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Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM, Reda A, Shahat AA, Abdelhafez MF, Faddan AA, Farouk M, Fawzy M, Osman MM, Elgammal MA. Experience of a tertiary-level urology center in the clinical urological events of rare and very rare incidence. III. Psychourological events: 2. Phobia of renal failure due to loin pain. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s12301-020-00043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
End-stage renal disease and loin pain are prevalent nephrourological topics with unfavorable reputations among populations. We aimed to present our center’s experience with the cases of phobia of renal failure in relation to loin pain.
Methods
It is a retrospective study of phobia of renal failure among the patients who presented with loin pain to our center between July 1991 and June 2017. Description of perception of renal failure risk was guided by the modified Common Sense Model of Illness Representation.
Results
Of more than 64, 000 patients who presented with loin pain, only 78 patients (0.12%) had phobia of renal failure. Mean age ± SD (Range) was 41.12 ± 9.58 (23–60) years. Sixty-four patients (82.1%) expressed directly fear of renal failure. Physical examination and investigations revealed no risks of renal failure in all patients. High percentages of phobia of renal failure were associated with the female gender (73.1%), the presence of a relative patient with renal failure (83.3%), and low socioeconomic levels: education (89.7%), residential (75.6%), and economic status (88.5%) levels. The modified Common Sense Model of Illness Representation revealed predominant emotional representations and unreal cognitive domains with altered perception of renal failure risk.
Conclusions
Phobia of renal failure is very rare. It is a consequence of the altered perception of risk of renal failure due to unconscious attribution of loin pain to renal failure. Female gender, the presence of a relative with renal failure, and low socioeconomic levels could be suggested as risk factors for phobia of renal failure.
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202
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Gadelkareem RA, Azoz NM, Reda A, Shahat AA, Abdelhafez MF, Faddan AA, Farouk M, Fawzy M, Osman MM, Elgammal MA. Experience of a tertiary-level urology center in the clinical urological events of rare and very rare incidence. III. Psychourological events: 2. Phobia of renal failure due to loin pain. AFRICAN JOURNAL OF UROLOGY 2020. [DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12301-020-00043-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
End-stage renal disease and loin pain are prevalent nephrourological topics with unfavorable reputations among populations. We aimed to present our center’s experience with the cases of phobia of renal failure in relation to loin pain.
Methods
It is a retrospective study of phobia of renal failure among the patients who presented with loin pain to our center between July 1991 and June 2017. Description of perception of renal failure risk was guided by the modified Common Sense Model of Illness Representation.
Results
Of more than 64, 000 patients who presented with loin pain, only 78 patients (0.12%) had phobia of renal failure. Mean age ± SD (Range) was 41.12 ± 9.58 (23–60) years. Sixty-four patients (82.1%) expressed directly fear of renal failure. Physical examination and investigations revealed no risks of renal failure in all patients. High percentages of phobia of renal failure were associated with the female gender (73.1%), the presence of a relative patient with renal failure (83.3%), and low socioeconomic levels: education (89.7%), residential (75.6%), and economic status (88.5%) levels. The modified Common Sense Model of Illness Representation revealed predominant emotional representations and unreal cognitive domains with altered perception of renal failure risk.
Conclusions
Phobia of renal failure is very rare. It is a consequence of the altered perception of risk of renal failure due to unconscious attribution of loin pain to renal failure. Female gender, the presence of a relative with renal failure, and low socioeconomic levels could be suggested as risk factors for phobia of renal failure.
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203
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Singh P, Walia V. Anxiolytic like effect of L-Carnitine in mice: Evidences for the involvement of NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway. Behav Brain Res 2020; 391:112689. [PMID: 32417275 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
L-Carnitine (LC) is an endogenous compound synthesized from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine. LC act as an antioxidant and modulates the levels of neurochemicals such as glutamate, GABA, NO etc. implicated in the regulation of anxiety and related behavior. However its exact role in the anxiety is not known. The present study was designed to investigate the anxiolytic like effect of LC in mice. LC (2.5, 5.0 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) was administered to the mice and the anxiety related behavior was determined using light and dark box (LDB) and elevated plus maze (EPM) tests. The whole brain nitrite level was also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that LC (10 mg/kg, i.p.) exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice, accompanied by the reduction of whole brain nitrite level significantly as compared to control. Further, the influence of NO and GABA modulators pretreatments on the effect of subtherapeutic dose of LC was also determined. The results obtained demonstrated that NO donor/cGMP modulator counteracted while NO inhibitor potentiated the effect confers by the subtherapeutic dose of LC mice. Pretreatment of diazepam (1 mg/kg, i.p.) further potentiated the effect of subtherapeutic dose of LC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in EPM and LDB tests and further reduced the brain nitrite level significantly as compared to LC (5 mg/kg, i.p.) alone treatment. Thus, LC exerted anxiolytic like effect in mice and NO-sGC-cGMP signaling pathway influences the anxiolytic like effect of LC in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, 124001, Haryana, India.
| | - Vaibhav Walia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, DIT University, Dehradun, India.
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204
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Xin F, Zhou X, Dong D, Zhao Z, Yang X, Wang Q, Gu Y, Kendrick KM, Chen A, Becker B. Oxytocin Differentially Modulates Amygdala Responses during Top-Down and Bottom-Up Aversive Anticipation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001077. [PMID: 32832361 PMCID: PMC7435249 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The ability to successfully regulate negative emotions such as fear and anxiety is vital for mental health. Intranasal administration of the neuropeptide oxytocin (OXT) has been shown to reduce amygdala activity but to increase amygdala-prefrontal cortex connectivity during exposure to threatening stimuli suggesting that it may act as an important modulator of emotion regulation. The present randomized, between-subject, placebo-controlled pharmacological study combines the intranasal administration of OXT with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an explicit emotion regulation paradigm in 65 healthy male participants to investigate the modulatory effects of OXT on both bottom-up and top-down emotion regulation. OXT attenuates the activation in the posterior insular cortex and amygdala during anticipation of top-down regulation of predictable threat stimuli in participants with high trait anxiety. In contrast, OXT enhances amygdala activity during the bottom-up anticipation of unpredictable threat stimuli in participants with low trait anxiety. OXT may facilitate top-down goal-directed attention by attenuating amygdala activity in high anxiety individuals, while promoting bottom-up attention/vigilance to unexpected threats by enhancing amygdala activity in low anxiety individuals. OXT may thus have the potential to promote an adaptive balance between bottom-up and top-down attention systems depending on an individual's trait anxiety level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xin
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Xinqi Zhou
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Debo Dong
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Zhongbo Zhao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Xi Yang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Qianqian Wang
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Yan Gu
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Tiansheng Road 2 Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Keith M Kendrick
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
| | - Antao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality Ministry of Education, Faculty of Psychology Southwest University Tiansheng Road 2 Chongqing 400715 China
| | - Benjamin Becker
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute MOE Key Laboratory for Neuroinformation University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Xiyuan Avenue 2006 Chengdu 611731 China
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205
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Studying During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Qualitative Inductive Content Analysis of Nursing Students’ Perceptions and Experiences. EDUCATION SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/educsci10070188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is the latest pandemic with a high rate of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Crises like these can harm the academic functioning and psychophysical health of nursing students. With this qualitative study, we aim to explore how students perceive the COVID-19 crisis and what their personal experiences were while studying during the global pandemic. In the study, data saturation was achieved after analyzing the reports of 33 undergraduate nursing students, using the inductive thematic saturation method. Data were collected using an online form, which students filled out, describing their perceptions and experiences. Qualitative inductive content analysis of students’ reports resulted in 29 codes, indicating different student perceptions of the efficiency of state institutions in crises. All students described the spread of misinformation on social networks and the risky behavior of the population. Most are afraid of infection and worried about the well-being of their family, so they constantly apply protective measures. Students recognize their responsibility to the community and the importance and risks of the nursing profession. They also describe negative experiences with public transportation and residence in the student dorm. The fear of possible infection in the classroom is not significant, however, students are afraid of the clinical settings. Thirteen students reported difficulty in concentrating and learning, while all students praised teacher support and faculty work in this crisis.
