigarillos to minors, and decreasing the appeal of cigarillo manipulation.
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206
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Dai H, Hao J, Catley D. Vape Shop Density and Socio-Demographic Disparities: A US Census Tract Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:1338-1344. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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207
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Jannat-Khah DP, Dill LJ, Reynolds SA, Joseph MA. Stress, Socializing, and Other Motivations for Smoking Among the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, and Queer Community in New York City. Am J Health Promot 2017; 32:1178-1186. [PMID: 28318307 DOI: 10.1177/0890117117694449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study contributes to the emerging literature on lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgendered, and queer (LGBTQ) health disparities and tobacco use by examining the motivations for smoking among the New York City (NYC) LGBTQ population. APPROACH We used grounded theory and blended methods from 3 grounded theorists-Strauss, Corbin, and Charmaz-for data collection, coding, and analysis. SETTING NYC has extensive legislation to prevent smoking; however, the current smoking prevalence of homosexuals is double that of heterosexuals. PARTICIPANTS Study participants were leaders from 23 NYC LGBTQ organizations. Leaders were chosen to establish a relationship with community and to ensure cultural sensitivity. Eligibility criteria required holding a leadership position in an organization serving the NYC LGBTQ community. METHODS Interviews were transcribed verbatim and uploaded into Dedoose for analysis. An initial code list was developed from the interview guide. Key themes were identified as the themes with the most number of quotes. RESULTS Three key themes emerged from our interviews: image, socializing, and stress. Smoking was reported to be a socialization aid and a maladaptive coping technique for stress arising from interactions of conflicting identities. CONCLUSION Future smoking cessation interventions among the LGBTQ community should equip smokers with healthy coping mechanisms that address the stressors that arise from the intersections of smokers' many identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna P Jannat-Khah
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA.,2 Division of Hospital Medicine, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - LeConté J Dill
- 3 Department of Community Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Simone A Reynolds
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Michael A Joseph
- 1 Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, State University of New York Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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208
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Dwojak S, Bhattacharyya N. Racial disparities in preventable risk factors for head and neck cancer. Laryngoscope 2017; 127:1068-1072. [PMID: 28215050 DOI: 10.1002/lary.26203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS To demonstrate racial differences in preventable risk behaviors/practices that contribute to head and neck cancer (HNCA). STUDY DESIGN Cross-sectional analysis of large national risk factor survey. METHODS The Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System for 2013 was analyzed. Demographic data were extracted, including age, sex, and race. Social habits considered risk factors for HNCA were also extracted, including alcohol consumption, smoking, and human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status. Statistical comparisons were conducted according to race for each risk factor, and additional comparisons were conducted within the American Indian population subgroup for risk factors according to sex. RESULTS A total of 238.6 million Americans were surveyed. American Indians reported higher rates of binge drinking (19.0%) than whites (17.3%), blacks (12.4%), and Asian Americans (13.1%; P < .001). This rate was significantly higher for American Indian males (23.5%) versus females (13.7%; P < .001). Mean total drinks per month was higher for whites and American Indians (13.5 and 13.5; P < .001). American Indians reported the highest rates of current smoking (28.1%), followed by blacks (20.1%), whites (18.3%), and Asians (10.2%; P < .001). American Indians also reported the highest rates of every day smoking (18.2%), versus whites (13.3%), blacks (13.1%), and Asians (6.1%; P < .001). Rates of HPV vaccination were lowest for American Indians (11.7%), compared to whites (14.6%), blacks (13.6%), and Asians (12%; P = 0.618). CONCLUSIONS There are striking racial disparities in the prevalence of preventable risk factors for HNCA. These data highlight the need for targeted education and prevention programs in particular racial groups. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 4. Laryngoscope, 127:1068-1072, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunshine Dwojak
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, U.S.A
| | - Neil Bhattacharyya
- Harvard University, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, U.S.A
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209
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Paskett ED. The New Vital Sign: Where Do You Live? Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2017; 25:581-2. [PMID: 27196090 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-16-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Electra D Paskett
- The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio.
