Mitochondrial structure and function: A new direction for the targeted treatment of chronic liver disease with Chinese herbal medicine

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Excessive fat accumulation, biological clock dysregulation, viral infections, and sustained inflammatory responses can lead to liver inflammation, fibrosis, and cancer, thus promoting the development of chronic liver disease. A comprehensive understanding of the etiological factors leading to chronic liver disease and the intrinsic mechanisms influencing its onset and progression can aid in identifying potential targets for targeted therapy. Mitochondria, as key organelles that maintain the metabolic homeostasis of the liver, provide an important foundation for exploring therapeutic targets for chronic liver disease. Recent studies have shown that active ingredients in herbal medicines and their natural products can modulate chronic liver disease by influencing the structure and function of mitochondria. Therefore, studying how Chinese herbs target mitochondrial structure and function to treat chronic liver diseases is of great significance.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Investigating the prospects of herbal medicine the Lens of chronic liver disease based on mitochondrial structure and function.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A computerized search of PubMed was conducted using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "botanicals, mitochondria and chronic liver disease".Data from the Web of Science and Science Direct databases were also included. The research findings regarding herbal medicines targeting mitochondrial structure and function for the treatment of chronic liver disease are summarized.

RESULTS

A computerized search of PubMed using the keywords "mitochondrial structure", "mitochondrial function", "mitochondria and chronic liver disease", "phytopharmaceuticals, mitochondria, and chronic liver disease", as well as the Web of Science and Science Direct databases was conducted to summarize information on studies of mitochondrial structure- and function-based Chinese herbal medicines for the treatment of chronic liver disease and to suggest that the effects of herbal medicines on mitochondrial division and fusion.The study suggested that there is much room for research on the influence of Chinese herbs on mitochondrial division and fusion.

CONCLUSIONS

Targeting mitochondrial structure and function is crucial for herbal medicine to combat chronic liver disease.

Targeting STAT3 signaling pathway in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease with compounds from natural products

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is difficult to cure and of global concern. Neuroinflammation is closely associated with the onset and progression of AD, making its treatment increasingly important. Compounds from natural products, with fewer side effects than synthetic drugs, are of high research interest. STAT3, a multifunctional transcription factor, is involved in various cellular processes including inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Its activation and inhibition can have different effects under various pathological conditions. In AD, the STAT3 protein plays a crucial role in promoting neuroinflammation and contributing to disease progression. This occurs primarily through the JAK2-STAT3 signaling pathway, which impacts microglia, astrocytes, and hippocampal neurons. This paper reviews the STAT3 signaling pathway in AD and 25 compounds targeting STAT3 up to 2024. Notably, Rutin, Paeoniflorin, and Geniposide up-regulate STAT3 in hippocampal and cortex neurons, showing neuroprotective effects in various AD models. Other 23 compounds downregulate AD by suppressing neuroinflammation through inhibition of STAT3 activation in microglia and astrocytes. These findings highlight the potential of compounds from natural products in improving AD by targeting STAT3, offering insights into the prevention and management of AD.

The role of PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis in Warburg effect and its modification by specific protein kinase inhibitors in human and rat inflammatory macrophages

The Warburg effect occurs both in cancer cells and in inflammatory macrophages. The aim of our work was to demonstrate the role of PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis in the Warburg effect in HL-60 derived, rat peritoneal and human blood macrophages and to investigate the potential of selected inhibitors of this pathway to antagonize it. M1 polarization in HL-60-derived and human blood monocyte-derived macrophages was supported by the increased expression of NOS2 and inflammatory cytokines. All M1 polarized and inflammatory macrophages investigated expressed higher levels of HIF-1α and NOS2, which were reduced by selected kinase inhibitors, supporting the role of PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Using Seahorse XF plates, we found that in HL-60-derived and human blood-derived macrophages, glucose loading reduced oxygen consumption (OCR) and increased glycolysis (ECAR) in M1 polarization, which was antagonized by selected kinase inhibitors and by dichloroacetate. In rat peritoneal macrophages, the changes in oxidative and glycolytic metabolism were less marked and the NOS2 inhibitor decreased OCR and increased ECAR. Non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption and ROS production were likely due to NADPH oxidase, expressed in each macrophage type, independently of PI3K-Akt-mTOR axis. Our results suggest that inflammation changed the metabolism in each macrophage model, but a clear relationship between polarization and Warburg effect was confirmed only after glucose loading in HL-60 and human blood derived macrophages. The effect of kinase inhibitors on Warburg effect was variable in different cell types, whereas dichloroacetate caused a shift toward oxidative metabolism. Our findings suggest that these originally anti-cancer inhibitors may also be candidates for anti-inflammatory therapy.

Troponin C gene mutations on cardiac muscle cell and skeletal Regulation: A comprehensive review

BACKGROUND

The troponin complex plays a crucial role in regulating skeletal and cardiac contraction. Congenital myopathies can occur due to several mutations in genes that encode skeletal troponin. Moreover, there is limited information regarding the composition of skeletal troponin. This review specifically examines a comprehensive review of the TNNC gene mutations on cardiac and skeletal regulations.

MAIN BODY

Troponin C (TNNC) has been linked to a newly discovered inherited muscle disorder. Genetic variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin can impair the function of sarcomeres. Various treatment approaches have been employed to mitigate the impact of variations, including the use of troponin activators, the injection of wild-type protein via AAV gene therapy, and myosin modification to enhance muscle contraction. The processes responsible for the pathophysiological implications of the variations in genes that encode skeletal troponin are not fully understood.

CONCLUSION

This comprehensive review will contribute to the understanding of the relationship between human cardiomyopathy and TNNC mutations and will guide the development of therapy approaches.

Total extracts from Abelmoschus manihot (L.) alleviate radiation-induced cardiomyocyte ferroptosis via regulating redox imbalances mediated by the NOX4/xCT/GPX4 axis

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Radiation-induced heart disease (RIHD) is one of the most serious complications in patients receiving chest radiotherapy, partially offsetting its benefits. At present, there is a lack of effective treatments for RIHD. Ferroptosis is a newly discovered type of cell death that results from iron-dependent lipid peroxide accumulation. It was recently shown that irradiation generates severe ferroptosis, providing new insights for the treatment of RIHD. Abelmoschus manihot (L.) possesses excellent pharmacological properties and is widely used in treating various ischemic heart and brain diseases; however, its efficacy and mechanism in treating RIHD are unknown.

AIM

This study aimed to investigate the efficacy and mechanism of total extracts from A. manihot (L.) (TEA) in treating RIHD.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

C57BL/6 mice and H9C2 cells were exposed to irradiation to induce RIHD in vivo and in vitro, respectively. In vivo, we evaluated the protective effects of TEA (150 and 300 mg/kg) on RIHD. Body and heart weight changes of mice were calculated in each group, and malondialdehyde (MDA) level, glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSH) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH/NADP+) ratios, western blot, heart histology, and immunohistochemistry were used to evaluate TEA effectiveness. We identified the potential mechanism of radiation-induced cardiomyocyte injury in H9C2 cells treated with small interfering RNA. We determined the effective dose of TEA (0.6 mg/mL) using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. Intracellular Fe2+ and lipid peroxidation levels were detected by Phen Green™ SK diacetate probe, BODIPY 581/591 C11 staining, and MDA, GSH, and NADPH kits, and the level of target protein was evaluated by immunofluorescence and western blot.

RESULTS

Radiation inhibited system Xc-cystine (xCT)/glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) expression and activity in cardiomyocytes in a time and dose-dependent manner. After silencing xCT/GPX4, MDA significantly increased and GSH/GSSH and NADPH/NADP+ ratios were reduced. xCT/GPX4 inhibition drove ferroptosis in radiation-induced H9C2 injury. Oxidative stress in H9C2 was significantly enhanced by irradiation, which also significantly increased NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression and inhibited nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) expression in vivo and in vitro. Inhibition of xCT/GPX4 drove ferroptosis in radiation-induced H9C2 injury, which was aggravated by inactivation of Nrf2 and alleviated by inhibition of NOX4. Compared with the ionizing radiation-only group, TEA improved body weight loss, MDA levels, and histological changes induced by irradiation in mice hearts, and increased the ratio of GSH/GSSH and NADPH/NADP+in vivo; it also reduced lipid peroxidation and intracellular Fe2+ accumulation, restored MDA levels, and elevated the ratios of GSH/GSSH and NADPH/NADP+ in irradiation-injured H9C2 cells. TEA up-regulated Nrf2, xCT, and GPX4 expression and inhibited NOX4 expression in vivo and in vitro.

CONCLUSIONS

Ferroptosis induced by redox imbalance mediated through the NOX4/xCT/GPX4 axis is a potential mechanism behind radiation-induced cardiomyocyte injury, and can be prevented by TEA.

