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Kennedy DO. Polyphenols and the human brain: plant “secondary metabolite” ecologic roles and endogenous signaling functions drive benefits. Adv Nutr 2014; 5:515-33. [PMID: 25469384 PMCID: PMC4188223 DOI: 10.3945/an.114.006320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids and other polyphenols are ubiquitous plant chemicals that fulfill a range of ecologic roles for their home plant, including protection from a range of biotic and abiotic stressors and a pivotal role in the management of pathogenic and symbiotic soil bacteria and fungi. They form a natural part of the human diet, and evidence suggests that their consumption is associated with the beneficial modulation of a number of health-related variables, including those related to cardiovascular and brain function. Over recent years, the consensus as to the mechanisms responsible for these effects in humans has shifted away from polyphenols having direct antioxidant effects and toward their modulation of cellular signal transduction pathways. To date, little consideration has been given to the question of why, rather than how, these plant-derived chemicals might exert these effects. Therefore, this review summarizes the evidence suggesting that polyphenols beneficially affect human brain function and describes the current mechanistic hypotheses explaining these effects. It then goes on to describe the ecologic roles and potential endogenous signaling functions that these ubiquitous phytochemicals play within their home plant and discusses whether these functions drive their beneficial effects in humans via a process of “cross-kingdom” signaling predicated on the many conserved similarities in plant, microbial, and human cellular signal transduction pathways.
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Dabbagh-Bazarbachi H, Clergeaud G, Quesada IM, Ortiz M, O'Sullivan CK, Fernández-Larrea JB. Zinc ionophore activity of quercetin and epigallocatechin-gallate: from Hepa 1-6 cells to a liposome model. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:8085-8093. [PMID: 25050823 DOI: 10.1021/jf5014633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Labile zinc, a tiny fraction of total intracellular zinc that is loosely bound to proteins and easily interchangeable, modulates the activity of numerous signaling and metabolic pathways. Dietary plant polyphenols such as the flavonoids quercetin (QCT) and epigallocatechin-gallate act as antioxidants and as signaling molecules. Remarkably, the activities of numerous enzymes that are targeted by polyphenols are dependent on zinc. We have previously shown that these polyphenols chelate zinc cations and hypothesized that these flavonoids might be also acting as zinc ionophores, transporting zinc cations through the plasma membrane. To prove this hypothesis, herein, we have demonstrated the capacity of QCT and epigallocatechin-gallate to rapidly increase labile zinc in mouse hepatocarcinoma Hepa 1-6 cells as well as, for the first time, in liposomes. In order to confirm that the polyphenols transport zinc cations across the plasma membrane independently of plasma membrane zinc transporters, QCT, epigallocatechin-gallate, or clioquinol (CQ), alone and combined with zinc, were added to unilamellar dipalmitoylphosphocholine/cholesterol liposomes loaded with membrane-impermeant FluoZin-3. Only the combinations of the chelators with zinc triggered a rapid increase of FluoZin-3 fluorescence within the liposomes, thus demonstrating the ionophore action of QCT, epigallocatechin-gallate, and CQ on lipid membrane systems. The ionophore activity of dietary polyphenols may underlay the raising of labile zinc levels triggered in cells by polyphenols and thus many of their biological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Dabbagh-Bazarbachi
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, and ‡Nanobiotechnology & Bioanalysis Group, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili , 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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de Oliveira DR, Zamberlam CR, Gaiardo RB, Rêgo GM, Cerutti JM, Cavalheiro AJ, Cerutti SM. Flavones from Erythrina falcata are modulators of fear memory. Altern Ther Health Med 2014; 14:288. [PMID: 25096710 PMCID: PMC4141959 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Flavonoids, which have been identified in a variety of plants, have been demonstrated to elicit beneficial effects on memory. Some studies have reported that flavonoids derived from Erythrina plants can provide such beneficial effects on memory. The aim of this study was to identify the flavonoids present in the stem bark crude extract of Erythrina falcata (CE) and to perform a bioactivity-guided study on conditioned fear memory. Methods The secondary metabolites of CE were identified by high performance liquid chromatography combined with a diode array detector, electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-ESI/MSn) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The buthanolic fraction (BuF) was obtained by partitioning. Subfractions from BuF (BuF1 – BuF6) and fraction flavonoidic (FfA and FfB) were obtained by flash chromatography. The BuF3 and BuF4 fractions were used for the isolation of flavonoids, which was performed using HPLC-PAD. The isolated substances were quantified by HPLC-DAD and their structures were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). The activities of CE and the subfractions were monitored using a one-trial, step-down inhibitory avoidance (IA) task to identify the effects of these substances on the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear in rats. Results Six subclasses of flavonoids were identified for the first time in CE. According to our behavioral data, CE, BuF, BuF3 and BuF4, the flavonoidic fractions, vitexin, isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-diosmetin improved the acquisition of fear memory. Rats treated with BuF, BuF3 and BuF4 were particularly resistant to extinction. Nevertheless, rats treated with FfA and FfB, vitexin, isovitexin and 6-C-glycoside-diosmetin exhibited gradual reduction in conditioned fear response during the extinction retest session, which was measured at 48 to 480 h after conditioning. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that vitexin, isovitexin and diosmetin-6-C-glucoside and flavonoidic fractions resulted in a significant retention of fear memory but did not prevent the extinction of fear memory. These results further substantiate that the treatment with pure flavonoids or flavanoid-rich fractions might represent potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of neurocognitive disorders, improvement of memory acquisition and spontaneous recovery of fear.
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Cox CJ, Choudhry F, Peacey E, Perkinton MS, Richardson JC, Howlett DR, Lichtenthaler SF, Francis PT, Williams RJ. Dietary (-)-epicatechin as a potent inhibitor of βγ-secretase amyloid precursor protein processing. Neurobiol Aging 2014; 36:178-87. [PMID: 25316600 PMCID: PMC4270442 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids, a group of dietary polyphenols have been shown to possess cognitive health benefits. Epidemiologic evidence suggests that they could play a role in risk reduction in dementia. Amyloid precursor protein processing and the subsequent generation of amyloid beta (Aβ) are central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, as soluble, oligomeric Aβ is thought to be the toxic species driving disease progression. We undertook an in vitro screen to identify flavonoids with bioactivity at βγ-mediated amyloid precursor protein processing, which lead to identification of a number of flavonoids bioactive at 100 nM. Because of known bioavailability, we investigated the catechin family further and identified epigallocatechin and (−)-epicatechin as potent (nanomolar) inhibitors of amyloidogenic processing. Supporting this finding, we have shown reduced Aβ pathology and Aβ levels following short term, a 21-day oral delivery of (−)-epicatechin in 7-month-old TASTPM mice. Further, in vitro mechanistic studies suggest this is likely because of indirect BACE1 inhibition. Taken together, our results suggest that orally delivered (−)-epicatechin may be a potential prophylactic for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla J Cox
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, UK
| | - Fahd Choudhry
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Peacey
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | | | - Jill C Richardson
- Neurosciences Therapy Area Unit, GlaxoSmithKline, Medicines Research Centre, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - David R Howlett
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Stefan F Lichtenthaler
- Neuroproteomics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Paul T Francis
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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Singh M, Kaur M, Silakari O. Flavones: an important scaffold for medicinal chemistry. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 84:206-39. [PMID: 25019478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Flavones have antioxidant, anti-proliferative, anti-tumor, anti-microbial, estrogenic, acetyl cholinesterase, anti-inflammatory activities and are also used in cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurodegenerative disorders, etc. Also, flavonoids are found to have an effect on several mammalian enzymes like protein kinases that regulate multiple cell signaling pathways and alterations in multiple cellular signaling pathways are frequently found in many diseases. Flavones have been an indispensable anchor for the development of new therapeutic agents. The majority of metabolic diseases are speculated to originate from oxidative stress, and it is therefore significant that recent studies have shown the positive effect of flavones on diseases related to oxidative stress. Due to the wide range of biological activities of flavones, their structure-activity relationships have generated interest among medicinal chemists. The outstanding development of flavones derivatives in diverse diseases in very short span of time proves its magnitude for medicinal chemistry research. The present review gives detail about the structural requirement of flavone derivatives for various pharmacological activities. This information may provide an opportunity to scientists of medicinal chemistry discipline to design selective, optimize as well as poly-functional flavone derivatives for the treatment of multi-factorial diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjinder Singh
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India
| | - Om Silakari
- Molecular Modeling Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala, Punjab 147002, India.
