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Circulating microRNA-19a as a potential novel biomarker for diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:20355-64. [PMID: 25383678 PMCID: PMC4264171 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151120355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is a serious cardiovascular disease. Investigating new susceptibility genes for effective methods of early diagnosis of AMI is important. In the current study, peripheral blood miR-19a levels were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Significant differences and logistic correlation analyses were carried out by grouping of disease types and stratification of risk factors. Receiver-operator characteristic curve analysis was used to compare the current common clinical biochemical markers and evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of miR-19a for diagnosing AMI. Circulating miR-19a expression in the AMI group was higher than that in controls. The diagnostic effect of circulating miR-19a levels was superior to current clinical biochemical indices, such as CK, CK-MB, MYO, hs-TnI, and BNP. Our results show that there is a close association of circulating miR-19a levels with susceptibility to AMI. Circulating miR-19a levels could be a candidate diagnostic biomarker for AMI.
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252
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Corella D, Ordovás JM. Aging and cardiovascular diseases: the role of gene-diet interactions. Ageing Res Rev 2014; 18:53-73. [PMID: 25159268 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In the study of longevity, increasing importance is being placed on the concept of healthy aging rather than considering the total number of years lived. Although the concept of healthy lifespan needs to be defined better, we know that cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the main age-related diseases. Thus, controlling risk factors will contribute to reducing their incidence, leading to healthy lifespan. CVDs are complex diseases influenced by numerous genetic and environmental factors. Numerous gene variants that are associated with a greater or lesser risk of the different types of CVD and of intermediate phenotypes (i.e., hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, diabetes) have been successfully identified. However, despite the close link between aging and CVD, studies analyzing the genes related to human longevity have not obtained consistent results and there has been little coincidence in the genes identified in both fields. The APOE gene stands out as an exception, given that it has been identified as being relevant in CVD and longevity. This review analyzes the genomic and epigenomic factors that may contribute to this, ranging from identifying longevity genes in model organisms to the importance of gene-diet interactions (outstanding among which is the case of the TCF7L2 gene).
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253
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Shan JP, Wang XL, Qiao YG, Wan Yan HX, Huang WH, Pang SC, Yan B. Novel and functional DNA sequence variants within the GATA5 gene promoter in ventricular septal defects. World J Pediatr 2014; 10:348-53. [PMID: 25515806 DOI: 10.1007/s12519-014-0511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common human birth defect. Genetic causes for CHD remain largely unknown. GATA transcription factor 5 (GATA 5) is an essential regulator for the heart development. Mutations in the GATA5 gene have been reported in patients with a variety of CHD. Since misregulation of gene expression have been associated with human diseases, we speculated that changed levels of cardiac transcription factors, GATA5, may mediate the development of CHD. METHODS In this study, GATA5 gene promoter was genetically and functionally analyzed in large cohorts of patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n=343) and ethnic-matched healthy controls (n=348). RESULTS Two novel and heterozygous DNA sequence variants (DSVs), g.61051165A>G and g.61051463delC, were identified in three VSD patients, but not in the controls. In cultured cardiomyocytes, GATA5 gene promoter activities were significantly decreased by DSV g.61051165A>G and increased by DSV g.61051463delC. Moreover, fathers of the VSD patients carrying the same DSVs had reduced diastolic function of left ventricles. Three SNPs, g.61051279C>T (rs77067995), g.61051327A>C (rs145936691) and g.61051373G>A (rs80197101), and one novel heterozygous DSV, g.61051227C>T, were found in both VSD patients and controls with similar frequencies. CONCLUSION Our data suggested that the DSVs in the GATA5 gene promoter may increase the susceptibility to the development of VSD as a risk factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Ping Shan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, Jining, China
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Suchkova IO, Pavlinova LI, Larionova EE, Alenina NV, Solovyov KV, Baranova TV, Belotserkovskaya EV, Sasina LK, Bader M, Denisenko AD, Mustafina OE, Khusnutdinova EK, Patkin EL. Length polymorphism of the B2-VNTR minisatellite repeat of the bradykinin B2 receptor gene in healthy Russians and patients with coronary heart disease. Mol Biol 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893314050136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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255
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Wen SH, Yeh JI. Cohen's h for detection of disease association with rare genetic variants. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:875. [PMID: 25294186 PMCID: PMC4198687 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The power of the genome wide association studies starts to go down when the minor allele frequency (MAF) is below 0.05. Here, we proposed the use of Cohen’s h in detecting disease associated rare variants. The variance stabilizing effect based on the arcsine square root transformation of MAFs to generate Cohen’s h contributed to the statistical power for rare variants analysis. We re-analyzed published datasets, one microarray and one sequencing based, and used simulation to compare the performance of Cohen’s h with the risk difference (RD) and odds ratio (OR). Results The analysis showed that the type 1 error rate of Cohen’s h was as expected and Cohen’s h and RD were both less biased and had higher power than OR. The advantage of Cohen’s h was more obvious when MAF was less than 0.01. Conclusions Cohen’s h can increase the power to find genetic association of rare variants and diseases, especially when MAF is less than 0.01. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-875) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jih-I Yeh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu-Chi University, 701, Sec 3, Chung-Yang Rd, Hualien 97004, Taiwan.
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256
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Anderson CD, Rosand J. Genome-wide linkage approach yields novel early onset myocardial infarction locus in East Asians. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 6:531-2. [PMID: 24347618 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Anderson
- Center for Human Genetic Research and Division of Neurocritical Care and Emergency Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA
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257
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Novel and functional DNA sequence variants within the GATA6 gene promoter in ventricular septal defects. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:12677-87. [PMID: 25036032 PMCID: PMC4139867 DOI: 10.3390/ijms150712677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect in humans. Genetic causes and underlying molecular mechanisms for isolated CHD remain largely unknown. Studies have demonstrated that GATA transcription factor 6 (GATA6) plays an essential role in the heart development. Mutations in GATA6 gene have been associated with diverse types of CHD. As GATA6 functions in a dosage-dependent manner, we speculated that changed GATA6 levels, resulting from DNA sequence variants (DSVs) within the gene regulatory regions, may mediate the CHD development. In the present study, GATA6 gene promoter was genetically and functionally analyzed in large groups of patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 359) and ethnic-matched healthy controls (n = 365). In total, 11 DSVs, including four SNPs, were identified in VSD patients and controls. Two novel and heterozygous DSVs, g.22169190A>T and g.22169311C>G, were identified in two VSD patients, but in none of controls. In cultured cardiomyocytes, the activities of the GATA6 gene promoter were significantly reduced by the DSVs g.22169190A>T and g.22169311C>G. Therefore, our findings suggested that the DSVs within the GATA6 gene promoter identified in VSD patients may change GATA6 levels, contributing to the VSD development as a risk factor.