Implications of liquid-liquid phase separation and ferroptosis in Alzheimer's disease

Neuronal cell demise represents a prevalent occurrence throughout the advancement of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, the mechanism of triggering the death of neuronal cells remains unclear. Its potential mechanisms include aggregation of soluble amyloid-beta (Aβ) to form insoluble amyloid plaques, abnormal phosphorylation of tau protein and formation of intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), neuroinflammation, ferroptosis, oxidative stress, liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and metal ion disorders. Among them, ferroptosis is an iron-dependent lipid peroxidation-driven cell death and emerging evidences have demonstrated the involvement of ferroptosis in the pathological process of AD. The sensitivity to ferroptosis is tightly linked to numerous biological processes. Moreover, emerging evidences indicate that LLPS has great impacts on regulating human health and diseases, especially AD. Soluble Aβ can undergo LLPS to form liquid-like droplets, which can lead to the formation of insoluble amyloid plaques. Meanwhile, tau has a high propensity to condensate via the mechanism of LLPS, which can lead to the formation of NFTs. In this review, we summarize the most recent advancements pertaining to LLPS and ferroptosis in AD. Our primary focus is on expounding the influence of Aβ, tau protein, iron ions, and lipid oxidation on the intricate mechanisms underlying ferroptosis and LLPS within the domain of AD pathology. Additionally, we delve into the intricate cross-interactions that occur between LLPS and ferroptosis in the context of AD. Our findings are expected to serve as a theoretical and experimental foundation for clinical research and targeted therapy for AD.

Functional analysis of the key BrSWEET genes for sugar transport involved in the Brassica rapa-Plasmodiophora brassicae interaction

Plasmodiophora brassicae, the causative agent of clubroot disease, establishes a long-lasting parasitic relationship with its host by inducing the expression of sugar transporters. Previous studies have indicated that most BrSWEET genes in Chinese cabbage are up-regulated upon infection with P. brassicae. However, the key BrSWEET genes responsive to P. brassicae have not been definitively identified. In this study, we selected five BrSWEET genes and conducted a functional analysis of them. These five BrSWEET genes showed a notable up-regulation in roots after P. brassicae inoculation. Furthermore, these BrSWEET proteins were localized to the plasma membrane. Yeast functional complementation assays confirmed transport activity for glucose, fructose, or sucrose in four BrSWEETs, with the exception of BrSWEET2a. Mutants and silenced plants of BrSWEET1a, -11a, and -12a showed lower clubroot disease severity compared to wild-type plants, while gain-of-function Arabidopsis thaliana plants overexpressing these three BrSWEET genes exhibited significantly higher disease incidence and severity. Our findings suggested that BrSWEET1a, BrSWEET11a, and BrSWEET12a play pivotal roles in P. brassicae-induced gall formation, shedding light on the role of sugar transporters in host-pathogen interactions.

Manganese-mediated potentiation of antitumor immune responses by enhancing KLRG1+ Macrophage function

Manganese (Mn) play a crucial role in various biological processes in the body. Studies have primarily focused on their ability to enhance immune cell function and activation against tumors, particularly in dendritic cells (DCs), macrophages, and T cells. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are often the most abundant immune cell population present in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Thus, it would be valuable to investigate the mechanism by which Mn2+ regulates TAMs' involvement in anti-tumor immunity, as it be crucial for advancing our understanding of cancer biology and developing new treatments for cancer. Here, in the present study we discovered that Mn2+ treatment led to a significant increase in KLRG1+ macrophages (KLRG1+ Mφ) in tumor tissues, and most of these cells exhibited an M1 phenotype. Knocking down KLRG1 in macrophages not only impaired their ability to induce downstream anti-tumor immunity of adaptive immune cells, but also impaired their direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells. Moreover, the changes in the polarization phenotype of KLRG1+ macrophages further lead to T cell proliferation and the polarization of CD4+ T cells towards a Th1 phenotype, thereby establishing a foundation for the antitumor immune response. Our study expands the understanding of the anti-tumor mechanism of Mn2+ and demonstrates, for the first time, that Mn2+ can regulate the function of KLRG1+ Mφ to participate in anti-tumor activities. These findings suggest that KLRG1 may represent a promising target for developing new tumor therapy.

Jiawei Bai-Hu-decoction ameliorated heat stroke-induced brain injury by inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB signal and mitophagy of glial cell

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Jiawei Bai-Hu-Decoction (JWBHD), a prescription formulated with seven traditional Chinese medicinal material has demonstrated clinical efficacy in mitigating brain injury among heat stroke (HS) patients.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of JWBHD on rat model of HS and to explore its therapeutic mechanisms by integrating network pharmacology and pharmacodynamic methodologies, which major components were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The network pharmacology analysis was firstly conducted to predict the potential active ingredients and therapeutic targets of JWBHD. The anti-HS effectiveness of JWBHD was then evaluated on rats experienced HS. Rat brain tissues were harvested for a comprehensive array of experiments, including Western blot, PCR, H&E staining, Nissl staining, ELISA, transmission electron microscope, flow cytometry and immunofluorescence to validate the protective effects of JWBHD against HS-induced brain damage. Furthermore, the inhibitory effects of JWBHD on TLR4/NF-κB signal and mitophagy of glial were further verified on HS-challenged F98 cell line. Finally, the chemical compositions of the water extract of JWBHD were analyzed by using UPLC-MS/MS.

RESULTS

Network pharmacology has identified fifty core targets and numerous HS-related signaling pathways as potential therapeutic targets of JWBHD. Analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) and GO suggests that JWBHD may suppress HS-induced inflammatory signals. In experiments conducted on HS-rats, JWBHD significantly reduced the core temperature, restored blood pressure and alleviated neurological defect. Furthermore, JWBHD downregulated the counts of white blood cells and monocytes, decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α in peripheral blood, and suppressed the expression of TLR4 and NF-κB in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. Besides, JWBHD inhibited the apoptosis of cortical cells and mitigated the damage to the cerebral cortex in HS group. Conversely, overactive mitophagy was observed in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. However, JWBHD restored the mitochondrial membrane potential and downregulated expressions of mitophagic proteins including Pink1, Parkin, LC3B and Tom20. JWBHD reduced the co-localization of Pink1 and GFAP, a specific marker of astrocytes in the cerebral cortex of HS-rats. In addition, the inhibitory effect of JWBHD on TLR4/NF-κB signaling and overactive mitophagy were further confirmed in F98 cells. Finally, UPLC-MS/MS analysis showed that the main components of JWBHD include isoliquiritigenin, liquiritin, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Re, etc. CONCLUSIONS: JWBHD protected rats from HS and prevented HS-induced damage in the cerebral cortex by suppressing TLR4/NF-κB signaling and mitophagy of glial.

Artesunate induces HO-1-mediated cell cycle arrest and senescence to protect against ocular fibrosis

Recent research found artesunate could inhibit ocular fibrosis; however, the underlying mechanisms are not fully known. Since the ocular fibroblast is the main effector cell in fibrosis, we hypothesized that artesunate may exert its protective effects by inhibiting the fibroblasts proliferation. TGF-β1-induced ocular fibroblasts and glaucoma filtration surgery (GFS)-treated rabbits were used as ocular fibrotic models. Firstly, we analyzed fibrosis levels by assessing the expression of fibrotic marker proteins, and used Ki67 immunofluorescence, EdU staining, flow cytometry to determine cell cycle status, and SA-β-gal staining to assess cellular senescence levels. Then to predict target genes and pathways of artesunate, we analyzed the differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways through RNA-seq. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the pathway-related proteins. Additionally, we validated the dependence of artesunate's effects on HO-1 expression through HO-1 siRNA. Moreover, DCFDA and MitoSOX fluorescence staining were used to examine ROS level. We found artesunate significantly inhibits the expression of fibrosis-related proteins, induces cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Knocking down HO-1 in fibroblasts with siRNA reverses these regulatory effects of artesunate. Mechanistic studies show that artesunate significantly inhibits the activation of the Cyclin D1/CDK4-pRB pathway, induces an increase in cellular and mitochondrial ROS levels and activates the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. In conclusion, the present study identifies that artesunate induces HO-1 expression through ROS to activate the antioxidant Nrf2/HO-1 pathway, subsequently inhibits the cell cycle regulation pathway Cyclin D1/CDK4-pRB in an HO-1-dependent way, induces cell cycle arrest and senescence, and thereby resists periorbital fibrosis.

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor mediates bone loss via the activation of IL-1β/JNK signaling pathway in murine Staphylococcus aureus-induced osteomyelitis

Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus)-induced bone loss is a significant challenge in the treatment of osteomyelitis. Our previous study was the first to confirm that granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) mediates S. aureus-induced bone loss. However, the underlying mechanism remains unknown. The objective of this study was to elucidate this. We found G-CSF mediated BMSC senescence and increased IL-1β concentration of serum and bone marrow in mice after S. aureus infection. Furthermore, we demonstrated that G-CSF promoted the expression of IL1b in murine bone marrow-derived neutrophils. Notably, we identified that IL-1β mediated BMSC (bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cell) senescence in mice after S. aureus infection. Importantly, IL-1β neutralizing antibody effectively alleviated BMSC senescence and bone loss caused by S. aureus infection in mice. In terms of molecular mechanism, we found IL-1β induced BMSC senescence by JNK/P53 and JNK/BCL2 pathways. Collectively, G-CSF promotes IL-1β production which induces BMSC senescence via JNK/P53 and JNK/BCL2 pathways, leading to S. aureus-induced bone loss. This study identified novel targets for preventing and treating S. aureus-induced bone loss in osteomyelitis.

