251
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Yu T, Deuster P, Chen Y. Role of dynamin-related protein 1-mediated mitochondrial fission in resistance of mouse C2C12 myoblasts to heat injury. J Physiol 2016; 594:7419-7433. [PMID: 27730652 PMCID: PMC5157065 DOI: 10.1113/jp272885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Understanding how skeletal muscles respond to high temperatures may help develop strategies for improving exercise tolerance and preventing heat injury. Mitochondria regulate cell survival by constantly changing their morphology through fusion and fission in response to environmental stimuli. Little is known about the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in tolerance of skeletal muscle against heat stress. Mild heat acclimation and moderate heat shock appear to have different effects on the mitochondrial morphology and fission protein Drp1 in skeletal muscle cells. Mitochondrial integrity plays a key role in cell survival under heat stress. ABSTRACT The regulation of mitochondrial morphology is closely coupled to cell survival during stress. We examined changes in the mitochondrial morphology of mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells in response to heat acclimation and heat shock exposure. Acclimated cells showed a greater survival rate during heat shock exposure than non-acclimated cells, and were characterized by long interconnected mitochondria and reduced expression of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) for their mitochondrial fractions. Exposure of C2C12 muscle cells to heat shock led to apoptotic death featuring activation of caspase 3/7, release of cytochrome c and loss of cell membrane integrity. Heat shock also caused excessive mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and production of reactive oxygen species in C2C12 cells. Western blot and immunofluorescence image analysis revealed translocation of Drp1 to mitochondria from the cytosol in C2C12 cells exposed to heat shock. Mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 or Drp1 gene silencer reduced mitochondrial fragmentation and increased cell viability during exposure to heat shock. These results suggest that Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission may regulate susceptibility to heat-induced apoptosis in muscle cells and that Drp1 may serve as a target for the prevention of heat-related injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianzheng Yu
- Department of Military and Emergency MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD20814USA
| | - Patricia Deuster
- Department of Military and Emergency MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD20814USA
| | - Yifan Chen
- Department of Military and Emergency MedicineUniformed Services University of the Health SciencesBethesdaMD20814USA
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252
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Garenne D, Renault TT, Manon S. Bax mitochondrial relocation is linked to its phosphorylation and its interaction with Bcl-xL. MICROBIAL CELL 2016; 3:597-605. [PMID: 28357332 PMCID: PMC5348979 DOI: 10.15698/mic2016.12.547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The heterologous expression of Bax, and other Bcl-2 family members, in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, has proved to be a valuable reporter system to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying their interaction with mitochondria. By combining the co-expression of Bax and Bcl-xL mutants with analyzes of their localization and interaction in mitochondria and post-mitochondrial supernatants, we showed that the ability of Bax and Bcl-xL to interact is dependent both on Bax phosphorylation - mimicked by a substitution S184D - and by Bax and Bcl-xL localization. This, and previous data, provide the molecular basis for a model of dynamic equilibrium for Bax localization and activation, regulated both by phosphorylation and Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Garenne
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, CS61390, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France. ; Present address: INRA, UMR1332, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaud, 33882 Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Thibaud T Renault
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, CS61390, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France. ; Present address: Department of Regulation in Infection Biology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Stéphen Manon
- Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, UMR5095, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, CS61390, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33077 Bordeaux, France
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253
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Wang J, Xin T. [Effect and Significance of BIM on Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2016; 19:789-792. [PMID: 27866524 PMCID: PMC5999635 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2016.11.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
B细胞淋巴瘤-2促细胞凋亡(B-cell lymphoma 2 interacting mediator of cell death, BIM)基因作为抑癌基因,在调控细胞凋亡中起重要作用。在非小细胞肺癌(non-small cell lung cancer, NSCLC)中,BIM表达水平的下调或功能缺陷会降低酪氨酸激酶抑制剂(tyrosine kinase inhibitors, TKIs)及化疗药物的疗效并影响术后患者的预后。本文将对BIM的结构、功能以及BIM在NSCLC治疗中的作用及意义进行介绍。
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingfang Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Tao Xin
- Department of Medical Oncology, the 2nd Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, China
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254
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Petit E, Cartron PF, Oliver L, Vallette FM. The phosphorylation of Metaxin 1 controls Bak activation during TNFα induced cell death. Cell Signal 2016; 30:171-178. [PMID: 27845183 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The proapoptotic protein Bak is implicated in the execution phase of apoptosis, a cell death program. Bak is essentially mitochondrial and during early steps of apoptosis undergoes conformational changes that lead to its full membrane integration in mitochondria and the subsequent liberation of pro-apoptotic mitochondrial proteins. Little is known about the partners and mechanisms implicated in the activation of Bak. We have recently shown that Bak is incorporated into a Voltage dependent anionic channel of type 2 (VDAC2)/Metaxin 1(Mtx1)/Metaxin 2 (Mtx2) multi-protein complex in both resting and dying cells. Here, we show that, after the induction of apoptosis, Bak switches from its association with Mtx2 and VDAC2 to a closer association with Mtx1. This change of partners is under the control of a tyrosine phosphorylation of Mtx1 by c-Abl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elise Petit
- Team 9 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, UMR INSERM 892/CNRS UMR 6299, F-44007 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France
| | - Pierre-François Cartron
- Team 9 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, UMR INSERM 892/CNRS UMR 6299, F-44007 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France; LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest-avenue Jean Monnet St Herblain, France
| | - Lisa Oliver
- Team 9 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, UMR INSERM 892/CNRS UMR 6299, F-44007 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France; CHU de Nantes, 1 place Alexis-Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes Cedex 1, France
| | - François M Vallette
- Team 9 Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie Nantes-Angers, UMR INSERM 892/CNRS UMR 6299, F-44007 Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Faculté de Médecine, 9 Quai Moncousu, 44035 Nantes Cedex 01, France; LaBCT, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest-avenue Jean Monnet St Herblain, France.
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255
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Gao WY, Li D, Cai DE, Huang XY, Zheng BY, Huang YH, Chen ZX, Wang XZ. Hepatitis B virus X protein sensitizes HL-7702 cells to oxidative stress-induced apoptosis through modulation of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. Oncol Rep 2016; 37:48-56. [PMID: 27840960 PMCID: PMC5355673 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a leading cause of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Among the pathogenic factors of HBV, HBV X protein (HBx) is attracting increased attention. Although it is documented that HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates cell inflammation and apoptosis, the exact mechanism remains controversial. In the present study, we explored the effect of HBx on oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in normal liver cell line, HL-7702. Our results showed that the existence of HBx affected mitochondrial biogenesis by modulating the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Notably, this phenomenon was associated with a pronounced translocation of Bax from the cytosol to the mitochondria during the period of exposure to oxidative stress with a release of cytochrome c and activation of cleaved caspase-3 and PARP. Moreover, MPTP blockage with cyclosporin A prevented the translocation of Bax, and inhibited oxidative stress-induced apoptotic killing in the HBx-expressing HL-7702 cells. Our findings suggest that HBx exhibits pro-apoptotic effects upon normal liver cells following exposure to oxidative stress by modulating the MPTP gateway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Yu Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Dan Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - De-En Cai
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Yun Huang
- Graduate School, Fujian Medical University, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Bi-Yun Zheng
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Yue-Hong Huang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Zhi-Xin Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Zhong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fujian 350001, P.R. China
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256
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Vuda M, Kamath A. Drug induced mitochondrial dysfunction: Mechanisms and adverse clinical consequences. Mitochondrion 2016; 31:63-74. [PMID: 27771494 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Several commonly used medications impair mitochondrial function resulting in adverse effects or toxicities. Drug induced mitochondrial dysfunction may be a consequence of increased production of reactive oxygen species, altered mitochondrial permeability transition, impaired mitochondrial respiration, mitochondrial DNA damage or inhibition of beta-oxidation of fatty acids. The clinical manifestation depends on the specific drug and its effect on mitochondria. Given the ubiquitous presence of mitochondria and its central role in cellular metabolism, drug-mitochondrial interactions may manifest clinically as hepatotoxicity, enteropathy, myelosuppression, lipodystrophy syndrome or neuropsychiatric adverse effects, to name a few. The current review focuses on specific drug groups which adversely affect mitochondria, the mechanisms involved and the clinical consequences based on the data available from experimental and clinical studies. Knowledge of these adverse drug-mitochondrial interactions may help the clinicians foresee potential issues in individual patients, prevent adverse drug reactions or alter drug regimens to enhance patient safety.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ashwin Kamath
- Department of Pharmacology, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Mangalore, India.