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210
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Giovino GA, Gardiner PS. Understanding Tobacco Use Behaviors Among African Americans: Progress, Critical Gaps, and Opportunities. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S1-6. [PMID: 26980859 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although multiple factors likely influence the differences between African Americans (AAs) and whites in cardiovascular disease and lung cancer mortality rates, historical patterns of tobacco use, particularly cigarette smoking, are the major contributors. This issue of Nicotine & Tobacco Research presents original research, a review, and commentaries that will serve to advance our understanding of several relevant behavioral similarities and differences between AAs and whites. BEHAVIORAL ANALYSIS Here, we illustrate how the diverging trends in cigarette smoking between AA and white high school seniors observed since the mid-1970s were influenced by patterns of ever use and current use among ever users. During 1977 to 2014, the percentage of current users among ever users was higher, but less variable, among whites than AAs. Among adults, trends in self-reported cigarette smoking among non-Hispanic AAs and non-Hispanic whites are available since 1978. The trends observed were likely due in part to the maturation of the high school senior cohorts from the 1970s and 1980s when AA smoking rates declined sharply relative to whites. Later age of initiation among AAs and less quitting among older AAs, relative to whites, also contribute. CONCLUSIONS Further research on multiple topics, including the continuation of use among ever users, use of multiple combusted and noncombusted products, provision of cessation support services, influence of discrimination, and validity of self-report would expand the science base. Strategies to reduce the marketing and availability of menthol and other characterizing flavorings and to enrich environments would promote the public's health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, SUNY, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Phillip S Gardiner
- Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program, University of California, Office of the President, Oakland, CA
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211
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Roberts ME, Colby SM, Lu B, Ferketich AK. Understanding Tobacco Use Onset Among African Americans. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S49-56. [PMID: 26980864 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Compared to the majority of non-Hispanic white ("white") cigarette smokers, many African American smokers demonstrate a later age of initiation. The goal of the present study was to examine African American late-onset smoking (ie, regular smoking beginning at age 18 or later) and determine whether late-onset (vs. early-onset) smoking is protective in terms of quit rates and health outcomes. METHODS We used data from the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States (MIDUS) because the wide age range of participants (20-75 at baseline) allowed the examination of smoking cessation and mortality incidence across the lifespan. RESULTS Consistent with previous research, results indicated a later average age of smoking onset among African Americans, compared to whites. Disentangling effects of race from age-of-onset, we found that the cessation rate among late-onset African American smokers was 33%, whereas rates for early-onset African American smokers and early- and late-onset white smokers ranged from 52% to 57%. Finally, results showed that among white, low-socioeconomic status (SES) smokers, the hazard rate for mortality was greater among early- versus late-onset smokers; in contrast, among African American smokers (both low- and high-SES) hazard rates for mortality did not significantly differ among early- versus late-onset smokers. CONCLUSIONS Although late (vs. early) smoking onset may be protective for whites, the present results suggest that late-onset may not be similarly protective for African Americans. Tobacco programs and regulatory policies focused on prevention should expand their perspective to include later ages of initiation, in order to avoid widening tobacco-related health disparities. IMPLICATIONS This study indicates that late-onset smoking is not only the norm among African American adult smokers, but that late- versus early-onset smoking (ie, delaying onset) does not appear to afford any benefits for African Americans in terms of cessation or mortality. These results suggest that prevention and intervention efforts need to consider individual groups (not just overall averages) and that tobacco control efforts need to be targeted beyond the teenage years. Tobacco programs and regulatory policies focused on prevention should expand their perspective to include later ages of initiation, to avoid widening tobacco-related health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH;
| | - Suzanne M Colby
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Bo Lu
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
| | - Amy K Ferketich
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH
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212
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Campbell BK, Le T, Andrews KB, Pramod S, Guydish J. Smoking among patients in substance use disorders treatment: associations with tobacco advertising, anti-tobacco messages, and perceived health risks. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 42:649-656. [PMID: 27314450 PMCID: PMC5093078 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1183021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although tobacco control efforts have contributed to an overall decline in smoking, individuals with substance use disorders (SUDs) continue to smoke at high rates and remain targets of advertising to vulnerable groups, including those with mental health disorders and SUDs. OBJECTIVES We examined associations of tobacco advertising exposure and receptivity, anti-tobacco message awareness, and health-risk perception with smoking status and cigarettes-per-day (CPD) in a national sample of SUD treatment patients. METHODS The patients (N = 1,113) in 24 programs chosen randomly, stratified by program type, from among publicly funded adult treatment programs within the National Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials Network completed surveys of smoking, advertising exposure and receptivity, anti-tobacco message awareness, and perceived health risks. RESULTS Current smokers (77.9% of the sample) smoked a daily median of 10 cigarettes (IQR = 13). The participants reporting daily advertising exposure were 1.41 times more likely to be smokers (p = 0.019) than others. Those highly receptive to advertising were 2.34 times more likely to be smokers (p < 0.001) than those with low/moderate receptivity. Higher perceived health risk was associated with lower odds of smoking (OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.98-0.99, p < 0.001). CPD for smokers highly receptive to advertising was 11.1% (95% CI: 2.8%-20.0%) higher than for smokers with low/moderate advertising receptivity. Anti-tobacco message awareness was not associated with smoking status or CPD. CONCLUSION The high rate of smoking among SUD treatment patients is associated with daily exposure and high receptivity to tobacco advertisements and lower perception of health-related smoking risks. Tobacco control efforts should target this vulnerable population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara K. Campbell
- OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health and Sciences University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239-3098
| | - Thao Le
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Ste. 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - K. Blakely Andrews
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Ste. 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Sowmya Pramod
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Ste. 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
| | - Joseph Guydish
- Philip R. Lee Institute for Health Policy Studies, University of California San Francisco, 3333 California St., Ste. 265, San Francisco, CA 94118
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213
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El-Toukhy SM, Choi K. Magazine hyped: Trends in tobacco advertising and readership characteristics, 2010-2014. Prev Med 2016; 91:132-137. [PMID: 27519170 PMCID: PMC5050131 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
We tracked magazine advertisements for seven tobacco products in U.S. magazines from 2010 to 2014 and examined magazine readership characteristics that are associated with advertising placement in 2014. Advertising data came from Kantar Media's Intelligence and readership data came from a 2014 Experian's nationally representative survey of 4667 adult tobacco users. At magazine level, we aggregated total and product-specific number of advertisements and expenditures by year and calculated readership demographics. We used linear and poisson regression models to examine trends in number of tobacco advertisements and expenditures and readership characteristics associated with number of tobacco advertisements in 2014. Analyses were conducted in 2015. There were 5317 tobacco advertisements with expenditures of $796 million that appeared in 322 magazines during 2010-2014. Cigarette advertisements accounted for 2928 (55%), followed by e-cigarettes (n=862, 16%), and snus (n=534, 10%). Advertisements increased by 2.79ad/year for cigarettes, 1.94ad/year for e-cigarettes, and 0.78ad/year for chewing tobacco (p<0.05). In 2014, number of advertisements was associated with select readership characteristics (p<0.05). For every 10% increase in 18-39year-old readers, advertisement rate increased by 1.48 times for cigarettes, 3.44 times for e-cigarettes, and 2.15 times for chewing tobacco. For every 10% increase in readers who earn ≤$24,999, advertisement rate increased by 1.37 times for cigarettes and 1.70 times for e-cigarettes. Magazine tobacco advertising has increased especially for cigarettes and is targeted toward certain demographic subgroups. Regulating tobacco magazine advertising should be integral to tobacco control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherine M El-Toukhy
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
| | - Kelvin Choi
- National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, Division of Intramural Research, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
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Simmons VN, Pineiro B, Hooper MW, Gray JE, Brandon TH. Tobacco-Related Health Disparities Across the Cancer Care Continuum. Cancer Control 2016; 23:434-441. [PMID: 27842333 PMCID: PMC5972388 DOI: 10.1177/107327481602300415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death in the United States. Racial/ethnic minorities and individuals of low socioeconomic status disproportionately experience tobacco-related disease and illness. Unique challenges and circumstances exist at each point in the cancer care continuum that may contribute to the greater cancer burden experienced by these groups. METHODS We reviewed tobacco-related disparities from cancer prevention to cancer survivorship. We also describe research that seeks to reduce tobacco-related disparities. RESULTS Racial/ethnic minorities and low-income individuals experience unique social and environmental contextual challenges such as greater environmental cues to smoke and greater levels of perceived stress and social discrimination. Clinical practice guidelines support the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy and behavioral counseling for racial and ethnic minorities, yet smoking cessation rates are lower in this group when compared with non-Hispanic whites. Superior efficacy for culturally adapted interventions has not yet been established. CONCLUSIONS To reduce health disparities in this population, a comprehensive strategy is needed with efforts directed at each point along the cancer care continuum. Strategies are needed to reduce the impact of contextual factors such as targeted tobacco marketing and social discrimination on smoking initiation and maintenance. Future efforts should focus on increasing the use of evidence-based cessation treatment methods and studying its effectiveness in these populations. Attention must also be focused on improving treatment outcomes by reducing smoking in diverse racial and ethnic patient populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vani Nath Simmons
- Health Outcomes and Behavior Program, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL, USA.
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215
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Abstract
With passage of the 2009 Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act, the FDA has authority to regulate tobacco advertising. As bans on traditional advertising venues and promotion of tobacco products have grown, a greater emphasis has been placed on brand exposure and price promotion in displays of products at the point-of-sale (POS). POS marketing seeks to influence attitudes and behavior towards tobacco products using a variety of explicit and implicit messaging approaches. Behavioral laboratory methods have the potential to provide the FDA with a strong scientific base for regulatory actions and a model for testing future manipulations of POS advertisements. We review aspects of POS marketing that potentially influence smoking behavior, including branding, price promotions, health claims, the marketing of emerging tobacco products, and tobacco counter-advertising. We conceptualize how POS marketing potentially influence individual attention, memory, implicit attitudes, and smoking behavior. Finally, we describe specific behavioral laboratory methods that can be adapted to measure the impact of POS marketing on these domains.