Chemotherapy-mediated lncRNA-induced immune cell plasticity in cancer immunopathogenesis

Tumor cells engage with the immune system in a complex manner, utilizing evasion and adaptability mechanisms. The development of cancer and resistance to treatment relies on the ability of immune cells to adjust their phenotype and function in response to cues from the tumor microenvironment, known as immunological cell plasticity. This study delves into the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in enhancing immune cell flexibility in cancer, focusing on their regulatory actions in the tumor microenvironment and potential therapeutic implications. Through a comprehensive review of existing literature, the study analyzes the impact of lncRNAs on macrophages, T-cells, and MDSCs, as well as the influence of cytokines and growth factors like TNF, IL-6, HGF, and TGFβ on immunological cell plasticity and tumor immunoediting. LncRNAs exert a strong influence on immune cell plasticity through mechanisms such as transcriptional regulation, post-transcriptional modifications, and chromatin remodeling. These RNA molecules intricately modulate gene expression networks, acting as scaffolding, decoys, guides, and sponges. Moreover, both direct cell-cell interactions and soluble chemicals in the tumor microenvironment contribute to enhancing immune cell activation and survival. Understanding the influence of lncRNAs on immune cell flexibility sheds light on the biological pathways of immune evasion and cancer progression. Targeting long non-coding RNAs holds promise for amplifying anti-tumor immunity and overcoming drug resistance in cancer treatment. However, further research is necessary to determine the therapeutic potential of manipulating lncRNAs in the tumor microenvironment.

Sangju Cold Granule exerts anti-viral and anti-inflammatory activities against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Sangju Cold Granule (SJCG) is a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescription described in "Item Differentiation of Warm Febrile Diseases". Historically, SJCG was employed to treat respiratory illnesses. Despite its popular usage, the alleviating effect of SJCG on influenza A virus infection and its mechanisms have not been fully elucidated.

AIM OF THE STUDY

Influenza is a severe respiratory disease that threatens human health. This study aims to assess the therapeutic potential of SJCG and the possible molecular mechanism underlying its activity against influenza A virus in vitro and in vivo.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC)-Q-Exactive was used to identify the components of SJCG. The 50% cytotoxic concentration of SJCG in MDCK and A549 cells were determined using the CCK-8 assay. The activity of SJCG against influenza A virus H1N1 was evaluated in vitro using plaque reduction and progeny virus titer reduction assays. RT-qPCR was performed to obtain the expression levels of inflammatory mediators and the transcriptional regulation of RIG-I and MDA5 in H1N1-infected A549 cells. Then, the mechanism of SJCG effect on viral replication and inflammation was further explored by measuring the expressions of proteins of the RIG-I/NF-kB/IFN(I/III) signaling pathway by Western blot. The impact of SJCG was explored in vivo in an intranasally H1N1-infected BALB/c mouse pneumonia model treated with varying doses of SJCG. The protective role of SJCG in this model was evaluated by survival, body weight monitoring, lung viral titers, lung index, lung histological changes, lung inflammatory mediators, and peripheral blood leukocyte count.

RESULTS

The main SJCG chemical constituents were flavonoids, carbohydrates and glycosides, amino acids, peptides, and derivatives, organic acids and derivatives, alkaloids, fatty acyls, and terpenes. The CC50 of SJCG were 24.43 mg/mL on MDCK cells and 20.54 mg/mL on A549 cells, respectively. In vitro, SJCG significantly inhibited H1N1 replication and reduced the production of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-13, IP-10, RANTES, TRAIL, and SOCS1 in infected A549 cells. Intracellularly, SJCG reduced the expression of RIG-I, MDA5, P-NF-κB P65 (P-P65), P-IκBα, P-STAT1, P-STAT2, and IRF9. In vivo, SJCG enhanced the survival rate and decreased body weight loss in H1N1-infected mice. Mice with H1N1-induced pneumonia treated with SJCG showed a lower lung viral load and lung index than untreated mice. SJCG effectively alleviated lung damage and reduced the levels of TNF-α, IFN-β, IL-6, IP-10, RANTES, and SOCS1 in lung tissue. Moreover, SJCG significantly ameliorated H1N1-induced leukocyte changes in peripheral blood.

CONCLUSIONS

SJCG significantly reduced influenza A virus and virus-mediated inflammation through inhibiting the RIG-I/NF-kB/IFN(I/III) signaling pathway. Thus, SJCG could provide an effective TCM for influenza treatment.

Rational design of an AIEgen for imaging lipid droplets polarity change during ferroptosis

Ferroptosis can regulate cell death by accumulating lipid peroxides, affecting the structure and polarity of lipid droplets (LDs), but clear evidence is still lacking. Fluorescence imaging is the most powerful technique for studying LDs' function. However, developing AIE fluorescent probes with high selectivity and sensitivity for targeting LDs remains challenging. In this study, we rationally designed an AIEgen, as a novel fluorescent probe TPE-BD, by constructing a push-pull electron structure. The probe has benzo[b]thiophene-3(2H)-one 1,1-dioxide as the electron acceptor, tetraphenylethylene (AIE skeleton) as the electron donor, and thiophene as the bridging group. The optical performance of probe TPE-BD indicated that the UV-visible absorption spectrum of the probe was minimally affected by solvent polarity (except for glycerol and PBS solvents), but the fluorescence of probe is very sensitive to changes in polarity, achieving the goal of polarity detection in LDs. CCK-8 assay and cell imaging experiments demonstrated that probe TPE-BD exhibited good cell compatibility and effectively targeted LDs, enabling the monitoring of LDs' polarity and quantity during ferroptosis.

Evidence of an effect of statins on lesions originating from dental infection. A retrospective clinical investigation

BACKGROUND

Apical periodontitis (AP) is an inflammatory dental disease caused by bacterial infections of the endodontic system. The correlation between AP and cardiovascular diseases. (CVD) has been consistently investigated. Statins are a class of drugs that are used to treat hypercholesterolemia and prevent atherosclerotic vascular diseases. They have other beneficial pleiotropic effects such as anti-inflammatory, antithrombotic, and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oral health status and prevalence of AP in patients treated with statins (Group S) in comparison with untreated patients (Group C) to understand whether the anti-inflammatory action of these drugs can influence the prevalence of AP.

METHODS

The records of seventy-nine patients (43 men and 36 women, mean age 68 ± 11 years, 1716 teeth) treated with statins and referred to the University clinic for dental evaluation were reviewed. Seventy patients free from systemic diseases and without therapy (39 men and 31 women, mean age 62 ± 9 years, 1720 teeth) constituted the control group. All subjects underwent complete oral, dental, and radiographic examinations to determine the presence and severity of AP. Periapical index (PAI) and decayed, missed, and filled teeth (DMFT) scores were obtained.

RESULTS

AP was significantly less common in Group S (22,8%) than in Group C (50%) (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the mean value of the qualitative rank of the severity of AP (PAI score) was higher in Group C than in Group S (P ≤ 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Our results suggest that statins can attenuate the prevalence of AP, which is associated to CVD.

Mechanisms by which obesity regulates inflammation and anti-tumor immunity in cancer

Obesity is associated with an increased risk for 13 different cancers. The increased risk for cancer in obesity is mediated by obesity-associated changes in the immune system. Obesity has distinct effects on different types of inflammation that are tied to tumorigenesis. For example, obesity promotes chronic inflammation in adipose tissue that is tumor-promoting in peripheral tissues. Conversely, obesity inhibits acute inflammation that rejects tumors. Obesity therefore promotes cancer by differentially regulating chronic versus acute inflammation. Given that obesity is chronic, the initial inflammation in adipose tissue will lead to systemic inflammation that could induce compensatory anti-inflammatory reactions in peripheral tissues to suppress chronic inflammation. The overall effect of obesity in peripheral tissues is therefore dependent on the duration and severity of obesity. Adipose tissue is a complex tissue that is composed of many cell types in addition to adipocytes. Further, adipose tissue cellularity is different at different anatomical sites throughout the body. Consequently, the sensitivity of adipose tissue to obesity is dependent on the anatomical location of the adipose depot. For example, obesity induces more inflammation in visceral than subcutaneous adipose tissue. Based on these studies, the mechanisms by which obesity promotes tumorigenesis are multifactorial and immune cell type-specific. The objective of our paper is to discuss the cellular mechanisms by which obesity promotes tumorigenesis by regulating distinct types of inflammation in adipose tissue and the tumor microenvironment.

Activated human Orai1 channel in lipid biolayer may exist as a pentamer

The human Orai1 (hOrai1) channel plays a crucial role in extracellular Ca2+ influx and has emerged as an attractive drug target for various diseases. However, the activated structure of the hOrai1 channel assembly within a lipid bilayer remains unknown. In this study, we expressed and purified the hOrai1 channel covalently linked to two SOAR tandems (HOSS). Patch-clamp experiments in whole-cell configuration showed that HOSS is constitutively active. Biochemical characterization confirmed that the purified HOSS channels were successfully incorporated into MSP1E3D1 nanodiscs. Negative staining revealed that the HOSS channels resemble a mushroom, with the body representing the hOrai1 channel and the leg representing the SOAR domain. Surprisingly, 2D analysis of cryo-EM data demonstrated a pentameric assembly of HOSS in a lipid bilayer. Our findings suggest that the hOrai1 channel may assemble into different oligomeric states in response to varying membrane environments.