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257
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Mazumder S, De R, Sarkar S, Siddiqui AA, Saha SJ, Banerjee C, Iqbal MS, Nag S, Debsharma S, Bandyopadhyay U. Selective scavenging of intra-mitochondrial superoxide corrects diclofenac-induced mitochondrial dysfunction and gastric injury: A novel gastroprotective mechanism independent of gastric acid suppression. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 121:33-51. [PMID: 27693316 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.09.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used to treat multiple inflammatory diseases and pain but severe gastric mucosal damage is the worst outcome of NSAID-therapy. Here we report that mitoTEMPO, a mitochondrially targeted superoxide (O2-) scavenger protected as well as healed gastric injury induced by diclofenac (DCF), the most commonly used NSAID. Common existing therapy against gastric injury involves suppression of gastric acid secretion by proton pump inhibitors and histamine H2 receptor antagonists; however, dyspepsia, vitamin B12 deficiency and gastric microfloral dysbalance are the major drawbacks of acid suppression. Interestingly, mitoTEMPO did not inhibit gastric acid secretion but offered gastroprotection by preventing DCF-induced generation of O2- due to mitochondrial respiratory chain failure and by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress (MOS)-mediated mitopathology. MitoTEMPO even restored DCF-stimulated reduced fatty acid oxidation, mitochondrial depolarization and bioenergetic crisis in gastric mucosa. MitoTEMPO also prevented the activation of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis and MOS-mediated proinflammatory signaling through NF-κB by DCF. Furthermore, mitoTEMPO when administered in rats with preformed gastric lesions expedited the healing of gastric injury and the healed stomach exhibited its normal physiology as evident from gastric acid and pepsin secretions under basal or stimulated conditions. Thus, in contrast to the existing antiulcer drugs, mitochondrially targeted O2- scavengers like mitoTEMPO may represent a novel class of gastroprotective molecules that does not affect gastric acid secretion and may be used in combination with DCF, keeping its anti-inflammatory action intact, while reducing its gastrodamaging effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somnath Mazumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Rudranil De
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Sarkar
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Asim Azhar Siddiqui
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Shubhra Jyoti Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Chinmoy Banerjee
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Mohd Shameel Iqbal
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Shiladitya Nag
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Subhashis Debsharma
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India
| | - Uday Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, West Bengal, India.
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258
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE For a healthy cell to turn into a cancer cell and grow out to become a tumor, it needs to undergo a series of complex changes and acquire certain traits, summarized as "The Hallmarks of Cancer." These hallmarks can all be regarded as the result of altered signal transduction cascades and an understanding of these cascades is essential for cancer treatment. RECENT ADVANCES Redox signaling is a long overlooked form of signal transduction that proceeds through the reversible oxidation of cysteines in proteins and that uses hydrogen peroxide as a second messenger. CRITICAL ISSUES In this article, we provide examples that show that redox signaling is involved in the regulation of proteins and signaling cascades that play roles in every hallmark of cancer. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An understanding of how redox signaling and "classical" signal transduction are intertwined could hold promising strategies for cancer therapy in the future. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 25, 300-325.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marten Hornsveld
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Tobias B Dansen
- Department of Molecular Cancer Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht, the Netherlands
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259
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Lin X, Sun R, Zhao X, Zhu D, Zhao X, Gu Q, Dong X, Zhang D, Zhang Y, Li Y, Sun B. C-myc overexpression drives melanoma metastasis by promoting vasculogenic mimicry via c-myc/snail/Bax signaling. J Mol Med (Berl) 2016; 95:53-67. [PMID: 27543492 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-016-1452-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2016] [Revised: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
c-Myc is a well-characterized proto-oncogene that induces cellular transformation and modulates programmed cell death. While recent studies have demonstrated high expression of c-Myc protein in advanced and metastatic melanoma, the clinical and biological implications remain to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated the effect of c-Myc overexpression in melanoma tumorigenesis. Clinicopathological analysis demonstrated that c-Myc expression positively correlated with the formation of vasculogenic mimicry (VM) and linearly patterned programmed cell necrosis (LPPCN). Clinically, high c-Myc expression was significantly associated with distant metastasis and poor prognosis, while biologically, c-Myc overexpression led to significant increases in cell motility, invasiveness and metastasis. Moreover, c-Myc induced the formation of VM and promoted the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-associated protein Snail both in vivo and in vitro. High expression of c-Myc increased Bax expression in hypoxic conditions and induced cell apoptosis. Taken together, we conclude that c-Myc overexpression promotes the formation of VM by EMT and LPPCN in melanoma. Our improved understanding of the clinical and biological effects of c-Myc overexpression in melanoma highlights the incomplete understanding of this oncogene, and indicates that c-Myc is a potential therapeutic target of this disease. KEY MESSAGE High c-Myc expression is associated with tumor metastasis and poor prognosis in human melanoma. c-Myc upregulates Snail expression to promote EMT via the TGF-β/Snail/Ecadherin signal pathway. c-Myc leads to cell death by upregulating Bax expression causing a lower Bcl2/Bax ratio under severe hypoxic conditions. c-Myc promotes vasculogenic mimicry and linearly patterned programmed cell necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Lin
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Ran Sun
- Department of Surgery, Tianjin Hospital of ITCWM Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - Xiulan Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Dongwang Zhu
- Department of Surgery, Stomatological Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Xueming Zhao
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Qiang Gu
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Xueyi Dong
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Danfang Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Yanhui Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yanlei Li
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China
| | - Baocun Sun
- Department of Pathology, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300070, China.
- Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300060, China.
- Department of Pathology, General Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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260
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Hada M, Subramanian C, Andrews PC, Kwok RPS. Cytosolic Ku70 regulates Bax-mediated cell death. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:13903-13914. [PMID: 27488115 PMCID: PMC5097087 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5202-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The first known function of Ku70 is as a DNA repair factor in the nucleus. Using neuronal neuroblastoma cells as a model, we have established that cytosolic Ku70 binds to the pro-apoptotic protein Bax in the cytosol and blocks Bax’s cell death activity. Ku70-Bax binding is regulated by Ku70 acetylation in that when Ku70 is acetylated Bax dissociates from Ku70, triggering cell death. We propose that Ku70 may act as a survival factor in these cells such that Ku70 depletion triggers Bax-dependent cell death. Here, we addressed two fundamental questions about this model: (1) Does all Bax, which is a cytosolic protein, bind to all cytosolic Ku70? and (2) Is Ku70 a survival factor in cells types other than neuronal neuroblastoma cells? We show here that, in neuronal neuroblastoma cells, only a small fraction of Ku70 binds to a small fraction of Bax; most Bax is monomeric. Interestingly, there is no free or monomeric Ku70 in the cytosol; most cytosolic Ku70 is in complex with other factors forming several high molecular weight complexes. A fraction of cytosolic Ku70 also binds to cytosolic Ku80, Ku70’s binding partner in the nucleus. Ku70 may not be a survival factor in some cell types (Ku70-depletion less sensitive) because Ku70 depletion does not affect survival of these cells. These results indicate that, in addition to Ku70 acetylation, other factors may be involved in regulating Ku70-Bax binding in the Ku70-depletion less sensitive cells because Ku70 acetylation in these cells is not sufficient to dissociate Bax from Ku70 or to activate Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Hada
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Chitra Subramanian
- General Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Phillip C Andrews
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Roland P S Kwok
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. .,Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Michigan Medical School, 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA.