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258
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Coleman B, Calzone KA, Jenkins J, Paniagua C, Rivera R, Hong OS, Spruill I, Bonham V. Multi-ethnic minority nurses' knowledge and practice of genetics and genomics. J Nurs Scholarsh 2014; 46:235-44. [PMID: 24758549 PMCID: PMC4883058 DOI: 10.1111/jnu.12083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exploratory studies establishing how well nurses have integrated genomics into practice have demonstrated there remains opportunity for education. However, little is known about educational gaps in multi-ethnic minority nurse populations. The purpose of this study was to determine minority nurses' beliefs, practices, and competency in integrating genetics-genomics information into practice using an online survey tool. DESIGN A cross-sectional survey with registered nurses (RNs) from the participating National Coalition of Ethnic Minority Organizations (NCEMNA). Two phases were used: Phase one had a sample of 27 nurses who determined the feasibility of an online approach to survey completion and need for tool revision. Phase two was a main survey with 389 participants who completed the revised survey. The survey ascertained the genomic knowledge, beliefs, and practice of a sample of multi-ethnic minority nurses who were members of associations comprising the NCEMNA. METHODS The survey was administered online. Descriptive survey responses were analyzed using frequencies and percentages. Categorical responses in which comparisons were analyzed used chi square tests. FINDINGS About 40% of the respondents held a master's degree (39%) and 42% worked in direct patient care. The majority of respondents (79%) reported that education in genomics was important. Ninety-five percent agreed or strongly agreed that family health history could identify at-risk families, 85% reported knowing how to complete a second- and third-generation family history, and 63% felt family history was important to nursing. Conversely, 50% of the respondents felt that their understanding of the genetics of common disease was fair or poor, supported by 54% incorrectly reporting they thought heart disease and diabetes are caused by a single gene variant. Only 30% reported taking a genetics course since licensure, and 94% reported interest in learning more about genomics. Eighty-four percent believed that their ethnic minority nurses' organizations should have a visible role in genetics and genomics in their communities. CONCLUSIONS Most respondents felt genomics is important to integrate into practice but demonstrated knowledge deficits. There was strong interest in the need for continuing education and the role of the ethnic minority organizations in facilitating the continuing education efforts. This study provides evidence of the need for targeted genomic education to prepare ethnic minority nurses to better translate genetics and genomics into practice. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Genomics is critical to the practice of all nurses, most especially family health history assessment and the genomics of common complex diseases. There is a great opportunity and interest to address the genetic-genomic knowledge deficits in the nursing workforce as a strategy to impact patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernice Coleman
- Research Scientist II, Nursing Research and Development, Nurse Practitioner, Heart Transplant and Mechanical Assist Device Programs, Heart Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kathleen A. Calzone
- Senior Nurse Specialist, Research, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute, Center for Cancer Research, Genetics Branch, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jean Jenkins
- Clinical Advisor, National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carmen Paniagua
- Adult Acute Care Nurse Practitioner & Adult Gerontology Acute Care Nurse Practitioner, Advanced Practice Nurse Geneticist, Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Little Rock, AR, USA
| | - Reynaldo Rivera
- Director of Nursing Innovation, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oi Saeng Hong
- Professor, University of California at San Francisco, School of Nursing, Community Health Systems, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ida Spruill
- Assistant Professor, Medical University of South Carolina, College of Nursing, Carleston, SC, USA
| | - Vence Bonham
- Associate Investigator, Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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259
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Alvarez CE. Naturally Occurring Cancers in Dogs: Insights for Translational Genetics and Medicine. ILAR J 2014; 55:16-45. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar/ilu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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260
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Li X, Martinez-Fernandez A, Hartjes KA, Kocher JPA, Olson TM, Terzic A, Nelson TJ. Transcriptional atlas of cardiogenesis maps congenital heart disease interactome. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:482-95. [PMID: 24803680 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00015.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mammalian heart development is built on highly conserved molecular mechanisms with polygenetic perturbations resulting in a spectrum of congenital heart diseases (CHD). However, knowledge of cardiogenic ontogeny that regulates proper cardiogenesis remains largely based on candidate-gene approaches. Mapping the dynamic transcriptional landscape of cardiogenesis from a genomic perspective is essential to integrate the knowledge of heart development into translational applications that accelerate disease discovery efforts toward mechanistic-based treatment strategies. Herein, we designed a time-course transcriptome analysis to investigate the genome-wide dynamic expression landscape of innate murine cardiogenesis ranging from embryonic stem cells to adult cardiac structures. This comprehensive analysis generated temporal and spatial expression profiles, revealed stage-specific gene functions, and mapped the dynamic transcriptome of cardiogenesis to curated pathways. Reconciling known genetic underpinnings of CHD, we deconstructed a disease-centric dynamic interactome encoded within this cardiogenic atlas to identify stage-specific developmental disturbances clustered on regulation of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), BMP signaling, NF-AT signaling, TGFb-dependent EMT, and Notch signaling. Collectively, this cardiogenic transcriptional landscape defines the time-dependent expression of cardiac ontogeny and prioritizes regulatory networks at the interface between health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Li
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | | | - Katherine A Hartjes
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Jean-Pierre A Kocher
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy M Olson
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Andre Terzic
- Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Timothy J Nelson
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Division of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; Transplant Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and Division of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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261
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Xiong JW, Chang NN. Recent advances in heart regeneration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:160-9. [PMID: 24078494 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although cardiac stem cells (CSCs) and tissue engineering are very promising for cardiac regenerative medicine, studies with model organisms for heart regeneration will provide alternative therapeutic targets and opportunities. Here, we present a review on heart regeneration, with a particular focus on the most recent work in mouse and zebrafish. We attempt to summarize the recent progresses and bottlenecks of CSCs and tissue engineering for heart regeneration; and emphasize what we have learned from mouse and zebrafish regenerative models on discovering crucial genetic and epigenetic factors for stimulating heart regeneration; and speculate the potential application of these regenerative factors for heart failure. A brief perspective highlights several important and promising research directions in this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wei Xiong
- are from Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China and State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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262
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İzmirli M, Göktekin Ö, Bacaksız A, Uysal Ö, Kılıç Ü. The effect of the SIRT1 2827 A>G polymorphism, resveratrol, exercise, age and occupation in Turkish population with cardiovascular disease. Anatol J Cardiol 2014; 15:103-6. [PMID: 25252293 PMCID: PMC5336992 DOI: 10.5152/akd.2014.5214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in Europe. One of the candidate molecule affecting epigenetic mechanisms of CVD is the SIRT1, a subclass of sirtuins, is located on the long arm of chromosome 10 (10q21.3). Particularly, the relation between 2827 A>G polymorphism of the SIRT1 positioned on exon 2, leading to conversion of histidine to arginine, and the formation of CVD is not known yet. One of the activator of SIRT1, resveratrol, is also known as a cardioprotective molecule. On the other hand, the parameters including exercise, occupation and age affect CVD. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of the rs144124002 (2827 A>G) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) of SIRT1 and exercise-occupation-age parameters on CVD. Methods: SNP of SIRT1 were analyzed using DNA isolation, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and restriction fragment length polymorphism. To do so, large cohorts of CVD patients (n=293) and healthy controls (n=117) who directed Cardiology Department of Bezmialem Vakıf University, Bezmialem Vakıf University Hospital were used. Results: In this study, when we assessed CVD and control groups about 2827 A>G polymorphism, all individuals were determined as homozygous genotype. We found a positive effect between the modifications of resveratrol, exercise, age and occupation and CVD (OR=0.17; CI 95%, 0.1-0.2; p≤0.001). Conclusion: This is the first study demonstrating the correlation between the SIRT1 rs144124002 polymorphism and CVD in Turkish population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Müzeyyen İzmirli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakıf University; İstanbul-Turkey; Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University; Hatay-Turkey.
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263
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Survey of network-based approaches to research of cardiovascular diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:527029. [PMID: 24772427 PMCID: PMC3977459 DOI: 10.1155/2014/527029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading health problem worldwide. Investigating causes and mechanisms of CVDs calls for an integrative approach that would take into account its complex etiology. Biological networks generated from available data on biomolecular interactions are an excellent platform for understanding interconnectedness of all processes within a living cell, including processes that underlie diseases. Consequently, topology of biological networks has successfully been used for identifying genes, pathways, and modules that govern molecular actions underlying various complex diseases. Here, we review approaches that explore and use relationships between topological properties of biological networks and mechanisms underlying CVDs.