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Lee JGL, Landrine H, Torres E, Gregory KR. Inequities in tobacco retailer sales to minors by neighbourhood racial/ethnic composition, poverty and segregation, USA, 2015. Tob Control 2016; 25:e142-e145. [PMID: 27609780 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-053188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tobacco retailers are an important source of tobacco products for minors. Previous research shows racial discrimination in sales to minors, but no national study has examined neighbourhood correlates of retailer under-age sales. METHODS We accessed publicly available results of 2015 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inspections of tobacco retailers (n=108 614). In this cross-sectional study, we used multilevel logistic regression to predict the likelihood of retailer sale to a minor based on tract characteristics. We assessed the proportion of residents identifying as American Indian, Asian, Black, Latino and White; Isolation Index scores for each racial/ethnic group; the proportion of people less than age 65 living in poverty; and the proportion of residents age 10-17 in relation to retailer inspection results. RESULTS The proportion of American Indian residents, Black residents, Latino residents and residents less than age 65 under the poverty line in a neighbourhood are independently, positively associated with the likelihood that a retailer in that neighbourhood will fail an under-age buy inspection. The proportion of White residents and residents age 10-17 are independently, negatively associated with the likelihood of sale of tobacco products to a minor. Isolation Index scores show a similar pattern. In multivariable models holding neighbourhood characteristics constant, higher proportions of Black (+), Latino (+) and age 10-17 (-) residents remained significant predictors of the likelihood of under-age sale. DISCUSSION Regulatory agencies should consider oversampling retailers in areas with higher likelihood of sales to minors for inspection. Interventions with tobacco retailers to reduce inequities in youth access should be implemented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hope Landrine
- Center for Health Disparities, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Essie Torres
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle R Gregory
- Georgia State University Tobacco Center of Regulatory Science, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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217
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D'Angelo H, Ammerman A, Gordon-Larsen P, Linnan L, Lytle L, Ribisl KM. Sociodemographic Disparities in Proximity of Schools to Tobacco Outlets and Fast-Food Restaurants. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1556-62. [PMID: 27459453 PMCID: PMC4981785 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine the association of school sociodemographic characteristics with tobacco outlet and fast-food restaurant availability near schools in a national study. METHODS Business lists and data from the National Center for Education Statistics were used to calculate the numbers of tobacco outlets and fast-food restaurants within 800 meters of public schools in 97 US counties. RESULTS More than 50% of schools with a majority of Hispanic students had both a fast-food restaurant and tobacco outlet nearby, compared with 21% of schools with a majority of White students. In adjusted models, each 10% increase in the number of low-income and Hispanic students enrolled in a school led to a 3% to 5% increase in the odds of the school having both a fast-food restaurant and a tobacco outlet nearby. CONCLUSIONS Low-income and Hispanic students are disproportionately exposed to both tobacco outlets and fast-food restaurants near their schools. Easy access to tobacco products and fast food may influence youth smoking initiation and contribute to poor dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather D'Angelo
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Alice Ammerman
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Penny Gordon-Larsen
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Laura Linnan
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Leslie Lytle
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- At the time of the study, Heather D'Angelo was with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. Laura Linnan, Leslie Lytle, and Kurt M. Ribisl are with the Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health. Alice Ammerman and Penny Gordon-Larsen are with the Department of Nutrition, Gillings School of Global Public Health
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218
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Ribisl KM, Luke DA, Bohannon DL, Sorg AA, Moreland-Russell S. Reducing Disparities in Tobacco Retailer Density by Banning Tobacco Product Sales Near Schools. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 19:239-244. [PMID: 27613900 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION This study examined whether a policy of banning tobacco product retailers from operating within 1000 feet of schools could reduce existing socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco retailer density. METHODS We geocoded all tobacco retailers in Missouri (n = 4730) and New York (n = 17 672) and linked them with Census tract characteristics. We then tested the potential impact of a proximity policy that would ban retailers from selling tobacco products within 1000 feet of schools. RESULTS Our results confirmed socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparities in tobacco retailer density, with more retailers found in areas with lower income and greater proportions of African American residents. A high proportion of retailers located in these areas were in urban areas, which also have stores located in closer proximity to schools. If a ban on tobacco product sales within 1000 feet of schools were implemented in New York, the number of tobacco retailers per 1000 people would go from 1.28 to 0.36 in the lowest income quintile, and from 0.84 to 0.45 in the highest income quintile. In New York and Missouri, a ban on tobacco product sales near schools would either reduce or eliminate existing disparities in tobacco retailer density by income level and by proportion of African American. CONCLUSIONS Proximity-based point of sale (POS) policies banning tobacco product sales near schools appear to be more effective in reducing retailer density in lower income and racially diverse neighborhoods than in higher income and white neighborhoods, and hold great promise for reducing tobacco-related disparities at the POS. IMPLICATIONS Given the disparities-reducing potential of policies banning tobacco product sales near schools, jurisdictions with tobacco retailer licensing should consider adding this provision to their licensing requirements. Since relatively few jurisdictions currently ban tobacco sales near schools, future research should examine ways to increase and monitor the uptake of this policy, and assess whether it has an impact upon reducing exposure to tobacco marketing and on tobacco product availability and use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Douglas A Luke
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Doneisha L Bohannon