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261
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Falah M, Najafi M, Houshmand M, Farhadi M. Expression levels of the BAK1 and BCL2 genes highlight the role of apoptosis in age-related hearing impairment. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:1003-8. [PMID: 27555755 PMCID: PMC4968686 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s109110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing impairment (ARHI) is a progressive and a common sensory disorder in the elderly and will become an increasingly important clinical problem given the growing elderly population. Apoptosis of cochlear cells is an important factor in animal models of ARHI. As these cells cannot regenerate, their loss leads to irreversible hearing impairment. Identification of molecular mechanisms can facilitate disease prevention and effective treatment. In this study, we compared the expression of the genes BAK1 and BCL2 as two arms of the intrinsic apoptosis pathway between patients with ARHI and healthy subjects. ARHI and healthy subjects were selected after an ear nose throat examination, otoscopic investigation, and pure tone audiometry. RNA was extracted from peripheral blood samples, and relative gene expression levels were measured using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. BAK1 and the BAK1/BCL2 ratio were statistically significantly upregulated in the ARHI subjects. The BAK1/BCL2 ratio was positively correlated with the results of the audiometric tests. Our results indicate that BAK-mediated apoptosis may be a core mechanism in the progression of ARHI in humans, similar to finding in animal models. Moreover, the gene expression changes in peripheral blood samples could be used as a rapid and simple biomarker for early detection of ARHI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Falah
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Najafi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Massoud Houshmand
- Department of Medical Genetics, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Farhadi
- ENT and Head & Neck Research Center and Department, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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262
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Conformational Heterogeneity of Bax Helix 9 Dimer for Apoptotic Pore Formation. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29502. [PMID: 27381287 PMCID: PMC4933972 DOI: 10.1038/srep29502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Helix α9 of Bax protein can dimerize in the mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) and lead to apoptotic pores. However, it remains unclear how different conformations of the dimer contribute to the pore formation on the molecular level. Thus we have investigated various conformational states of the α9 dimer in a MOM model — using computer simulations supplemented with site-specific mutagenesis and crosslinking of the α9 helices. Our data not only confirmed the critical membrane environment for the α9 stability and dimerization, but also revealed the distinct lipid-binding preference of the dimer in different conformational states. In our proposed pathway, a crucial iso-parallel dimer that mediates the conformational transition was discovered computationally and validated experimentally. The corroborating evidence from simulations and experiments suggests that, helix α9 assists Bax activation via the dimer heterogeneity and interactions with specific MOM lipids, which eventually facilitate proteolipidic pore formation in apoptosis regulation.
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263
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Luna-Vargas MP, Chipuk JE. The deadly landscape of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins in the outer mitochondrial membrane. FEBS J 2016; 283:2676-89. [PMID: 26662859 PMCID: PMC4907887 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a biological process that removes damaged, excess or infected cells through a genetically controlled mechanism. This process plays a crucial role in organismal development, immunity and tissue homeostasis, and alterations in apoptosis contribute to human diseases including cancer and auto-immunity. In the past two decades, significant efforts have focused on understanding the function of the BCL-2 proteins, a complex family of pro-survival and pro-apoptotic α-helical proteins that directly control the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Diverse structural investigations of the BCL-2 family members have broadened our mechanistic understanding of their individual functions. However, an often over-looked aspect of the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is how the BCL-2 family specifically interacts with and targets the outer mitochondrial membrane to initiate apoptosis. Structural information on the relationship between the BCL-2 family and the outer mitochondrial membrane is missing; likewise, knowledge of the biophysical mechanisms by which the outer mitochondrial membrane affects and effects apoptosis is lacking. In this mini-review, we provide a current overview of the BCL-2 family members and discuss the latest structural insights into BAK/BAX activation and oligomerization in the context of the outer mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P.A. Luna-Vargas
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Jerry E. Chipuk
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
- The Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
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Li Y, Liu X, Jiang D, Lin Y, Wang Y, Li Q, Liu L, Jin YH. Betulin induces reactive oxygen species-dependent apoptosis in human gastric cancer SGC7901 cells. Arch Pharm Res 2016; 39:1257-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-016-0761-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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265
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Yao K, Shao J, Zhou K, Qiu H, Cao F, Li C, Dai D. Grape seed proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in nasopharyngeal carcinoma CNE-2 cells. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:771-8. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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266
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Verma S, Goyal S, Tyagi C, Jamal S, Singh A, Grover A. BIM (BCL-2 interacting mediator of cell death) SAHB (stabilized α helix of BCL2) not always convinces BAX (BCL-2-associated X protein) for apoptosis. J Mol Graph Model 2016; 67:94-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2016.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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267
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Esposito G, Nobile N, Gigli S, Seguella L, Pesce M, d’Alessandro A, Bruzzese E, Capoccia E, Steardo L, Cuomo R, Sarnelli G. Rifaximin Improves Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Toxicity in Caco-2 Cells by the PXR-Dependent TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:120. [PMID: 27242527 PMCID: PMC4860461 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clostridium difficile infections (CDIs) caused by Clostridium difficile toxin A (TcdA) lead to severe ulceration, inflammation and bleeding of the colon, and are difficult to treat. AIM The study aimed to evaluate the effect of rifaximin on TcdA-induced apoptosis in intestinal epithelial cells and investigate the role of PXR in its mechanism of action. METHODS Caco-2 cells were incubated with TcdA and treated with rifaximin (0.1-10 μM) with or without ketoconazole (10 μM). The transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and viability of the treated cells was determined. Also, the expression of zona occludens-1 (ZO-1), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), transforming growth factor-β-activated kinase-1 (TAK1), myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88), and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) was determined. RESULTS Rifaximin treatment (0.1, 1.0, and 10 μM) caused a significant and concentration-dependent increase in the TEER of Caco-2 cells (360, 480, and 680% vs. TcdA treatment) 24 h after the treatment and improved their viability (61, 79, and 105%). Treatment also concentration-dependently decreased the expression of Bax protein (-29, -65, and -77%) and increased the expression of ZO-1 (25, 54, and 87%) and occludin (71, 114, and 262%) versus TcdA treatment. The expression of TLR4 (-33, -50, and -75%), MyD88 (-29, -60, and -81%) and TAK1 (-37, -63, and -79%) were also reduced with rifaximin versus TcdA treatment. Ketoconazole treatment inhibited these effects. CONCLUSION Rifaximin improved TcdA-induced toxicity in Caco-2 cells by the PXR-dependent TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway mechanism, and may be useful in the treatment of CDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Nicola Nobile
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Stefano Gigli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Luisa Seguella
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Marcella Pesce
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | | | - Eugenia Bruzzese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Elena Capoccia
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Rosario Cuomo
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sarnelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico IINaples, Italy
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268