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264
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Abstract
Despite the critical importance of plasma lipoproteins in the development of atherosclerosis, varying degrees of evidence surround the causal associations of lipoproteins with coronary artery disease (CAD). These causal contributions can be assessed by employing genetic variants as unbiased proxies for lipid levels. A relatively large number of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) variants strongly associate with CAD, confirming the causal impact of this lipoprotein on atherosclerosis. Although not as firmly established, genetic evidence supporting a causal role of triglycerides (TG) in CAD is growing. Conversely, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) variants not associated with LDL-C or TG have not yet been shown to be convincingly associated with CAD, raising questions about the causality of HDL-C in atherosclerosis. Finally, genetic variants at the LPA locus associated with lipoprotein(a) [Lp(a)] are decisively linked to CAD, indicating a causal role for Lp(a). Translational investigation of CAD-associated lipid variants may identify novel regulatory pathways with therapeutic potential to alter CAD risk.
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265
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Kilic U, Gok O, Bacaksiz A, Izmirli M, Elibol-Can B, Uysal O. SIRT1 gene polymorphisms affect the protein expression in cardiovascular diseases. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90428. [PMID: 24587358 PMCID: PMC3938716 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the leading cause of death worldwide, is related to gene-environment interactions due to epigenetic factors. SIRT1 protein and its downstream pathways are critical for both normal homeostasis and protection from CVD-induced defects. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between SIRT1 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs7895833 A>G in the promoter region, rs7069102 C>G in intron 4 and rs2273773 C>T in exon 5 silent mutation) and SIRT1 and eNOS (endothelial nitric oxide synthase) protein expression as well as total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS) and oxidative stress index (OSI) in CVD patients as compared to controls. The frequencies of mutant genotypes and alleles for rs7069102 and rs2273773 were significantly higher in patients with CVD compared to control group. The risk for CVD was increased by 2.4 times for rs7069102 and 1.9 times for rs2273773 in carriers of mutant allele compared with carriers of wild-type allele pointing the protective role of C allele for both SNPs against CVD. For rs7895833, there was no significant difference in genotype and allele distributions between groups. SIRT1 protein, TAS, TOS and OSI levels significantly increased in patients as compared to control group. In contrast, level of eNOS protein was considerably low in the CVD patients. An increase in the SIRT1 expression in the CVD patients carrying mutant genotype for rs7069102 and heterozygote genotype for all three SNPs was observed. This is the first study reporting an association between SIRT1 gene polymorphisms and the levels of SIRT1 and eNOS expressions as well as TAS, TOS and OSI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulkan Kilic
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- * E-mail:
| | - Ozlem Gok
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Bacaksiz
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Muzeyyen Izmirli
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Birsen Elibol-Can
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Omer Uysal
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Bezmialem Vakif University, Istanbul, Turkey
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266
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Nakashima Y, Yanez DA, Touma M, Nakano H, Jaroszewicz A, Jordan MC, Pellegrini M, Roos KP, Nakano A. Nkx2-5 suppresses the proliferation of atrial myocytes and conduction system. Circ Res 2014; 114:1103-13. [PMID: 24563458 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.303219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Tight control of cardiomyocyte proliferation is essential for the formation of four-chambered heart. Although human mutation of NKX2-5 is linked to septal defects and atrioventricular conduction abnormalities, early lethality and hemodynamic alteration in the mutant models have caused controversy as to whether Nkx2-5 regulates cardiomyocyte proliferation. OBJECTIVE In this study, we circumvented these limitations by atrial-restricted deletion of Nkx2-5. METHOD AND RESULTS Atrial-specific Nkx2-5 mutants died shortly after birth with hyperplastic working myocytes and conduction system including two nodes and internodal tracts. Multicolor reporter analysis revealed that Nkx2-5-null cardiomyocytes displayed clonal proliferative activity throughout the atria, indicating the suppressive role of Nkx2-5 in cardiomyocyte proliferation after chamber ballooning stages. Transcriptome analysis revealed that aberrant activation of Notch signaling underlies hyperproliferation of mutant cardiomyocytes, and forced activation of Notch signaling recapitulates hyperproliferation of working myocytes but not the conduction system. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data suggest that Nkx2-5 regulates the proliferation of atrial working and conduction myocardium in coordination with Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Nakashima
- From the Department of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology (Y.N., D.A.Y., H.N., A.J., M.P., A.N.), Departments of Pediatrics and Molecular Cell and Integrative Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (M.T.), Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research (H.N., M.P., A.N.), Department of Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine (M.C.J., K.P.R.), Molecular Biology Institute (M.P.), Institute of Genomics and Proteomics (M.P.), and Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center (A.N.), University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
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267
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Small molecules enable cardiac reprogramming of mouse fibroblasts with a single factor, Oct4. Cell Rep 2014; 6:951-60. [PMID: 24561253 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.01.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
It was recently shown that mouse fibroblasts could be reprogrammed into cells of a cardiac fate by forced expression of multiple transcription factors and microRNAs. For ultimate application of such a reprogramming strategy for cell-based therapy or in vivo cardiac regeneration, reducing or eliminating the genetic manipulations by small molecules would be highly desirable. Here, we report the identification of a defined small-molecule cocktail that enables the highly efficient conversion of mouse fibroblasts into cardiac cells with only one transcription factor, Oct4, without any evidence of entrance into the pluripotent state. Small-molecule-induced cardiomyocytes spontaneously contract and exhibit a ventricular phenotype. Furthermore, these induced cardiomyocytes pass through a cardiac progenitor stage. This study lays the foundation for future pharmacological reprogramming approaches and provides a small-molecule condition for investigation of the mechanisms underlying the cardiac reprogramming process.
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268
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Chen C, Lei W, Chen W, Zhong J, Gao X, Li B, Wang H, Huang C. Serum TGF-β1 and SMAD3 levels are closely associated with coronary artery disease. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:18. [PMID: 24533640 PMCID: PMC3936998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Coronary artery disease (CAD) is one of the most common diseases leading to mortality and morbidity worldwide. There is considerable debate on whether serum transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) levels are associated with long-term major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with CAD, and to date, no study has specifically addressed levels in patients with different degrees of CAD severity. Methods Serum TGF-β1 and mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 3 (SMAD3) concentrations were evaluated in 279 patients with CAD and 268 controls without CAD. The clinical and biochemical characteristics of all subjects were also determined and analyzed. Results TGF-β1 and SMAD3 concentrations in CAD patients were significantly higher than those in the controls. The serum TGF-β1 level in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) was significantly higher than that in both stable angina pectoris (SAP) and unstable angina pectoris (UAP) (p < 0.05), while there was no marked difference between levels in SAP and UAP (p > 0.05). SMAD3 levels showed no obvious difference among AMI, SAP, and UAP. TGF-β1 and SMAD3 are potential biomarkers for CAD, and may be more accurate than Lpa, ApoA1, uric acid, BUN, or triglycerides (TG). Conclusions Serum TGF-β1 and SMAD3 levels are closely associated with CAD, and may become useful biomarkers for diagnosis and risk stratification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Congxin Huang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, China.