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Amy A Sorg
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
| | - Sarah Moreland-Russell
- Center for Public Health Systems Science, George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, MO
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219
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Henriksen L, Schleicher NC, Barker DC, Liu Y, Chaloupka FJ. Prices for Tobacco and Nontobacco Products in Pharmacies Versus Other Stores: Results From Retail Marketing Surveillance in California and in the United States. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1858-64. [PMID: 27552272 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine disparities in the price of tobacco and nontobacco products in pharmacies compared with other types of stores. METHODS We recorded the prices of Marlboro, Newport, the cheapest cigarettes, and bottled water in a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n = 579) in California in 2014. We collected comparable data from retailers (n = 2603) in school enrollment zones for representative samples of US 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in 2012. Ordinary least squares regressions modeled pretax prices as a function of store type and neighborhood demographics. RESULTS In both studies, the cheapest cigarettes cost significantly less in pharmacies than other stores; the average estimated difference was $0.47 to $1.19 less in California. We observed similar patterns for premium-brand cigarettes. Conversely, bottled water cost significantly more in pharmacies than elsewhere. Newport cost less in areas with higher proportions of African Americans; other cigarette prices were related to neighborhood income and age. Neighborhood demographics were not related to water prices. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other stores, pharmacies charged customers less for cigarettes and more for bottled water. State and local policies to promote tobacco-free pharmacies would eliminate an important source of discounted cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henriksen
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Nina C Schleicher
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Dianne C Barker
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Yawen Liu
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
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220
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Affiliation(s)
- Adelaida M Rosario
- From Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.M.R.); and Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (E.J.P.-S.)
| | - Eliseo J Pérez-Stable
- From Division of Scientific Programs, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (A.M.R.); and Office of the Director, National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD (E.J.P.-S.).
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221
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Diez Roux AV. Neighborhoods and Health: What Do We Know? What Should We Do? Am J Public Health 2016; 106:430-1. [PMID: 26885960 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ana V Diez Roux
- Ana V. Diez Roux is with the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Dornsife School of Public Health, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
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222
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Loukas A, Chow S, Pasch KE, Li X, Hinds Iii JT, Marti CN, Harrell MB, Creamer MR, Perry CL. College Students' Polytobacco Use, Cigarette Cessation, and Dependence. Am J Health Behav 2016; 40:514-22. [PMID: 27338998 DOI: 10.5993/ajhb.40.4.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined patterns of tobacco and electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use among college students. Differences in sociodemographic characteristics between non-users of these products and 4 mutually exclusive groups of tobacco/e-cigarette users were assessed. Differences in cigarette cessation attempts and dependence between exclusive cigarette smokers and users of cigarettes and at least one alternative tobacco product also were examined. METHODS Participants were 5468 18-29 year-old students from 24 colleges in Texas who completed an online survey. RESULTS Multiple-product use was more prevalent than single-product use. All 4 current tobacco/e-cigarette-user groups were more likely than non-users to be men and older. College students who were younger when they smoked their first cigarette, and those reporting ever needing a cigarette, were more likely to be multiple-product users than cigarette-only users. There were no group differences in cigarette cessation attempts or any other variables. CONCLUSIONS Using multiple products is associated with some indicators of dependence, but does not seem to aid or deter college students' smoking cessation attempts. Longitudinal research is needed given that transitions in tobacco/e-cigarette use continue throughout young adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Loukas
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Sherman Chow
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Keryn E Pasch
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Xiaoyin Li
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Josephine T Hinds Iii
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - C Nathan Marti
- Department of Kinesiology & Health Education, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Melissa B Harrell
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Sciences, UT Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX, USA
| | - MeLisa R Creamer
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl L Perry
- Department of Health Promotion and Behavioral Sciences, UT Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, School of Public Health, Austin Regional Campus, Austin, TX, USA
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Risky Substance Use Environments and Addiction: A New Frontier for Environmental Justice Research. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13060607. [PMID: 27322303 PMCID: PMC4924064 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13060607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Substance use disorders are widely recognized as one of the most pressing global public health problems, and recent research indicates that environmental factors, including access and exposure to substances of abuse, neighborhood disadvantage and disorder, and environmental barriers to treatment, influence substance use behaviors. Racial and socioeconomic inequities in the factors that create risky substance use environments may engender disparities in rates of substance use disorders and treatment outcomes. Environmental justice researchers, with substantial experience in addressing racial and ethnic inequities in environmental risk from technological and other hazards, should consider similar inequities in risky substance use environments as an environmental justice issue. Research should aim at illustrating where, why, and how such inequities in risky substance use environments occur, the implications of such inequities for disparities in substance use disorders and treatment outcomes, and the implications for tobacco, alcohol, and drug policies and prevention and treatment programs.