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206
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Key T, Mathai NJ, Venkatesan AS, Farnell D, Mohanty K. Personal protective equipment during the COVID-19 crisis: a snapshot and recommendations from the frontline of a university teaching hospital. Bone Jt Open 2020; 1:131-136. [PMID: 33241223 PMCID: PMC7684390 DOI: 10.1302/2633-1462.15.bjo-2020-0027.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims The adequate provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) for healthcare workers has come under considerable scrutiny during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to evaluate staff awareness of PPE guidance, perceptions of PPE measures, and concerns regarding PPE use while caring for COVID-19 patients. In addition, responses of doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals (OHCPs) were compared. Methods The inclusion criteria were all staff working in clinical areas of the hospital. Staff were invited to take part using a link to an online questionnaire advertised by email, posters displayed in clinical areas, and social media. Questions grouped into the three key themes - staff awareness, perceptions, and concerns - were answered using a five-point Likert scale. The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare results across all three groups of staff. Results Overall, 315 staff took part in our study. There was a high awareness of PPE guidance at 84.4%, but only 52.4% of staff reported adequate PPE provision. 67.9% were still keen to come to work, despite very high levels of anxiety relating to contracting COVID-19 despite wearing PPE. Doctors had significantly higher ratings for questions relating to PPE awareness compared to other staff groups, while nursing staff and OHCPs had significantly higher levels of anxiety compared to doctors in relation to PPE and contracting COVID-19 (p < 0.05 using a Kruskal-Wallis test). Conclusion We believe four recommendations are key to improve PPE measures and decrease anxiety: 1) nominated ward/department PPE champions; 2) anonymized reporting for PPE concerns; 3) formal PPE education sessions; and 4) drop-in counselling sessions for staff. We hope the insight and recommendations from this study can improve the PPE situation and maintain the health and wellbeing of the clinical work force, in order to care for COVID-19 patients safely and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Key
- Orthopaedic Department, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | - Naveen J Mathai
- Orthopaedic Department, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | - Khitish Mohanty
- Orthopaedic Department, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff, UK
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207
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Nakata H, Halbach S, Geiser F, Stock S, Kowalski C, Enders A, Pfaff H, Ernstmann N. Health literacy, mental disorders and fear of progression and their association with a need for psycho-oncological care over the course of a breast cancer treatment. PSYCHOL HEALTH MED 2020; 26:818-831. [PMID: 32484756 DOI: 10.1080/13548506.2020.1772987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This studyinvestigates the need for psycho-oncological care over the course of a breast cancer treatment and possible associated factors to develop such a need. The PIAT-Study was a longitudinal postal survey study conducted in Germany (2013 to 2014) with breast cancer patients (BCPs). Patients received a questionnaire at three-time points (T1: few days after surgery, T2: after 10 weeks; T3: after 40 weeks). This study considers information about patients' needs for psycho-oncological care, their breast cancer disease, social support, anxiety, health literacy (HL) and sociodemographic information. Data were analysed with descriptive statistics and logistic regression modelling to estimate the association between a need for psycho-oncological treatment and patient characteristics. N = 927 breast cancer patients reported their psycho-oncological need. 35.2% of patients report at least at one measuring point to be in need for psycho-oncological care. In a multiple logistic regression, noticeable determinants for developing such a need are an inadequateHL(OR = 1.97), fear of progression (FoP) (OR = 2.08) and psychological comorbidities (OR = 8.15) as well as certain age groups. BCPs with a low HL, suffering from a dysfunctional level of FoP or mental disorders are more likely to develop a need for psycho-oncological care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nakata
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research (CHSR), Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Bonn (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Halbach
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research (CHSR), Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Bonn (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Franziska Geiser
- Center for Integrated Oncology Bonn (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stephanie Stock
- Institute of Health Economics and Clinical Epidemiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Anna Enders
- Department for Health Promotion for Vulnerable Groups, The Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA), Cologne, Germany
| | - Holger Pfaff
- Institute of Medical Sociology, Health Services Research, and Rehabilitation Science (IMVR), Faculty of Human Sciences and Faculty of Medicine, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nicole Ernstmann
- Center for Health Communication and Health Services Research (CHSR), Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Center for Integrated Oncology Bonn (CIO), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department for Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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208
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Mercier F, Witczak LR, Bales KL. Coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus) pairs display coordinated behaviors in response to a simulated intruder. Am J Primatol 2020; 82:e23141. [PMID: 32415703 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.23141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mate guarding and coordinated behaviors between partners are important for the maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. To study the effects of a perceived unfamiliar social intruder on females' behavior, we used coppery titi monkeys (Plecturocebus cupreus). We examined the effects of male aggressive temperament on females' behavior and the effects of each behavior performed by the male on the same female behavior. Using a mirror, we simulated a social intruder in the home territory and scored behaviors using an established ethogram. Based on our analysis of self-directed behaviors, females do not recognize themselves in the mirror. We then used general linear mixed models to predict percent change in females' behaviors as a function of (a) males' temperament, (b) males' behavior, and (c) an interaction between males' temperament and behavior. Male temperament did not significantly predict female behavior for any of our best fitting models. For percent change in female lip-smacking, male lip-smacking significantly predicted female lip-smacking (β = 0.74, SE = 0.22, t = 3.39; p = .004). There was a positive correlation between male and female agonistic behaviors such as back-arching/tail-lashing (β = 0.51, SE = 0.23, t = 2.22; p = .04) and for anxiety-related behaviors such as leaving the partner (β = 0.50, SE = 0.19, t = 2.68; p = .015), locomotion duration (β = 0.19, SE = 0.06, t = 2.98; p = .02), and locomotion frequency (β = 0.71, SE = 0.14, t = 5.17; p < .001). These findings on coordination of pair-mate behaviors may explain how titi monkeys display pair bond strength and ensure their reproductive success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Mercier
- Ecole Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse, Toulouse, France.,California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Lynea R Witczak
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
| | - Karen L Bales
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California
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209
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Itomi Y, Tanaka T, Matsushita K, Kawamura T, Kojima T, Aso K, Matsumoto-Okano S, Tsukimi Y. Pharmacological evaluation of a novel corticotropin-releasing factor 1 receptor antagonist T-3047928 in stress-induced animal models in a comparison with alosetron. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2020; 32:e13795. [PMID: 31970891 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.13795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The major symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) are changes in bowel habits and abdominal pain. Psychological stress is the major pathophysiological components of IBS. Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) is a well-known integrator in response to psychological stress. In this study, a novel CRF1 receptor antagonist T-3047928 was evaluated in stress-induced IBS models of rats to explore its potency for IBS. METHODS Plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels after intravenous oCRH challenge were measured as a pharmacodynamic marker. Efficacies of oral T-3047928 were compared with oral alosetron, a 5-HT3 antagonist, on conditioning fear stress (CFS)-induced defecation, restraint stress (RS)-induced acute visceral pain, specific alteration of rhythm in temperature (SART) stress-induced chronic visceral pain, and normal defecation. RESULTS T-3047928 (1-10 mg/kg, p.o.) demonstrated a dose-dependent inhibition on oCRH-induced ACTH secretion. In disease models, T-3047928 suppressed fecal pellet output induced by CFS and improved both acute and chronic visceral hypersensitivity induced by RS and SART stress, respectively. Alosetron was also efficacious in stress-induced defecation and visceral pain models at 1 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Alosetron, however, also suppressed normal defecation at lower those. On the other hand, T-3047928 did not change normal defecation even at higher dose than those in disease models. CONCLUSION T-3047928 is an orally active CRF1 antagonist that demonstrated potent inhibitory effects in stress-associated IBS models with no effect on normal defecation. Therefore, it is suggested that T-3047928 may have a potency as a novel option for IBS-D therapy with minimal constipation risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuo Itomi
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kozo Matsushita
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Toru Kawamura
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takuto Kojima
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Aso
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shiho Matsumoto-Okano
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Tsukimi
- Inflammation DDU, Pharmacological Research Division, Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Kanagawa, Japan
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210
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Rozenman M, Gonzalez A, Logan C, Goger P. Cognitive bias modification for threat interpretations: Impact on anxiety symptoms and stress reactivity. Depress Anxiety 2020; 37:438-448. [PMID: 32301579 PMCID: PMC7299169 DOI: 10.1002/da.23018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive bias modification for interpretations (CBM-I) is a computerized intervention that has received increasing attention in the last decade as a potential experimental intervention for anxiety. Initial CBM-I trials with clinical populations suggest the potential utility of this approach. However, most CBM-I experiments have been conducted with unaffected samples, few (one or two) training sessions, and have not examined transfer effects to anxiety-related constructs such as stress reactivity. METHOD This study compared a 12-session CBM-I intervention (n = 12) to an interpretation control condition (ICC; n = 12) in individuals (N = 24) with elevated trait anxiety on interpretation bias, anxiety symptom, and stress reactivity outcomes (electrodermal activity, heart rate, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia). RESULTS Compared to the ICC group, participants assigned to CBM-I experienced significantly greater improvements in interpretation bias and anxiety symptoms by post-intervention 4 weeks later, with impact on anxiety maintained at 1-month follow-up. While CBM-I and ICC groups did not differ in stress reactivity during an acute stressor at pre-intervention, the CBM-I group evidenced improved stress reactivity at post-intervention compared to ICC on two psychophysiological indices, electrodermal activity and heart rate. CONCLUSIONS The results of this pilot study suggest that CBM-I may hold promise for reducing anxiety symptoms, as well as impact psychophysiological arousal during an acute stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Rozenman
- University of Denver Department of Psychology / UCLA Division of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
| | | | - Christina Logan
- California State University Long Beach Department of Psychology
| | - Pauline Goger
- SDSU/UCSD Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology
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211
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Ponce-Lina R, Serafín N, Carranza M, Arámburo C, Prado-Alcalá RA, Luna M, Quirarte GL. Differential Phosphorylation of the Glucocorticoid Receptor in Hippocampal Subregions Induced by Contextual Fear Conditioning Training. Front Behav Neurosci 2020; 14:12. [PMID: 32116592 PMCID: PMC7031480 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Aversive events induce the release of glucocorticoid stress hormones that facilitate long-term memory consolidation, an effect that depends on the activation of glucocorticoid receptors (GRs). GRs are distributed widely in the hippocampus. The dorsal region of the hippocampus has been related to cognitive functions and the ventral region to stress and emotion. GR acts as a transcription factor which after hormone binding becomes phosphorylated, affecting its cellular distribution and transcriptional activity. Two functionally well-described GR phosphorylation sites are serine 232 (pSer232), which enhances gene expression, and serine 246 (pSer246), having the opposite effect. Since gene expression is one of the plastic mechanisms needed for memory consolidation, we investigated if an aversive learning task would induce GR phosphorylation in the dorsal (DH) and the ventral (VH) hippocampus. We trained rats in contextual fear conditioning (CFC) using different foot-shock intensities (0.0, 0.5, or 1.5 mA). One subgroup of animals trained with each intensity was sacrificed 15 min after training and blood was collected to quantify corticosterone (CORT) levels in serum. Another subgroup was sacrificed 1 h after training and brains were collected to evaluate the immunoreactivity (IR) to GR, pSer232 and pSer246 by SDS-PAGE/Western blot in DH and VH, and by immunohistochemistry in dorsal and ventral CA1, CA2, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) hippocampal regions. The conditioned freezing response increased in animals trained with 0.5 and 1.5 mA during training and extinction sessions. The degree of retention and CORT levels were directly related to the intensity of the foot-shock. Although total GR-IR remained unaffected after conditioning, we observed a significant increase of pSer246-IR in the dorsal region of CA1 and in both dorsal and ventral DG. The only region in which pSer232-IR was significantly elevated was ventral CA3. Our results indicate that fear conditioning training is related to GR phosphorylation in specific subregions of the hippocampus, suggesting that its transcriptional activity for gene expression is favored in ventral CA3, whereas its repressor activity for gene-silencing is increased in dorsal CA1 and in both dorsal and ventral DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Ponce-Lina
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Norma Serafín
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Martha Carranza
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Carlos Arámburo
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Roberto A Prado-Alcalá
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Maricela Luna
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
| | - Gina L Quirarte
- Departamento de Neurobiología Conductual y Cognitiva, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, Mexico
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212
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Bălan O, Moise G, Moldoveanu A, Leordeanu M, Moldoveanu F. An Investigation of Various Machine and Deep Learning Techniques Applied in Automatic Fear Level Detection and Acrophobia Virtual Therapy. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20020496. [PMID: 31952289 PMCID: PMC7013944 DOI: 10.3390/s20020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we investigate various machine learning classifiers used in our Virtual Reality (VR) system for treating acrophobia. The system automatically estimates fear level based on multimodal sensory data and a self-reported emotion assessment. There are two modalities of expressing fear ratings: the 2-choice scale, where 0 represents relaxation and 1 stands for fear; and the 4-choice scale, with the following correspondence: 0—relaxation, 1—low fear, 2—medium fear and 3—high fear. A set of features was extracted from the sensory signals using various metrics that quantify brain (electroencephalogram—EEG) and physiological linear and non-linear dynamics (Heart Rate—HR and Galvanic Skin Response—GSR). The novelty consists in the automatic adaptation of exposure scenario according to the subject’s affective state. We acquired data from acrophobic subjects who had undergone an in vivo pre-therapy exposure session, followed by a Virtual Reality therapy and an in vivo evaluation procedure. Various machine and deep learning classifiers were implemented and tested, with and without feature selection, in both a user-dependent and user-independent fashion. The results showed a very high cross-validation accuracy on the training set and good test accuracies, ranging from 42.5% to 89.5%. The most important features of fear level classification were GSR, HR and the values of the EEG in the beta frequency range. For determining the next exposure scenario, a dominant role was played by the target fear level, a parameter computed by taking into account the patient’s estimated fear level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana Bălan
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +4072-2276-571
| | - Gabriela Moise
- Department of Computer Science, Information Technology, Mathematics and Physics, Petroleum-Gas University of Ploiesti, Ploiesti 100680, Romania;
| | - Alin Moldoveanu
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Marius Leordeanu
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
| | - Florica Moldoveanu
- Faculty of Automatic Control and Computers, University POLITEHNICA of Bucharest, Bucharest 060042, Romania; (A.M.); (M.L.); (F.M.)