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Abstract
This article provides an overview of dementia and how it relates to nutrition. It examines the evidence for food and nutrition preventing, causing and treating dementia. The article highlights how malnutrition can affect the individual with dementia. The remainder of the article provides an in-depth, focused discussion on the difficulties people may experience in the community in relation to food and eating and the impact this has on family caregivers, with recommendations for achieving optimum nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Ragdale
- Admiral Nurse, Central Manchester, Manchester Mental Health and Social Care Trust
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257
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Flavonoids with M1 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor binding activity. Molecules 2014; 19:8933-48. [PMID: 24979399 PMCID: PMC6270666 DOI: 10.3390/molecules19078933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor-active compounds have potential for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, a series of natural and synthetic flavones and flavonols was assayed in vitro for their ability to inhibit radioligand binding at human cloned M1 muscarinic receptors. Several compounds were found to possess competitive binding affinity (Ki = 40–110 µM), comparable to that of acetylcholine (Ki = 59 µM). Despite the fact that these compounds lack a positively-charged ammonium group under physiological conditions, molecular modelling studies suggested that they bind to the orthosteric site of the receptor, mainly through non-polar interactions.
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258
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Mecocci P, Tinarelli C, Schulz RJ, Polidori MC. Nutraceuticals in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease. Front Pharmacol 2014; 5:147. [PMID: 25002849 PMCID: PMC4066843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2014.00147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Several chemical substances belonging to classes of natural dietary origin display protective properties against some age-related diseases including neurodegenerative ones, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). These compounds, known as nutraceuticals, differ structurally, act therefore at different biochemical and metabolic levels and have shown different types of neuroprotective properties. The aim of this review is to summarize data from observational studies, clinical trials, and randomized clinical trials (RCTs) in humans on the effects of selected nutraceuticals against age-related cognitive impairment and dementia. We report results from studies on flavonoids, some vitamins and other natural substances that have been studied in AD and that might be beneficial for the maintenance of a good cognitive performance. Due to the substantial lack of high-level evidence studies there is no possibility for recommendation of nutraceuticals in dementia-related therapeutic guidelines. Nevertheless, the strong potential for their neuroprotective action warrants further studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Mecocci
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - C. Tinarelli
- Section of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Department of Medicine, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - R. J. Schulz
- Geriatrics Department, Medical Faculty, University of CologneCologne, Germany
| | - M. C. Polidori
- Geriatrics Department, Medical Faculty, University of CologneCologne, Germany
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259
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Babri S, Mohaddes G, Feizi I, Mohammadnia A, Niapour A, Alihemmati A, Amani M. Effect of troxerutin on synaptic plasticity of hippocampal dentate gyrus neurons in a β-amyloid model of Alzheimer׳s disease: An electrophysiological study. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 732:19-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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260
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Gamba P, Guglielmotto M, Testa G, Monteleone D, Zerbinati C, Gargiulo S, Biasi F, Iuliano L, Giaccone G, Mauro A, Poli G, Tamagno E, Leonarduzzi G. Up-regulation of β-amyloidogenesis in neuron-like human cells by both 24- and 27-hydroxycholesterol: protective effect of N-acetyl-cysteine. Aging Cell 2014; 13:561-72. [PMID: 24612036 PMCID: PMC4326893 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An abnormal accumulation of cholesterol oxidation products in the brain of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) would further link an impaired cholesterol metabolism in the pathogenesis of the disease. The first evidence stemming from the content of oxysterols in autopsy samples from AD and normal brains points to an increase in both 27-hydroxycholesterol (27-OH) and 24-hydroxycholesterol (24-OH) in the frontal cortex of AD brains, with a trend that appears related to the disease severity. The challenge of differentiated SK-N-BE human neuroblastoma cells with patho-physiologically relevant amounts of 27-OH and 24-OH showed that both oxysterols induce a net synthesis of Aβ1-42 by up-regulating expression levels of amyloid precursor protein and β-secretase, as well as the β-secretase activity. Interestingly, cell pretreatment with N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) fully prevented the enhancement of β-amyloidogenesis induced by the two oxysterols. The reported findings link an impaired cholesterol oxidative metabolism to an excessive β-amyloidogenesis and point to NAC as an efficient inhibitor of oxysterols-induced Aβ toxic peptide accumulation in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Gamba
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Michela Guglielmotto
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Testa
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Debora Monteleone
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Chiara Zerbinati
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Sapienza University of Rome Latina Italy
| | - Simona Gargiulo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Fiorella Biasi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Luigi Iuliano
- Department of Medico‐Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology Vascular Biology and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory Sapienza University of Rome Latina Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Mauro
- Division of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation IRCCS Italian Institute of Auxology Verbania Italy
- Department of Neurosciences University of Turin Turin Italy
| | - Giuseppe Poli
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Elena Tamagno
- Department of Neuroscience “Rita Levi Montalcini” University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
| | - Gabriella Leonarduzzi
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences University of Turin Orbassano Turin Italy
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261
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Intérêt d’un extrait de fruit rouge titré en anthocyanes dans une formulation pour retarder la dégénérescence cognitive liée à l’âge. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10298-014-0861-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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262
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263
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Singh SK, Gaur R, Kumar A, Fatima R, Mishra L, Srikrishna S. The flavonoid derivative 2-(4' Benzyloxyphenyl)-3-hydroxy-chromen-4-one protects against Aβ42-induced neurodegeneration in transgenic Drosophila: insights from in silico and in vivo studies. Neurotox Res 2014; 26:331-50. [PMID: 24706035 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-014-9466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2013] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is well established that the self-association of Aβ peptides into amyloid fibrils and/or plaque like aggregates causes neurotoxicity. As there is no cure for AD till date, identification of specific compounds that either inhibit the formation of Aβ-fibrils or help in the dissolution of already formed amyloid plaques makes an appealing therapeutic and preventive strategy in the development of drugs. In the present study, four synthetic flavonoid derivatives (1, 2, 3 and 4) were examined for docking studies with Amyloid beta (PDB Code: 1IYT) and Amyloid fibril (PDB Code: 2BEG). Of these, compound 1 and 4 were found to be potential inhibitors, as supported by computational molecular docking studies with adequate pharmacokinetic properties. Compound 1 was further tested in vivo in transgenic AD model of Drosophila. The disease causing human Aβ42 peptide was expressed in the compound eye by driving UAS-Aβ42 with ey-GAL4, which caused severe degeneration in eye tissues ranging from loss of bristles, ommatidial holes to severe ommatidial disruption as revealed by digital camera imaging and scanning electron microscopy. When the Aβ42 expressing larvae were grown in medium containing Compound 1, ~70 % rescue of the rough eye phenotype was observed at 75 and 100 μM concentrations. This is further corroborated by significant reduction in amyloid plaques in eye imaginal disks of compound 1 treated larvae as revealed by immuno-confocal imaging studies. Further, rescue of locomotor deficit and improved life span in compound 1 treated Aβ flies also confirm the neuroprotective activity of this compound. Thus, our results support the neuroprotective efficacy of compound 1 in preventing Aβ42-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and identify it as a future therapeutic agent against AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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264