Ticlopidine protects hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury via suppressing ferroptosis

Hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of liver damage during hepatic resection, transplantation, and other surgical procedures, often leading to graft failure and liver dysfunction. Recent studies have identified ferroptosis, a form of regulated cell death characterized by iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, as a key contributor to IRI. In this study, we investigated the protective effects of Ticlopidine, a thienopyridine compound and platelet aggregation inhibitor, on hepatic IRI. Using a C57BL/6J mouse model, we demonstrated that prophylactic Ticlopidine treatment significantly reduced necrotic and fibrotic areas in liver tissues, as well as serum levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Prussian Blue staining revealed that Ticlopidine pretreatment decreased iron accumulation in hepatic tissues, whereas markers of lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde and 4-hydroxynonenal) and ferroptosis (PTGS2) were significantly downregulated. Additionally, Ticlopidine ameliorated inflammatory infiltration as indicated by reduced Gr-1 staining. In vitro, Ticlopidine dose-dependently inhibited ferroptosis induced by various inducers in liver cancer cell lines HUH7 and fibrosarcoma cells HT1080. The protective effects involved partial rescue of lipid peroxidation, significant reduction of ferrous iron levels, and strong protection against mitochondrial damage. These findings suggested that Ticlopidine acts as a broad-spectrum ferroptosis inhibitor, offering a promising therapeutic approach for protecting the liver against IRI.

PCP-bε is a novel positive regulator of pollen germination in Arabidopsis thaliana

small cysteine-rich peptides play essential roles in different stages of the plant reproductive process. Pollen germination is a prerequisite for double fertilization and is directly related to seed formation and crop yield. However, the small cysteine-rich peptides that are involved in pollen germination remain to be identified. In this study, identification and phylogenetic analysis of PCP-Bε genes in sequenced Brassicaceae show that pollen coat protein B-class protein PCP-Bε gene is widespread in Arabidopsis and its high relatives, but lost in some Brassica species. Expression analyses display that AtPCP-Bε gene is expressed in Arabidopsis pollen. Arabidopsis PCP-Bε knockout mutants are generated by CRISPR/Cas9, Phenotypic analyses show that the absence of AtPCP-Bε obviously impairs in vitro pollen germination, but has no influence on pollen tube growth, which demonstrates that AtPCP-Bε is a novel positive regulator of pollen germination. It is speculated that AtPCP-Bε should interact with the receptor from pollen to perform its function. These findings are useful for further analysis on the molecular mechanism of pollen germination.

Genetically encoded epigenetic sensors for visualization of H3K9me3, H3K9ac and H3K4me1 histone modifications in living cells

Post-translational modifications of histones play a crucial role in chromatin structure maintenance and epigenetic regulation. The LiveMIEL (Live-cell Microscopic Imaging of Epigenetic Landscape) method represents a promising approach for tracking histone modifications. It involves visualization of epigenetic modifications using genetically encoded fluorescent sensors and further analysis of the obtained intranuclear patterns by multiparametric image analysis. In this study, we designed three new red fluorescent sensors-MPP8-Red, AF9-Red and DPF3-Red-for live-cell visualization of patterns of H3K9me3, H3K8ac and H3K4me1, respectively. The observed fluorescent patterns were visually distinguishable, and LiveMIEL analysis clearly classified them into three corresponding groups. We propose that these sensors can be used for live-cell dynamic analysis of changes in organization of three epigenetic types of chromatin.

Silence is not always golden: A closer look at potential environmental and ecotoxicological impacts of large-scale dsRNA application

RNA interference (RNAi) technology has emerged as a pivotal strategy in sustainable pest management, offering a targeted approach that significantly mitigates the environmental and health risks associated with traditional insecticides. Originally implemented through genetically modified organisms (GMOs) to produce specific RNAi constructs, the technology has evolved in response to public and regulatory concerns over GMOs. This evolution has spurred the development of non-transgenic RNAi applications such as spray-induced gene silencing (SIGS), which employs double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to silence pest genes directly without altering the plant's genetic makeup. Despite its advantages in specificity and reduced ecological footprint, SIGS faces significant obstacles, particularly the instability of dsRNA in field conditions, which limits its practical efficacy. To overcome these limitations, innovative delivery mechanisms have been developed. These include nanotechnology-based systems, minicells, and nanovesicles, which are designed to protect dsRNA from degradation and enhance its delivery to target organisms. While these advancements have improved the stability and application efficiency of dsRNA, comprehensive assessments of their environmental safety and the potential for increased exposure risks to non-target organisms remain incomplete. This comprehensive review aims to elucidate the environmental fate of dsRNA and evaluate the potential risks associated with its widespread application on non-target organisms, encompassing soil microorganisms, beneficial insects, host plants, and mammals. The objective is to establish a more refined framework for RNAi risk assessment within environmental and ecotoxicological contexts, thereby fostering the development of safer, non-transgenic RNAi-based pest control strategies.

CircCDR1as orchestrates the advancement of asthma triggered by PM2.5 through the modulation of ferroptosis

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the ambient environment augments susceptibility to respiratory ailments. Circular RNAs, a distinctive subclass of endogenous non-coding RNAs, have been acknowledged as pivotal regulators of pathological conditions. Ferroptosis, an innovative iron-dependent form of cellular demise, has emerged as a consequential participant in numerous maladies. Despite the established association between PM2.5 exposure and the exacerbation of asthma, scant investigations have probed into the implication of circRNAs and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma. Consequently, this inquiry sought to scrutinize the potential involvement of circCDR1as and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma. Through the formulation of a PM2.5 exposure model in asthmatic mice and an in vitro cellular model, it was discerned that PM2.5 induced ferroptosis, thereby intensifying asthma progression. Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) revealed an upregulation of circCDR1as in the PM2.5-stimulated asthma cell model. Molecular biology assays demonstrated that diminished circCDR1as expression hindered the onset of ferroptosis in response to PM2.5 exposure. Notably, Ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), an inhibitor of ferroptosis, manifested the ability to impede the advancement of asthma. Mechanistically, RNA pull-down and molecular biology experiments substantiated that circCDR1as selectively bound to insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2), thereby modulating the occurrence of ferroptosis. CircCDR1as emerged as a potential orchestrator of asthma progression by regulating ferroptosis under PM2.5 exposure. Additionally, PM2.5 exposure elicited activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, subsequently influencing the expression of C-myc and Cyclin D1, ultimately exacerbating asthma development. In summation, the interaction between circCDR1as and IGF2BP2 in regulating ferroptosis was identified as a critical facet in the progression of asthma under PM2.5 exposure. This investigation underscores the pivotal roles of circCDR1as and ferroptosis in PM2.5-induced asthma, offering a novel theoretical foundation for the therapeutic and preventive approaches to asthma.

Improvement of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain tolerance to vanillin through heavy ion radiation combined with adaptive laboratory evolution

Vanillin is an inhibitor of lignocellulose hydrolysate, which can reduce the ability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize lignocellulose, which is an important factor limiting the development of the ethanol fermentation industry. In this study, mutants of vanillin-tolerant yeast named H6, H7, X3, and X8 were bred by heavy ion irradiation (HIR) combined with adaptive laboratory evolution (ALE). Phenotypic tests revealed that the mutants outperformed the original strain WT in tolerance, growth rate, genetic stability and fermentation ability. At 1.6 g/L vanillin concentration, the average OD600 value obtained for mutant strains was 0.95 and thus about 3.4-fold higher than for the wild-type. When the concentration of vanillin was 2.0 g/L, the glucose utilization rate of the mutant was 86.3 % within 96 h, while that of the original strain was only 70.0 %. At this concentration of vanillin, the mitochondrial membrane potential of the mutant strain recovered faster than that of the original strain, and the ROS scavenging ability was stronger. We analyzed the whole transcriptome sequencing map and the whole genome resequencing of the mutant, and found that DEGs such as FLO9, GRC3, PSP2 and SWF1, which have large differential expression multiples and obvious mutation characteristics, play an important role in cell flocculation, rDNA transcription, inhibition of DNA polymerase mutation and protein palmitoylation. These functions can help cells resist vanillin stress. The results show that combining HIR with ALE is an effective mutagenesis strategy. This approach can efficiently obtain Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutants with improved vanillin tolerance, and provide reference for obtaining robust yeast strains with lignocellulose inhibitor tolerance.

Modeling the bystander effect during viral coinfection

Viral coinfections are responsible for a significant portion of cases of patients hospitalized with influenza-like illness. As our awareness of viral coinfections has increased, researchers have started to experimentally examine some of the virus-virus interactions underlying these infections. One mechanism of interaction between viruses is through the innate immune response. This seems to occur primarily through the interferon response, which generates an antiviral state in nearby uninfected cells, a phenomenon know as the bystander effect. Here, we develop a mathematical model of two viruses interacting through the bystander effect. We find that when the rate of removal of cells to the protected state is high, growth of the first virus is suppressed, while the second virus enjoys sole access to the protected cells, enhancing its growth. Conversely, growth of the second virus can be fully suppressed if its ability to infect the protected cells is limited.