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224
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Dai H, Hao J. Geographic density and proximity of vape shops to colleges in the USA. Tob Control 2016; 26:379-385. [PMID: 27302700 DOI: 10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2016-052957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vape shops have been spreading rapidly in the USA since 2008, catering to the fast-growing market for electronic cigarettes. Little is known about the geographic density and proximity of vape shops near colleges. METHODS Names and addresses of vape shops were collected from 3 online directories: Yelp.com, Yellowpages.com and Guidetovaping.com. We identified the prevalence of US-based vape shops and their density and proximity to colleges using a geographic information system. General linear model and negative binomial regression were performed to examine the factors associated with proximity and density of vape shops near colleges. RESULTS We identified 9945 vape shops in the USA as of December 2015, a nearly threefold increase from 2013. Among the 2755 colleges included in this study, 66.5% had at least 1 vape shop within a 3-mile radius. The median proximity of the nearest vape shop to each college/university was 1.8 miles. Proximity increased by student population, private as compared to public institutions, and location (city vs rural). Within a 1-mile radius, colleges with smoke-free campus policies had a lower density of vape shops (RR=0.6, p=0.002) than those without smoke-free campus policies. Private institutions had a higher density of vape shops (RR=7.8, p<0.0001) than did public institutions. Colleges with campus housing had a lower density of vape shops (RR=0.4, p<0.0001) than those without campus housing, and colleges located in cities had a much higher density of vape shops than those located in rural areas (RR=6.6, p<0.0001). Smoke-free and e-cigarette-free campus policies had significant interactions with college type (private vs public) and campus housing in reducing vape shop density. CONCLUSIONS Vape shops are more likely to be located near private institutions and colleges in cities as opposed to rural areas. Smoke-free and e-cigarette-free campus policies have had significant effects in reducing the density of vape shops but have not reduced the proximity of vape shops to colleges. Regulations on the sale and advertisement of e-cigarettes to youth and young adults are critically needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongying Dai
- Health Services & Outcomes Research, Children's Mercy Hospital, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Biomedical & Health Informatics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
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Rural tobacco use across the United States: How rural and urban areas differ, broken down by census regions and divisions. Health Place 2016; 39:153-9. [PMID: 27107746 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
This project compared urban/rural differences in tobacco use, and examined how such differences vary across regions/divisions of the U.S. Using pooled 2012-2013 data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), we obtained weighted prevalence estimates for the use of cigarettes, menthol cigarettes, chewing tobacco, snuff, cigars, and pipes. NSDUH also provides information on participants' residence: rural vs. urban, and Census region and division. Overall, use of cigarettes, chew, and snuff were higher in rural, compared to urban areas. Across all tobacco products, urban/rural differences were particularly pronounced in certain divisions (e.g., the South Atlantic). Effects did not appear to be fully explained by differences in poverty. Going beyond previous research, these findings show that urban/rural differences vary across different types of tobacco products, as well as by division of the country. Results underscore the need for regulatory efforts that will reduce health disparities.