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Vauzour D. Effect of flavonoids on learning, memory and neurocognitive performance: relevance and potential implications for Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2014; 94:1042-1056. [PMID: 24338740 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.6473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent evidence has indicated that a group of plant-derived compounds known as flavonoids may exert particularly powerful actions on mammalian cognition and may reverse age-related declines in memory and learning. In addition, growing evidence is also suggestive that flavonoids may delay the development of Alzheimer's disease-like pathology, suggestive of potential dietary strategies in dementia. Although these low-molecular-weight phytochemicals are absorbed to only a limited degree, they have been found to counteract age-related cognitive declines possibly via their ability to interact with the cellular and molecular architecture of the brain responsible for memory. However, the majority of the research has been carried out at rather supraphysiological concentrations and only a few studies have investigated the neuromodulatory effects of physiologically attainable flavonoid concentrations. This review will summarize the evidence for the effects of flavonoids and their metabolites in age-related cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease. Mechanisms of actions will be discussed and include those activating signalling pathways critical in controlling synaptic plasticity, reducing neuroinflammation and inducing vascular effects potentially capable of causing new nerve cell growth in the hippocampus. Altogether, these processes are known to be important in maintaining optimal neuronal function, to limit neurodegeneration and to prevent or reverse age-dependent deteriorations in cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Vauzour
- Department of Nutrition, Norwich Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, NR4 7TJ, UK
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265
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Swimming improves the emotional memory deficit by scopolamine via mu opioid receptors. Physiol Behav 2014; 128:237-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 09/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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266
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Felsenstein KM, Candelario KM, Steindler DA, Borchelt DR. Regenerative medicine in Alzheimer's disease. Transl Res 2014; 163:432-8. [PMID: 24286919 PMCID: PMC3976713 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2013.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Identifying novel, effective therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the major unmet medical needs for the coming decade. Because the current paradigm for developing and testing disease-modifying AD therapies is protracted and likely to be even longer, with the shift toward earlier intervention in preclinical AD, it is an open issue whether we can develop, test, and widely deploy a novel therapy in time to help the current at-risk generation if we continue to follow the standard paradigms of discovery and drug development. There is an imperative need to find safe and effective preventive measures that can be distributed rapidly to stem the coming wave of AD that will potentially engulf the next generation. We can define regenerative medicine broadly as approaches that use stem cell-based therapies or approaches that seek to modulate inherent neurogenesis. Neurogenesis, although most active during prenatal development, has been shown to continue in several small parts of the brain, including the hippocampus and the subventricular zone, suggesting its potential to reverse cognitive deficits. If AD pathology affects neurogenesis, then it follows that conditions that stimulate endogenous neurogenesis (eg, environmental stimuli, physical activity, trophic factors, cytokines, and drugs) may help to promote the regenerative and recovery process. Herein, we review the complex logistics of potentially implementing neurogenesis-based therapeutic strategies for the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M Felsenstein
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Kate M Candelario
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - Dennis A Steindler
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla
| | - David R Borchelt
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; McKnight Brain Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; Center for Translational Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla; SantaFe HealthCare Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla.
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267
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Cimini A, Gentile R, D'Angelo B, Benedetti E, Cristiano L, Avantaggiati ML, Giordano A, Ferri C, Desideri G. Cocoa powder triggers neuroprotective and preventive effects in a human Alzheimer's disease model by modulating BDNF signaling pathway. J Cell Biochem 2014; 114:2209-20. [PMID: 23554028 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms linking Aβ to the onset of neurotoxicity are still largely unknown, but several lines of evidence point to reactive oxygen species, which are produced even under the effect of nanomolar concentrations of soluble Aβ-oligomers. The consequent oxidative stress is considered as the mediator of a cascade of degenerative events in many neurological disorders. Epidemiological studies indicate that dietary habits and antioxidants from diet can influence the incidence of neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. In the recent years, a number of reviews have reported on neuroprotective effects of polyphenols in cell and animal models. However, the majority of these studies have focused only on the anti-oxidant properties of these compounds and less on the mechanism/s of action at cellular level. In this work we investigated the effect of cocoa polyphenolic extract on a human AD in vitro model. The results obtained, other than confirming the anti-oxidant properties of cocoa, demonstrate that cocoa polyphenols triggers neuroprotection by activating BDNF survival pathway, both on Aβ plaque treated cells and on Aβ oligomers treated cells, resulting in the counteraction of neurite dystrophy. On the light of the results obtained the use of cocoa powder as preventive agent for neurodegeneration is further supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Cimini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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268
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Pacifico S, Gallicchio M, Lorenz P, Duckstein SM, Potenza N, Galasso S, Marciano S, Fiorentino A, Stintzing FC, Monaco P. Neuroprotective potential of Laurus nobilis antioxidant polyphenol-enriched leaf extracts. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:611-26. [PMID: 24547959 DOI: 10.1021/tx5000415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress has been proposed to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), playing a central role in amyloid β-protein (Aβ) generation and neuronal apoptosis. Oxidative damage directly correlates with the presence of Aβ deposits. Aβ and oxidative stress jointly induce neuronal death, Aβ deposits, gliosis, and memory impairment in AD. In order to counteract AD neurodegeneration, the inhibition of the vicious cycle of Aβ generation and oxidation is an attractive therapeutic strategy, and antiamyloidogenic and antioxidant herbal drugs could represent an alternative and valid approach. In this context, an alcoholic extract from Laurus nobilis leaves (LnM) and seven fractions obtained therefrom were of interest. All extracts prepared through extractive and chromatographic techniques were phytochemically studied by chromatographic techniques including gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS(n)). The potential antioxidant efficacy of the obtained fractions was screened by DPPH(•) and ABTS(•+) assays, as well as specific assay media characterized from the presence of highly reactive ROS and RNS species (ROO(•), OH(•), O2(•-), and NO). In order to evaluate the preparation of safe and nontoxic extracts, MTT, SRB, and LDH assays toward SH-5YSY and SK-N-BE(2)-C human neuronal cell lines, as well as on C6 mouse glial cell line, were performed. The apoptosis-inducing properties by spectroscopic evaluation of the extracts' ability to activate caspase-3 and by a DNA fragmentation assay were also investigated. Data thus obtained allowed us to state the absence of toxic effects induced by phenolic-rich fractions (LnM, LnM-1, LnM-1a, LnM-1b, and LnM-2c), which at the same time exerted significant cytoprotective and antioxidant responses in hydrogen peroxide and Aβ(25-35)-fragment-oxidized cell systems. The potential antiamyloidogenic efficacy of Laurus nobilis leaf polar extracts in the Aβ(25-35) fragment oxidized cell systems was further analyzed by Congo red staining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Severina Pacifico
- Department of Environmental Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples , Via Vivaldi 43, I-81100 Caserta Italy
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Léotoing L, Davicco MJ, Lebecque P, Wittrant Y, Coxam V. The flavonoid fisetin promotes osteoblasts differentiation through Runx2 transcriptional activity. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 58:1239-48. [PMID: 24535991 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201300836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE Flavonoids represent a group of polyphenolic compounds commonly found in daily nutrition with proven health benefits. Among this group, the flavonol fisetin has been previously shown to protect bone by repressing osteoclast differentiation. In the present study, we investigated the role of fisetin in regulating osteoblasts physiology. METHODS AND RESULTS In vivo mice treated with LPSs exhibited osteoporosis features associated with a dramatic repression of osteoblast marker expression. In this model, inhibition of osteocalcin and type I collagen alpha 1 transcription was partially countered by a daily consumption of fisetin. Interestingly, in vitro, fisetin promoted both osteoblast alkaline phosphatase activity and mineralization process. To decipher how fisetin may exert its positive effect on osteoblastogenesis, we analyzed its ability to control the runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), a key organizer in developing and maturing osteoblasts. While fisetin did not impact Runx2 mRNA and protein levels, it upregulated its transcriptional activity. Actually, fisetin stimulated the luciferase activity of a reporter plasmid driven by the osteocalcin gene promoter that contains Runx2 binding sites and promoted the mRNA expression of osteocalcin and type I collagen alpha 1 targets. CONCLUSION Bone sparing properties of fisetin also rely on its positive influence on osteoblast differentiation and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Léotoing