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213
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Ma L, Steinberg JL, Bjork JM, Wang Q, Hettema JM, Abbate A, Moeller FG. Altered Effective Connectivity of Central Autonomic Network in Response to Negative Facial Expression in Adults With Cannabis Use Disorder. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY. COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2020; 5:84-96. [PMID: 31345781 PMCID: PMC8598077 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis use is associated with an increased risk of stress-related adverse cardiovascular events. Because brain regions of the central autonomic network largely overlap with brain regions related to the neural response to emotion and stress, the central autonomic network may mediate the autonomic response to negative emotional stimuli. We aimed to obtain evidence to determine whether neural connectivity of the central autonomic network is altered in individuals with cannabis use disorder (CUD) when they are exposed to negative emotional stimuli. METHODS Effective (directional) connectivity (EC) analysis using dynamic causal modeling was applied to functional magnetic resonance imaging data acquired from 23 subjects with CUD and 23 control subjects of the Human Connectome Project while they performed an emotional face-matching task with interleaving periods of negative-face (fearful/angry) and neutral-shape stimuli. The EC difference (modulatory change) was measured during the negative-face trials relative to the neutral-shape trials. RESULTS The CUD group was similar to the control group in nonimaging measures and brain activations but showed greater modulatory changes in left amygdala to hypothalamus EC (positively associated with Perceived Stress Scale score), right amygdala to bilateral fusiform gyri ECs (positively associated with Perceived Stress Scale score), and left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to bilateral fusiform gyri ECs (negatively associated with Perceived Stress Scale score). CONCLUSIONS Left amygdala to hypothalamus EC and right amygdala to bilateral fusiform gyri ECs are possibly part of circuits underlying the risk of individuals with CUD to stress-related disorders. Correspondingly, left ventrolateral prefrontal cortex to bilateral fusiform gyri ECs are possibly part of circuits reflecting a protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangsuo Ma
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Radiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia.
| | - Joel L Steinberg
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - James M Bjork
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Qin Wang
- Information Systems, Statistics, and Management Science, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
| | - John M Hettema
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Antonio Abbate
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - F Gerard Moeller
- Institute for Drug and Alcohol Studies, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia; Department of Neurology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
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214
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Lima RA, de Barros MVG, Dos Santos MAM, Machado L, Bezerra J, Soares FC. The synergic relationship between social anxiety, depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality and body fatness in adolescents. J Affect Disord 2020; 260:200-205. [PMID: 31499376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2019.08.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the current study was to evaluate the cross-sectional synergic relationship among social anxiety, poor sleep quality, depressive symptoms and body fatness. METHODS A cross-sectional study was performed with 1,242 adolescents from a north-eastern district in Brazil. It was used the Social Anxiety Scale for Adolescents for symptoms of social anxiety, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index for sleep quality and the Depression Scale of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies for depressive symptoms. Body fatness was the sum of triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Structural equation modelling was used to evaluate associations among these comorbidities. RESULTS Social anxiety was directly and positively associated with depressive symptoms, poor sleep quality and body fatness (β = 0.316 standard deviations [SD]; β = 0.299 SD; β = 0.072 SD, respectively). Moreover, social anxiety was indirectly associated with depressive symptoms via poor sleep quality (β = 0.113 SD). Poor sleep quality was directly associated with depressive symptoms (β = 0.377 SD). We did not observe a significant relationship of poor sleep quality and depressive symptoms with body fatness. LIMITATIONS This is a cross-sectional study; therefore, we cannot infer causality in the interpretation of the findings. CONCLUSIONS Social anxiety seemed to play pivotal role in adolescents' health, since it was associated with poor sleep quality, depressive symptoms and body fatness. Interventions targeting sleep quality, depressive symptoms and body fatness in adolescents should designate relevant effort addressing social anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Antunes Lima
- Superior School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marquês Street, 310, 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil; Institute of Sport Science, University of Graz, Mozartgasse 14, 8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Mauro Virgílio Gomes de Barros
- Superior School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marquês Street, 310, 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Marcos André M Dos Santos
- Superior School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marquês Street, 310, 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Leonardo Machado
- Postgraduate Program in Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Pernambuco, Av. Prof. Moraes Rego 1235, 50670-901, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Jorge Bezerra
- Superior School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marquês Street, 310, 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Cunha Soares
- Superior School of Physical Education, University of Pernambuco, Arnóbio Marquês Street, 310, 50100-130, Recife, PE, Brazil
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215
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Stress peptides sensitize fear circuitry to promote passive coping. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:428-441. [PMID: 29904149 PMCID: PMC6169733 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0089-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Survival relies on optimizing behavioral responses through experience. Animals often react to acute stress by switching to passive behavioral responses when coping with environmental challenge. Despite recent advances in dissecting mammalian circuitry for Pavlovian fear, the neuronal basis underlying this form of non-Pavlovian anxiety-related behavioral plasticity remains poorly understood. Here, we report that aversive experience recruits the posterior paraventricular thalamus (PVT) and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and sensitizes a Pavlovian fear circuit to promote passive responding. Site-specific lesions and optogenetic manipulations reveal that PVT-to-central amygdala (CE) projections activate anxiogenic neuronal populations in the CE that release local CRH in response to acute stress. CRH potentiates basolateral (BLA)-CE connectivity and antagonizes inhibitory gating of CE output, a mechanism linked to Pavlovian fear, to facilitate the switch from active to passive behavior. Thus, PVT-amygdala fear circuitry uses inhibitory gating in the CE as a shared dynamic motif, but relies on different cellular mechanisms (postsynaptic long-term potentiation vs. presynaptic facilitation), to multiplex active/passive response bias in Pavlovian and non-Pavlovian behavioral plasticity. These results establish a framework promoting stress-induced passive responding, which might contribute to passive emotional coping seen in human fear- and anxiety-related disorders.
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216
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Odoh C, Businelle MS, Chen TA, Kendzor DE, Obasi EM, Reitzel LR. Association of Fear and Mistrust with Stress Among Sheltered Homeless Adults and the Moderating Effects of Race and Sex. J Racial Ethn Health Disparities 2019; 7:458-467. [PMID: 31802428 DOI: 10.1007/s40615-019-00674-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In shelter settings, homeless individuals often congregate and sleep in proximity to one another, with limited secure places for belongings: a living environment that may engender perceived vulnerability to victimization. Fear of victimization and mistrust of others in the shelter environment may result in greater stress, and racial minority residents and women may be particularly affected. Here, we aimed to examine the associations between fear, mistrust, and fear and mistrust, and stress among sheltered homeless adults, and explore moderation by race and sex. Data were from a convenience sample of adults from a homeless shelter in Dallas, TX (N = 225; 67% black; 27% women). Participants completed the fear and mistrust scale and the urban life stressors scale. Linear regressions were used to measure associations of fear, mistrust, and fear and mistrust with stress, adjusted for age, education, sex, race, history of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder, and discrimination. Moderation was assessed with interaction terms. Adjusted results indicated that fear, mistrust, fear and mistrust was positively associated with stress (p < 0.001). Race, but not sex, was a significant moderator of associations between fear and stress, whereby black adults with high levels of fear were more likely than white adults to experience high stress levels. Thus, although more research is needed, results suggest that interventions aimed at reducing fear of victimization may reduce stress for black adults. Given the association of stress with myriad undesirable health outcomes that can further exacerbate known health disparities, further work in this area is critical. Future research should investigate environmental sources of fear to provide further direction for interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chisom Odoh
- College of Education, Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX, 77204-5029, USA.