Nanomedicine: A great boon for cardiac regenerative medicine

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents a significant global health challenge, remaining the leading cause of illness and mortality worldwide. The adult heart's limited regenerative capacity poses a major obstacle in repairing extensive damage caused by conditions like myocardial infarction. In response to these challenges, nanomedicine has emerged as a promising field aimed at improving treatment outcomes through innovative drug delivery strategies. Nanocarriers, such as nanoparticles (NPs), offer a revolutionary approach by facilitating targeted delivery of therapeutic agents directly to the heart. This precise delivery system holds immense potential for treating various cardiac conditions by addressing underlying mechanisms such as inflammation, oxidative stress, cell death, extracellular matrix remodeling, prosurvival signaling, and angiogenic pathways associated with ischemia-reperfusion injury. In this review, we provide a concise summary of the fundamental mechanisms involved in cardiac remodeling and regeneration. We explore how nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems can effectively target the afore-mentioned mechanisms. Furthermore, we discuss clinical trials that have utilized nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems specifically designed for cardiac applications. These trials demonstrate the potential of nanomedicine in clinical settings, paving the way for future advancements in cardiac therapeutics through precise and efficient drug delivery. Overall, nanomedicine holds promise in revolutionizing the treatment landscape of cardiovascular diseases by offering targeted and effective therapeutic strategies that address the complex pathophysiology of cardiac injuries.

Comparative quantitative phosphoproteomic and parallel reaction monitoring analysis of soybean roots under aluminum stress identify candidate phosphoproteins involved in aluminum resistance capacity

Aluminum (Al) toxicity adversely impacts soybean (Glycine max) growth in acidic soil. Reversible protein phosphorylation plays an important role in adapting to adverse environmental conditions by regulating multiple physiological processes including signal transduction, energy coupling and metabolism adjustment in higher plant. This study aimed to reveal the Al-responsive phosphoproteins to understand their putative function and involvement in the regulation of Al resistance in soybean root. We used immobilized metal affinity chromatography to enrich the key phosphoproteins from soybean root apices at 0, 4, or 24 h Al exposure. These phosphoproteins were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry measurement, verified by parallel reaction monitoring (PRM), and functionally characterized via overexpression in soybean hairy roots. A total of 638 and 686 phosphoproteins were identified as differentially enriched between the 4-h and 0-h, and the 24-h and 0-h Al treatment comparison groups, respectively. Typically, the phosphoproteins involved in biological processes including cell wall modification, and RNA and protein metabolic regulation displayed patterns of decreasing enrichment (clusters 3, 5 and 6), however, the phosphoproteins involved in the transport and metabolic processes of various substrates, and signal transduction pathways showed increased enrichment after 24 h of Al treatment. The enrichment of phosphoproteins in organelle organization bottomed after 4 h of Al treatment (cluster 1). Next, we selected 26 phosphoproteins from the phosphoproteomic profiles, assessed their enrichment status using PRM, and detected enrichment patterns similar to those observed via phosphoproteomic analysis. Among them, 15 phosphoproteins were found to reduce the accumulation of Al and callose in Al-stressed soybean root apices when their corresponding genes were individually overexpressed in soybean hairy roots. In summary, the findings of this study facilitated a comprehensive understanding of the protein phosphorylation events involved in Al resistance responses and revealed some critical phosphoproteins that enhance Al resistance in soybean roots.

In situ chemical reprogramming of astrocytes into neurons: A new hope for the treatment of central neurodegenerative diseases?

Central neurodegenerative disorders (e.g. Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD)) are tightly associated with extensive neuron loss. Current therapeutic interventions merely mitigate the symptoms of these diseases, falling short of addressing the fundamental issue of neuron loss. Cell reprogramming, involving the transition of a cell from one gene expression profile to another, has made significant strides in the conversion between diverse somatic cell types. This advancement has been facilitated by gene editing techniques or the synergistic application of small molecules, enabling the conversion of glial cells into functional neurons. Despite this progress, the potential for in situ reprogramming of astrocytes in treating neurodegenerative disorders faces challenges such as immune rejection and genotoxicity. A novel avenue emerges through chemical reprogramming of astrocytes utilizing small molecules, circumventing genotoxic effects and unlocking substantial clinical utility. Recent studies have successfully demonstrated the in situ conversion of astrocytes into neurons using small molecules. Nonetheless, these findings have sparked debates, encompassing queries regarding the origin of newborn neurons, pivotal molecular targets, and alterations in metabolic pathways. This review succinctly delineates the background of astrocytes reprogramming, meticulously surveys the principal classes of small molecule combinations employed thus far, and examines the complex signaling pathways they activate. Finally, this article delves into the potential vistas awaiting exploration in the realm of astrocytes chemical reprogramming, heralding a promising future for advancing our understanding and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases.

Viral myocarditis: From molecular mechanisms to therapeutic prospects

Myocarditis is characterized as local or diffuse inflammatory lesions in the myocardium, primarily caused by viruses and other infections. It is a common cause of sudden cardiac death and dilated cardiomyopathy. In recent years, the global prevalence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and the widespread vaccination have coincided with a notable increase in the number of reported cases of myocarditis. In light of the potential threat that myocarditis poses to global public health, numerous studies have sought to elucidate the pathogenesis of this condition. However, despite these efforts, effective treatment strategies remain elusive. To collate the current research advances in myocarditis, and thereby provide possible directions for further research, this review summarizes the mechanisms involved in viral invasion of the organism and primarily focuses on how viruses trigger excessive inflammatory responses and in result in different types of cell death. Furthermore, this article outlines existing therapeutic approaches and potential therapeutic targets for the acute phase of myocarditis. In particular, immunomodulatory treatments are emphasized and suggested as the most extensively studied and clinically promising therapeutic options.

OsPLDα1 mediates cadmium stress response in rice by regulating reactive oxygen species accumulation and lipid remodeling

Lipid remodeling is crucial for various cellular activities and the stress tolerance of plants; however, little is known about the lipid dynamics induced by the heavy metal cadmium (Cd). In this study, we investigated the phospholipid profiles in rice (Oryza sativa) under Cd exposure. We observed a significant decline in the total amounts of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylserine, contrasted with an elevation in phosphatidic acid (PA) due to Cd stress. Additionally, Cd stress prompted the activation of phospholipase D (PLD) and induced the expression of PLDα1. OsPLDα1 knockout mutants (Ospldα1) showed increased sensitivity to Cd, characterized by a heightened accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in roots and diminished PA production following Cd treatment. Conversely, PLDα1-overexpressing (OsPLDα1-OE) lines demonstrated enhanced tolerance to Cd, with suppressed transcription of the respiratory burst oxidase homolog (Rboh) genes. The transcription levels of genes associated with Cd uptake and transport were accordingly modulated in Ospldα1 and OsPLDα1-OE plants relative to the wild-type. Taken together, our findings underscore the pivotal role of OsPLDα1 in conferring tolerance to Cd by modulating reactive oxygen species homeostasis and lipid remodeling in rice.

Covalent small-molecule inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro: Insights into their design, classification, biological activity, and binding interactions

Since 2020, many compounds have been investigated for their potential use in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Among these agents, a huge number of natural products and FDA-approved drugs have been evaluated as potential therapeutics for SARS-CoV-2 using virtual screening and docking studies. However, the identification of the molecular targets involved in viral replication led to the development of rationally designed anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents. Among these targets, the main protease (Mpro) is one of the key enzymes needed in the replication of the virus. The data gleaned from the crystal structures of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro complexes with small-molecule covalent inhibitors has been used in the design and discovery of many highly potent and broad-spectrum Mpro inhibitors. The current review focuses mainly on the covalent type of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors. The design, chemistry, and classification of these inhibitors were also in focus. The biological activity of these inhibitors, including their inhibitory activities against Mpro, their antiviral activities, and the SAR studies, were discussed. The review also describes the potential mechanism of the interaction between these inhibitors and the catalytic Cys145 residue in Mpro. Moreover, the binding modes and key binding interactions of these covalent inhibitors were also illustrated. The covalent inhibitors discussed in this review were of diverse chemical nature and origin. Their antiviral activity was mediated mainly by the inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, with IC50 values in the micromolar to the nanomolar range. Many of these inhibitors exhibited broad-spectrum inhibitory activity against the Mpro enzymes of other coronaviruses (SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV). The dual inhibition of the Mpro and PLpro enzymes of SARS-CoV-2 could also provide higher therapeutic benefits than Mpro inhibition. Despite the approval of nirmatrelvir by the FDA, many mutations in the Mpro enzyme of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported. Although some of these mutations did not affect the potency of nirmatrelvir, there is an urgent need to develop a second generation of Mpro inhibitors. We hope that the data summarized in this review could help researchers in the design of a new potent generation of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitors.

STATs, promising targets for the treatment of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases

Cytokines play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases, with over 50 cytokines undergoing signal transduction through the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STAT) signaling pathway. Recent studies have solidly confirmed the pivotal role of STATs in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Therefore, this review provides a detailed summary of the immunological functions of STATs, focusing on exploring their mechanisms in various autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Additionally, with the rapid advancement of structural biology in the field of drug discovery, many STAT inhibitors have been identified using structure-based drug design strategies. In this review, we also examine the structures of STAT proteins and compile the latest research on STAT inhibitors currently being tested in animal models and clinical trials for the treatment of immunological diseases, which emphasizes the feasibility of STATs as promising therapeutic targets and provides insights into the design of the next generation of STAT inhibitors.