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Service SK, Teslovich TM, Fuchsberger C, Ramensky V, Yajnik P, Koboldt DC, Larson DE, Zhang Q, Lin L, Welch R, Ding L, McLellan MD, O'Laughlin M, Fronick C, Fulton LL, Magrini V, Swift A, Elliott P, Jarvelin MR, Kaakinen M, McCarthy MI, Peltonen L, Pouta A, Bonnycastle LL, Collins FS, Narisu N, Stringham HM, Tuomilehto J, Ripatti S, Fulton RS, Sabatti C, Wilson RK, Boehnke M, Freimer NB. Re-sequencing expands our understanding of the phenotypic impact of variants at GWAS loci. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004147. [PMID: 24497850 PMCID: PMC3907339 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified >500 common variants associated with quantitative metabolic traits, but in aggregate such variants explain at most 20–30% of the heritable component of population variation in these traits. To further investigate the impact of genotypic variation on metabolic traits, we conducted re-sequencing studies in >6,000 members of a Finnish population cohort (The Northern Finland Birth Cohort of 1966 [NFBC]) and a type 2 diabetes case-control sample (The Finland-United States Investigation of NIDDM Genetics [FUSION] study). By sequencing the coding sequence and 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions of 78 genes at 17 GWAS loci associated with one or more of six metabolic traits (serum levels of fasting HDL-C, LDL-C, total cholesterol, triglycerides, plasma glucose, and insulin), and conducting both single-variant and gene-level association tests, we obtained a more complete understanding of phenotype-genotype associations at eight of these loci. At all eight of these loci, the identification of new associations provides significant evidence for multiple genetic signals to one or more phenotypes, and at two loci, in the genes ABCA1 and CETP, we found significant gene-level evidence of association to non-synonymous variants with MAF<1%. Additionally, two potentially deleterious variants that demonstrated significant associations (rs138726309, a missense variant in G6PC2, and rs28933094, a missense variant in LIPC) were considerably more common in these Finnish samples than in European reference populations, supporting our prior hypothesis that deleterious variants could attain high frequencies in this isolated population, likely due to the effects of population bottlenecks. Our results highlight the value of large, well-phenotyped samples for rare-variant association analysis, and the challenge of evaluating the phenotypic impact of such variants. Abnormal serum levels of various metabolites, including measures relevant to cholesterol, other fats, and sugars, are known to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Identification of the genes that play a role in generating such abnormalities could advance the development of new treatment and prevention strategies for these disorders. Investigations of common genetic variants carried out in large sets of research subjects have successfully pinpointed such genes within many regions of the human genome. However, these studies often have not led to the identification of the specific genetic variations affecting metabolic traits. To attempt to detect such causal variations, we sequenced genes in 17 genomic regions implicated in metabolic traits in >6,000 people from Finland. By conducting statistical analyses relating specific variations (individually and grouped by gene) to the measures for these metabolic traits observed in the study subjects, we added to our understanding of how genotypes affect these traits. Our findings support a long-held hypothesis that the unique history of the Finnish population provides important advantages for analyzing the relationship between genetic variations and biomedically important traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan K. Service
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Tanya M. Teslovich
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Christian Fuchsberger
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Vasily Ramensky
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Pranav Yajnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel C. Koboldt
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - David E. Larson
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Qunyuan Zhang
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ling Lin
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Ryan Welch
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Li Ding
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michael D. McLellan
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Michele O'Laughlin
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Catrina Fronick
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Lucinda L. Fulton
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Vincent Magrini
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Amy Swift
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul Elliott
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Medicine, St Mary's Campus, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marjo-Riitta Jarvelin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Unit of Primary Care, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marika Kaakinen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Health Sciences, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Mark I. McCarthy
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Churchill Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leena Peltonen
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- The Program for Human and Population Genetics, The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Anneli Pouta
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
- Institute of Clinical Medicine/Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Lori L. Bonnycastle
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Francis S. Collins
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Narisu Narisu
- Genome Technology Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Heather M. Stringham
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Jaakko Tuomilehto
- Department of Children and Young People and Families, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Oulu, Finland
| | - Samuli Ripatti
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Fulton
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Chiara Sabatti
- Department of Health and Research Policy, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Richard K. Wilson
- The Genome Institute at Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKW); (MB); (NBF)
| | - Michael Boehnke
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKW); (MB); (NBF)
| | - Nelson B. Freimer
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (RKW); (MB); (NBF)
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Hamrefors V, Hedblad B, Hindy G, Smith JG, Almgren P, Engström G, Sjögren M, Gränsbo K, Orho-Melander M, Melander O. Smoking modifies the associated increased risk of future cardiovascular disease by genetic variation on chromosome 9p21. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85893. [PMID: 24465769 PMCID: PMC3899088 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Genetic predisposition for cardiovascular disease (CVD) is likely to be modified by environmental exposures. We tested if the associated risk of CVD and CVD-mortality by the single nucleotide polymorphism rs4977574 on chromosome 9p21 is modified by life-style factors. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 24,944 middle-aged subjects (62% females) from the population-based Malmö-Diet-and-Cancer-Cohort were genotyped. Smoking, education and physical activity-levels were recorded. Subjects were followed for 15 years for incidence of coronary artery disease (CAD; N = 2309), ischemic stroke (N = 1253) and CVD-mortality (N = 1156). Multiplicative interactions between rs4977574 and life-style factors on endpoints were tested in Cox-regression-models. We observed an interaction between rs4977574 and smoking on incident CAD (P = 0.035) and CVD-mortality (P = 0.012). The hazard ratios (HR) per risk allele of rs4977574 were highest in never smokers (N = 9642) for CAD (HR = 1.26; 95% CI 1.13-1.40; P<0.001) and for CVD-mortality (HR = 1.40; 95% CI 1.20-1.63; P<0.001), whereas the risk increase by rs4977574 was attenuated in current smokers (N = 7000) for both CAD (HR = 1.05; 95%CI 0.95-1.16; P = 0.326) and CVD-mortality (HR = 1.08; 95%CI 0.94-1.23; P = 0.270). A meta-analysis supported the finding that the associated increased risk of CAD by the risk-allele was attenuated in smokers. Neither education nor physical activity-levels modified the associated risk of CAD, ischemic stroke and CVD mortality conferred by rs4977574. CONCLUSION Smoking may modify the associated risk of CAD and CVD-mortality conferred by genetic variation on chromosome 9p21. Whether the observed attenuation of the genetic risk reflects a pathophysiological mechanism or is a result of smoking being such a strong risk-factor that it may eliminate the associated genetic effect, requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Hamrefors
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ; Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine Unit, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Bo Hedblad
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - George Hindy
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - J Gustav Smith
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ; Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden ; Department of Cardiology, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden ; Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Peter Almgren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Engström
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marketa Sjögren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Klas Gränsbo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Marju Orho-Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olle Melander
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden ; Department of Internal Medicine, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
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271
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Sayols-Baixeras S, Lluís-Ganella C, Lucas G, Elosua R. Pathogenesis of coronary artery disease: focus on genetic risk factors and identification of genetic variants. Appl Clin Genet 2014; 7:15-32. [PMID: 24520200 PMCID: PMC3920464 DOI: 10.2147/tacg.s35301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide, and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years. CAD events are caused by the interplay of genetic and environmental factors, the effects of which are mainly mediated through cardiovascular risk factors. The techniques used to study the genetic basis of these diseases have evolved from linkage studies to candidate gene studies and genome-wide association studies. Linkage studies have been able to identify genetic variants associated with monogenic diseases, whereas genome-wide association studies have been more successful in determining genetic variants associated with complex diseases. Currently, genome-wide association studies have identified approximately 40 loci that explain 6% of the heritability of CAD. The application of this knowledge to clinical practice is challenging, but can be achieved using various strategies, such as genetic variants to identify new therapeutic targets, personal genetic information to improve disease risk prediction, and pharmacogenomics. The main aim of this narrative review is to provide a general overview of our current understanding of the genetics of coronary artery disease and its potential clinical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergi Sayols-Baixeras