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France; Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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270
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Leirós M, Alonso E, Sanchez JA, Rateb ME, Ebel R, Houssen WE, Jaspars M, Alfonso A, Botana LM. Mitigation of ROS insults by Streptomyces secondary metabolites in primary cortical neurons. ACS Chem Neurosci 2014; 5:71-80. [PMID: 24219236 DOI: 10.1021/cn4001878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a common point in neurodegenerative diseases, widely connected with mitochondrial dysfunction. In this study, we screened seven natural products from Streptomyces sources against hydrogen peroxide insult in primary cortical neurons, an oxidative stress in vitro model. We showed the ability of these compounds to inhibit neuronal cytotoxicity and to reduce ROS release after 12 h treatment. Among the tested compounds, the quinone anhydroexfoliamycin and the red pyrrole-type pigment undecylprodigiosin stand out. These two compounds displayed the most complete protection against oxidative stress with mitochondrial function improvement, ROS production inhibition, and increase of antioxidant enzyme levels, glutathione and catalase. Further investigations confirmed that anhydroexfoliamycin acts over the Nrf2-ARE pathway, as a Nrf2 nuclear translocation inductor, and is able to strongly inhibit the effect of the mitochondrial uncoupler FCCP over cytosolic Ca(2+), pointing to mitochondria as a cellular target for this molecule. In addition, both compounds were able to reduce caspase-3 activity induced by the apoptotic enhancer staurosporine, but undecylprodigiosin failed to inhibit FCCP effects and it did not act over the Nrf2 pathway as was the case for anhydroexfoliamycin. These results show that Streptomyces metabolites could be useful for the development of new drugs for prevention of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases and cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Leirós
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Eva Alonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Jon A. Sanchez
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Mostafa E. Rateb
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
- Pharmacognosy
Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 32514, Egypt
| | - Rainer Ebel
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Wael E. Houssen
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Marcel Jaspars
- Marine Biodiscovery Centre, Department
of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Meston Walk, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, Scotland, U.K
| | - Amparo Alfonso
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Lugo 27003, Spain
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Moghbelinejad S, Nassiri-Asl M, Naserpour Farivar T, Abbasi E, Sheikhi M, Taghiloo M, Farsad F, Samimi A, Hajiali F. Rutin activates the MAPK pathway and BDNF gene expression on beta-amyloid induced neurotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Lett 2014; 224:108-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Mitochondrial dysfunction: cause and consequence of Alzheimer's disease. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2014; 127:183-210. [PMID: 25149218 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394625-6.00007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of common, nonfamiliar late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD) is only partly understood and seems to be extremely complex including many genetic and environmental factors. The most important environmental risk factor to develop LOAD is aging itself. Aging and LOAD are considered to be strongly linked to mitochondrial dysfunction and enhanced oxidative stress. In this review, we focus on the interaction between mitochondrial dysfunction in aging especially on defects of the respiratory chain of the oxidative phosphorylation system resulting in enhanced oxidative stress and the interplay between aging-associated mitochondrial defects and LOAD-associated mitochondrial failure. The deleterious effects of the two hallmarks of LOAD, amyloid beta, and hyperphosphorylated tau, on mitochondrial function, movement, and morphology are described as well as the toxic effects of the most relevant genetic risk factor of LOAD, the apolipoprotein E4 allele. Finally, the review provides an overview about drugs and nutritional ingredients which improve mitochondrial function or/and act as antioxidants and discusses their potential role in the treatment of LOAD.
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273
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Jeong JH, Choi YS, Kim YJ, Yeun Lee J, Lee J. Synthesis and Evaluation of Selenoflavones That Have Potential Neuroprotective Effects. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/com-14-13112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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274
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Schmidt A, Hammann F, Wölnerhanssen B, Meyer-Gerspach AC, Drewe J, Beglinger C, Borgwardt S. Green tea extract enhances parieto-frontal connectivity during working memory processing. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:3879-88. [PMID: 24643507 PMCID: PMC4159594 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It has been proposed that green tea extract may have a beneficial impact on cognitive functioning, suggesting promising clinical implications. However, the neural mechanisms underlying this putative cognitive enhancing effect of green tea extract still remain unknown. OBJECTIVES This study investigates whether the intake of green tea extract modulates effective brain connectivity during working memory processing and whether connectivity parameters are related to task performance. MATERIAL AND METHODS Using a double-blind, counterbalanced, within-subject design, 12 healthy volunteers received a milk whey-based soft drink containing 27.5 g of green tea extract or a milk whey-based soft drink without green tea as control substance while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. Working memory effect on effective connectivity between frontal and parietal brain regions was evaluated using dynamic causal modeling. RESULTS Green tea extract increased the working memory induced modulation of connectivity from the right superior parietal lobule to the middle frontal gyrus. Notably, the magnitude of green tea induced increase in parieto-frontal connectivity positively correlated with improvement in task performance. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide first evidence for the putative beneficial effect of green tea on cognitive functioning, in particular, on working memory processing at the neural system level by suggesting changes in short-term plasticity of parieto-frontal brain connections. Modeling effective connectivity among frontal and parietal brain regions during working memory processing might help to assess the efficacy of green tea for the treatment of cognitive impairments in psychiatric disorders such as dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Schmidt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland ,Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Hammann
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Jürgen Drewe
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Beglinger
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan Borgwardt
- Department of Psychiatry (UPK), University of Basel, Wilhelm Klein Str. 27, 4012 Basel, Switzerland ,Medical Image Analysis Center, Schanzenstrasse 55, 4031 Basel, Switzerland ,Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
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275
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Chocolate and the brain: Neurobiological impact of cocoa flavanols on cognition and behavior. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:2445-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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276
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Luo W, Su YB, Hong C, Tian RG, Su LP, Wang YQ, Li Y, Yue JJ, Wang CJ. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel 4-dimethylamine flavonoid derivatives as potential multi-functional anti-Alzheimer agents. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:7275-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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277
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Chen XJ, Pang D, Li LP, Chen YQ, Tan XR. A hypothesis on the relationship between tea drinking and sexual activity. World J Hypertens 2013; 3:32-36. [DOI: 10.5494/wjh.v3.i4.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
As a major beverage in the world, the health benefits of drinking tea have been reported in numerous studies. The effects of green tea are mainly attributed to its polyphenol content, although caffeine, accounting for 2%-4%, appears to be related to the adaptation of mental energy by increasing alertness, attention and cognitive function, as well as elevating mood. L-Theanine, a unique amino acid in tea, has neuroprotective and mood effects. In addition, some studies on functional neuroanatomy and cerebral control of sexual function have demonstrated that the thalamus and hypothalamus play a role in emotional changes, memory and sexual behavior patterns. Our recent epidemiology research has unexpectedly found that tea drinking was positively related with sexual orgasm and sexual satisfaction in female hypertensive patients. We therefore hypothesize that long-term regular consumption of tea may play a role in sexual activity.