- College of Health and Public Services, Department of Rehabilitation and Health Services, The University of North Texas, 1155 Union Circle #311456, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Michael S Businelle
- Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Tzu-An Chen
- College of Education, Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX, 77204-5029, USA
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Darla E Kendzor
- Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, Oklahoma Tobacco Research Center, 655 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Ezemenari M Obasi
- College of Education, Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX, 77204-5029, USA
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lorraine R Reitzel
- College of Education, Department of Psychological, Health, and Learning Sciences, The University of Houston, 491 Farish Hall, Houston, TX, 77204-5029, USA
- HEALTH Research Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Khurana K, Bansal N. Lacidipine attenuates caffeine-induced anxiety-like symptoms in mice: Role of calcium-induced oxido-nitrosative stress. Pharmacol Rep 2019; 71:1264-1272. [PMID: 31675672 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2019.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anxiety is a disorder of multi-factorial pathogenesis involving interrelated pathways of neurotransmitters, oxidative stress and metamorphosed calcium-signaling that negatively affects brain functions. Modulation of Ca2+-channels outlines a promising strategy to curb the progression of anxiety-like disorders through attenuation of redox-imbalance. The current research scheme was designed to explore the anxiolytic effects of lacidipine (L-type Ca2+-channel blocker; LCD) pretreatment in caffeine-induced anxiety-like symptom model in mice. METHODS Forty-two Swiss albino mice (25-30 g) were distributed to 7 groups (n = 6): Vehicle control, caffeine, alprazolam + caffeine, lacidipine(0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, ip)+caffeine and Bay-K8644+LCD(3)+caffeine. Caffeine (25 mg/kg, ip) was administered from day 8 to 14 to induce anxiety-like symptoms in mice. Lacidipine (0.3, 1 and 3 mg/kg, ip) and alprazolam (0.25 mg/kg, ip) were administered from day 1 to 14 in separate groups. Bay-K8644 (Ca2+-channel agonist) was injected on day 14 to delineate the role of Ca2+ in anti-anxiety effect of LCD in caffeine-treated mice. Elevated zero maze and mirror chamber test were employed to assess anxiety-like behavior. Afterwards, the mice were sacrificed and whole brains were harvested for estimation of biomarkers of oxido-nitrosative stress, such as TBARS, GSH, SOD, catalase and total nitrite content. RESULTS An increase in brain oxido-nitrosative stress and anxiety-like behavior was observed in caffeine treated mice. LCD pretreatment attenuated the brain oxido-nitrosative stress and anxiety-like behavior in mice in caffeine treated mice. Anxiolytic effect of LCD was attenuated by Bay-K8644 (0.5 mg/kg) in caffeine treated mice. CONCLUSION LCD (L-type Ca2+-channel antagonist) pretreatment attenuated caffeine-induced oxido-nitrosative stress and anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal Khurana
- I. K. Gujral Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala, Punjab, India; Department of Pharmacology, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, India
| | - Nitin Bansal
- Department of Pharmacology, ASBASJSM College of Pharmacy, Bela, Ropar, India.
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218
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Jang EH, Byun S, Park MS, Sohn JH. Reliability of Physiological Responses Induced by Basic Emotions: A Pilot Study. J Physiol Anthropol 2019; 38:15. [PMID: 31779708 PMCID: PMC6883530 DOI: 10.1186/s40101-019-0209-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although emotion-specific autonomic responses based on the discrete theory of emotion have been widely studied, studies on the reliability of physiological responses to emotional stimuli are limited. In this study, we aimed to assess the reliability of physiological changes induced by the six basic emotions (happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, and surprise) that were measured during 10 weekly repeated experiments. METHODS Twelve college students participated, and in each experiment, physiological signals were collected before and while participants were watching emotion-provoking film clips. Additionally, the participants self-evaluated the emotions that they experienced during the film presentation at the end of each emotional stimulus. To avoid adaptation of participants to identical stimuli during repeated measurements, we used 10 different film clips for each emotion, and thus a total of 60 film clips over 10 weeks were used. Physiological features, such as skin conductance level (SCL), fingertip temperature (FT), heart rate (HR), and blood volume pulse (BVP), were extracted from the physiological signals. Two reliability indices, Cronbach's alpha and intraclass correlation coefficient, were calculated from the physiological features to assess internal consistency and interrater reliability, respectively. RESULTS We found that SCL, HR, and BVP measured during the emotion-provoking phase over the 10 weekly sessions were more reliable than those assessed at baseline. Furthermore, SCL, HR, and BVP from the emotion-provoking phase exhibited excellent internal consistency and interrater reliability. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that these features can be used as reliable physiological indices in emotion studies. The results also support the significance of physiological signals as meaningful indicators for emotion recognition in HCI (human computer interface) area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Jang
- Welfare & Medical ICT Research Department, Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34129, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangwon Byun
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Mi-Sook Park
- Department of Rehabilitation Counselling, Seoul Hanyoung University, 290-42 Kyoungin-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul, 08274, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hun Sohn
- Department of Psychology, Brain Research Institute, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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Campbell DLM, Dickson EJ, Lee C. Application of open field, tonic immobility, and attention bias tests to hens with different ranging patterns. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8122. [PMID: 31788364 PMCID: PMC6882422 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of negative affective states is a key component of animal welfare research. In laying hens, excessive fearfulness results in reduced production and increased sensitivity to stress. Fearfulness can be defined as a response to a known threat, but anxiety is a response to an unknown threat and may have similar negative consequences. The open field test and tonic immobility test are commonly applied to measure fearfulness in laying hens. An attention bias test that measured individual hen’s responses to playback of a conspecific alarm call in the presence of food was recently pharmacologically validated using an anxiogenic drug but was confounded by the hen’s typical motionless response in a novel environment. The current study used 56-week old free-range layers to further assess the validity of an attention bias test to differentiate ranging treatment groups in comparison with the open field and tonic immobility tests. The selected hens varied in their range use patterns as tracked by radio-frequency identification technology. ‘Indoor’ hens did not access the range and ‘outdoor’ hens ranged daily; previous research has confirmed higher fearfulness in hens that remain indoors. The tonic immobility test did not differentiate ranging groups (P = 0.34), but indoor birds were slower to first step (P = 0.03) and stepped less (P = 0.02) in the open field test. The attention bias test occurred in an isolated wooden box using a conspecific alarm call playback (a threat) and mixed grain (a positive stimulus). The behavioural response of latency to resume eating following playback of the alarm call was measured to differentiate the anxiety states of the indoor and outdoor ranging birds. Before the attention bias test could occur, birds had to be habituated to the test box across three separate 5-minute sessions to increase the willingness to feed within the novel test environment. All birds ate faster across time (P < 0.001) but the indoor birds were slower to eat than the outdoor birds (P < 0.001). In this study, the latency to resume eating following an alarm call was determined to be a poor measure for highly anxious birds as they failed to eat at all. Forty-six percent of indoor hens were excluded for not eating across the 5-minute test. Of the birds that did eat, only 7% of indoor hens ate following playback of the alarm call, compared with 36% of outdoor hens. This repetition of an attention bias test for laying hens highlights the challenges in assessing hens with extreme fearful/anxious responses and that information may be missed when non-performing hens are excluded from behavioural tests. We suggest that latency to eat in a novel arena without any alarm call playback is an informative measure of anxious state that can be applied to all hens but consideration must be made of potential differences in food motivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L M Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Emily J Dickson
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
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Sp N, Kang DY, Kim DH, Lee HG, Park YM, Kim IH, Lee HK, Cho BW, Jang KJ, Yang YM. Methylsulfonylmethane inhibits cortisol-induced stress through p53-mediated SDHA/HPRT1 expression in racehorse skeletal muscle cells: A primary step against exercise stress. Exp Ther Med 2019; 19:214-222. [PMID: 31853292 PMCID: PMC6909739 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2019.8196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortisol is a hormone involved in stress during exercise. The application of natural compounds is a new potential approach for controlling cortisol-induced stress. Tumour suppressor protein p53 is activated during cellular stress. Succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA) and hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 (HPRT1) are considered to be two of the most stable reference genes when measuring stress during exercise in horses. In the present study cells were considered to be in a 'stressed state' if the levels of these stable genes and the highly stress responsive gene p53 were altered. It was hypothesized that a natural organic sulphur-containing compound, methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), could inhibit cortisol-induced stress in racing horse skeletal muscle cells by regulating SDHA, HPRT1 and p53 expression. After assessing cell viability using MTT assays, 20 µg/ml cortisol and 50 mM MSM were applied to horse skeletal muscle cell cultures. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and western blot analysis demonstrated increases in SDHA, HPRT1 and p53 expression in cells in response to cortisol treatment, which was inhibited or normalized by MSM treatment. To determine the relationship between p53 and SDHA/HPRT1 expression at a transcriptional level, horse gene sequences of SDHA and HPRT1 were probed to identify novel binding sites for p53 in the gene promoters, which were confirmed using a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay. The relationship between p53 and SDHA/HPRT1 expression was confirmed using western blot analysis following the application of pifithrin-α, a p53 inhibitor. These results suggested that MSM is a potential candidate drug for the inhibition of cortisol-induced stress in racehorse skeletal muscle cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipin Sp
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Young Kang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hoon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Gun Lee
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Min Park
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Il Ho Kim
- Nara Biotech Co., Ltd., Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54852, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeollabuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Wook Cho
- Department of Animal Science, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, Gyeongsangnam 50463, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Jin Jang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Yang
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University, Chungju, Chungcheongbuk 27478, Republic of Korea
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The Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model and the development of callous-unemotional traits. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:656-671. [PMID: 31618611 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Research implicates callous-unemotional (CU) traits (i.e., lack of empathy, prosociality, and guilt, and reduced sensitivity to others' emotions) in the development of severe and persistent antisocial behavior. To improve etiological models of antisocial behavior and develop more effective treatments, we need a better understanding of the origins of CU traits. In this review, we discuss the role of two psychobiological and mechanistic precursors to CU traits: low affiliative reward (i.e., deficits in seeking out or getting pleasure from social bonding and closeness with others) and low threat sensitivity (i.e., fearlessness to social and non-social threat). We outline the Sensitivity to Threat and Affiliative Reward (STAR) model and review studies that have examined the development of affiliative reward and threat sensitivity across animal, neuroimaging, genetic, and behavioral perspectives. We next evaluate evidence for the STAR model, specifically the claim that CU traits result from deficits in both affiliative reward and threat sensitivity. We end with constructive suggestions for future research to test the hypotheses generated by the STAR model.