Migfilin promotes autophagic flux through direct interaction with SNAP29 and Vamp8

Autophagy plays a crucial role in cancer cell survival by facilitating the elimination of detrimental cellular components and the recycling of nutrients. Understanding the molecular regulation of autophagy is critical for developing interventional approaches for cancer therapy. In this study, we report that migfilin, a focal adhesion protein, plays a novel role in promoting autophagy by increasing autophagosome-lysosome fusion. We found that migfilin is associated with SNAP29 and Vamp8, thereby facilitating Stx17-SNAP29-Vamp8 SNARE complex assembly. Depletion of migfilin disrupted the formation of the SNAP29-mediated SNARE complex, which consequently blocked the autophagosome-lysosome fusion, ultimately suppressing cancer cell growth. Restoration of the SNARE complex formation rescued migfilin-deficiency-induced autophagic flux defects. Finally, we found depletion of migfilin inhibited cancer cell proliferation. SNARE complex reassembly successfully reversed migfilin-deficiency-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth. Taken together, our study uncovers a new function of migfilin as an autophagy-regulatory protein and suggests that targeting the migfilin-SNARE assembly could provide a promising therapeutic approach to alleviate cancer progression.

Eliminating episodic memory?

In Tulving's initial characterization, episodic memory was one of multiple memory systems. It was postulated, in pursuit of explanatory depth, as displaying proprietary operations, representations and substrates such as to explain a range of cognitive, behavioural and experiential phenomena. Yet the subsequent development of this research programme has, paradoxically, introduced surprising doubts about the nature, and indeed existence, of episodic memory. On dominant versions of the 'common system' view, on which a single simulation system underlies both remembering and imagining, there are no processes unique to memory to support robust generalizations with inductive potential. Eliminativism about episodic memory seems to follow from the claim that it has no dedicated neurocognitive system of its own. After identifying this under-noticed threat, we push back against modern eliminativists by surveying recent evidence that still indicates specialized mechanisms, computations and representations that are distinctly mnemic in character. We argue that contemporary realists about episodic memory can retain lessons of the common system approach while resisting the further move to eliminativism. This article is part of the theme issue 'Elements of episodic memory: lessons from 40 years of research'.

Human brain organoid: trends, evolution, and remaining challenges

Advanced brain organoids provide promising platforms for deciphering the cellular and molecular processes of human neural development and diseases. Although various studies and reviews have described developments and advancements in brain organoids, few studies have comprehensively summarized and analyzed the global trends in this area of neuroscience. To identify and further facilitate the development of cerebral organoids, we utilized bibliometrics and visualization methods to analyze the global trends and evolution of brain organoids in the last 10 years. First, annual publications, countries/regions, organizations, journals, authors, co-citations, and keywords relating to brain organoids were identified. The hotspots in this field were also systematically identified. Subsequently, current applications for brain organoids in neuroscience, including human neural development, neural disorders, infectious diseases, regenerative medicine, drug discovery, and toxicity assessment studies, are comprehensively discussed. Towards that end, several considerations regarding the current challenges in brain organoid research and future strategies to advance neuroscience will be presented to further promote their application in neurological research.

A two-pronged approach to inhibit ferroptosis of MSCs caused by the iron overload in postmenopausal osteoporosis and promote osseointegration of titanium implant

Postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMOP) is a prevalent condition among elderly women. After menopause, women exhibit decreased iron excretion, which is prone to osteoporosis. To design a specific titanium implant for PMOP, we first analyze miRNAs and DNA characteristics of postmenopausal patients with and without osteoporosis. The results indicate that iron overload disrupts iron homeostasis in the pathogenesis of PMOP. Further experiments confirm that iron overload can cause lipid peroxidation and ferroptosis of MSCs, thus breaking bone homeostasis. Based on the findings above, we have designed a novel Ti implant coated with nanospheres of caffeic acid (CA) and deferoxamine (DFO). CA can bind on the Ti surface through the two adjacent phenolic hydroxyls and polymerize into polycaffeic acid (PCA) dimer, as well as the PCA nanospheres with the repetitive 1,4-benzodioxan units. DFO was grafted with PCA through borate ester bonds. The experimental results showed that modified Ti can inhibit the ferroptosis of MSCs in the pathological environment of PMOP and promote osseointegration in two main ways. Firstly, DFO was released under high oxidative stress, chelating with excess iron and decreasing the labile iron pool in MSCs. Meanwhile, CA and DFO activated the KEAP1/NRF2/HMOX1 pathway in MSCs and reduced the level of intracellular lipid peroxidation. So, the ferroptosis of MSCs is inhibited by promoting the SLC7A11/GSH/GPX4 pathway. Furthermore, the remained CA coating on the Ti surface could reduce the extracellular oxidative stress and glutathione level. This study offers a novel inspiration for the specific design of Ti implants in the treatment of PMOP.

The role of lncRNA binding to RNA‑binding proteins to regulate mRNA stability in cancer progression and drug resistance mechanisms (Review)

Cancer is a disease that poses a serious threat to human health, the occurrence and development of which involves complex molecular mechanisms. Long non‑coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and RNA‑binding proteins (RBPs) are important regulatory molecules within cells, which have garnered extensive attention in cancer research in recent years. The binding of lncRNAs and RBPs plays a crucial role in the post‑transcriptional regulation of mRNA, affecting the synthesis of proteins related to cancer by regulating the stability of mRNA. This, in turn, regulates the malignant biological behaviors of tumor cells, such as proliferation and metastasis, and serves an important role in therapeutic resistance. The present study reviewed the role of lncRNA‑RBP interactions in the regulation of mRNA stability in various malignant tumors, with a focus on the molecular mechanisms underlying this regulatory interaction. The aim of the present review was to gain a deeper understanding of these molecular mechanisms to provide new strategies and insights for the precise treatment of cancer.

Conserved sequence features in intracellular domains of viral spike proteins

Viral spike proteins mutate frequently, but conserved features within these proteins often have functional importance and can inform development of anti-viral therapies which circumvent the effects of viral sequence mutations. Through analysis of large numbers of viral spike protein sequences from several viral families, we found highly (>99%) conserved patterns within their intracellular domains. The patterns generally consist of one or more basic amino acids (arginine or lysine) adjacent to a cysteine, many of which are known to undergo acylation. These patterns were not enriched in cellular proteins in general. Molecular dynamics simulations show direct electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions between these conserved residues in hemagglutinin (HA) from influenza A and B and the phosphoinositide PIP2. Super-resolution microscopy shows nanoscale colocalization of PIP2 and several of the same viral proteins. We propose the hypothesis that these conserved viral spike protein features can interact with phosphoinositides such as PIP2.

Cadmium causes spleen toxicity in chickens by regulating mitochondrial unfolded protein response and nuclear receptors response

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that pollutes the environment and threatens human and animal health via the food chain. The spleen is one of the target organs affected by Cd toxicity. However, the mechanism of Cd toxicity is not fully understood. In this study, 80 chicks were allocated into 4 groups (n = 20) and exposed to different doses of CdCl2 (0 mg/kg, 35 mg/kg, 70 mg/kg and 140 mg/kg) for 90 d. The pathological changes in the spleen, mitochondrial dynamics-related factors, cytochrome P450 (CYP450) enzyme system contents, activities, transcription levels, nuclear receptors (NRs) response molecule levels, and mitochondrial unfolded protein-related factors were detected. The findings indicate that exposure to Cd significantly leads to spleen injury. In Cd groups, the total contents of CYP450 and cytochrome b5 (Cyt b5) increased, and the activities of the CYP450 enzyme system (APND, ERND, AH, and NCR) changed. The NRs response was induced, and the gene levels of AHR/CAR and corresponding CYP450 isoforms (CYP1B1, CYP1A5, CYP1A1, CYP2C18, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4) were found altered. The study found that Cd exposure altered the mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial dynamics-related factors, such as OPA1, Fis1, MFF, Mfn1, and Mfn2, breaking mitochondrial fusion and cleavage and ultimately leading to mitochondrial dysfunction. Changes were detected in the gene levels of several mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mtUPR)-related factors, namely (SIRT1, PGC-1α, NRF1, TFAM, SOD2, and HtrA2). Cd also altered the gene levels of mitochondrial function-related factors (VDAC1, Cyt-C, COA6, PRDX3, RAF and SIRT3). It is showed that Cd can initiate the NRs response, influence the homeostasis of the CPY450 enzyme system, trigger the mtUPR, impair mitochondrial function, and ultimately lead to Cd toxicity in the spleen of chickens.

Celastrol induces DNA damage and cell death in BCR-ABL T315I-mutant CML by targeting YY1 and HMCES

BACKGROUND

Chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is driven primarily by the constitutively active BCR-ABL fusion oncoprotein. Although the development of tyrosine kinase inhibitors has markedly improved the prognosis of CML patients, it remains a significant challenge to overcome drug-resistant mutations, such as the T315I mutation of BCR-ABL, and achieve treatment-free remission in the clinic.