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278
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Wong DYS, Musgrave IF, Harvey BS, Smid SD. Açaí (Euterpe oleraceae Mart.) berry extract exerts neuroprotective effects against β-amyloid exposure in vitro. Neurosci Lett 2013; 556:221-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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279
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Hoey SE, Buonocore F, Cox CJ, Hammond VJ, Perkinton MS, Williams RJ. AMPA receptor activation promotes non-amyloidogenic amyloid precursor protein processing and suppresses neuronal amyloid-β production. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78155. [PMID: 24205136 PMCID: PMC3813448 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Soluble oligomeric amyloid β peptide (Aβ) generated from processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) and through actions at glutamatergic synapses affects excitability and plasticity. The physiological control of APP processing is not fully understood but stimulation of synaptic NMDA receptors (NMDAR) can suppress Aβ levels through an ERK-dependent increase in α-secretase activity. AMPA-type glutamate receptors (AMPAR) couple to ERK phosphorylation independently of NMDAR activation raising the possibility that stimulation of AMPAR might similarly promote non-amyloidogenic APP processing. We have tested this hypothesis by investigating whether AMPAR directly regulate APP processing in cultured mouse cortical neurons, by analyzing APP C-terminal fragments (CTFs), soluble APP (sAPP), Aβ levels, and cleavage of an APP-GAL4 reporter protein. We report that direct stimulation of AMPAR increases non-amyloidogenic α-secretase-mediated APP processing and inhibits Aβ production. Processing was blocked by the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor TAPI-1 but was only partially dependent on Ca2+ influx and ERK activity. AMPAR can therefore, be added to the repertoire of receptors that couple to non-amyloidogenic APP processing at glutamatergic synapses and thus pharmacological targeting of AMPAR could potentially influence the development and progression of Aβ pathology in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Hoey
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Federica Buonocore
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carla J. Cox
- University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria J. Hammond
- University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath, United Kingdom
| | - Michael S. Perkinton
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J. Williams
- King's College London, Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, London, United Kingdom
- University of Bath, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, Bath, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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280
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Oberbauer E, Urmann C, Steffenhagen C, Bieler L, Brunner D, Furtner T, Humpel C, Bäumer B, Bandtlow C, Couillard-Despres S, Rivera FJ, Riepl H, Aigner L. Chroman-like cyclic prenylflavonoids promote neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth and are neuroprotective. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:1953-62. [PMID: 24070601 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 05/23/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids target a variety of pathophysiological mechanisms and are therefore increasingly considered as compounds encompassed with therapeutic potentials in diseases such as cancer, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases and mood disorders. Hops (Humulus lupulus L.) is rich in flavonoids such as the flavanone 8-prenylnaringenin, which is the most potent phytoestrogen identified so far, and the prenylchalcone xanthohumol, which has potent tumor-preventive, anti-inflammatory and antiviral activities. In the present study, we questioned whether hops-derived prenylflavonoids and synthetic derivatives thereof act on neuronal precursor cells and neuronal cell lines to induce neuronal differentiation, neurite outgrowth and neuroprotection. Therefore, mouse embryonic forebrain-derived neural precursors and Neuro2a neuroblastoma-derived cells were stimulated with the prenylflavonoids of interest, and their potential to activate the promoter of the neuronal fate-specific doublecortin gene and to stimulate neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth was analyzed. In this screening, we identified highly "neuroactive" compounds, which we termed "enhancement of neuronal differentiation factors" (ENDFs). The most potent molecule, ENDF1, was demonstrated to promote neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells and neurite outgrowth of cultured dorsal root ganglion neurons and protected neuronal PC12 cells from cobalt chloride-induced as well as cholinergic neurons of the nucleus basalis of Meynert from deafferentation-induced cell death. The results indicate that hops-derived prenylflavonoids such as ENDFs might be powerful molecules to promote neurogenesis, neuroregeneration and neuroprotection in cases of chronic neurodegenerative diseases, acute brain and spinal cord lesion and age-associated cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleni Oberbauer
- Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Hanley MJ, Masse G, Harmatz JS, Cancalon PF, Dolnikowski GG, Court MH, Greenblatt DJ. Effect of blueberry juice on clearance of buspirone and flurbiprofen in human volunteers. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:1041-52. [PMID: 22943633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04450.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The present study evaluated the possibility of drug interactions involving blueberry juice (BBJ) and substrate drugs whose clearance is dependent on cytochromes P4503A (CYP3A) and P4502C9 (CYP2C9). METHODS A 50:50 mixture of lowbush and highbush BBJ was evaluated in vitro as an inhibitor of CYP3A activity (hydroxylation of triazolam and dealkylation of buspirone) and of CYP2C9 activity (flurbiprofen hydroxylation) using human liver microsomes. In clinical studies, clearance of oral buspirone and oral flurbiprofen was studied in healthy volunteers with and without co-treatment with BBJ. RESULTS BBJ inhibited CYP3A and CYP2C9 activity in vitro, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50 ) of less than 2%, but without evidence of mechanism-based (irreversible) inhibition. Grapefruit juice (GFJ) also inhibited CYP3A activity, but inhibitory potency was increased by pre-incubation, consistent with mechanism-based inhibition. In clinical studies, GFJ significantly increased area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) for the CYP3A substrate buspirone. The geometric mean ratio (GMR = AUC with GFJ divided by AUC with water) was 2.12. In contrast, the effect of BBJ (GMR = 1.39) was not significant. In the study of flurbiprofen (CYP2C9 substrate), the positive control inhibitor fluconazole significantly increased flurbiprofen AUC (GMR = 1.71), but BBJ had no significant effect (GMR = 1.03). CONCLUSION The increased buspirone AUC associated with BBJ is quantitatively small and could have occurred by chance. BBJ has no effect on flurbiprofen AUC. The studies provide no evidence for concern about clinically important pharmacokinetic drug interactions of BBJ with substrate drugs metabolized by CYP3A or CYP2C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Hanley
- Sackler Program in Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Boston, MA 02111, USA
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282
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Lemke MK, Schwab P, Fischer P, Tischer S, Witt M, Noehringer L, Rogachev V, Jäger A, Kataeva O, Fröhlich R, Metz P. A practical access to highly enantiomerically pure flavanones by catalytic asymmetric transfer hydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:11651-5. [PMID: 24027174 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A surprisingly selective, non-enzymatic kinetic resolution of readily available, racemic β-chiral ketones enabled the title process, which was applied to a rapid synthesis of several bioactive flavanones in virtually enantiopure form (see scheme; MOM=methoxymethyl, Ts=p-toluenesulfonyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Kristin Lemke
- Fachrichtung Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie, Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069 Dresden (Germany) http://www.chm.tu-dresden.de/oc1/
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283
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Ein praktischer Zugang zu hoch enantiomerenreinen Flavanonen durch katalytische asymmetrische Transferhydrierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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284