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Berchtold LA, Prause M, Størling J, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Cytokines and Pancreatic β-Cell Apoptosis. Adv Clin Chem 2016; 75:99-158. [PMID: 27346618 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acc.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The discovery 30 years ago that inflammatory cytokines cause a concentration, activity, and time-dependent bimodal response in pancreatic β-cell function and viability has been a game-changer in the fields of research directed at understanding inflammatory regulation of β-cell function and survival and the causes of β-cell failure and destruction in diabetes. Having until then been confined to the use of pathophysiologically irrelevant β-cell toxic chemicals as a model of β-cell death, researchers could now mimic endocrine and paracrine effects of the cytokine response in vitro by titrating concentrations in the low to the high picomolar-femtomolar range and vary exposure time for up to 14-16h to reproduce the acute regulatory effects of systemic inflammation on β-cell secretory responses, with a shift to inhibition at high picomolar concentrations or more than 16h of exposure to illustrate adverse effects of local, chronic islet inflammation. Since then, numerous studies have clarified how these bimodal responses depend on discrete signaling pathways. Most interest has been devoted to the proapoptotic response dependent upon mainly nuclear factor κ B and mitogen-activated protein kinase activation, leading to gene expressional changes, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and triggering of mitochondrial dysfunction. Preclinical studies have shown preventive effects of cytokine antagonism in animal models of diabetes, and clinical trials demonstrating proof of concept are emerging. The full clinical potential of anticytokine therapies has yet to be shown by testing the incremental effects of appropriate dosing, timing, and combinations of treatments. Due to the considerable translational importance of enhancing the precision, specificity, and safety of antiinflammatory treatments of diabetes, we review here the cellular, preclinical, and clinical evidence of which of the death pathways recently proposed in the Nomenclature Committee on Cell Death 2012 Recommendations are activated by inflammatory cytokines in the pancreatic β-cell to guide the identification of antidiabetic targets. Although there are still scarce human data, the cellular and preclinical studies point to the caspase-dependent intrinsic apoptosis pathway as the prime effector of inflammatory β-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - M Prause
- University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - J Størling
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center, Beta Cell Biology Group, Copenhagen University Hospital Herlev, Herlev, Denmark
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269
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Restraining FOXO3-dependent transcriptional BMF activation underpins tumour growth and metastasis of E-cadherin-negative breast cancer. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1483-92. [PMID: 27035620 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2016.33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of cellular adhesion leads to the progression of breast cancer through acquisition of anchorage independence, also known as resistance to anoikis. Although inactivation of E-cadherin is essential for acquisition of anoikis resistance, it has remained unclear how metastatic breast cancer cells counterbalance the induction of apoptosis without E-cadherin-dependent cellular adhesion. We report here that E-cadherin inactivation in breast cancer cells induces PI3K/AKT-dependent FOXO3 inhibition and identify FOXO3 as a novel and direct transcriptional activator of the pro-apoptotic protein BMF. As a result, E-cadherin-negative breast fail to upregulate BMF upon transfer to anchorage independence, leading to anoikis resistance. Conversely, expression of BMF in E-cadherin-negative metastatic breast cancer cells is sufficient to inhibit tumour growth and dissemination in mice. In conclusion, we have identified repression of BMF as a major cue that underpins anoikis resistance and tumour dissemination in E-cadherin-deficient metastatic breast cancer.
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270
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Srivastava AK, Jaganathan S, Stephen L, Hollingshead MG, Layhee A, Damour E, Govindharajulu JP, Donohue J, Esposito D, Mapes JP, Kinders RJ, Takebe N, Tomaszewski JE, Kummar S, Doroshow JH, Parchment RE. Effect of a Smac Mimetic (TL32711, Birinapant) on the Apoptotic Program and Apoptosis Biomarkers Examined with Validated Multiplex Immunoassays Fit for Clinical Use. Clin Cancer Res 2016; 22:1000-10. [PMID: 26446940 PMCID: PMC4755826 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-14-3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To support clinical pharmacodynamic evaluation of the Smac mimetic TL32711 (birinapant) and other apoptosis-targeting drugs, we describe the development, validation, and application of novel immunoassays for 15 cytosolic and membrane-associated proteins indicative of the induction, onset, and commitment to apoptosis in human tumors. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN The multiplex immunoassays were constructed on the Luminex platform with apoptosis biomarkers grouped into three panels. Panel 1 contains Bak, Bax, total caspase-3, total lamin-B (intact and 45 kDa fragment), and Smac; panel 2 contains Bad, Bax-Bcl-2 heterodimer, Bcl-xL, Bim, and Mcl1; and panel 3 contains active (cleaved) caspase-3, Bcl-xL-Bak heterodimer, Mcl1-Bak heterodimer, pS99-Bad, and survivin. Antibody specificity was confirmed by immunoprecipitation and Western blot analysis. RESULTS Two laboratories analytically validated the multiplex immunoassays for application with core-needle biopsy samples processed to control preanalytical variables; the biologic variability for each biomarker was estimated from xenograft measurements. Studies of TL32711 in xenograft models confirmed a dose-dependent increase in activated caspase-3 6 hours after dosing and provided assay fit-for-purpose confirmation. Coincident changes in cytosolic lamin-B and subsequent changes in Bcl-xL provided correlative evidence of caspase-3 activation. The validated assay is suitable for use with clinical specimens; 14 of 15 biomarkers were quantifiable in patient core-needle biopsies. CONCLUSIONS The validated multiplex immunoassays developed for this study provided proof of mechanism data for TL32711 and are suitable for quantifying apoptotic biomarkers in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Apurva K Srivastava
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland.
| | - Soumya Jaganathan
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Melinda G Hollingshead
- Biological Testing Branch, Developmental Therapeutics Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | | | - Jeevan Prasaad Govindharajulu
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Dominic Esposito
- Protein Expression Laboratory, Cancer Research Technology Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | | | - Robert J Kinders
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
| | - Naoko Takebe
- Investigational Drug Branch, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Joseph E Tomaszewski
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - James H Doroshow
- Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ralph E Parchment
- Laboratory of Human Toxicology and Pharmacology, Applied/Developmental Research Directorate, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland
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271
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyan Jiang
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058Germany
| | - Hansi Zhang
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058Germany
| | - Rainer A. Böckmann
- Computational Biology, Department of Biology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, 91058Germany
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272
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Cardiolipin or MTCH2 can serve as tBID receptors during apoptosis. Cell Death Differ 2016; 23:1165-74. [PMID: 26794447 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, proapoptotic BAX and BAK trigger mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) permeabilization by a mechanism that is not yet fully understood. BH3-only proteins such as tBID, together with lipids of the MOM, are thought to play a key role in BAX and BAK activation. In particular, cardiolipin (CL) has been shown to stimulate tBID-induced BAX activation in vitro. However, it is still unclear whether this process also relies on CL in the cell, or whether it is more dependent on MTCH2, a proposed receptor for tBID present in the MOM. To address this issue, we deleted both alleles of cardiolipin synthase in human HCT116 cells by homologous recombination, which resulted in a complete absence of CL. The CL-deficient cells were fully viable in glucose but displayed impaired oxidative phosphorylation and an inability to grow in galactose. Using these cells, we found that CL was not required for either tBID-induced BAX activation, or for apoptosis in response to treatment with TRAIL. Downregulation of MTCH2 in HCT116 cells also failed to prevent recruitment of tBID to mitochondria in apoptotic conditions. However, when both CL and MTCH2 were depleted, a significant reduction in tBID recruitment was observed, suggesting that in HCT116 cells, CL and MTCH2 can have redundant functions in this process.