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Narayanan SN, Jetti R, Kesari KK, Kumar RS, Nayak SB, Bhat PG. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation-induced behavioral changes and their possible basis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30693-30710. [PMID: 31463749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06278-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of mobile phone technology is to achieve communication with any person at any place and time. In the modern era, it is impossible to ignore the usefulness of mobile phone technology in cases of emergency as many lives have been saved. However, the biological effects they may have on humans and other animals have been largely ignored and not been evaluated comprehensively. One of the reasons for this is the speedy uncontrollable growth of this technology which has surpassed our researching ability. Initiated with the first generation, the mobile telephony currently reaches to its fifth generation without being screened extensively for any biological effects that they may have on humans or on other animals. Mounting evidences suggest possible non-thermal biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF-EMR) on brain and behavior. Behavioral studies have particularly concentrated on the effects of RF-EMR on learning, memory, anxiety, and locomotion. The literature analysis on behavioral effects of RF-EMR demonstrates complex picture with conflicting observations. Nonetheless, numerous reports suggest a possible behavioral effect of RF-EMR. The scientific findings about this issue are presented in the current review. The possible neural and molecular mechanisms for the behavioral effects have been proposed in the light of available evidences from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, PO Box 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE.
| | - Raghu Jetti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Science and Health Professions-Jeddah, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah, 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Satheesha B Nayak
- Department of Anatomy, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, India
| | - P Gopalakrishna Bhat
- Division of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
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Prado IM, Carcavalli L, Abreu LG, Serra-Negra JM, Paiva SM, Martins CC. Use of distraction techniques for the management of anxiety and fear in paediatric dental practice: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Int J Paediatr Dent 2019; 29:650-668. [PMID: 30908775 DOI: 10.1111/ipd.12499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether distraction techniques (DT) reduce children's/adolescent's anxiety and fear during dental treatment. METHODS Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in which any type of DT were used to manage dental anxiety and dental fear in children/adolescents were included. A systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, and Google Scholar was conducted. Two independent reviewers selected studies, extracted data, assessed methodological quality of studies using the Cochrane Collaboration's Risk of Bias tool (CCRBT), and approached certainty of evidence using GRADE (Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation). Data were analysed descriptively. RESULTS Twenty studies covering several types of DT (audio, audiovisual, instruments camouflage, biofeedback, dental operating microscope, toys) were included. Qualitative analysis showed with very low certainty of evidence that DT effectively reduced dental anxiety and fear depending on the distraction type, instrument used to measure dental anxiety and dental fear, and dental procedure. CCRBT evaluation identified many methodological issues in included studies. CONCLUSION There is a very low certainty of evidence that DT can be effective in managing children's/adolescents' dental fear and anxiety during dental treatment. The heterogeneity of methodologies and findings in the studies, however, suggests more robust, and well-executed RCTs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Meyer Prado
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Larissa Carcavalli
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Lucas Guimarães Abreu
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Júnia Maria Serra-Negra
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Saul Martins Paiva
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Carolina Castro Martins
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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224
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Miguel SRPDS, Ligabue-Braun R. Hypothesis: Compulsive hoarding as an atavism. Med Hypotheses 2019; 130:109273. [PMID: 31383336 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In this hypothesis paper, we propose that hoarding disorder may be an ancestral mammalian behavior, possibly hard-wired but dormant in present-day humans, that can be activated by traumatic experiences. To support this claim, we describe hoarding in ancestral mammals and provide examples of recurrence of traits, or atavisms, in humans and other mammals, highlighting its implications for neuropsychiatric diseases. We highlight the potential of using shrews as animal models for hoarding behavior and, considering the current knowledge on the molecular underpinnings of the disorder, we also point to limitations of the proposed connection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Ligabue-Braun
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences (PPGBio) and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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225
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Campbell DLM, Taylor PS, Hernandez CE, Stewart M, Belson S, Lee C. An attention bias test to assess anxiety states in laying hens. PeerJ 2019; 7:e7303. [PMID: 31333910 PMCID: PMC6626526 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fear is a response to a known threat, anxiety is a response to a perceived threat. Both of these affective states can be detrimental to animal welfare in modern housing environments. In comparison to the well-validated tests for assessing fear in laying hens, tests for measuring anxiety are less developed. Perception of a threat can result in an attention bias that may indicate anxious affective states in individual hens following playback of an alarm call. In Experiment 1, an attention bias test was applied to hens that differed in their range access to show that hens that never ranged were more vigilant (stretching of the neck and looking around: P < 0.001) and slower to feed following the second alarm call playback (P = 0.01) compared with hens that ranged daily. All hens showed a reduction in comb temperature following the first alarm call (P < 0.001). In Experiment 2, an open field test was used to determine an effective dose of 2 mg/kg for the anxiogenic drug meta-Chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP) in adult laying hens. Hens dosed with 2 mg/kg showed reduced locomotion compared with a saline solution (P < 0.05). In Experiment 3, 2 mg/kg m-CPP or saline was administered to adult hens previously habituated to the open field arena to pharmacologically validate an attention bias test as a measure of anxiety. Hens dosed with m-CPP were slower to feed (P = 0.02) and faster to vocalize following a second alarm call playback (P = 0.03) but these hens did not exhibit the same vigilance behavior as documented in Experiment 1. The m-CPP hens also spent more time stepping and vocalizing (both P < 0.001) than the saline hens. An attention bias test could be used to assess anxiety. However, behavioral responses of hens may vary depending on their age or test environment familiarity, thus further refinement of the test is required. In these tests, 2 mg/kg of m-CPP resulted in motionless behavior when the environment was novel, but more movement and vocalizing when the environment was familiar. The extreme behavioral phenotypes exhibited by individually-tested birds may both be indicators of negative states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana L M Campbell
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Peta S Taylor
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Carlos E Hernandez
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia.,Department of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mairi Stewart
- AgResearch, Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Sue Belson
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline Lee
- Agriculture and Food, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Armidale, NSW, Australia.,School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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226
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Scherr CL, Jensen JD, Christy K. Dispositional pandemic worry and the health belief model: promoting vaccination during pandemic events. J Public Health (Oxf) 2019; 39:e242-e250. [PMID: 27679662 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdw101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Promoting vaccination during pandemics is paramount to public health, yet few studies examined theoretical motivations for vaccination during pandemics. Thus, the relationships between dispositional pandemic worry, constructs of the health belief model (HBM) and vaccination during the H1N1 pandemic were studied. Methods Participants (N = 1377) completed surveys assessing dispositional pandemic worry, HBM variables and H1N1 vaccination. Principle axis factor analysis and point biserial correlations were conducted. Differences in worry and vaccination were assessed via independent samples t-tests. Relationships between vaccination, demographics and worry were investigated using hierarchical linear regression. PROCESS analysis was conducted to explicate the relationship between worry and vaccination intention. Results A two-factor structure of dispositional pandemic worry-worry frequency and worry severity-was confirmed. Dispositional worry was higher among those who intended to and received H1N1 vaccine. Worry frequency and worry severity were positively related to vaccination. Threat, benefits and barriers mediated the impact of worry severity and threat and barriers mediated the impact of worry frequency on vaccination intentions. Conclusions Messages increasing dispositional worry and benefits while decreasing barriers may boost vaccination behavior during a pandemic event. Future study of relationships between dispositional worry and HBM variables is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Scherr
- Department of Communication Studies, Northwestern University, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, 15th Floor, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jakob D Jensen
- College of Humanities, University of Utah, 225S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Katheryn Christy
- College of Humanities, University of Utah, 225S. Central Campus Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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227
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Chirumamilla VC, Gonzalez-Escamilla G, Koirala N, Bonertz T, von Grotthus S, Muthuraman M, Groppa S. Cortical Excitability Dynamics During Fear Processing. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:568. [PMID: 31275095 PMCID: PMC6593288 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Little is known about the modulation of cortical excitability in the prefrontal cortex during fear processing in humans. Here, we aimed to transiently modulate and test the cortical excitability during fear processing using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and brain oscillations in theta and alpha frequency bands with electroencephalography (EEG). Methods: We conducted two separate experiments (no-TMS and TMS). In the no-TMS experiment, EEG recordings were performed during the instructed fear paradigm in which a visual cue (CS+) was paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (electric shock), while the other visual cue was unpaired (CS-). In the TMS experiment, in addition the TMS was applied on the right dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (dmPFC). The participants also underwent structural MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) scanning and were assigned pseudo-randomly to both experiments, such that age and gender were matched. The cortical excitability was evaluated by time-frequency analysis and functional connectivity with weighted phase lag index (WPLI). We further linked the excitability patterns with markers of stress coping capability. Results: After visual cue onset, we found increased theta power in the frontal lobe and decreased alpha power in the occipital lobe during CS+ relative to CS- trials. TMS of dmPFC increased theta power in the frontal lobe and reduced alpha power in the occipital lobe during CS+. The TMS pulse increased the information flow from the sensorimotor region to the prefrontal and occipital regions in the theta and alpha bands, respectively during CS+ compared to CS-. Pre-stimulation frontal theta power (0.75–1 s) predicted the magnitude of frontal theta power changes after stimulation (1–1.25 s). Finally, the increased frontal theta power during CS+ compared to CS- was positively correlated with stress coping behavior. Conclusion: Our results show that TMS over dmPFC transiently modulated the regional cortical excitability and the fronto-occipital information flows during fear processing, while the pre-stimulation frontal theta power determined the strength of achieved effects. The frontal theta power may serve as a biomarker for fear processing and stress-coping responses in individuals and could be clinically tested in mental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata C Chirumamilla
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gabriel Gonzalez-Escamilla
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Nabin Koirala
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Tamara Bonertz
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sarah von Grotthus
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Muthuraman Muthuraman
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergiu Groppa
- Section of Movement Disorders and Neurostimulation, Biomedical Statistics and Multimodal Signal Processing Unit, Department of Neurology, Focus Program Translational Neurosciences, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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228
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Catron TR, Swank A, Wehmas LC, Phelps D, Keely SP, Brinkman NE, McCord J, Singh R, Sobus J, Wood CE, Strynar M, Wheaton E, Tal T. Microbiota alter metabolism and mediate neurodevelopmental toxicity of 17β-estradiol. Sci Rep 2019; 9:7064. [PMID: 31068624 PMCID: PMC6506524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-43346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Estrogenic chemicals are widespread environmental contaminants associated with diverse health and ecological effects. During early vertebrate development, estrogen receptor signaling is critical for many different physiologic responses, including nervous system function. Recently, host-associated microbiota have been shown to influence neurodevelopment. Here, we hypothesized that microbiota may biotransform exogenous 17-βestradiol (E2) and modify E2 effects on swimming behavior. Colonized zebrafish were continuously exposed to non-teratogenic E2 concentrations from 1 to 10 days post-fertilization (dpf). Changes in microbial composition and predicted metagenomic function were evaluated. Locomotor activity was assessed in colonized and axenic (microbe-free) zebrafish exposed to E2 using a standard light/dark behavioral assay. Zebrafish tissue was collected for chemistry analyses. While E2 exposure did not alter microbial composition or putative function, colonized E2-exposed larvae showed reduced locomotor activity in the light, in contrast to axenic E2-exposed larvae, which exhibited normal behavior. Measured E2 concentrations were significantly higher in axenic relative to colonized zebrafish. Integrated peak area for putative sulfonated and glucuronidated E2 metabolites showed a similar trend. These data demonstrate that E2 locomotor effects in the light phase are dependent on the presence of microbiota and suggest that microbiota influence chemical E2 toxicokinetics. More broadly, this work supports the concept that microbial colonization status may influence chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara R Catron