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Milenkovic D, Jude B, Morand C. miRNA as molecular target of polyphenols underlying their biological effects. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 64:40-51. [PMID: 23751562 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the human diet and are widespread constituents of fruits and beverages, such as tea, coffee, and wine. Epidemiological, clinical, and animal studies support a role of polyphenols in the prevention of various chronic diseases. For a long time, their direct antioxidant effect has been reported as the mechanism responsible for the observed health properties. However, recent findings revealed that polyphenols could interact with cellular signaling cascades regulating the activity of transcription factors and consequently affecting the expression of genes. Together with this classical regulatory pathway, polyphenols have been shown to affect the expression of microRNAs (miRNA). miRNAs are small, noncoding RNAs implicated in the regulation of gene expression that control both physiological and pathological processes such as development and cancer. Furthermore, expression of miRNAs can be affected by different external stimuli including nutrients such as vitamins, lipids, and phytochemicals. In this paper, we review studies assessing modulation of miRNAs expression by dietary polyphenols that could constitute a new pathway by which these compounds may exert their health effects. Over 100 miRNAs, involved in the control of different cellular processes such as inflammation or apoptosis, were identified as modulated by polyphenols. Most of the studies were performed in vitro using different cell lines, particularly cancer cell lines, and few studies were performed in animals. From all these data, miRNAs appear as interesting mediators in regulating polyphenols' biological effects; however, further studies are needed to validate miRNA targets and particularly in physiologically relevant conditions taking into account the bioavailability of dietary polyphenols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragan Milenkovic
- INRA, UMR 1019, UNH, CRNH Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Unité de Nutrition Humaine, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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285
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Calderón-Garcidueñas L, Mora-Tiscareño A, Franco-Lira M, Cross JV, Engle R, Aragón-Flores M, Gómez-Garza G, Jewells V, Medina-Cortina H, Solorio E, Chao CK, Zhu H, Mukherjee PS, Ferreira-Azevedo L, Torres-Jardón R, D'Angiulli A. Flavonol-rich dark cocoa significantly decreases plasma endothelin-1 and improves cognition in urban children. Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:104. [PMID: 23986703 PMCID: PMC3749371 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution exposures are linked to systemic inflammation, cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, neuroinflammation and neuropathology in young urbanites. In particular, most Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) children exhibit subtle cognitive deficits, and neuropathology studies show 40% of them exhibiting frontal tau hyperphosphorylation and 51% amyloid-β diffuse plaques (compared to 0% in low pollution control children). We assessed whether a short cocoa intervention can be effective in decreasing plasma endothelin 1 (ET-1) and/or inflammatory mediators in MCMA children. Thirty gram of dark cocoa with 680 mg of total flavonols were given daily for 10.11 ± 3.4 days (range 9–24 days) to 18 children (10.55 years, SD = 1.45; 11F/7M). Key metabolite ratios in frontal white matter and in hippocampus pre and during cocoa intervention were quantified by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. ET-1 significantly decreased after cocoa treatment (p = 0.0002). Fifteen children (83%) showed a marginally significant individual improvement in one or both of the applied simple short memory tasks. Endothelial dysfunction is a key feature of exposure to particulate matter (PM) and decreased endothelin-1 bioavailability is likely useful for brain function in the context of air pollution. Our findings suggest that cocoa interventions may be critical for early implementation of neuroprotection of highly exposed urban children. Multi-domain nutraceutical interventions could limit the risk for endothelial dysfunction, cerebral hypoperfusion, neuroinflammation, cognitive deficits, structural volumetric detrimental brain effects, and the early development of the neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Calderón-Garcidueñas
- Biomedical Sciences, The Center for Structural and Functional Neurosciences, The University of Montana Missoula, MT, USA ; Hospital Central Militar, Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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286
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Sato M, Murakami K, Uno M, Nakagawa Y, Katayama S, Akagi KI, Masuda Y, Takegoshi K, Irie K. Site-specific inhibitory mechanism for amyloid β42 aggregation by catechol-type flavonoids targeting the Lys residues. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:23212-24. [PMID: 23792961 PMCID: PMC3743493 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.464222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aggregation of the 42-residue amyloid β-protein (Aβ42) is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). Numerous flavonoids exhibit inhibitory activity against Aβ42 aggregation, but their mechanism remains unclear in the molecular level. Here we propose the site-specific inhibitory mechanism of (+)-taxifolin, a catechol-type flavonoid, whose 3',4'-dihydroxyl groups of the B-ring plays a critical role. Addition of sodium periodate, an oxidant, strengthened suppression of Aβ42 aggregation by (+)-taxifolin, whereas no inhibition was observed under anaerobic conditions, suggesting the inhibition to be associated with the oxidation to form o-quinone. Because formation of the Aβ42-taxifolin adduct was suggested by mass spectrometry, Aβ42 mutants substituted at Arg(5), Lys(16), and/or Lys(28) with norleucine (Nle) were prepared to identify the residues involved in the conjugate formation. (+)-Taxifolin did not suppress the aggregation of Aβ42 mutants at Lys(16) and/or Lys(28) except for the mutant at Arg(5). In addition, the aggregation of Aβ42 was inhibited by other catechol-type flavonoids, whereas that of K16Nle-Aβ42 was not. In contrast, some non-catechol-type flavonoids suppressed the aggregation of K16Nle-Aβ42 as well as Aβ42. Furthermore, interaction of (+)-taxifolin with the β-sheet region in Aβ42 was not observed using solid-state NMR unlike curcumin of the non-catechol-type. These results demonstrate that catechol-type flavonoids could specifically suppress Aβ42 aggregation by targeting Lys residues. Although the anti-AD activity of flavonoids has been ascribed to their antioxidative activity, the mechanism that the o-quinone reacts with Lys residues of Aβ42 might be more intrinsic. The Lys residues could be targets for Alzheimer disease therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Sato
- From the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
| | - Kazuma Murakami
- From the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
| | - Mayumi Uno
- From the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
| | - Yu Nakagawa
- From the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
- the Synthetic Cellular Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Saitama 351-0198
| | - Sumie Katayama
- the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, and
| | - Ken-ichi Akagi
- the National Institute of Biomedical Innovation, Osaka 567-0085, and
| | - Yuichi Masuda
- the Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
- the Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Takegoshi
- the Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8502
| | - Kazuhiro Irie
- From the Division of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Agriculture, and
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287
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Nehlig A. The neuroprotective effects of cocoa flavanol and its influence on cognitive performance. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 75:716-27. [PMID: 22775434 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2012.04378.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cocoa powder and chocolate contain numerous substances among which there is a quite large percentage of antioxidant molecules, mainly flavonoids, most abundantly found in the form of epicatechin. These substances display several beneficial actions on the brain. They enter the brain and induce widespread stimulation of brain perfusion. They also provoke angiogenesis, neurogenesis and changes in neuron morphology, mainly in regions involved in learning and memory. Epicatechin improves various aspects of cognition in animals and humans. Chocolate also induces positive effects on mood and is often consumed under emotional stress. In addition, flavonoids preserve cognitive abilities during ageing in rats, lower the risk for developing Alzheimer's disease and decrease the risk of stroke in humans. In addition to their beneficial effects on the vascular system and on cerebral blood flow, flavonoids interact with signalization cascades involving protein and lipid kinases that lead to the inhibition of neuronal death by apoptosis induced by neurotoxicants such as oxygen radicals, and promote neuronal survival and synaptic plasticity. The present review intends to review the data available on the effects of cocoa and chocolate on brain health and cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Nehlig
- Faculty of Medicine, INSERM U 666, Strasbourg, France.