PURPOSE

The identification of new intervention targets beyond BCR-ABL could provide new perspectives for future research and therapeutic intervention. A network pharmacology analysis was conducted to identify the most promising natural product with anti-CML activity. Celastrol was selected for further analysis to gain insights into its mechanism of action (MoA), with the aim of identifying potential new intervention targets for BCR-ABL T315I-mutant CML.

METHODS

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were conducted to systematically investigate the molecular MoA of celastrol in K562T315I cells. To identify the target proteins of celastrol, mass spectrometry-coupled cellular thermal shift assay (MS-CETSA) was carried out, followed by validations with genetic knockdown and overexpression, cell proliferation assay, comet assay, Western blotting, celastrol probe-based in situ labeling and pull-down assay, molecular docking, and biolayer interferometry.

RESULTS

Our multi-omics analyses revealed that celastrol primarily induces DNA damage accumulation and the unfolded protein response in K562T315I cells. Among the twelve most potential celastrol targets, experimental evidence demonstrated that the direct interaction of celastrol with YY1 and HMCES increases the levels of DNA damage, leading to cell death.

CONCLUSION

This study represents the first investigation utilizing a proteome-wide label-free target deconvolution approach, MS-CETSA, to identify the protein targets of celastrol. This study also develops a new systems pharmacology strategy. The findings provide new insights into the multifaceted mechanisms of celastrol and, more importantly, highlight the potential of targeting proteins in DNA damage and repair pathways, particularly YY1 and HMCES, to combat drug-resistant CML.

Pathophysiological significance and modulation of the transient receptor potential canonical 3 ion channel

Transient receptor potential canonical 3 (TRPC3) protein belongs to the TRP family of nonselective cation channels. Its activation occurs by signaling through a G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and a phospholipase C-dependent (PLC) pathway. Perturbations in the expression of TRPC3 are associated with a plethora of pathophysiological conditions responsible for disorders of the cardiovascular, immune, and central nervous systems. The recently solved cryo-EM structure of TRPC3 provides detailed inputs about the underlying mechanistic aspects of the channel, which in turn enables more efficient ways of designing small-molecule modulators. Pharmacologically targeting TRPC3 in animal models has demonstrated great efficacy in treating diseases including cancers, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular diseases. Despite extensive scientific evidence supporting some strong correlations between the expression and activity of TRPC3 and various pathophysiological conditions, therapeutic strategies based on its pharmacological modulations have not led to clinical trials. The development of small-molecule TRPC3 modulators with high safety, sufficient brain penetration, and acceptable drug-like profiles remains in progress. Determining the pathological mechanisms for TRPC3 involvement in human diseases and understanding the requirements for a drug-like TRPC3 modulator will be valuable in advancing small-molecule therapeutics to future clinical trials. In this review, we provide an overview of the origin and activation mechanism of TRPC3 channels, diseases associated with irregularities in their expression, and new development in small-molecule modulators as potential therapeutic interventions for treating TRPC3 channelopathies.

The mechanism of survival and degradation of phenol by Acinetobacter pittii in an extremely acidic environment

The treatment efficiency of acidic phenol-containing wastewater is hindered by the absence of efficient acid-resistant phenol-degrading bacteria, and the acid-resistant mechanism of such bacteria remains poorly studied. In this study, the acid-resistant strain Hly3 was used as a research model to investigate its ability to degrade phenol and its underlying mechanism of acid resistance. Strain Hly3 exhibited robust acid resistance, capable of surviving in extremely acidic environments (pH 3) and degrading 1700 mg L-1 phenol in 72 h. Through the physiological response analysis of strain Hly3 to pH, the results indicated: firstly, the strain could reduce the relative permeability of the cell membrane and increase EPS secretion to prevent H+ from entering the cell (shielding effect); secondly, the strain could accumulate more buffering substances to neutralize the intracellular H+ (neutralization effect); thirdly, the strain could expel H+ from the cell by enhancing H+-ATPase activity (pumping effect); finally, the strain produced more active scavengers to reduce the toxicity of acid stress on cells (antioxidant effect). Subsequently, combining liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) technology with exogenous addition experiments, it was verified that the acid resistance mechanism of microorganisms is achieved through the activation of acid-resistant response systems by glutamine, thereby enhancing functions such as shielding, neutralization, efflux, and antioxidation. This study elucidated the acid resistance mechanism of Acinetobacter pittii, providing a theoretical basis and guidance for the treatment of acidic phenol-containing wastewater.

Identification of transcriptional signature change and critical transcription factors involved during the differentiation of mouse trophoblast stem cell into maternal blood vessel associated trophoblast giant cell

The placenta is essential organ for oxygen and nutrient exchange between the mother and the developing fetus. Trophoblast lineage differentiation is closely related to the normal function of the placenta. Trophoblast stem cells (TSCs) can differentiate into all placental trophoblast subtypes and are widely used as in vitro stem cell models to study placental development and trophoblast lineage differentiation. Although extensive research has been conducted on the differentiation of TSCs, the possible parallels between trophoblast giant cells (TGCs) that are differentiated from TSCs in vitro and the various subtypes of TGC lineages in vivo are still poorly understood. In this study, mouse TSCs (mTSCs) were induced to differentiate into TGCs, and our mRNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed that mTSCs and TGCs have distinct transcriptional signatures. We conducted a comparison of mTSCs and TGCs transcriptomes with the published transcriptomes of TGC lineages in murine placenta detected by single-cell RNA-seq and found that mTSCs tend to differentiate into maternal blood vessel-associated TGCs in vitro. Moreover, we identified the transcription factor (TF) ZMAT1, which may be responsible for the differentiation of mTSCs into sinusoid TGCs, and the TFs EGR1 and MITF, which are likely involved in the differentiation of mTSCs into spiral artery-associated TGCs. Thus, our findings provide a valuable resource for the mechanisms of trophoblast lineage differentiation and placental deficiency-associated diseases development.

Optimization and evaluation of a chitosan-coated PLGA nanocarrier for mucosal delivery of Porphyromonas gingivalis antigens

Recent advances in understanding Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggest the possibility of an infectious etiology, with Porphyromonas gingivalis emerging as a prime suspect in contributing to AD. P. gingivalis may invade systemic circulation via weakened oral/intestinal barriers and then cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), reaching the brain and precipitating AD pathology. Based on the proposed links between P. gingivalis and AD, a prospective approach is the development of an oral nanovaccine containing P. gingivalis antigens for mucosal delivery. Targeting the gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT), the nanovaccine may elicit both mucosal and systemic immunity, thereby hampering P. gingivalis ability to breach the oral/intestinal barriers and the BBB, respectively. The present study describes the optimization, characterization, and in vitro evaluation of a candidate chitosan-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA-CS) nanovaccine containing a P. gingivalis antigen extract. The nanocarrier was prepared using the double emulsion solvent evaporation method and optimized for selected experimental factors, e.g. PLGA amount, surfactant concentration, w1/o phase ratio, applying a d-optimal statistical design to target the desired physicochemical criteria for its intended application. After nanocarrier optimization, the nanovaccine was characterized in terms of particle size, polydispersity index (PdI), ζ-potential, encapsulation efficiency (EE), drug loading (DL), morphology, and in vitro release profile, as well as for mucoadhesivity, stability under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, antigen integrity, in vitro cytotoxicity and uptake using THP-1 macrophages. The candidate PLGA-CS nanovaccine demonstrated appropriate physicochemical, mucoadhesive, and antigen release properties for oral delivery, along with acceptable levels of EE (55.3 ± 3.5 %) and DL (1.84 ± 0.12 %). The integrity of the encapsulated antigens remained uncompromised throughout NPs production and simulated gastrointestinal exposure, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting analyses. Furthermore, the nanovaccine showed effective in vitro uptake, while exhibiting low cytotoxicity. Taken together, these findings underscore the potential of PLGA-CS NPs as carriers for adequate antigen mucosal delivery, paving the way for further investigations into their applicability as vaccine candidates against P. gingivalis.

Leonurine improves atherosclerosis by activating foam cell autophagy and metabolic remodeling via METTL3-mediated AKT1S1 mRNA stability modulation

BACKGROUND

Atherosclerosis (AS) is the most prevalent cardiovascular disease and remains the major contributor to death and mortality globally. Leonurine (LEO) is a unique alkaloid compound with protective effects on the cardiovascular system. However, the exact mechanisms underlying its cardiovascular-protecting action are still not fully elucidated. The methyltransferase 3 (METTL3), the catalytic core of the N6-methyladenosine modification (m6A) methyltransferase complex, has been shown to inhibit autophagy and exacerbate the process of AS via regulation of m6A modification of mRNA.

PURPOSE

We aimed to determine whether the inhibited effect of LEO on AS is related to METTL3-mediated AKT1S1 stability.

METHODS

The apolipoprotein E (ApoE) knockout mice was subjected to a high-fat diet (HFD), and THP-1 derived macrophages was exposed to oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), to establish the animal and cellular models of AS, respectively.