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | - Drake Phelps
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | | | | | - James McCord
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Randolph Singh
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Jon Sobus
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NERL/EMMD, RTP, NC, USA
| | - Charles E Wood
- U.S. EPA/ORD/NHEERL/ISTD, RTP, NC, USA
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, USA
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229
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Santos AJ, Nunes B, Kislaya I, Gil AP, Ribeiro O. Older adults' emotional reactions to elder abuse: Individual and victimisation determinants. HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE IN THE COMMUNITY 2019; 27:609-620. [PMID: 30334593 DOI: 10.1111/hsc.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Elder abuse has been gaining public, state, and scientific attention for the past 40 years, but research focusing on emotional reactions of older adults to victimisation is still scarce. The study describes the emotions and feelings of older adults who experienced abuse in a community setting, and the association between these emotions and individual or abuse characteristics. The cross-sectional study comprises 510 older adults who were identified and referred by four institutions. Participants answered a questionnaire on elder abuse experiences, including the emotion or feeling brought out by the act of abuse that was perceived to be the most serious. Fear and sadness comprised 67.1% of all provided responses. Emotional reactions were associated with functional status, the presence of depressive symptoms, relationship with the perpetrator and, to a limited degree, to the experience of multiple types of abuse. The most significant and meaningful variable was the relationship with the perpetrator. This study demonstrates that older adults present very similar patterns of emotional reactions, but individual characteristics and the established relationship with the perpetrator might mediate the emotional response. Implications for prevention and intervention of elder abuse are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana João Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Baltazar Nunes
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
- CISP - Centro de Investigação em Saúde Pública, Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Irina Kislaya
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Paula Gil
- CICS.NOVA - Centro Interdisciplinar de Ciências Sociais, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e, Humanas da Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Oscar Ribeiro
- Departamento de Educação e Psicologia, Universidade de Aveiro, Porto, Portugal
- CINTESIS - Centro de Investigação em Tecnologias e Serviços de Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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230
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Hieu TH, Dibas M, Surya Dila KA, Sherif NA, Hashmi MU, Mahmoud M, Trang NTT, Abdullah L, Nghia TLB, Y MN, Hirayama K, Huy NT. Therapeutic efficacy and safety of chamomile for state anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder, insomnia, and sleep quality: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized trials and quasi‐randomized trials. Phytother Res 2019; 33:1604-1615. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Truong Hong Hieu
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Medicine of Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
| | - Mahmoud Dibas
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Sulaiman Al Rajhi Colleges, College of Medicine Qassim Saudi Arabia
| | - Kadek Agus Surya Dila
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Kubutambahan II Public Health Center Singaraja 81172 Indonesia
| | - Nourin Ali Sherif
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura University Mansoura Egypt
| | - Muhammad Usman Hashmi
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Department of General MedicineNishtar Medical University Multan Punjab Pakistan
| | - Mostafa Mahmoud
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Faculty of MedicineAlexandria University Alexandria Egypt
| | - Nguyen Thi Thuy Trang
- Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Medicine of Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
| | - Lava Abdullah
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Faculty of MedicineDamascus University Damascus Syria
| | - Thai Le Ba Nghia
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Faculty of MedicineVo Truong Toan University Hau Giang Vietnam
| | - Mai Nhu Y
- Online Research Club (http://www.onlineresearchclub.org) Nagasaki Japan
- Faculty of MedicineVo Truong Toan University Hau Giang Vietnam
| | - Kenji Hirayama
- Department of ImmunogeneticsInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), Leading Graduate School Program, and Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University Nagasaki 852–8523 Japan
| | - Nguyen Tien Huy
- Evidence Based Medicine Research GroupTon Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 70000 Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied SciencesTon Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 70000 Vietnam
- Department of Clinical Product DevelopmentInstitute of Tropical Medicine (NEKKEN), School of Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nagasaki University Nagasaki 852–8523 Japan
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231
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Silva-Rocha VV, de Sousa DA, Osório FL. Psychometric Properties of the Brazilian Version of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2. Front Psychol 2019; 10:806. [PMID: 31040807 PMCID: PMC6477035 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Competitive anxiety (CA) is an emotional reaction manifested at a somatic and/or cognitive level that regularly appears before or during sports competitions and can significantly impact an athlete's performance. Given the scarcity of validated instruments available for evaluating the competitive-anxiety trait in the Brazilian context, this study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties of the Sport Anxiety Scale-2 (SAS-2). The study sample was composed of 238 professional and amateur athletes aged 13 years or older who practice different sports modalities. The results of confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) revealed adequate fit indices of the original three-factor theoretical model of the SAS-2 after including a correlation between the errors for items 6 and 12 of the somatic anxiety subscale (CFI = 0.97, TLI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.08, WRMR = 1.04). For convergent and divergent validity, the SAS-2 subscales exhibited a positive and strong correlations with the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2R (CSAI-2R; r = 0.52-0.82), weak to moderate correlations with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory - only the trait scale (STAI-T; r = 0.49-0.59), weak correlations with the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN; r = 0.29-0.41) and weak to moderate correlations with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9; r = 0.49-0.56). The SAS-2 was also able to discriminate among participants with and without social anxiety, general trait anxiety and depressive symptoms, thus confirming its discriminant validity. According to ROC curve analysis, the cutoff point at a score of 29 indicated the optimal balance of sensitivity (0.74) and specificity (0.82). The internal consistency (α = 0.73-0.86) and the test-retest reliability (ICC = 0.73-0.80) were satisfactory. These results indicated that the Brazilian version of the SAS-2 exhibited satisfactory psychometric performance and could be used in the Brazilian context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viviane Vedovato Silva-Rocha
- Department of Neuroscience and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Flávia L Osório
- Department of Neurosciences and Behavioral Sciences, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Sawyers C, Ollendick T, Brotman MA, Pine DS, Leibenluft E, Carney DM, Roberson-Nay R, Hettema JM. The genetic and environmental structure of fear and anxiety in juvenile twins. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:204-212. [PMID: 30708402 PMCID: PMC6414251 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Fear and anxiety are conceptualized as responses to acute or potential threat, respectively. Adult twin studies found substantial interplay between genetic and environmental factors influencing fear disorders (phobias) and anxiety disorders. Research in children, however, has largely examined these factors independently. Thus, there exists a substantial knowledge gap regarding the underlying etiologic structure of these closely-related constructs during development. Symptom counts for five fear (criticism, the unknown, death, animal, medical) and four anxiety (generalized, panic, separation, social) dimensions were obtained for 373 twin pairs ages 9-14. Multivariate twin modeling was performed to elucidate the genetic and environmental influences distributed amongst these dimensions. The best fitting model contained one genetic, two familial environmental, and two unique environmental factors shared between fear and anxiety symptoms plus dimension-specific genetic and unique environmental factors. Although several environmental factors were shared between fear and anxiety dimensions, one latent factor accounted for genetic influences across both domains. While adult studies find somewhat distinct etiological differences between anxiety and phobic disorders, the current results suggest that their relative genetic and environmental influences are not as clearly demarcated in children. These etiological distinctions are more nuanced, likely contributing to the highly diffuse symptom patterns seen during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Sawyers
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University,Correspondence to: Chelsea Sawyers, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, PO Box 980126, Richmond, VA 23298-0126. Fax: (804) 828-1471,
| | - Thomas Ollendick
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
| | | | - Daniel S. Pine
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Ellen Leibenluft
- Emotion and Development Branch, National Institute of Mental Health
| | - Dever M. Carney
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - Roxann Roberson-Nay
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
| | - John M. Hettema
- Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University
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Ullmann E, Perry SW, Licinio J, Wong ML, Dremencov E, Zavjalov EL, Shevelev OB, Khotskin NV, Koncevaya GV, Khotshkina AS, Moshkin MP, Lapshin MS, Komelkova MV, Feklicheva IV, Tseilikman OB, Cherkasova OP, Bhui KS, Jones E, Kirschbaum C, Bornstein SR, Tseilikman V. From Allostatic Load to Allostatic State-An Endogenous Sympathetic Strategy to Deal With Chronic Anxiety and Stress? Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:47. [PMID: 30967764 PMCID: PMC6442703 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The concepts of allostatic load and overload, i. e., a dramatic increase in the allostatic load that predisposes to disease, have been extensively described in the literature. Here, we show that rats engaging in active offensive response (AOR) behavioral strategies to chronic predator scent stress (PSS) display less anxiety behavior and lower plasma cortisol levels vs. rats engaging in passive defensive response (PDR) behavioral strategies to chronic PSS. In the same chronic PSS paradigm, AOR rats also have higher lactate and lower glutamate levels in amygdala but not in control-region hippocampus vs. PDR rats. The implications of these findings for regulation of allostatic and stress responses, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ullmann
- Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Seth W Perry
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Julio Licinio
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Ma-Li Wong
- College of Medicine, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, United States
| | - Eliyahu Dremencov
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia.,Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Centre for Biosciences, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.,Biomedical Research Center, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Evgenii L Zavjalov
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Oleg B Shevelev
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Nikita V Khotskin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Galina V Koncevaya
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anna S Khotshkina
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Mikhail P Moshkin
- Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science (RAS), Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Maxim S Lapshin
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Maria V Komelkova
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Inna V Feklicheva
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Olga B Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
| | - Olga P Cherkasova
- Biophysics Laboratory, Institute of Laser Physics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Kamaldeep S Bhui
- Centre for Psychiatry, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar Jones
- Institute of Psychiatry Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Clemens Kirschbaum
- Department of Psychology, Biopsychology, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Stefan R Bornstein
- Department of Medicine, Carl Gustav Carus, Technical University of Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Vadim Tseilikman
- School of Medical Biology, South Ural State University, Chelyabinsk, Russia
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Structural, functional, and behavioral insights of dopamine dysfunction revealed by a deletion in SLC6A3. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3853-3862. [PMID: 30755521 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1816247116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The human dopamine (DA) transporter (hDAT) mediates clearance of DA. Genetic variants in hDAT have been associated with DA dysfunction, a complication associated with several brain disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Here, we investigated the structural and behavioral bases of an ASD-associated in-frame deletion in hDAT at N336 (∆N336). We uncovered that the deletion promoted a previously unobserved conformation of the intracellular gate of the transporter, likely representing the rate-limiting step of the transport process. It is defined by a "half-open and inward-facing" state (HOIF) of the intracellular gate that is stabilized by a network of interactions conserved phylogenetically, as we demonstrated in hDAT by Rosetta molecular modeling and fine-grained simulations, as well as in its bacterial homolog leucine transporter by electron paramagnetic resonance analysis and X-ray crystallography. The stabilization of the HOIF state is associated both with DA dysfunctions demonstrated in isolated brains of Drosophila melanogaster expressing hDAT ∆N336 and with abnormal behaviors observed at high-time resolution. These flies display increased fear, impaired social interactions, and locomotion traits we associate with DA dysfunction and the HOIF state. Together, our results describe how a genetic variation causes DA dysfunction and abnormal behaviors by stabilizing a HOIF state of the transporter.