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273
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Anantharaman A, Hemachandran H, Mohan S, Manikoth Ayyathan D, D TK, C GPD, Siva R. Induction of apoptosis by apocarotenoids in B16 melanoma cells through ROS-mediated mitochondrial-dependent pathway. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2015.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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274
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Simonyan L, Renault TT, da Costa Novais MJ, Sousa MJ, Côrte-Real M, Camougrand N, Gonzalez C, Manon S. Regulation of Bax/mitochondria interaction by AKT. FEBS Lett 2015; 590:13-21. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Stéphen Manon
- CNRS; Université de Bordeaux, UMR5095; Bordeaux France
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275
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Zhang G, An Y, Lu X, Zhong H, Zhu Y, Wu Y, Ma F, Yang J, Liu Y, Zhou Z, Peng Y, Chen Z. A Novel Naphthalimide Compound Restores p53 Function in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer by Reorganizing the Bak·Bcl-xl Complex and Triggering Transcriptional Regulation. J Biol Chem 2015; 291:4211-25. [PMID: 26668309 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.669978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 inactivation is a hallmark in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). It is therefore highly desirable to develop tumor-specific treatment for NSCLC therapy by restoring p53 function. Herein, a novel naphthalimide compound, NA-17, was identified as a promising drug candidate in view of both its anticancer activity and mechanism of action. NA-17 exhibited strong anticancer activity on a broad range of cancer cell lines but showed low toxicity to normal cell lines, such as HL-7702 and WI-38. Moreover, NA-17 showed p53-dependent inhibition selectivity in different NSCLC cell lines due to the activation state of endogenous p53 in the background level. Further studies revealed that NA-17 caused cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase, changed cell size, and induced apoptosis and cell death by increasing the proportion of sub-G1 cells. Molecular mechanism studies suggested that targeted accumulation of phospho-p53 in mitochondria and nuclei induced by NA-17 resulted in activation of Bak and direct binding of phospho-p53 to the target DNA sequences, thereby evoking cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and eventually leading to irreversible cancer cell inhibition. This work provided new insights into the molecular interactions and anticancer mechanisms of phospho-p53-dependent naphthalimide compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohai Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yunfeng An
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Xing Lu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Hui Zhong
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yanhong Zhu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yiming Wu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Feng'e Ma
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Jingmei Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yancheng Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zuping Zhou
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Yan Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
| | - Zhenfeng Chen
- From the State Key Laboratory for the Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, School of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Guangxi Normal University, Guilin 541004, China
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276
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Peraro MD, van der Goot FG. Pore-forming toxins: ancient, but never really out of fashion. Nat Rev Microbiol 2015; 14:77-92. [DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro.2015.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 476] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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277
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de Brot S, Schade B, Croci M, Dettwiler M, Guscetti F. Sequence and partial functional analysis of canine Bcl-2 family proteins. Res Vet Sci 2015; 104:126-35. [PMID: 26850551 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dogs present with spontaneous neoplasms biologically similar to human cancers. Apoptotic pathways are deregulated during cancer genesis and progression and are important for therapy. We have assessed the degree of conservation of a set of canine Bcl-2 family members with the human and murine orthologs. To this end, seven complete canine open reading frames were cloned in this family, four of which are novel for the dog, their sequences were analyzed, and their functional interactions were studied in yeasts. We found a high degree of overall and domain sequence homology between canine and human proteins. It was slightly higher than between murine and human proteins. Functional interactions between canine pro-apoptotic Bax and Bak and anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL, Bcl-w, and Mcl-1 were recapitulated in yeasts. Our data provide support for the notion that systems based on canine-derived proteins might faithfully reproduce Bcl-2 family member interactions known from other species and establish the yeast as a useful tool for functional studies with canine proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- S de Brot
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - B Schade
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Croci
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - M Dettwiler
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - F Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland.
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278
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279
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Sensitization of Melanoma Cells for Death Ligand TRAIL Is Based on Cell Cycle Arrest, ROS Production, and Activation of Proapoptotic Bcl-2 Proteins. J Invest Dermatol 2015; 135:2794-2804. [DOI: 10.1038/jid.2015.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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280
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Chen C, Qincao L, Xu J, Du S, Huang E, Liu C, Lin Z, Xie WB, Wang H. Role of PUMA in methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:149-60. [PMID: 26524635 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to methamphetamine (METH), a widely used illicit drug, has been shown to cause neuron apoptosis. p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis (PUMA) is a key mediator in neuronal apoptosis. This study aimed to examine the effects of PUMA in METH-induced neuronal apoptosis. We determined PUMA protein expression in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells after METH exposure using western blot. We also observed the effect of METH on neuronal apoptosis after silencing PUMA expression with siRNA using TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. Additionally, to investigate possible mechanisms of METH-induced PUMA-mediated neuronal apoptosis, we measured the protein expression of apoptotic markers, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax, B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) and cytochrome c (cyto c), after METH treatment with or without PUMA knockdown. Results showed that METH exposure induced cell apoptosis, increased PUMA protein levels, activated caspase-3 and PARP, elevated Bax and reduced Bcl-2 expression, as well as increased the release of cyto c from mitochondria to the cytoplasm in both PC12 and SH-SY5Y cells. All these effects were attenuated or reversed after silencing PUMA. A schematic depicting the role of PUMA in METH-induced mitochondrial apoptotic pathway was proposed. Our results suggest that PUMA plays an important role in METH-triggered apoptosis and it may be a potential target for ameliorating neuronal injury and apoptosis caused by METH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanxiang Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Litao Qincao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingtao Xu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihao Du
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Enping Huang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Guangzhou Forensic Science Institute, Guangzhou 510030, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine, Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA
| | - Wei-Bing Xie
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huijun Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, People's Republic of China.
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281
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Impact of the combined loss of BOK, BAX and BAK on the hematopoietic system is slightly more severe than compound loss of BAX and BAK. Cell Death Dis 2015; 6:e1938. [PMID: 26492371 PMCID: PMC4632322 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2015.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is well established that BAX and BAK play crucial, overlapping roles in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. Gene targeted mice lacking both BAX and BAK have previously been generated, but the majority of these animals died perinatally. BOK is a poorly studied relative of BAX and BAK that shares extensive amino acid sequence homology to both proteins, but its function remains largely unclear to date. To determine whether BOK plays an overlapping role with BAX and BAK, we utilized a hematopoietic reconstitution model where lethally irradiated wild type mice were transplanted with Bok−/−Bax−/−Bak−/− triple knockout (TKO) fetal liver cells, and compared alongside mice reconstituted with a Bax−/−Bak−/− double knockout (DKO) hematopoietic compartment. We report here that mice with a TKO and DKO hematopoietic system died at a similar rate and much earlier than control animals, mostly due to severe autoimmune pathology. Both TKO and DKO reconstituted mice also had altered frequencies of various leukocyte subsets in the thymus, bone marrow and spleen, displayed leukocyte infiltrates and autoimmune pathology in multiple tissues, as well as elevated levels of anti-nuclear autoantibodies. Interestingly, the additional deletion of BOK (on top of BAX and BAK loss) led to a further increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes, as well as enhanced lymphoid infiltration in some organs. These findings suggest that BOK may have some functions that are redundant with BAX and BAK in the hematopoietic system.