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288
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Cho N, Lee KY, Huh J, Choi JH, Yang H, Jeong EJ, Kim HP, Sung SH. Cognitive-enhancing effects of Rhus verniciflua bark extract and its active flavonoids with neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 58:355-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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289
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Sun YY, Lin SH, Lin HC, Hung CC, Wang CY, Lin YC, Hung KS, Lien CC, Kuan CY, Lee YH. Cell type-specific dependency on the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway for the endogenous Epo and VEGF induction by baicalein in neurons versus astrocytes. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69019. [PMID: 23904909 PMCID: PMC3719842 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuroprotective effect of baicalein is generally attributed to inhibition of
12/15-lipoxygenase (12/15-LOX) and suppression of oxidative stress, but recent
studies showed that baicalein also activates hypoxia-inducible factor-α (HIF1α)
through inhibition of prolyl hydrolase 2 (PHD2) and activation of the
phosphatidylinositide-3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway. Yet, the
significance and regulation of prosurvival cytokines erythropoietin (Epo) and
vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), two transcriptional targets of HIF1α,
in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in neurons and astrocytes remains unknown.
Here we investigated the causal relationship between the PI3K/Akt signaling
pathway and Epo/VEGF expression in baicalein-mediated neuroprotection in primary
rat cortical neurons and astrocytes. Our results show that baicalein induced Epo
and VEGF expression in a HIF1α- and PI3K/Akt-dependent manner in neurons.
Baicalein also protected neurons against excitotoxicity in a PI3K- and
Epo/VEGF-dependent manner without affecting neuronal excitability. In contrast,
at least a 10-fold higher concentration of baicalein was needed to induce
Epo/VEGF production and PI3K/Akt activity in astrocytes for protection of
neurons. Moreover, only baicalein-induced astrocytic VEGF, but not Epo
expression requires HIF1α, while PI3K/Akt signaling had little role in
baicalein-induced astrocytic Epo/VEGF expression. These results suggest distinct
mechanisms of baicalein-mediated Epo/VEGF production in neurons and astrocytes
for neuroprotection, and provide new insights into the mechanisms and potential
of baicalein in treating brain injury in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Yo Sun
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Shang-Hsuan Lin
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Cheng Lin
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chi Hung
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Taipei Medical University,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yu Wang
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chu Lin
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Sheng Hung
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Wan Fang Hospital,
Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chang Lien
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- Institute of Neuroscience, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yi Kuan
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, the Center for
Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta,
Georgia, United States of America
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University,
Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei,
Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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290
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Yang HJ, Hwang JT, Kwon DY, Kim MJ, Kang S, Moon NR, Park S. Yuzu extract prevents cognitive decline and impaired glucose homeostasis in β-amyloid-infused rats. J Nutr 2013; 143:1093-9. [PMID: 23719224 DOI: 10.3945/jn.112.173401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Our preliminary study revealed that dementia induced by β-amyloid accumulation impairs peripheral glucose homeostasis (unpublished). We therefore evaluated whether long-term oral consumption of yuzu (Citrus junos Tanaka) extract improves cognitive dysfunction and glucose homeostasis in β-amyloid-induced rats. Male rats received hippocampal CA1 infusions of β-amyloid (25-35) [plaque forming β-amyloid; Alzheimer disease (AD)] or β-amyloid (35-25) [non-plaque forming β-amyloid; C (non-Alzheimer disease control)] at a rate of 3.6 nmol/d for 14 d. AD rats were divided into 2 dietary groups that received either 3% lyophilized 70% ethanol extracts of yuzu (AD-Y) or 3% dextrin (AD-C) in high-fat diets (43% energy as fat). The AD-C group exhibited greater hippocampal β-amyloid deposition, which was not detected in the C group, and attenuated hippocampal insulin signaling. Yuzu treatment prevented β-amyloid accumulation, increased tau phosphorylation, and attenuated hippocampal insulin signaling observed in AD-C rats. Consistent with β-amyloid accumulation, the AD-C rats experienced cognitive dysfunction, which was prevented by yuzu. AD-C rats gained less weight than did C rats due to decreased feed consumption, and yuzu treatment prevented the decrease in feed consumption. Serum glucose concentrations were higher in AD-C than in C rats at 40-120 min after glucose loading during an oral-glucose-tolerance test, but not at 0-40 min. Serum insulin concentrations were highly elevated in AD-C rats but not enough to lower serum glucose to normal concentrations, indicating that rats in the AD-C group had insulin resistance and a borderline diabetic state. Although AD-C rats were profoundly insulin resistant, AD-Y rats exhibited normal first and second phases of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and secretion. In conclusion, yuzu treatment prevented the cognitive dysfunction and impaired energy and glucose homeostasis induced by β-amyloid infusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jeong Yang
- Food Certification Center, Korean Food Research Institutes, Sungnam, South Korea
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291
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Teixeira MDA, Souza CM, Menezes APF, Carmo MRS, Fonteles AA, Gurgel JP, Lima FAV, Viana GSB, Andrade GM. Catechin attenuates behavioral neurotoxicity induced by 6-OHDA in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2013; 110:1-7. [PMID: 23714698 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2013.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 05/15/2013] [Accepted: 05/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the beneficial effect of catechin in a model of Parkinson's disease. Unilateral, intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-lesioned rats were pretreated with catechin (10 and 30 mg/kg) by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection 2h before surgery and for 14 days afterwards. After treatments, apomorphine-induced rotations, locomotor activity, working memory and early and late aversive memories were evaluated. The mesencephalon was used to determine the levels of monoamines and measurement of glutathione (GSH). Immunohistochemical staining was also used to evaluate the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in mesencephalic and striatal tissues. Catechin administration attenuated the increase in rotational behavior and the decrease in locomotor activity observed in lesioned rats. Although catechin did not rescue the impairment of late aversive memory, it protected the animals against 6-OHDA-induced working memory deficits. Furthermore, catechin treatment restored GSH levels, and significantly increased dopamine and DOPAC content, and TH-immunoreactivity in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Catechin protected 6-OHDA-lesioned rats due to its antioxidant action, indicating that it could be useful as an adjunctive therapy for the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D A Teixeira
- Laboratory of Neurosciences and Behavior, Federal University of Ceará, Rua Cel. Nunes de Melo, 1127, Fortaleza 60430270, Brazil
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292
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Abstract
Research into the cognitive and mood effects of caffeine in human subjects has highlighted some fairly robust and well-accepted effects. However, the majority of these studies have focused on caffeine in isolation; whilst caffeine is normally consumed in the form of plant-derived products and extracts that invariably contain other potentially bioactive phytochemicals. The aim of the present review is to consider the possible mechanisms of action of co-occurring phytochemicals, and any epidemiological evidence suggesting that they contribute to potential health benefits ascribed to caffeine. Intervention studies to date that have been conducted to explore the effects on brain function of the non-caffeine components in caffeine-bearing plants (coffee, tea, cocoa, guaraná), either alone or in combination with caffeine, will also be summarised. Research is beginning to accumulate showing independent effects for several of the phytochemicals that co-occur with caffeine, and/or a modulation of the effects of caffeine when it is co-consumed with these naturally concomitant phytochemicals. The present review highlights that more research aimed at understanding the effects of these compounds is needed and, more importantly, the synergistic relationship that they may have with caffeine.