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Lluís-Ganella
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gavin Lucas
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roberto Elosua
- Cardiovascular epidemiology and Genetics Research Group, Institut Hospital del Mar d’Investigacions Mèdiques, Barcelona, Spain
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272
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Li G, Cheng G, Wu J, Ma S, Sun C. New iPSC for old long QT syndrome modeling: putting the evidence into perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:131-40. [PMID: 24363251 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213514000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells or iPSCs) are typically derived by transfection of certain stem cell-associated genes into non-pluripotent cells, such as adult fibroblasts (typically adult somatic cells). Various diseases can be modeled through iPSC technology. The important implication of iPSCs to offer an unprecedented opportunity to recapitulate pathologic human tissue formation in vitro has generated great excitement and interest in the whole biomedical research community. Long QT syndrome (LQTS), an inherited heart disease, is characterized by prolonged QT interval on a surface electrocardiogram. LQTS presents with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias, which can lead to fainting, syncope, and sudden death. The iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes from LQTS patients offer a potentially unlimited source of materials for biomedical study. They can be used to recapitulate complex physiological phenotypes, probe toxicological testing and drug screening, clarify the novel mechanistic insights and may also rectify gene defects at the cellular and molecular level. Despite the emerging challenges, iPSC technology has been increasingly recognized as a valuable and growing toolkit for modeling LQTS over other various models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
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273
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Marsman RF, Tan HL, Bezzina CR. Genetics of sudden cardiac death caused by ventricular arrhythmias. Nat Rev Cardiol 2013; 11:96-111. [PMID: 24322550 DOI: 10.1038/nrcardio.2013.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sudden cardiac death (SCD) resulting from ventricular tachyarrhythmia is a major contributor to mortality. Clinical management of SCD, currently based on clinical markers of SCD risk, can be improved by integrating genetic information. The identification of multiple disease-causing gene variants has already improved patient management and increased our understanding of the rare Mendelian diseases associated with SCD risk in the young, but marked variability in disease severity suggests that additional genetic modifiers exist. Next-generation DNA sequencing could be crucial to the discovery of SCD-associated genes, but large data sets can be difficult to interpret. SCD usually occurs in patients with an average age of 65 years who have complex cardiac disease stemming from multiple, common, acquired disorders. Heritable factors are largely unknown, but are likely to have a role in determining the risk of SCD in these patients. Numerous genetic loci have been identified that affect electrocardiogram indices, which are regarded as intermediate phenotypes for tachyarrhythmia. These loci could help to identify new molecules and pathways affecting cardiac electrical function. These loci are often located in intergenic regions, so our evolving understanding of the noncoding regulatory regions of the genome are likely to aid in the identification of novel genes that are important for cardiac electrical function and possibly SCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roos F Marsman
- AMC Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Room L2-108, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hanno L Tan
- AMC Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Room L2-108, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- AMC Heart Center, Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Room L2-108, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, Netherlands
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274
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Ganesh SK, Arnett DK, Assimes TL, Basson CT, Chakravarti A, Ellinor PT, Engler MB, Goldmuntz E, Herrington DM, Hershberger RE, Hong Y, Johnson JA, Kittner SJ, McDermott DA, Meschia JF, Mestroni L, O’Donnell CJ, Psaty BM, Vasan RS, Ruel M, Shen WK, Terzic A, Waldman SA. Genetics and Genomics for the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: Update. Circulation 2013; 128:2813-51. [DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000437913.98912.1d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Moretti A, Laugwitz KL, Dorn T, Sinnecker D, Mummery C. Pluripotent stem cell models of human heart disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2013; 3:3/11/a014027. [PMID: 24186488 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a014027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis of many cardiac diseases has been hampered by the lack of appropriate in vitro cell culture models that accurately reflect the human disease phenotypes. In the past few years, remarkable advances in stem cell biology have made possible this long-standing ambition-the generation of human and even patient-specific cellular models of diseases. Combined with other novel technologies in the fields of human genetics, tissue engineering, and gene-targeted manipulation, disease modeling with pluripotent stem cells has the promise to influence modern cardiovascular medicine on several fronts: molecular understanding of pathological mechanisms, early diagnosis, drug development, and effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Moretti
- Klinikum rechts der Isar-Technische Universität München, I. Medical Department-Cardiology, 81675 Munich, Germany
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276
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Dorn C, Grunert M, Sperling SR. Application of high-throughput sequencing for studying genomic variations in congenital heart disease. Brief Funct Genomics 2013; 13:51-65. [PMID: 24095982 DOI: 10.1093/bfgp/elt040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHD) represent the most common birth defect in human. The majority of cases are caused by a combination of complex genetic alterations and environmental influences. In the past, many disease-causing mutations have been identified; however, there is still a large proportion of cardiac malformations with unknown precise origin. High-throughput sequencing technologies established during the last years offer novel opportunities to further study the genetic background underlying the disease. In this review, we provide a roadmap for designing and analyzing high-throughput sequencing studies focused on CHD, but also with general applicability to other complex diseases. The three main next-generation sequencing (NGS) platforms including their particular advantages and disadvantages are presented. To identify potentially disease-related genomic variations and genes, different filtering steps and gene prioritization strategies are discussed. In addition, available control datasets based on NGS are summarized. Finally, we provide an overview of current studies already using NGS technologies and showing that these techniques will help to further unravel the complex genetics underlying CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Dorn
- Department of Cardiovascular Genetics, Experimental and Clinical Research Center (ECRC), Charité-University Medicine Berlin and Max Delbrück Center (MDC) for Molecular Medicine, Lindenberger Weg 80, 13125 Berlin, Germany. Department of Biochemistry, Free University Berlin, Berlin, Germany. Tel.: +49-(0)30-450540123; Fax: +49-(0)30-84131699;
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Du Clos TW. Pentraxins: structure, function, and role in inflammation. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:379040. [PMID: 24167754 PMCID: PMC3791837 DOI: 10.1155/2013/379040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The pentraxins are an ancient family of proteins with a unique architecture found as far back in evolution as the Horseshoe crab. In humans the two members of this family are C-reactive protein and serum amyloid P. Pentraxins are defined by their sequence homology, their pentameric structure and their calcium-dependent binding to their ligands. Pentraxins function as soluble pattern recognition molecules and one of the earliest and most important roles for these proteins is host defense primarily against pathogenic bacteria. They function as opsonins for pathogens through activation of the complement pathway and through binding to Fc gamma receptors. Pentraxins also recognize membrane phospholipids and nuclear components exposed on or released by damaged cells. CRP has a specific interaction with small nuclear ribonucleoproteins whereas SAP is a major recognition molecule for DNA, two nuclear autoantigens. Studies in autoimmune and inflammatory disease models suggest that pentraxins interact with macrophage Fc receptors to regulate the inflammatory response. Because CRP is a strong acute phase reactant it is widely used as a marker of inflammation and infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry W. Du Clos
- The Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Research Service 151, 1501 San Pedro SE, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, The University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87108, USA
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Silvério ADSD, Pereira RGFA, Lima AR, Paula FBDA, Rodrigues MR, Baldissera L, Duarte SMDS. The effects of the decaffeination of coffee samples on platelet aggregation in hyperlipidemic rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 68:268-273. [PMID: 23780748 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-013-0365-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The effect of coffee on cardiovascular diseases is still controversial. It is known that the process of decaffeination may influence the chemical constitution and, therefore, the biological effects of coffee. This study thus evaluated the effects of decaffeination on the levels of total phenols and chlorogenic acids in Coffea arabica L. samples, as well as the effects of ingesting both integral and decaffeinated coffee on the lipid profile and hemostatic and hematological parameters in normal and hyperlipidemic rats. Samples of integral and decaffeinated lyophilized coffee (Coffea arabica L., planted in Brazil) were used for chemical analysis (total phenols, chlorogenic acid and caffeine contents). For the bioassays, coffee beverages were prepared with non-lyophilized samples (10% w/v) and were filtered and administered to animals by gavage (7.2 mL/kg/day) over 30 days. On the 31st day after beginning the treatment with coffee beverages, hyperlipidemia was induced to the animals by administering Triton WR-1339 (300 mg/kg body weight). On day 32, blood was taken to determine the lipid profile, platelet aggregation, prothrombin time, partially activated thromboplastin time and hemogram. The contents of both phenolic compounds and chlorogenic acid in the integral coffee beverage were significantly lower than those in the decaffeinated coffee beverage. The animals treated with Triton WR-1339 presented a mixed hyperlipidemia. Although the decaffeination process caused a relative increase in total phenols and chlorogenic acids, the coffee drinks were unable to change the lipid profile or the hemostatic and hematological parameters in the studied animals.