RESULTS

We found that LEO effectively improved AS and reduced the plaque area and inflammation via diminishing macrophage lipid accumulation and remodeling the lipid metabolism profile. LEO activated ox-LDL-induced macrophage autophagy, enhancing lipid metabolism decrease, according to the lipidomic and molecular biology analyses. Additionally, LEO caused a marked increase in autophagy marker levels in mouse models with advanced AS. Furthermore, we found that LEO reactivated autophagy and reversed lipid accumulation by suppressing METTL3 expression. The m6A-seq from ox-LDL-induced macrophages showed that a total of five autophagy-related mRNA transcripts (AKT1S1, AKT1, RB1CC1, CFLAR, and MTMR4) were altered, and AKT1S1 was significantly upregulated by LEO. Mechanistically, LEO-mediated regulation of METTL3 decreased AKT1S1 expression by attenuating its mRNA stability. Silencing AKT1S1 inhibited LEO-METTL3 axis-mediated autophagy and enhanced lipid accumulation in ox-LDL-induced macrophages.

CONCLUSION

The study first revealed that LEO exerts anti-atherosclerotic effect by activating METTL3-mediated macrophage autophagy in vivo and in vitro. The mechanism of LEO was further found to be the enhancement of METTL3-mediated AKT1S1 stability to activate autophagy thereby reducing lipid accumulation. This study provides a new perspective of natural medicines on the treatment of AS via an epigenetic manner.

Immunoinhibitory effects of hypoxia-driven reprogramming of EGR1hi and EGR3 positive B cells in the nasopharyngeal carcinoma microenvironment

Regulatory B (Breg) cells is a type of immune cell that exhibit immunosuppressive behavior within the tumor microenvironment. However, the differentiation and regulatory mechanisms of these Breg cells remain unexplored. Single-cell transcriptome sequencing analysis of human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) revealed a significant enrichment of B cell subset characterized by high expression of EGR1 and EGR3 in the tumor microenvironment. Notably, in the hypoxic microenvironment, these B cells induce MAPK pathway activation, subsequently triggering the activation of transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3, which further modulate the expression of immunosuppressive factors like TGFB1 and IL10. In transplant experiments using primary B cells induced under hypoxia and co-transplanted with cancer cells, a significant increase in tumor growth was observed. Mechanism experiments demonstrated that EGR1hi and EGR3+ B cells further activate the maturation and immunosuppressive function of Treg cells through the secretion of IL16 and TNF-α. Hence, this study identifies the key transcription factors EGR1 and EGR3 as essential regulators and elucidates the differentiation of Breg cells under hypoxic conditions.

Identification of ferroptosis-associated tumor antigens as the potential targets to prevent head and neck squamous cell carcinoma

Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSC) represents nearly 90% of all head and neck tumors. The current treatment modality for HNSC patients primarily involves surgical intervention and radiotherapy, but its therapeutic efficacy remains limited. The mRNA vaccine based on tumor antigens seems promising for cancer treatment. Ferroptosis, a novel form of cell death, is linked to tumor progression and cancer immunotherapy. Nevertheless, the effectiveness of ferroptosis-associated tumor antigens in treating HNSC remains uncertain. In this study, we identified three ferroptosis-associated tumor antigens, namely caveolin1 (CAV1), ferritin heavy chain (FTH1), and solute carrier 3A2 (SLC3A2), as being overexpressed and mutated based on data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. These antigens were strongly associated with poor prognosis and infiltration of antigen-presenting cells in HNSC. We further identified two ferroptosis subtypes (FS1 and FS2) with distinct molecular, cellular, and clinical properties to identify antigen-sensitive individuals. Our findings indicate that FS1 exhibits an immune "hot" phenotype, whereas FS2 displays an immune "cold" phenotype. Additionally, differential expression of immunogenic cell death modulators and immune checkpoints was observed between these two immune subtypes. Further exploration of the HNSC's immune landscape revealed significant heterogeneity among individual patients. Our findings suggest that CAV1, FTH1, and SLC3A2 are potential targets to prevent HNSC in FS2 patients. Overall, our research reveals the potential of ferroptosis-associated mRNA vaccines for HNSC and identifies an effective patient population for vaccine treatment.

Oleanolic acid induces hepatic injury by disrupting hepatocyte tight junction and dysregulation of farnesoid X receptor-mediated bile acid efflux transporters

Oleanolic acid (OA) is a naturally occurring pentacyclic triterpene compound that has been reported to cause cholestatic liver injury. However, the regulation and pathogenic role of bile acids in OA-induced development of cholestatic liver injury remains largely unclear. Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is a metabolic nuclear receptor that plays an important role in bile acid homeostasis in the liver by regulating efflux transporters bile salt export pump (BSEP) and multidrug resistance-associated protein 2 (MRP2). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of OA on hepatocyte tight junction function and determine the role of FXR, BSEP, and MRP2 in the mechanism of impairment of transport of bile acids induced by OA. Both in vivo and in vitro models were used to characterize the OA-induced liver injury. The liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS) was employed to characterize the efflux function of the transporters, and the results showed that OA caused a blockage of bile acids efflux. OA treatment resulted in decreased expression levels of the tight junction proteins zonula occludens-1 and occludin. Immunofluorescence results showed that OA treatment significantly reduced the number of bile ducts and the immunofluorescence intensity. Pretreatment with agonists of FXR and MRP2, respectively, in animal experiments attenuated OA-induced liver injury, while pretreatment with inhibitors of BSEP and MRP2 further aggravated OA-induced liver injury. These results suggest that OA inhibits FXR-mediated BSEP and MRP2, leading to impaired bile acid efflux and disruption of tight junctions between liver cells, resulting in liver damage.

Ubiquitin: A double-edged sword in hepatitis B virus-induced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatitis B virus is one of the leading causes behind the neoplastic transformation of liver tissue and associated mortality. Despite the availability of many therapies and vaccines, the pathogenic landscape of the virus remains elusive; urging the development of novel strategies based on the fundamental infectious and transformative modalities of the virus-host interactome. Ubiquitination is a widely observed post-translational modification of several proteins, which either regulates the proteins' turnover or impacts their functionalities. In recent years, ample amount of literature has accumulated regarding the ubiquitination dynamics of the HBV proteins as well as the host proteins during HBV infection and carcinogenesis; with direct and detailed characterization of the involvement of HBV in these processes. Interestingly, while many of these ubiquitination events restrict HBV life cycle and carcinogenesis, several others promote the emergence of hepatocarcinoma by putting the virus in an advantageous position. This review sums up the snowballing literature on ubiquitination-mediated regulation of the host-HBV crosstalk, with special emphasis on its influence on the establishment and progression of hepatocellular carcinoma on a molecular level. With the advent of cutting-edge ubiquitination-targeted therapeutic approaches, the findings emanating from this review may potentiate the identification of novel anti-HBV targets for the formulation of novel anticancer strategies to control the HBV-induced hepato-carcinogenic process on a global scale.

PRL1 interacts with and stabilizes RPA2A to regulate carbon deprivation-induced senescence in Arabidopsis

Leaf senescence is a developmental program regulated by both endogenous and environmental cues. Abiotic stresses such as nutrient deprivation can induce premature leaf senescence, which profoundly impacts plant growth and crop yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying stress-induced senescence are not fully understood. In this work, employing a carbon deprivation (C-deprivation)-induced senescence assay in Arabidopsis seedlings, we identified PLEIOTROPIC REGULATORY LOCUS 1 (PRL1), a component of the NineTeen Complex, as a negative regulator of C-deprivation-induced senescence. Furthermore, we demonstrated that PRL1 directly interacts with the RPA2A subunit of the single-stranded DNA-binding Replication Protein A (RPA) complex. Consistently, the loss of RPA2A leads to premature senescence, while increased expression of RPA2A inhibits senescence. Moreover, overexpression of RPA2A reverses the accelerated senescence in prl1 mutants, and the interaction with PRL1 stabilizes RPA2A under C-deprivation. In summary, our findings reveal the involvement of the PRL1-RPA2A functional module in C-deprivation-induced plant senescence.

Light-activated nanoclusters with tunable ROS for wound infection treatment

Infected wounds pose a significant clinical challenge due to bacterial resistance, recurrent infections, and impaired healing. Reactive oxygen species (ROS)-based strategies have shown promise in eradicating bacterial infections. However, the excess ROS in the infection site after treatments may cause irreversible damage to healthy tissues. To address this issue, we developed bovine serum albumin-iridium oxide nanoclusters (BSA-IrOx NCs) which enable photo-regulated ROS generation and scavenging using near infrared (NIR) laser. Upon NIR laser irradiation, BSA-IrOx NCs exhibit enhanced photodynamic therapy, destroying biofilms and killing bacteria. When the NIR laser is off, the nanoclusters' antioxidant enzyme-like activities prevent inflammation and repair damaged tissue through ROS clearance. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that BSA-IrOx NCs inhibit bacterial nitric oxide synthase, blocking bacterial growth and biofilm formation. Furthermore, the nanoclusters repair impaired skin by strengthening cell junctions and reducing mitochondrial damage in a fibroblast model. In vivo studies using rat infected wound models confirmed the efficacy of BSA-IrOx NCs. This study presents a promising strategy for treating biofilm-induced infected wounds by regulating the ROS microenvironment, addressing the challenges associated with current ROS-based antibacterial approaches.