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282
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Lu P, Bruno BJ, Rabenau M, Lim CS. Delivery of drugs and macromolecules to the mitochondria for cancer therapy. J Control Release 2015; 240:38-51. [PMID: 26482081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are organelles that have pivotal functions in producing the energy necessary for life and executing the cell death pathway. Targeting drugs and macromolecules to the mitochondria may provide an effective means of inducing cell death for cancer therapy, and has been actively pursued in the last decade. This review will provide a brief overview of mitochondrial structure and function, how it relates to cancer, and importantly, will discuss different strategies of mitochondrial delivery including delivery using small molecules, peptides, genes encoding proteins and MTSs, and targeting polymers/nanoparticles with payloads to the mitochondria. The advantages and disadvantages for each strategy will be discussed. Specific examples using the latest strategies for mitochondrial targeting will be evaluated, as well as potential opportunities for specific mitochondrial compartment localization, which may lead to improvements in mitochondrial therapeutics. Future perspectives in mitochondrial targeting of drugs and macromolecules will be discussed. Currently this is an under-explored area that is prime for new discoveries in cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phong Lu
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Benjamin J Bruno
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Malena Rabenau
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmacy, Phillips-Universität, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Carol S Lim
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 30 S. 2000 E., University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
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283
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Chen HC, Kanai M, Inoue-Yamauchi A, Tu HC, Huang Y, Ren D, Kim H, Takeda S, Reyna DE, Chan PM, Ganesan YT, Liao CP, Gavathiotis E, Hsieh JJ, Cheng EH. An interconnected hierarchical model of cell death regulation by the BCL-2 family. Nat Cell Biol 2015; 17:1270-81. [PMID: 26344567 PMCID: PMC4589531 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Multidomain proapoptotic BAX and BAK, once activated, permeabilize mitochondria to trigger apoptosis, whereas antiapoptotic BCL-2 members preserve mitochondrial integrity. The BH3-only molecules (BH3s) promote apoptosis by either activating BAX-BAK or inactivating antiapoptotic members. Here, we present biochemical and genetic evidence that NOXA is a bona fide activator BH3. Using combinatorial gain-of-function and loss-of-function approaches in Bid−/−Bim−/−Puma−/−Noxa−/− and Bax−/−Bak−/− cells, we have constructed an interconnected hierarchical model that accommodates and explains how the intricate interplays between the BCL-2 members dictate cellular survival versus death. BID, BIM, PUMA and NOXA directly induce stepwise, bimodal activation of BAX-BAK. BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1 inhibit both modes of BAX-BAK activation by sequestering activator BH3s and “BH3-exposed” monomers of BAX-BAK, respectively. Furthermore, autoactivation of BAX and BAK can occur independently of activator BH3s through downregulation of BCL-2, BCL-XL and MCL-1. Our studies lay a foundation on targeting the BCL-2 family for treating diseases with dysregulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Chen Chen
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Masayuki Kanai
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Akane Inoue-Yamauchi
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Ho-Chou Tu
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yafen Huang
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Decheng Ren
- Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York 11794, USA
| | - Shugaku Takeda
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Denis E Reyna
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Po M Chan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yogesh Tengarai Ganesan
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Chung-Ping Liao
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Evripidis Gavathiotis
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - James J Hsieh
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Emily H Cheng
- Human Oncology and Pathogenesis Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, Cornell University, New York, New York 10065, USA
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284
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Jang HS, Padanilam BJ. Simultaneous deletion of Bax and Bak is required to prevent apoptosis and interstitial fibrosis in obstructive nephropathy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2015; 309:F540-50. [PMID: 26180237 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00170.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Proximal tubular injury and apoptosis are key mediators of the development of kidney fibrosis, a hallmark of chronic kidney disease. However, the molecular mechanism by which tubular apoptotic cell death leads to kidney fibrosis is poorly understood. In the present study, we tested the roles of Bcl-2-associated X (Bax) and Bcl-2 antagonist/killer (Bak), two crucial proteins involved in intrinsic apoptotic cell death, in the progression of kidney fibrosis. Mice with proximal tubule-specific Bax deletion, systemic deletion of Bak, and dual deletion of Bax and Bak were subjected to unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Dual deficiency of Bax and Bak inhibited tubular apoptosis and atrophy. Consistent with decreased tubular injury, dual ablation of Bax and Bak suppressed UUO-induced inflammation and kidney fibrosis with decreased tubular cell cycle arrest, expression of fibrogenic and inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress in the kidney. Bax or Bak deficiency was insufficient to prevent apoptosis and all other aforementioned malevolent effects, suggesting compensatory mediation by each other in the respective signaling pathways. These data suggest that dual ablation of Bax and Bak in the kidney is required to prevent UUO-induced tubular apoptosis and the consequent kidney inflammation and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Seong Jang
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and
| | - Babu J Padanilam
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska; and Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska
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285
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Renault TT, Teijido O, Missire F, Ganesan YT, Velours G, Arokium H, Beaumatin F, Llanos R, Athané A, Camougrand N, Priault M, Antonsson B, Dejean LM, Manon S. Bcl-xL stimulates Bax relocation to mitochondria and primes cells to ABT-737. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:136-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2014] [Revised: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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286
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Lee H, Lee H, Chin H, Kim K, Lee D. ERBB3 knockdown induces cell cycle arrest and activation of Bak and Bax-dependent apoptosis in colon cancer cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:5138-52. [PMID: 24970817 PMCID: PMC4148128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
ERBB3 is an emerging target for cancer therapy among the EGFR family. Contrary to resistance against EGFR and ERBB2 targeting, the genetic inhibition of ERBB3 results in anti-tumorigenic in HCT116 colon cancer cells harboring constitutively active KRAS and PIK3CA mutations. Still, the anti-tumorigenic molecular mechanism has not been defined. We demonstrated in this study that ERBB3 knockdown resulted in cell cycle arrest and activation of Bak and Bax-dependent apoptosis. Apoptosis was irrelevant to the majority of BH3-only pro-apoptotic proteins and correlated with the transcriptional upregulation of Bak and p53-dependent Bax translocation. Treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, resulted in cell cycle arrest without apoptosis and a concomitant down-regulation of cap-dependent translation by the suppression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. However, the inhibition of cap-dependent translation by ERBB3 knockdown occurred without altering the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. In addition, ERBB3 knockdown-induced cell cycle arrest was observed in most colon cancer cells but was accompanied by apoptosis in p53 wild-type cells. These results indicate that ERBB3 is a potential target for EGFR- and ERBB2-resistant colon cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunji Lee
- Department of Life Science Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Hyunjung Lee
- Department of Life Science Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Hyunjung Chin
- Department of Life Science Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Department of Life Science Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea
| | - Daekee Lee
- Department of Life Science Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea. GT5 program, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, S. Korea
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287
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Song CL, Tang H, Ran LK, Ko BCB, Zhang ZZ, Chen X, Ren JH, Tao NN, Li WY, Huang AL, Chen J. Sirtuin 3 inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth through the glycogen synthase kinase-3β/BCL2-associated X protein-dependent apoptotic pathway. Oncogene 2015; 35:631-41. [PMID: 25915842 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
SIRT3 is a class III histone deacetylase that has been implicated in a variety of cancers. The role of SIRT3 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, we found that SIRT3 expression was frequently repressed in HCC and its downregulation was closely associated with tumor grade and size. Ectopic expression of SIRT3 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis in HCC cells, whereas depletion of SIRT3 in immortalized hepatocyte promoted cell growth and decreased epirubicin-induced apoptosis. Mechanistic studies revealed that SIRT3 deacetylated and activated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β), which subsequently induced expression and mitochondrial translocation of the pro-apoptotic protein BCL2-associated X protein (Bax) to promote apoptosis. GSK-3β inhibitor or gene silencing of BAX reversed SIRT3-induced growth inhibition and apoptosis. Furthermore, SIRT3 overexpression also suppressed tumor growth in vivo. Together, this study reveals a role of SIRT3/GSK-3β/Bax signaling pathway in the suppression of HCC growth, and also suggests that targeting this pathway may represent a potential therapeutic approach for HCC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-L Song