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Erbilgin A, Siemers N, Kayne P, Yang WP, Berliner J, Lusis AJ. Gene expression analyses of mouse aortic endothelium in response to atherogenic stimuli. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:2509-17. [PMID: 23990205 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.301989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Endothelial cells are central to the initiation of atherosclerosis, yet there has been limited success in studying their gene expression in the mouse aorta. To address this, we developed a method for determining the global transcriptional changes that occur in the mouse endothelium in response to atherogenic conditions and applied it to investigate inflammatory stimuli. APPROACH AND RESULTS We characterized a method for the isolation of endothelial cell RNA with high purity directly from mouse aortas and adapted this method to allow for the treatment of aortas ex vivo before RNA collection. Expression array analysis was performed on endothelial cell RNA isolated from control and hyperlipidemic prelesion mouse aortas, and 797 differentially expressed genes were identified. We also examined the effect of additional atherogenic conditions on endothelial gene expression, including ex vivo treatment with inflammatory stimuli, acute hyperlipidemia, and age. Of the 14 most highly differentially expressed genes in endothelium from prelesion aortas, 8 were also perturbed significantly by ≥ 1 atherogenic conditions: 2610019E17Rik, Abca1, H2-Ab1, H2-D1, Pf4, Ppbp, Pvrl2, and Tnnt2. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrated that RNA can be isolated from mouse aortic endothelial cells after in vivo and ex vivo treatments of the murine vessel wall. We applied these methods to identify a group of genes, many of which have not been described previously as having a direct role in atherosclerosis, that were highly regulated by atherogenic stimuli and may play a role in early atherogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Erbilgin
- From the Departments of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics (A.E., A.J.L.), Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (J.B.), Medicine (A.J.L.), and Human Genetics (A.J.L.), University of California, Los Angeles; and Bristol-Myers Squibb, Applied Genomics, Princeton, NJ (N.S., P.K., W.-p.Y.)
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281
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Chang SW, Mislankar M, Misra C, Huang N, Dajusta DG, Harrison SM, McBride KL, Baker LA, Garg V. Genetic abnormalities in FOXP1 are associated with congenital heart defects. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1226-30. [PMID: 23766104 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The etiology for the majority of congenital heart defects (CHD) is unknown. We identified a patient with unbalanced atrioventricular septal defect (AVSD) and hypoplastic left ventricle who harbored an ~0.3 Mb monoallelic deletion on chromosome 3p14.1. The deletion encompassed the first four exons of FOXP1, a gene critical for normal heart development that represses cardiomyocyte proliferation and expression of Nkx2.5. To determine whether FOXP1 mutations are found in patients with CHD, we sequenced FOXP1 in 82 patients with AVSD or hypoplastic left heart syndrome. We discovered two patients who harbored a heterozygous c.1702C>T variant in FOXP1 that predicted a potentially deleterious substitution of a highly conserved proline (p.Pro568Ser). This variant was not found in 287 controls but is present in dbSNP at a 0.2% frequency. The orthologous murine Foxp1 p.Pro596Ser mutant protein displayed deficits in luciferase reporter assays and resulted in increased proliferation and Nkx2.5 expression in cardiomyoblasts. Our data suggest that haploinsufficiency of FOXP1 is associated with human CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Wei Chang
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research and The Heart Center, Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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282
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Erbilgin A, Civelek M, Romanoski CE, Pan C, Hagopian R, Berliner JA, Lusis AJ. Identification of CAD candidate genes in GWAS loci and their expression in vascular cells. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:1894-905. [PMID: 23667179 PMCID: PMC3679391 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m037085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 35 loci that significantly associate with coronary artery disease (CAD) susceptibility. The majority of the genes represented in these loci have not previously been studied in the context of atherosclerosis. To characterize the roles of these candidate genes in the vessel wall, we determined their expression levels in endothelial, smooth muscle, and macrophage cells isolated from healthy, prelesioned, and lesioned mouse aortas. We also performed expression quantitative locus (eQTL) mapping of these genes in human endothelial cells under control and proatherogenic conditions. Of the 57 genes studied, 31 were differentially expressed in one or more cell types in disease state in mice, and the expression levels of 8 were significantly associated with the CAD SNPs in human cells, 7 of which were also differentially expressed in mice. By integrating human and mouse results, we predict that PPAP2B, GALNT4, MAPKAPK5, TCTN1, SRR, SNF8, and ICAM1 play a causal role in the susceptibility to atherosclerosis through a role in the vasculature. Additionally, we highlight the genetic complexity of a subset of CAD loci through the differential expression of multiple candidate genes per locus and the involvement of genes that lie outside linkage disequilibrium blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayca Erbilgin
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | | | - Calvin Pan
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Raffi Hagopian
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Judith A. Berliner
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Aldons J. Lusis
- Departments of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
- Human Genetics, and David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
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283
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Veltman JA, Cuppen E, Vrijenhoek T. Challenges for implementing next-generation sequencing-based genome diagnostics: it's also the people, not just the machines. Per Med 2013; 10:473-484. [PMID: 29758834 DOI: 10.2217/pme.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The scope of next-generation DNA sequencing (NGS) is transitioning from research to diagnostics (and beyond), but the conditions for routine clinical application have not been clearly defined. Technological limitations for sequencing a patient's DNA fast and affordably are rapidly disappearing. At the same time, more and more is known about the role of DNA variation in disease susceptibility, disease development and response to treatment. Consequently, more and more pediatricians, cardiologists and other medical specialists would like to apply NGS-based diagnostics. The standard, comprehensive and easy-to-handle genetic test these specialists are looking for, however, is not yet available. Molecular diagnostic laboratories have started to implement NGS into their routine workflows, but are also becoming increasingly aware that the context in which they operate is changing. It becomes apparent that the major challenges are not in the technology, but rather in anticipating the changing scope and scale. Developing the infrastructure to sustainably perform NGS-based diagnostics in a changing technological, clinical and societal context is therefore more relevant than defining minimal performance criteria or standard analysis pipelines. Implementing NGS-based diagnostics comes with novel applications, emerging service models and reconfiguration of professional roles, and should thus be considered in the context of future healthcare. Here, we present the key elements for transition of NGS from research to diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joris A Veltman
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Centre for Genome Diagnostics, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Edwin Cuppen
- Centre for Genome Diagnostics, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Genetics, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Terry Vrijenhoek
- Department of Medical Genetics, Utrecht University Medical Centre, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Centre for Genome Diagnostics, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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284
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Connor JA, Hinton RB, Miller EM, Sund KL, Ruschman JG, Ware SM. Genetic Testing Practices in Infants with Congenital Heart Disease. CONGENIT HEART DIS 2013; 9:158-67. [DOI: 10.1111/chd.12112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A. Connor
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Robert B. Hinton
- Heart Institute; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Erin M. Miller
- Heart Institute; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Kristen L. Sund
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Jennifer G. Ruschman
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
| | - Stephanie M. Ware
- Division of Human Genetics; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
- Heart Institute; Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center; Cincinnati Ohio USA
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285
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Huttner IG, Trivedi G, Jacoby A, Mann SA, Vandenberg JI, Fatkin D. A transgenic zebrafish model of a human cardiac sodium channel mutation exhibits bradycardia, conduction-system abnormalities and early death. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 61:123-32. [PMID: 23791817 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The recent exponential increase in human genetic studies due to the advances of next generation sequencing has generated unprecedented numbers of new gene variants. Determining which of these are causative of human disease is a major challenge. In-vitro studies and murine models have been used to study inherited cardiac arrhythmias but have several limitations. Zebrafish models provide an attractive alternative for modeling human heart disease due to similarities in cardiac electrophysiology and contraction, together with ease of genetic manipulation, external development and optical transparency. Although zebrafish cardiac mutants and morphants have been widely used to study loss and knockdown of zebrafish gene function, the phenotypic effects of human dominant-negative gene mutations expressed in transgenic zebrafish have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to generate and characterize a transgenic zebrafish arrhythmia model harboring the pathogenic human cardiac sodium channel mutation SCN5A-D1275N, that has been robustly associated with a range of cardiac phenotypes, including conduction disease, sinus node dysfunction, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and dilated cardiomyopathy in humans and in mice. Stable transgenic fish with cardiac expression of human SCN5A were generated using Tol2-mediated transgenesis and cardiac phenotypes were analyzed using video microscopy and ECG. Here we show that transgenic zebrafish expressing the SCN5A-D1275N mutation, but not wild-type SCN5A, exhibit bradycardia, conduction-system abnormalities and premature death. We furthermore show that SCN5A-WT, and to a lesser degree SCN5A-D1275N, are able to compensate the loss of endogenous zebrafish cardiac sodium channels, indicating that the basic pathways, through which SCN5A acts, are conserved in teleosts. This proof-of-principle study suggests that zebrafish may be highly useful in vivo models to differentiate functional from benign human genetic variants in cardiac ion channel genes in a time- and cost-efficient manner. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Na(+) Regulation in Cardiac Myocytes".