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236
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Kokhan VS, Lebedeva-Georgievskaya KB, Kudrin VS, Bazyan AS, Maltsev AV, Shtemberg AS. An investigation of the single and combined effects of hypogravity and ionizing radiation on brain monoamine metabolism and rats' behavior. LIFE SCIENCES IN SPACE RESEARCH 2019; 20:12-19. [PMID: 30797429 DOI: 10.1016/j.lssr.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ionizing radiation and hypogravity can cause central nervous system (CNS) dysfunctions. This is a key limiting factor for deep space missions. Up until now, the mechanisms through which they affect the neural tissue are not completely understood. OBJECTIVES We studied how the combination of hypogravity (antiorthostatic suspension model, AS) and ionizing radiations (γ-quanta and 1H+ together, R) affects the CNS. METHODS We applied separately and in combination AS and R to determine the influence of these factors on behavior and metabolism of monoamines in Wistar rat's brain. RESULTS We found out that R has a slight effect on both the behavior and metabolism of monoamines. However, when applied in combination with AS the former was able to reduce the negative effects of the latter. The combined effect of ionizing radiation and hypogravity led to the recovery of locomotor activity, orientation and exploratory behavior, and long-term context memory impaired under the impact of hypogravity only. These changes came together with an increase in the serotonin and dopamine turnover in all of the brain structures that were studied. CONCLUSIONS We received the first evidence of interferential interaction between the effects of ionizing radiation and hypogravity factors with regard to a behavior and monoamine turnover in the brain. Further studies with heavy nuclei at relevant doses (<0.5 Gy) are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor S Kokhan
- Laboratory of Radiation and Extreme Neurophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russia.
| | - Kseniya B Lebedeva-Georgievskaya
- Laboratory of Radiation and Extreme Neurophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russia
| | - Vladimir S Kudrin
- Laboratory of Radiation and Extreme Neurophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russia
| | - Ara S Bazyan
- Laboratory of Radiation and Extreme Neurophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russia; Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey V Maltsev
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds RAS, Chernogolovka, Russia
| | - Andrey S Shtemberg
- Laboratory of Radiation and Extreme Neurophysiology, Institute of Biomedical Problems RAS, Khoroshevskoe shosse 76A, Moscow 123007, Russia
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237
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Angilletta MJ, Youngblood JP, Neel LK, VandenBrooks JM. The neuroscience of adaptive thermoregulation. Neurosci Lett 2019; 692:127-136. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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238
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Stojanović N, Nikolić G, Todorovska M, Ranđelović P, Stojiljković N, Radulović N. Anxiety disorders: Where do we stand now? Current medicamentous treatment knowledge and future perspectives. ACTA FACULTATIS MEDICAE NAISSENSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/afmnai1902091s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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239
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Almeida SN, Elliott R, Silva ER, Sales CMD. Fear of cancer recurrence: A qualitative systematic review and meta-synthesis of patients' experiences. Clin Psychol Rev 2018; 68:13-24. [PMID: 30617013 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Fear of cancer recurrence (FCR) is a significant issue for most cancer survivors, with nearly half of cancer survivors reporting it at moderate to high levels of intensity. We aimed to further explore the experience of having FCR from the point of view of patients by systematically reviewing qualitative studies. Following PRISMA guidelines, 87 qualitative studies were selected. All participants' quotes about FRC were extracted, then analysed using a conceptual framework based on the emotion-focused therapy theory of emotion schemes, which consist of experienced/implicit emotions, along with perceptual-situational, bodily-expressive, symbolic-conceptual and motivational-behavioral elements. According to participant descriptions, FCR was found to be an intense, difficult, multi-dimensional experience. Considering the diversity of experiences identified, it is useful to look at FCR as an emotional experience that extends along a continuum of adaptive and maladaptive responses. For some participants, FCR was described in trauma-like terms, including forms of re-experiencing, avoidance, negative thoughts and feelings, and arousal or reactivity related to cancer-related triggers or memories. Vivid metaphors expressing vulnerability and conflict also reflect the strong impact of FCR in patients' lives and can help therapists empathize with their clients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana N Almeida
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto FG, EPE, ISMAI - University Institute of Maia, Maia, Portugal.
| | - Robert Elliott
- Counselling Unit, School of Psychological Sciences and Health, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eunice R Silva
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto FG, EPE, Porto, Portugal
| | - Célia M D Sales
- Centre for Psychology at the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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240
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Narayanan SN, Kumar RS. An improved light dark box test by using a real-time video tracking system. ACTA BIOLOGICA HUNGARICA 2018; 69:371-384. [PMID: 30587025 DOI: 10.1556/018.69.2018.4.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In the behavioral science field, many of the oldest tests have still most frequently been used almost in the same way for decades. The subjective influence of human observer and the large inter-observer and interlab differences are substantial among these tests. This necessitates the possibility of using technological innovations for behavioral science to obtain new parameters, results and insights as well. The light-dark box (LDB) test is a characteristic tool used to assess anxiety in rodents. A complete behavioral analysis (including both anxiety and locomotion parameters) is not possible by performing traditional LDB test protocol, as it lacks the usage of a real-time video recording of the test. In the current report, we describe an improved approach to conduct LDB test using a real-time video tracking system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sareesh Naduvil Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
- Department of Physiology, RAK College of Medical Sciences, RAK Medical & Health Sciences University, PO Box. 11172, Ras Al Khaimah, UAE
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Physiology, Melaka Manipal Medical College (Manipal Campus), Manipal University, Manipal 576104, India
- College of Science and Health Professions – Jeddah, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, National Guard Health Affairs, P. O. Box 9515, Jeddah 21423, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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241
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Yang C, Dillard JP, Li R. Understanding Fear of Zika: Personal, Interpersonal, and Media Influences. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2018; 38:2535-2545. [PMID: 29392760 DOI: 10.1111/risa.12973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fear of infectious disease often motivates people to protect themselves. But, it can also produce negative bio-social-psychological effects whose severity is on par with those of the disease. The WHO declaration of Zika as a world health crisis presented an opportunity to study factors that bring about fear. Beginning nine days after the WHO announcement, data were gathered from women aged 18-35 living in the southern United States (N = 719). Respondents reported experiencing fear of Zika at levels akin to those reported following other significant crises/disasters (e.g., the terrorist attacks of 9/11). Fear increased as a function of (1) personal, but not other-relevance, (2) frequency of media exposure, but not media content, and (3) frequency of interpersonal exposure and interpersonal content. It is argued that media and interpersonal message sources may be innately predisposed to amplify, rather than attenuate, risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Yang
- Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
| | - James Price Dillard
- Department of Communication Arts & Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Ruobing Li
- Manship School of Mass Communication, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, USA
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242
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Neuroticism and Somatic Complaints: Concomitant Effects of Rumination and Worry. Behav Cogn Psychother 2018; 47:431-445. [DOI: 10.1017/s1352465818000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background: Neuroticism is associated with inflated somatic symptom reporting. Worry and rumination are a cognitive concomitant of neuroticism and potentially mediate the neuroticism–somatic complaint relationship. Aims: The present study examined the degree to which worry and rumination mediated the relationship between neuroticism and somatic complaints. Method: A sample of 170 volunteers, recruited via convenience sampling, took part. Participants completed a series of self-report measures: the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire Revised-Short Form, Penn State Worry Questionnaire, the Ruminative Response Scale and the Somatic Symptom Scale-8. Results: Analysis revealed significant positive correlations between neuroticism, rumination and worry. Neuroticism, rumination and worry also correlated positively with somatic complaints. Using structural equation modelling, a mediational model indicated that rumination fully mediated the relationship between neuroticism and somatic complaints. Conclusions: Findings are consistent with the symptom perception hypothesis and have implications for healthcare in terms of managing individuals who present with multiple somatic complaints. Future research would benefit from adopting a longitudinal approach to test how rumination interacts with neuroticism and somatic complaints over time.