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226
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Kulak JA, Cornelius ME, Fong GT, Giovino GA. Differences in Quit Attempts and Cigarette Smoking Abstinence Between Whites and African Americans in the United States: Literature Review and Results From the International Tobacco Control US Survey. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18 Suppl 1:S79-87. [PMID: 26980868 PMCID: PMC5009448 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntv228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION While cigarette smoking prevalence is declining among US adults, quit rates may differ between white and African American smokers. Here, we summarize the literature on smoking cessation behaviors in whites and African Americans across four study designs and report the findings of new analyses of International Tobacco Control (ITC) US Survey cohort data. METHODS We reviewed 32 publications containing 39 relevant analyses that compared quit attempts and abstinence between US whites and African Americans. Two additional longitudinal analyses were conducted on 821 white and 76 African American cigarette smokers from Waves 7 and 8 of the ITC US Survey (mean follow-up = 19 months). RESULTS Of 17 total analyses of quit attempts, nine (including the ITC US Survey) observed that African American smokers were more likely than whites to attempt to quit during a given year; seven found no differences. Whites were more likely than African Americans to be abstinent in five of six retrospective cohort analyses and in two of five considered community- and population-based cohort studies. Four of these 11 analyses, including one from the ITC US Survey, found no differences. CONCLUSIONS Of 11 population- or community-based analyses, all seven that found significant differences indicated that whites were more likely to quit than African Americans. These findings, combined with the similar results from population-based birth cohort analyses, support the conclusion that white smokers are more likely to quit than African American smokers. Efforts to encourage and support quitting among all tobacco users remain a priority. IMPLICATIONS This article provides a review of the literature on smoking cessation among African American and white smokers, and adds new analyses that compare quit attempts and abstinence between US African Americans and whites. Results demonstrate a clear distinction between the findings of cross-sectional and retrospective cohort studies with those of cohort studies. Reasons for these differences merit further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Kulak
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY;
| | - Monica E Cornelius
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC
| | - Geoffrey T Fong
- Department of Psychology and School of Public Health and Health Systems, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada; Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Gary A Giovino
- Department of Community Health and Health Behavior, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY
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227
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Ribisl KM, D'Angelo H, Evenson KR, Fleischhacker S, Myers AE, Rose SW. Integrating Tobacco Control and Obesity Prevention Initiatives at Retail Outlets. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E35. [PMID: 26963859 PMCID: PMC5147013 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Tobacco products are sold in approximately 375,000 US retail outlets, including convenience stores and pharmacies, which often sell energy-dense, low-nutrient foods and beverages. The Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) increased authority over tobacco product sales and marketing, combined with declining smoking rates, provides an opportunity to transition tobacco retailers toward healthier retail environments. Unfortunately, research into improving consumer retail environments is often conducted in isolation by researchers working in tobacco control, nutrition, and physical activity. Interdisciplinary efforts are needed to transform tobacco retailers from stores that are dependent on a declining product category, to the sale and promotion of healthful foods and creating environments conducive to active living. The objective of this article is to describe the potential for interdisciplinary efforts to transition retailers away from selling and promoting tobacco products and toward creating retail environments that promote healthful eating and active living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Gillings School of Global Public Health, CB 7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7440. . Dr Ribisl is also affiliated with the Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Heather D'Angelo
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kelly R Evenson
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Sheila Fleischhacker
- National Institutes of Health, Division of Nutrition Research Coordination, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Allison E Myers
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, Department of Health Behavior, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Shyanika W Rose
- Schroeder Institute for Tobacco Research and Policy Studies at Truth Initiative, Washington, DC
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228
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Feld AL, Johnson TO, Byerly KW, Ribisl KM. How to Conduct Store Observations of Tobacco Marketing and Products. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E25. [PMID: 26890408 PMCID: PMC4758798 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.150504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
As tobacco companies continue to heavily market their products at the point of sale, tobacco control groups seek strategies to combat the negative effects of this marketing. Store observations, which have been widely used by researchers and practitioners alike, are an excellent surveillance tool. This article provides a guide for public health practitioners interested in working in the tobacco retail environment by detailing the steps involved in conducting store observations of tobacco marketing and products including 1) obtaining tobacco product retailer lists, 2) creating measures, 3) selecting a mode of data collection, 4) training data collectors, and 5) analyzing data. We also highlight issues that may arise while in the field and provide information on disseminating results of store observations, including the potential policy implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Feld
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Trent O Johnson
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Katherine W Byerly
- Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, CB 7424, Chapel Hill, NC 27599.