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Affiliation(s)
- Inken G Huttner
- Molecular Cardiology Division, Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
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286
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Getting to the heart of the matter: long non-coding RNAs in cardiac development and disease. EMBO J 2013; 32:1805-16. [PMID: 23756463 PMCID: PMC3981183 DOI: 10.1038/emboj.2013.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiogenesis in mammals requires exquisite control of gene expression and faulty regulation of transcriptional programs underpins congenital heart disease (CHD), the most common defect among live births. Similarly, many adult cardiac diseases involve transcriptional changes and sometimes have a developmental basis. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a novel class of transcripts that regulate cellular processes by controlling gene expression; however, detailed insights into their biological and mechanistic functions are only beginning to emerge. Here, we discuss recent findings suggesting that lncRNAs are important factors in regulation of mammalian cardiogenesis and in the pathogenesis of CHD as well as adult cardiac disease. We also outline potential methodological and conceptual considerations for future studies of lncRNAs in the heart and other contexts.
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287
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Novel and functional variants within the TBX18 gene promoter in ventricular septal defects. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 382:121-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1725-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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288
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Pang S, Liu Y, Zhao Z, Huang W, Chen D, Yan B. Novel and functional sequence variants within the TBX2 gene promoter in ventricular septal defects. Biochimie 2013; 95:1807-9. [PMID: 23727221 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defects in humans. To date, genetic causes for CHD remain largely unknown. T-box transcription factor 2 (TBX2) gene is expressed in the myocardium of atrioventricular canal, outflow tract and inflow tract and plays a critical role in heart chamber formation. Genomic deletion and duplication of TBX2 gene have been associated with cardiac defects. As TBX2 acts in a dose-dependent manner, we hypothesized that DNA sequence variants (DSVs) within TBX2 gene promoter may mediate CHD development by changing TBX2 levels. In this study, TBX2 gene promoter was genetically analyzed in large cohorts of patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD) (n = 324) and ethnic-matched healthy controls (n = 328). Four novel and heterozygous DSVs, g.59477201C > T, g.59477347G > A, g.59477353delG and g.59477371G > A were identified in VSD patients, but in none of controls. Functional analyses revealed that all of the four DSVs significantly decreased transcriptional activities of TBX2 gene promoter. Therefore, our data suggested that the DSVs within TBX2 gene promoter identified in VSD patients may contribute to VSD etiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuchao Pang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Cardiac Disease Diagnosis and Treatment, Jining Medical University Affiliated Hospital, Jining Medical University, 79 Guhuai Road, Jining, Shandong 272029, China
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289
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Bryda EC. The Mighty Mouse: the impact of rodents on advances in biomedical research. MISSOURI MEDICINE 2013; 110:207-211. [PMID: 23829104 PMCID: PMC3987984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Mice and rats have long served as the preferred species for biomedical research animal models due to their anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans. Advantages of rodents include their small size, ease of maintenance, short life cycle, and abundant genetic resources. The Rat Resource and Research Center (RRRC) and the MU Mutant Mouse Regional Resource Center (MMRRC) serve as centralized repositories for the preservation and distribution of the ever increasing number of rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Bryda
- Rat Resource and Research Center, Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, USA.
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290
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Tang N, Wang Y, Mei Q. Myeloperoxidase G-463A polymorphism and susceptibility to coronary artery disease: a meta-analysis. Gene 2013; 523:152-7. [PMID: 23583798 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Published data on the association between the myeloperoxidase (MPO) G-463A polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD) are inconclusive. To derive a more precise estimation of the relationship, a meta-analysis on this topic was performed. PubMed, EMBASE and Chinese national knowledge infrastructure were searched for studies regarding the association between the MPO G-463A polymorphism and CAD. A logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the genetic effect and the possible genetic model of action. Summary odds ratios (ORs) with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. There was strong evidence for an association between the MPO G-463A polymorphism and CAD. The genetic model of action was most likely to be co-dominant. Overall, the data showed that AA and GA genotypes were significantly associated with reduced risk of CAD (AA vs. GG: OR=0.37, 95% CI=0.17-0.78; GA vs. GG: OR=0.73, 95% CI=0.57-0.92). In subgroup analyses by study population and sources of controls, statistically significant results were observed in the Chinese population (AA vs. GG: OR=0.21, 95% CI=0.10-0.43; GA vs. GG: OR=0.57, 95% CI=0.44-0.74) and in hospital-based control studies (AA vs. GG: OR=0.20, 95% CI=0.10-0.39; GA vs. GG: OR=0.61, 95% CI=0.48-0.77). This meta-analysis suggests that the MPO G-463A variant genotypes may be associated with decreased risk of CAD. However, given the limited number of studies and the potential biases, the influence of this polymorphism on CAD risk needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naping Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, PR China
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291
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Chen J, Huang ZP, Seok HY, Ding J, Kataoka M, Zhang Z, Hu X, Wang G, Lin Z, Wang S, Pu WT, Liao R, Wang DZ. mir-17-92 cluster is required for and sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal and adult hearts. Circ Res 2013; 112:1557-66. [PMID: 23575307 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.112.300658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 307] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiomyocytes in adult mammalian hearts are terminally differentiated cells that have exited from the cell cycle and lost most of their proliferative capacity. Death of mature cardiomyocytes in pathological cardiac conditions and the lack of regeneration capacity of adult hearts are primary causes of heart failure and mortality. However, how cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal and adult hearts becomes suppressed remains largely unknown. The miR-17-92 cluster was initially identified as a human oncogene that promotes cell proliferation. However, its role in the heart remains unknown. OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that miR-17-92 participates in the regulation of cardiomyocyte proliferation in postnatal and adult hearts. METHODS AND RESULTS We deleted miR-17-92 cluster from embryonic and postnatal mouse hearts and demonstrated that miR-17-92 is required for cardiomyocyte proliferation in the heart. Transgenic overexpression of miR-17-92 in cardiomyocytes is sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in embryonic, postnatal, and adult hearts. Moreover, overexpression of miR-17-92 in adult cardiomyocytes protects the heart from myocardial infarction-induced injury. Similarly, we found that members of miR-17-92 cluster, miR-19 in particular, are required for and sufficient to induce cardiomyocyte proliferation in vitro. We identified phosphatase and tensin homolog, a tumor suppressor, as an miR-17-92 target to mediate the function of miR-17-92 in cardiomyocyte proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Our studies therefore identify miR-17-92 as a critical regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation, and suggest this cluster of microRNAs could become therapeutic targets for cardiac repair and heart regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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292
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Mulle JG, Vaccarino V. Cardiovascular disease, psychosocial factors, and genetics: the case of depression. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2013; 55:557-62. [PMID: 23621965 DOI: 10.1016/j.pcad.2013.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Psychosocial factors are associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the role of genetics in this relationship. Focusing on the well-studied phenotype of depression, current data show that there are shared genetic factors that may give rise to both depression and CVD, and these genetic risks appear to be modified by gender. This pleiotropic effect suggests that a single pathway, when perturbed, gives rise to the dual phenotypes of CVD and depression. The data also suggest that women contribute disproportionately to the depression-CVD comorbidity, and this unbalanced contribution is attributable, in part, to genetic factors. While the underlying biology behind this relationship is unclear, recent data support contributions from inflammatory or serotonergic pathways toward the comorbidity between CVD and depression. Even without knowledge of a specific mechanism, epidemiological observations offer new directions to explain the relationship between depression and CVD that have both research and clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Gladys Mulle
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, GA 30322, USA.