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - H Tang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - L-K Ran
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - B C B Ko
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China.,State Key Laboratory of Chirosciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Z-Z Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - X Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - J-H Ren
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - N-N Tao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - W-Y Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - A-L Huang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,The Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - J Chen
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and the Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Infectious Diseases Designated by the Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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288
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Alsop AE, Fennell SC, Bartolo RC, Tan IKL, Dewson G, Kluck RM. Dissociation of Bak α1 helix from the core and latch domains is required for apoptosis. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6841. [PMID: 25880232 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During apoptosis, Bak permeabilizes mitochondria after undergoing major conformational changes, including poorly defined N-terminal changes. Here, we characterize those changes using 11 antibodies that were epitope mapped using peptide arrays and mutagenesis. After Bak activation by Bid, epitopes throughout the α1 helix are exposed indicating complete dissociation of α1 from α2 in the core and from α6-α8 in the latch. Moreover, disulfide tethering of α1 to α2 or α6 blocks cytochrome c release, suggesting that α1 dissociation is required for further conformational changes during apoptosis. Assaying epitope exposure when α1 is tethered shows that Bid triggers α2 movement, followed by α1 dissociation. However, α2 reaches its final position only after α1 dissociates from the latch. Thus, α1 dissociation is a key step in unfolding Bak into three major components, the N terminus, the core (α2-α5) and the latch (α6-α8).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber E Alsop
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Stephanie C Fennell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ray C Bartolo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Iris K L Tan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Ruth M Kluck
- 1] The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia [2] Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
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289
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Park JH, Jang KJ, Kim CH, Kim JH, Kim YK, Yoon HM. Ganoderma Lucidum Pharmacopuncture for Teating Ethanol-induced Chronic Gastric Ulcers in Rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 18:72-8. [PMID: 25830061 PMCID: PMC4379478 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2015.18.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: The stomach is a sensitive digestive organ that is susceptible to exogenous pathogens from the diet. In response to such pathogens, the stomach induces oxidative stress, which might be related to the development of both gastric organic disorders such as gastritis, gastric ulcers, and gastric cancer, and functional disorders such as functional dyspepsia. This study was accomplished to investigate the effect of Ganoderma lucidum pharmacopuncture (GLP) on chronic gastric ulcers in rats. Methods: The rats were divided into 4 groups of 8 animals each: the normal, the control, the normal saline (NP) and the GLP groups. In this study, the modified ethanol gastritis model was used. The rats were administrated 56% ethanol orally every other day. The dose of ethanol was 8 g/kg body weight. The normal group received the same amount of normal saline instead of ethanol. The NP and the GLP groups were treated with injection of saline and GLP respectively. The control group received no treatment. Two local acupoints CV12 (中脘) and ST36 (足三里) were used. All laboratory rats underwent treatment for 15 days. On last day, the rats were sacrificed and their stomachs were immediately excised. Results: Ulcers of the gastric mucosa appeared as elongated bands of hemorrhagic lesions parallel to the long axis of the stomach. In the NP and GLP groups, the injuries to the gastric mucosal injuries were not as severe as they were in the control group. Wound healings of the chronic gastric ulcers was promoted by using GLP and significant alterations of the indices in the gastric mucosa were observed. Such protection was demonstrated by gross appearance, histology and immunehistochemistry staining for Bcl-2-associated X (BAX), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Conclusion: These results suggest that GLP at CV12 and ST36 can provide significant protection to the gastric mucosa against an ethanol induced chronic gastric ulcer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Heung Park
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jun Jang
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Young-Kyun Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
| | - Hyun-Min Yoon
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion, College of Korean Medicine, Dong-Eui University, Busan, Korea
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290
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Iyer S, Bell F, Westphal D, Anwari K, Gulbis J, Smith BJ, Dewson G, Kluck RM. Bak apoptotic pores involve a flexible C-terminal region and juxtaposition of the C-terminal transmembrane domains. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1665-75. [PMID: 25744027 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bak and Bax mediate apoptotic cell death by oligomerizing and forming a pore in the mitochondrial outer membrane. Both proteins anchor to the outer membrane via a C-terminal transmembrane domain, although its topology within the apoptotic pore is not known. Cysteine-scanning mutagenesis and hydrophilic labeling confirmed that in healthy mitochondria the Bak α9 segment traverses the outer membrane, with 11 central residues shielded from labeling. After pore formation those residues remained shielded, indicating that α9 does not line a pore. Bak (and Bax) activation allowed linkage of α9 to neighboring α9 segments, identifying an α9:α9 interface in Bak (and Bax) oligomers. Although the linkage pattern along α9 indicated a preferred packing surface, there was no evidence of a dimerization motif. Rather, the interface was invoked in part by Bak conformation change and in part by BH3:groove dimerization. The α9:α9 interaction may constitute a secondary interface in Bak oligomers, as it could link BH3:groove dimers to high-order oligomers. Moreover, as high-order oligomers were generated when α9:α9 linkage in the membrane was combined with α6:α6 linkage on the membrane surface, the α6-α9 region in oligomerized Bak is flexible. These findings provide the first view of Bak carboxy terminus (C terminus) membrane topology within the apoptotic pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Iyer
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - F Bell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia
| | - D Westphal
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - K Anwari
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - J Gulbis
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - B J Smith
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Sciences, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | - G Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - R M Kluck
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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291
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Lalaoui N, Lindqvist LM, Sandow JJ, Ekert PG. The molecular relationships between apoptosis, autophagy and necroptosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 39:63-9. [PMID: 25736836 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Cells are constantly subjected to a vast range of potentially lethal insults, which may activate specific molecular pathways that have evolved to kill the cell. Cell death pathways are defined partly by their morphology, and more specifically by the molecules that regulate and enact them. As these pathways become more thoroughly characterized, interesting molecular links between them have emerged, some still controversial and others hinting at the physiological and pathophysiological roles these death pathways play. We describe specific molecular programs controlling cell death, with a focus on some of the distinct features of the pathways and the molecular links between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najoua Lalaoui
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Lisa M Lindqvist
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Jarrod J Sandow
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia.
| | - Paul G Ekert
- Division of Cell Signalling and Cell Death, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute, 1G Royal Parade, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Royal Children's Hospital, Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia.
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292
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Abstract
This report is designed to study the ability of the combined treatment with gemcitabine (Gem) and dihydroartemisinin (DHA) to induce apoptosis in a non-small-cell lung cancer cell line (A549 cells). This combination treatment synergistically inhibited cell growth by inducing apoptosis, and this synergistic action was not associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS). Although either Gem or DHA induced a significant increase in ROS generation, the combination treatment did not further enhance ROS level. Compared with single drugs, the combination treatment significantly potentiated Bak activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, caspase-9 and -3 activation, indicating the important role of the Bak-mediated intrinsic apoptosis pathway in the synergistic action, which was further verified by the significant prevention of the cytotoxicity of the combination treatment by inhibiting one of caspase-9, -3 and Bcl-xL or silencing Bak. In addition, the combination treatment also synergistically activated caspase-8, and inhibition of Fas and caspase-8 presented significant prevention on the cytotoxicity of the combination treatment, indicating that the Fas-caspase-8-mediated extrinsic apoptosis pathway partially participated in the synergistic action. Collectively, the present study demonstrates a strong synergistic action of the combined treatment with Gem and DHA in inducing apoptosis of A549 cells via both the Bak-mediated intrinsic pathway and the Fas-caspase-8-mediated extrinsic pathway.