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Roberts ME, Berman ML, Slater MD, Hinton A, Ferketich AK. Point-of-sale tobacco marketing in rural and urban Ohio: Could the new landscape of Tobacco products widen inequalities? Prev Med 2015; 81:232-5. [PMID: 26363447 PMCID: PMC4679669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.08.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Considerable research has examined how cigarette point-of-sale advertising is closely related to smoking-related disparities across communities. Yet few studies have examined marketing of alternative tobacco products (e.g., e-cigarettes). The goal of the present study was to examine external point-of-sale marketing of various tobacco products and determine its association with community-level demographics (population density, economic-disadvantage, race/ethnicity) in urban and rural regions of Ohio. During the summer of 2014, fieldworkers collected comprehensive tobacco marketing data from 199 stores in Ohio (99 in Appalachia, 100 in Columbus), including information on external features. The address of each store was geocoded to its census tract, providing information about the community in which the store was located. Results indicated that promotions for e-cigarettes and advertising for menthol cigarettes, cigarillos, and cigars were more prevalent in communities with a higher percentage of African Americans. Cigarillos advertising was more likely in high-disadvantage and urban communities. A greater variety of products were also advertised outside retailers in urban, high-disadvantage, African American communities. Findings provide evidence of differential tobacco marketing at the external point-of-sale, which disproportionately targets urban, economically-disadvantaged, and African American communities. There is a need for tobacco control policies that will help improve equity and reduce health disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan E Roberts
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
| | - Micah L Berman
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States; Moritz College of Law, Ohio State University, 55 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Michael D Slater
- School of Communication, The Ohio State University, 154 North Oval Mall, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Alice Hinton
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
| | - Amy K Ferketich
- College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 1841 Neil Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, United States
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230
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Lee JGL, Baker HM, Ranney LM, Goldstein AO. Neighborhood Inequalities in Retailers' Compliance With the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009, January 2014-July 2014. Prev Chronic Dis 2015; 12:E171. [PMID: 26447548 PMCID: PMC4599057 DOI: 10.5888/pcd12.150231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Retailer noncompliance with limited US tobacco regulations on advertising and labeling was historically patterned by neighborhood in ways that promote health disparities. In 2010, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began enforcing stronger tobacco retailer regulations under the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act of 2009. However, recent research has found no differences in compliance by neighborhood characteristics for FDA advertising and labeling inspections. We sought to investigate the neighborhood characteristics associated with retailer noncompliance with specific FDA advertising and labeling inspections (ie, violations of bans on self-service displays, selling single cigarettes, false or mislabeled products, vending machines, flavored cigarettes, and free samples). Methods We coded FDA advertising and labeling warning letters (n = 718) for type of violations and geocoded advertising and labeling inspections from January 1 through July 31, 2014 (N = 33,543). Using multilevel models, we examined cross-sectional associations between types of violations and neighborhood characteristics previously associated with disparities (ie, percentage black, Latino, under the poverty line, and younger than 18 years). Results Retailer advertising and labeling violations are patterned by who lives in the neighborhood; regulated tobacco products are more likely to be stored behind the counter as the percentage of black or Latino residents increases, and single cigarettes are more often available for purchase in neighborhoods as the percentage of black, poor, or young residents increases. Conclusion Contrary to previous null findings, noncompliance with FDA advertising and labeling regulations is patterned by neighborhood characteristics, sometimes in opposite directions. Given the low likelihood of self-service violations in the same neighborhoods that have high likelihood of single cigarette sales, we suggest targeted approaches to FDA retailer inspections and education campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G L Lee
- Belk Building, Department of Health Education and Promotion, College of Health and Human Performance, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858.
| | - Hannah M Baker
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Leah M Ranney
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Adam O Goldstein
- Tobacco Prevention and Evaluation Program, Department of Family Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
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Relationship Between Tobacco Retailers' Point-of-Sale Marketing and the Density of Same-Sex Couples, 97 U.S. Counties, 2012. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015. [PMID: 26225987 PMCID: PMC4555248 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120808790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The reasons for higher rates of smoking among lesbian, gay, and bisexual (LGB) people than among heterosexual people are not well known. Research on internal migration and neighborhood selection suggests that LGB people are more likely to live in neighborhoods where the tobacco industry has historically targeted their marketing efforts (lower income, more racial/ethnic diversity). We used multi-level models to assess the relationship between the rate of same-sex couples per 1000 coupled households and 2012 marketing characteristics of tobacco retailers (n = 2231) in 1696 census tracts in 97 U.S. counties. We found no evidence of tobacco marketing at retailers differing by same-sex couple rates in census tracts with the exception of three findings in the opposite direction of our hypotheses: a small, significant positive relationship for the rate of same-sex male couples and the price of Newport Green (mentholated) cigarettes. For male and female same-sex couples, we also found a small negative relationship between tobacco advertisements and same-sex household rate. Tobacco retailers’ tobacco marketing characteristics do not differ substantially by the rate of same-sex couples in their neighborhood in ways that would promote LGB health disparities. Further work is needed to determine if these patterns are similar for non-partnered LGB people.
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