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243
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Abelsson A, Lundberg L. Simulation as a means to develop firefighters as emergency care professionals. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND ERGONOMICS 2018; 25:650-657. [PMID: 30362390 DOI: 10.1080/10803548.2018.1541122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective. The aim of this study was to evaluate the simulated emergency care performed by firefighters and their perception of simulation as an educational method. Methods. This study had a mixed method with both a quantitative and a qualitative approach. Data were collected by simulation assessment, a questionnaire and written comments. Descriptive analysis was conducted on the quantitative data whereas a qualitative content analysis was conducted on the qualitative data. Finally, a contingent analysis was used where a synthesis configured both the quantitative and the qualitative results into a narrative result. Results. The cognitive workload that firefighters face during simulated emergency care is crucial for learning. In this study, the severity and complexity of the scenarios provided were higher than expected by the firefighters. Clearly stated conditions for the simulation and constructive feedback were considered positive for learning. Patient actors induced realism in the scenario, increasing the experience of stress, in comparison to a manikin. Conclusion. Simulation in a realistic on-scene environment increases firefighters' cognitive ability to critically analyze problems and manage emergency care. Simulation of emergency care developed the firefighters as professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Abelsson
- a School of Health Sciences, Jönköping University , Sweden
| | - Lars Lundberg
- b Swedish Armed Forces Centre for Defence Medicine , Sweden.,c PreHospen - Centre for Prehospital Research, University of Borås , Sweden
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244
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Animals, anxiety, and anxiety disorders: How to measure anxiety in rodents and why. Behav Brain Res 2018; 352:81-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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245
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Martinez-Calderon J, Struyf F, Meeus M, Luque-Suarez A. The association between pain beliefs and pain intensity and/or disability in people with shoulder pain: A systematic review. Musculoskelet Sci Pract 2018; 37:29-57. [PMID: 29980139 DOI: 10.1016/j.msksp.2018.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pain beliefs might play a role in the development, transition, and perpetuation of shoulder pain. OBJECTIVE To systematically review and critically appraise the association and the predictive value of pain beliefs on pain intensity and/or disability in shoulder pain. METHODS An electronic search of PubMed, EBSCOhost, AMED, CINAHL, EMBASE, and PubPsych, and grey literature was searched from inception to July 2017. Study selection was based on observational studies exploring the association and the predictive value of pain beliefs on pain intensity and/or disability in shoulder pain. RESULTS A total of thirty-three articles were included with a total sample of 10,293 participants with shoulder pain. In the cross-sectional analysis, higher levels of pain catastrophizing and kinesiophobia were significantly associated with more pain intensity and disability, whereas higher levels of expectations of recovery and self-efficacy were significantly associated with lower levels of pain intensity and disability. In the longitudinal analysis, higher levels of pain catastrophizing, fear-avoidance and kinesiophobia at baseline predicted greater pain intensity and disability overtime. Higher levels of self-efficacy and expectations of recovery at baseline predicted a reduction in levels of pain intensity and disability overtime. CONCLUSIONS Evidence suggests that pain beliefs are associated with and predict the course of pain intensity and disability in shoulder pain. However, the overall body of the evidence after applying the GRADE approach was very low across studies. Further research using higher quality longitudinal designs and procedures would be needed to establish firm conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Martinez-Calderon
- Department of Physiotherapy, University of Malaga, Malaga, Spain; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Filip Struyf
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Mira Meeus
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium; Department of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy Department, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Pain in Motion International Research Group, Belgium(1)
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246
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Witczak LR, Ferrer E, Bales KL. Effects of aggressive temperament on endogenous oxytocin levels in adult titi monkeys. Am J Primatol 2018; 80:e22907. [PMID: 30106168 PMCID: PMC6719780 DOI: 10.1002/ajp.22907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coordination of oxytocin (OT) activity and partner interactions is important for the facilitation and maintenance of monogamous pair bonds. We used coppery titi monkeys (Callicebus cupreus) to identify the effects of male aggressive temperament on OT activity, affiliative partner-directed behaviors, aggressive partner-directed behaviors, anxiety-related behaviors, and hormone-behavior interactions. We used a mirror technique, simulating an intruder in the home territory of pairs to elicit behavioral responses, and quantified behaviors using an established ethogram. Plasma concentrations of OT (pg/ml) were quantified using enzyme immunoassay. We used general linear mixed models to predict 1) percent change in OT as a function of aggression score, and 2) percent change in behaviors as a function of aggression, OT, and OT by aggression interactions. High-aggressive males exhibited a significant drop in OT concentration relative to control when exposed to the front of the mirror (β = -0.22, SE = 0.10, t = -2.20, p = 0.04). High-aggressive males spent significantly less time in contact with their mates (β = -1.35, SE = 0.60, t = -2.26, p = 0.04) and lip-smacked less (β = -1.02, SE = 0.44, t = -2.32, p = 0.03) relative to control. We also saw a trend toward an interaction effect between OT and proximity such that High-aggressive males displaying a drop in OT exhibited a smaller percent increase in social proximity (β = 6.80, SE = 3.48, t = 1.96, p = 0.07). Males exhibiting a decrease in OT also trended toward back-arching and tail-lashing less in response to the mirror (β = 4.53, SE = 2.5, t = 1.82, p = 0.09). To our knowledge, this is the first empirical study to examine interactions between OT and temperament in adult monogamous primates. Future studies should incorporate measures of pair-mate interactions and early-life experience to further understand variation in responses to social stressors and their effects on pair bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynea R Witczak
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
| | - Emilio Ferrer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Karen L Bales
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- California National Primate Research Center, Davis, California
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247
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Herbelet S, Herregods L, Coppens M. Exploring strategies to reduce time span to bystander CPR in sudden cardiac arrest based on the mechanism of the witness acute stress response. Resuscitation 2018; 131:e7-e8. [PMID: 30092278 DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Herbelet
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Peri-operative Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Luc Herregods
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Peri-operative Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Marc Coppens
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Peri-operative Medicine, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, C. Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Gent, Belgium
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248
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Song Z, Chen H, Xu W, Wu S, Zhu G. Basolateral amygdala calpain is required for extinction of contextual fear-memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 155:180-188. [PMID: 30086394 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Extinction of fear-memory is essential for emotional and mental changes. However, the mechanisms underlying extinction of fear-memory are largely unknown. Calpain is a type of calcium-dependent protease that plays a critical role in memory consolidation and reconsolidation. Whether calpain functions in extinction of fear-memory is unknown, as are the molecular mechanisms. In this study, we investigated the pivotal role of calpain in extinction of fear-memory in mice, and assessed its mechanism. Conditioned stimulation/unconditioned stimulation-conditioned stimulation paradigms combined with pharmacological methods were employed to evaluate the action of calpain in memory extinction. Our data demonstrated that intraperitoneal or intra-basolateral amygdala (BLA) injection of calpain inhibitors could eliminate extinction of fear-memory in mice. Moreover, extinction of fear-memory paradigm-activated BLA calpain activity, which degraded suprachiasmatic nucleus circadian oscillatory protein (SCOP) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN), subsequently contributing to activation of a protein kinase B (AKT)-mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTor) signaling pathway. Additionally, cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB) phosphorylation was also augmented following extinction of fear-memory. Calpain inhibitor blocked the signaling pathway activation induced by extinction of fear-memory. Additionally, intra-BLA injection of rapamycin or cycloheximide also blocked the extinction of fear-memory. Conversely, intra-BLA injection of PTEN inhibitor, bpV, reversed the effect of calpeptin on extinction of fear-memory. Together, our data confirmed the function of BLA calpain in extinction of fear-memory, likely via degrading PTEN and activating AKT-mTor-dependent protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhujin Song
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Wen Xu
- Department of Neurology, The first Affiliated Hospital of University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei 230001, China
| | - Shengbing Wu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China
| | - Guoqi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Xin'an Medicine, Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China; Anhui Academy of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China.
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Ciuculete DM, Boström AE, Tuunainen AK, Sohrabi F, Kular L, Jagodic M, Voisin S, Mwinyi J, Schiöth HB. Changes in methylation within the STK32B promoter are associated with an increased risk for generalized anxiety disorder in adolescents. J Psychiatr Res 2018; 102:44-51. [PMID: 29604450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is highly prevalent among adolescents. An early detection of individuals at risk may prevent later psychiatric condition. Genome-wide studies investigating single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) concluded that a focus on epigenetic mechanisms, which mediate the impact of environmental factors, could more efficiently help the understanding of GAD pathogenesis. We investigated the relationship between epigenetic shifts in blood and the risk to develop GAD, evaluated by the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) score, in 221 otherwise healthy adolescents. Our analysis focused specifically on methylation sites showing high inter-individual variation but low tissue-specific variation, in order to infer a potential correlation between results obtained in blood and brain. Two statistical methods were applied, 1) a linear model with limma and 2) a likelihood test followed by Bonferroni correction. Methylation findings were validated in a cohort of 160 adults applying logistic models against the outcome variable "anxiety treatment obtained in the past" and studied in a third cohort with regards to associated expression changes measured in monocytes. One CpG site showed 1% increased methylation in adolescents at high risk of GAD (cg16333992, padj. = 0.028, estimate = 3.22), as confirmed in the second cohort (p = 0.031, estimate = 1.32). The identified and validated CpG site is located within the STK32B promoter region and its methylation level was positively associated with gene expression. Gene ontology analysis revealed that STK32B is involved in stress response and defense response. Our results provide evidence that shifts in DNA methylation are associated with a modulated risk profile for GAD in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana M Ciuculete
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Adrian E Boström
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Kaisa Tuunainen
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Farah Sohrabi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lara Kular
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 76 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah Voisin
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jessica Mwinyi
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Neuroscience, Functional Pharmacology, Uppsala University, BMC, Box 593, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
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Fakhoury M. The tail of the ventral tegmental area in behavioral processes and in the effect of psychostimulants and drugs of abuse. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:30-38. [PMID: 29421265 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The tail of the ventral tegmental area (tVTA) is a recently identified structure that exerts a major inhibitory drive onto midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Also referred to as the rostromedial tegmental nucleus (RMTg), the tVTA is a cluster of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons that starts within the posterior end of the VTA, where it is restricted dorsolateral to the caudal part of the interpeduncular nucleus, and extends into the pons. First identified in the rat, the tVTA has been described in many species, including mice and monkeys, as a region exhibiting similar anatomical and behavioral properties; it receives strong excitatory inputs from the lateral habenula (LHb), conveys negative reward-related information, and inhibits midbrain DA neuron activity. As an important inhibitory afferent to midbrain DA neurons, the tVTA is also implicated in drug abuse and in the complex interplay between reward and aversion processes. The overarching goal of this review is to provide the current state of knowledge on the anatomy and connectivity of the tVTA and to discuss recent evidence implicating this structure in reward-related processes and in the effect of psychostimulants and drugs of abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Fakhoury
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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