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293
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Abstract
Mechanisms that lead to the death of hair cells are reviewed. Exposure to noise, the use of ototoxic drugs that damage the cochlea and old age are accompanied by hair cell death. Outer hair cells are often more susceptible than inner hair cells, partly because of an intrinsically greater susceptibility; high frequency cells are also more vulnerable. A common factor in hair cell loss following age-related changes and exposure to ototoxic drugs or high noise levels is the generation of reactive oxygen species, which can trigger intrinsic apoptosis (the mitochondrial pathway). However, hair cell death is sometimes produced via an extracellular signal pathway triggering extrinsic apoptosis. Necrosis and necroptosis also play a role and, in various situations in which cochlear damage occurs, a balance exists between these possible routes of cell death, with no one mechanism being exclusively activated. Finally, the numerous studies on these mechanisms of hair cell death have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic agents, some of which have been used to attempt to treat people exposed to damaging events, although clinical trials are not yet conclusive. Continued work in this area is likely to lead to clinical treatments that could be used to prevent or ameliorate hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- David N Furness
- School of Life Sciences, Keele University, Keele, Staffordshire, ST5 5BG, UK,
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294
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Siddiqui WA, Ahad A, Ahsan H. The mystery of BCL2 family: Bcl-2 proteins and apoptosis: an update. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:289-317. [PMID: 25618543 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1448-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 477] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a critically important biological process that plays an essential role in cell fate and homeostasis. An important component of the apoptotic pathway is the family of proteins commonly known as the B cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2). The primary role of Bcl-2 family members is the regulation of apoptosis. Although the structure of Bcl-2 family of proteins was reported nearly 10 years ago, however, it still surprises us with its structural and functional complexity and diversity. A number of studies have demonstrated that Bcl-2 family influences many other cellular processes beyond apoptosis which are generally independent of the regulation of apoptosis, suggesting additional roles for Bcl-2. The disruption of the regulation of apoptosis is a causative event in many diseases. Since the Bcl-2 family of proteins is the key regulator of apoptosis, the abnormalities in its function have been implicated in many diseases including cancer, neurodegenerative disorders, ischemia and autoimmune diseases. In the past few years, our understanding of the mechanism of action of Bcl-2 family of proteins and its implications in various pathological conditions has enhanced significantly. The focus of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the structure and function of Bcl-2 family of proteins in apoptotic cellular processes. A number of drugs have been developed in the past few years that target different Bcl-2 members. The role of Bcl-2 proteins in the pathogenesis of various diseases and their pharmacological significance as effective molecular therapeutic targets is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waseem Ahmad Siddiqui
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Jamia Hamdard (Hamdard University), New Delhi, 110062, India
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295
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Singh DV, Agarwal S, Singh P, Godbole MM, Misra K. Curcumin conjugates induce apoptosis via a mitochondrion dependent pathway in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 14:5797-804. [PMID: 24289580 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.10.5797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to enhance the bioavailability of curcumin its conjugates with piperic acid and glycine were synthesized by esterifying the 4 and 4' phenolic hydroxyls, the sites of metabolic conjugation. Antiproliferative and apoptotic efficacy of synthesized conjugates was investigated in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cell lines. IC50 values of di-O-glycinoyl (CDG) and di-O-piperoyl (CDP) esters of curcumin were found to be comparable with that of curcumin. Both conjugates induced chromatin condensation fragmentation and apoptotic body formation. CDP exposure to MCF-7 cells induced apoptosis initiating loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) followed by inhibition of translocation of transcription factor NF-kB and release of Cytochrome-C. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was evaluated by fluorescent activated cell sorter. Change in ratio of Bcl2/ Bclxl was observed, suggesting permeablization of mitochondrial membrane leading to the release of AIF, Smac and other apoptogenic molecules. DNA fragmentation as a hallmark for apoptosis was monitored by TUNEL as well as agrose gel electrophoresis. Thus, it was proven that conjugation does not affect the therapeutic potential of parent molecule in vitro, while these could work in vivo as prodrugs with enhanced pharmacokinetic profile. Pharmacokinetics of these molecules under in vivo conditions is a further scope of this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Durg Vijay Singh
- Department of Bioinformatics, Indian Institute of Information Technology, Allahabad, India E-mail :
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296
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Azova MM, Blagonravov ML, Frolov VA. Effect of phosphocreatine and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in left-ventricular cardiomyocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; 158:313-4. [PMID: 25573357 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-015-2749-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of phosphocreatine and ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate on the expression of Bax and Bcl-2 proteins in left-ventricular cardiomyocytes of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Both drugs have no effect on the expression of Bcl-2, but significantly reduce the level of Bax protein (phosphocreatine produces more pronounced effect). These data attest to an important role of energy deficit and oxidative stress in the induction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in genetically determined arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Azova
- Department of General Pathology and Pathophysiology, People's Friendship University of Russia, Moscow, Russia,
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297
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N-(1-pyrenyl) maleimide induces bak oligomerization and mitochondrial dysfunction in Jurkat Cells. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:798489. [PMID: 25632401 PMCID: PMC4302375 DOI: 10.1155/2015/798489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Revised: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
N-(1-pyrenyl) maleimide (NPM) is a fluorescent reagent that is frequently used as a derivatization agent for the detection of thio-containing compounds. NPM has been shown to display a great differential cytotoxicity against hematopoietic cancer cells. In this study, the molecular mechanism by which NPM induces apoptosis was examined. Here, we show that treatment of Jurkat cells with NPM leads to Bak oligomerization, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm), and release of cytochrome C from mitochondria to cytosol. Induction of Bak oligomerization appears to play a critical role in NPM-induced apoptosis, as downregulation of Bak by shRNA significantly prevented NPM-induced apoptosis. Inhibition of caspase 8 by Z-IETD-FMK and/or depletion of Bid did not affect NPM-induced oligomerization of Bak. Taken together, these results suggest that NPM-induced apoptosis is mediated through a pathway that is independent of caspase-8 activation.
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298
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Suppression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and apoptotic pathways by miR-294/302 family synergistically blocks let-7-induced silencing of self-renewal in embryonic stem cells. Cell Death Differ 2014; 22:1158-69. [PMID: 25501598 PMCID: PMC4572863 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The embryonic stem cell (ESC)-enriched miR-294/302 family and the somatic cell-enriched let-7 family stabilizes the self-renewing and differentiated cell fates, respectively. The mechanisms underlying these processes remain unknown. Here we show that among many pathways regulated by miR-294/302, the combinatorial suppression of epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) and apoptotic pathways is sufficient in maintaining the self-renewal of ESCs. The silencing of ESC self-renewal by let-7 was accompanied by the upregulation of several EMT regulators and the induction of apoptosis. The ectopic activation of either EMT or apoptotic program is sufficient in silencing ESC self-renewal. However, only combined but not separate suppression of the two programs inhibited the silencing of ESC self-renewal by let-7 and several other differentiation-inducing miRNAs. These findings demonstrate that combined repression of the EMT and apoptotic pathways by miR-294/302 imposes a synergistic barrier to the silencing of ESC self-renewal, supporting a model whereby miRNAs regulate complicated cellular processes through synergistic repression of multiple targets or pathways.
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299
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Mehta N, Taylor J, Quilty D, Barry M. Ectromelia virus encodes an anti-apoptotic protein that regulates cell death. Virology 2014; 475:74-87. [PMID: 25462348 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis serves as a powerful defense against damaged or pathogen-infected cells. Since apoptosis is an effective defense against viral infection, many viruses including poxviruses, encode proteins to prevent or delay apoptosis. Here we show that ectromelia virus, the causative agent of mousepox encodes an anti-apoptotic protein EVM025. Here we demonstrate that expression of functional EVM025 is crucial to prevent apoptosis triggered by virus infection and staurosporine. We demonstrate that the expression of EVM025 prevents the conformational activation of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bak and Bax, allowing the maintenance of mitochondrial membrane integrity upon infection with ECTV. Additionally, EVM025 interacted with intracellular Bak. We were able to demonstrate that EVM025 ability to inhibit Bax activation is a function of its ability to inhibit the activity of an upstream BH3 only protein Bim. Collectively, our data indicates that EVM025 inhibits apoptosis by sequestering Bak and inhibiting the activity of Bak and Bax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninad Mehta
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - John Taylor
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Douglas Quilty
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Michele Barry
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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300
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Sheng JJ, Chen Y, Chang H, Wang YY, Jiao B, Yu ZB. Multisite phosphorylation of Bcl-2 via protein kinase Cδfacilitates apoptosis of hypertrophic cardiomyocytes. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2014; 41:891-901. [DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Sheng
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Hui Chang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Yun-Ying Wang
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Bo Jiao
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
| | - Zhi-Bin Yu
- Department of Aerospace Physiology; Fourth Military Medical University; Xi'an China
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