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293
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The phenotypic and genetic signatures of common musculoskeletal pain conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:340-50. [PMID: 23545734 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal pain conditions, such as fibromyalgia and low back pain, tend to coexist in affected individuals and are characterized by a report of pain greater than expected based on the results of a standard physical evaluation. The pathophysiology of these conditions is largely unknown, we lack biological markers for accurate diagnosis, and conventional therapeutics have limited effectiveness. Growing evidence suggests that chronic pain conditions are associated with both physical and psychological triggers, which initiate pain amplification and psychological distress; thus, susceptibility is dictated by complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Herein, we review phenotypic and genetic markers of common musculoskeletal pain conditions, selected based on their association with musculoskeletal pain in previous research. The phenotypic markers of greatest interest include measures of pain amplification and 'psychological' measures (such as emotional distress, somatic awareness, psychosocial stress and catastrophizing). Genetic polymorphisms reproducibly linked with musculoskeletal pain are found in genes contributing to serotonergic and adrenergic pathways. Elucidation of the biological mechanisms by which these markers contribute to the perception of pain in these patients will enable the development of novel effective drugs and methodologies that permit better diagnoses and approaches to personalized medicine.
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294
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Brunham LR, Hayden MR. Hunting human disease genes: lessons from the past, challenges for the future. Hum Genet 2013; 132:603-17. [PMID: 23504071 PMCID: PMC3654184 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-013-1286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The concept that a specific alteration in an individual’s DNA can result in disease is central to our notion of molecular medicine. The molecular basis of more than 3,500 Mendelian disorders has now been identified. In contrast, the identification of genes for common disease has been much more challenging. We discuss historical and contemporary approaches to disease gene identification, focusing on novel opportunities such as the use of population extremes and the identification of rare variants. While our ability to sequence DNA has advanced dramatically, assigning function to a given sequence change remains a major challenge, highlighting the need for both bioinformatics and functional approaches to appropriately interpret these data. We review progress in mapping and identifying human disease genes and discuss future challenges and opportunities for the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam R. Brunham
- Department of Medicine, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Translational Laboratory for Genetic Medicine, National University of Singapore and the Association for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michael R. Hayden
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, Child and Family Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
- Translational Laboratory for Genetic Medicine, National University of Singapore and the Association for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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295
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Abstract
The gene expression programs that establish and maintain specific cell states in humans are controlled by thousands of transcription factors, cofactors, and chromatin regulators. Misregulation of these gene expression programs can cause a broad range of diseases. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of transcriptional regulation and discuss how these have provided new insights into transcriptional misregulation in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Ihn Lee
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Richard A. Young
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts
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296
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rocha Lopes
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, The Heart Hospital, London, UK
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297
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Pabinger S, Dander A, Fischer M, Snajder R, Sperk M, Efremova M, Krabichler B, Speicher MR, Zschocke J, Trajanoski Z. A survey of tools for variant analysis of next-generation genome sequencing data. Brief Bioinform 2013; 15:256-78. [PMID: 23341494 PMCID: PMC3956068 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbs086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in genome sequencing technologies provide unprecedented opportunities to characterize individual genomic landscapes and identify mutations relevant for diagnosis and therapy. Specifically, whole-exome sequencing using next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies is gaining popularity in the human genetics community due to the moderate costs, manageable data amounts and straightforward interpretation of analysis results. While whole-exome and, in the near future, whole-genome sequencing are becoming commodities, data analysis still poses significant challenges and led to the development of a plethora of tools supporting specific parts of the analysis workflow or providing a complete solution. Here, we surveyed 205 tools for whole-genome/whole-exome sequencing data analysis supporting five distinct analytical steps: quality assessment, alignment, variant identification, variant annotation and visualization. We report an overview of the functionality, features and specific requirements of the individual tools. We then selected 32 programs for variant identification, variant annotation and visualization, which were subjected to hands-on evaluation using four data sets: one set of exome data from two patients with a rare disease for testing identification of germline mutations, two cancer data sets for testing variant callers for somatic mutations, copy number variations and structural variations, and one semi-synthetic data set for testing identification of copy number variations. Our comprehensive survey and evaluation of NGS tools provides a valuable guideline for human geneticists working on Mendelian disorders, complex diseases and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Pabinger
- Division for Bioinformatics, Innsbruck Medical University, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria. Tel.: +43-512-9003-71401; Fax: +43-512-9003-73100;
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298
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Avraham-Davidi I, Grunspan M, Yaniv K. Lipid signaling in the endothelium. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:1298-305. [PMID: 23328305 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Avraham-Davidi
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Lopes LR, Elliott PM. Genetics of heart failure. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2013; 1832:2451-61. [PMID: 23298545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2012.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) occurs when the cardiac output, no longer compensated by endogenous mechanisms, fails to meet the metabolic demands of the body. In most populations, the prevalence of heart failure continues to rise, constituting a major public health burden, especially in developed countries. There is some evidence that the risk of HF in the general population depends on genetic predisposition, necessarily characterised by a very complex architecture. In a small, but probably underestimated proportion, HF is caused by Mendelian inherited forms of myocardial disease. The genetic background of these genetic conditions is a matter of intensive research that is already shedding light onto the genetics of common sporadic forms of HF. In this review, we briefly review the insights provided by candidate gene and genome-wide association approaches in common HF and then describe the main genetic causes of inherited heart muscle disease. Finally we present the current challenges and future research needs for both forms of HF. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Heart failure pathogenesis and emerging diagnostic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís R Lopes
- UCL Institute of Cardiovascular Science, London, UK
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Elosua R, Lucas G, Lluis-Ganella C. Genetics and Cardiovascular Risk Prediction: A Step Toward Personalized Medicine? CURRENT CARDIOVASCULAR RISK REPORTS 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12170-012-0285-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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