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293
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8th Annual Conference of the European Nutraceutical Association (ENA). ANNALS OF NUTRITION AND METABOLISM 2012. [DOI: 10.1159/000343769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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294
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Bahia PK, Pugh V, Hoyland K, Hensley V, Rattray M, Williams RJ. Neuroprotective effects of phenolic antioxidant tBHQ associate with inhibition of FoxO3a nuclear translocation and activity. J Neurochem 2012; 123:182-91. [PMID: 22804756 PMCID: PMC3494983 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2012.07877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Forkhead transcription factor, FoxO3a induces genomic death responses in neurones following translocation from the cytosol to the nucleus. Nuclear translocation of FoxO3a is triggered by trophic factor withdrawal, oxidative stress and the stimulation of extrasynaptic NMDA receptors. Receptor activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-Akt signalling pathways retains FoxO3a in the cytoplasm, thereby inhibiting the transcriptional activation of death-promoting genes. We hypothesized that phenolic antioxidants such as tert-Butylhydroquinone (tBHQ), which is known to stimulate PI3K-Akt signalling, would inhibit FoxO3a translocation and activity. Treatment of cultured cortical neurones with NMDA increased the nuclear localization of FoxO3a, reduced the phosphorylation of FoxO3a, increased caspase activity and up-regulated Fas ligand expression. In contrast the phenolic antioxidant, tBHQ, caused retention of FoxO3a in the cytosol coincident with enhanced PI3K- dependent phosphorylation of FoxO3a. tBHQ-induced nuclear exclusion of FoxO3a was associated with reduced FoxO-mediated transcriptional activity. Exposure of neurones to tBHQ inhibited NMDA-induced nuclear translocation of FoxO3a, prevented NMDA-induced up-regulation of FoxO-mediated transcriptional activity, blocked caspase activation and protected neurones from NMDA-induced excitotoxic death. Collectively, these data suggest that phenolic antioxidants such as tBHQ oppose stress-induced activation of FoxO3a and therefore have potential neuroprotective utility in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmvir K Bahia
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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295
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Sagare AP, Deane R, Zlokovic BV. Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1: a physiological Aβ homeostatic mechanism with multiple therapeutic opportunities. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 136:94-105. [PMID: 22820095 PMCID: PMC3432694 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP1) is the main cell surface receptor involved in brain and systemic clearance of the Alzheimer's disease (AD) toxin amyloid-beta (Aβ). In plasma, a soluble form of LRP1 (sLRP1) is the major transport protein for peripheral Aβ. LRP1 in brain endothelium and mural cells mediates Aβ efflux from brain by providing a transport mechanism for Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). sLRP1 maintains a plasma 'sink' activity for Aβ through binding of peripheral Aβ which in turn inhibits re-entry of free plasma Aβ into the brain. LRP1 in the liver mediates systemic clearance of Aβ. In AD, LRP1 expression at the BBB is reduced and Aβ binding to circulating sLRP1 is compromised by oxidation. Cell surface LRP1 and circulating sLRP1 represent druggable targets which can be therapeutically modified to restore the physiological mechanisms of brain Aβ homeostasis. In this review, we discuss how increasing LRP1 expression at the BBB and liver with lifestyle changes, statins, plant-based active principles and/or gene therapy on one hand, and how replacing dysfunctional plasma sLRP1 on the other regulate Aβ clearance from brain ultimately controlling the onset and/or progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhay P. Sagare
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
| | - Rashid Deane
- Department of Neurosurgery, Arthur Kornberg Medical Research Building, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, United States
| | - Berislav V. Zlokovic
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, and Center for Neurodegeneration and Regeneration at the Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, 1501 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90089, United States
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296
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Desideri G, Kwik-Uribe C, Grassi D, Necozione S, Ghiadoni L, Mastroiacovo D, Raffaele A, Ferri L, Bocale R, Lechiara MC, Marini C, Ferri C. Benefits in cognitive function, blood pressure, and insulin resistance through cocoa flavanol consumption in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment: the Cocoa, Cognition, and Aging (CoCoA) study. Hypertension 2012; 60:794-801. [PMID: 22892813 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.112.193060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Flavanol consumption is favorably associated with cognitive function. We tested the hypothesis that dietary flavanols might improve cognitive function in subjects with mild cognitive impairment. We conducted a double-blind, parallel arm study in 90 elderly individuals with mild cognitive impairment randomized to consume once daily for 8 weeks a drink containing ≈990 mg (high flavanols), ≈520 mg (intermediate flavanols), or ≈45 mg (low flavanols) of cocoa flavanols per day. Cognitive function was assessed by Mini Mental State Examination, Trail Making Test A and B, and verbal fluency test. At the end of the follow-up period, Mini Mental State Examination was similar in the 3 treatment groups (P=0.13). The time required to complete Trail Making Test A and Trail Making Test B was significantly (P<0.05) lower in subjects assigned to high flavanols (38.10±10.94 and 104.10±28.73 seconds, respectively) and intermediate flavanols (40.20±11.35 and 115.97±28.35 seconds, respectively) in comparison with those assigned to low flavanols (52.60±17.97 and 139.23±43.02 seconds, respectively). Similarly, verbal fluency test score was significantly (P<0.05) better in subjects assigned to high flavanols in comparison with those assigned to low flavanols (27.50±6.75 versus 22.30±8.09 words per 60 seconds). Insulin resistance, blood pressure, and lipid peroxidation also decreased among subjects in the high-flavanol and intermediate-flavanol groups. Changes of insulin resistance explained ≈40% of composite z score variability through the study period (partial r(2)=0.4013; P<0.0001). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first dietary intervention study demonstrating that the regular consumption of cocoa flavanols might be effective in improving cognitive function in elderly subjects with mild cognitive impairment. This effect appears mediated in part by an improvement in insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovambattista Desideri
- University of L'Aquila, Department of Life, Health, and Environmental Sciences, Viale S Salvatore, Delta 6 Medicina, 67100 Coppito, L'Aquila, Italy.
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297
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Dietary polyphenols as modulators of brain functions: biological actions and molecular mechanisms underpinning their beneficial effects. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:914273. [PMID: 22701758 PMCID: PMC3372091 DOI: 10.1155/2012/914273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that diet and lifestyle can play an important role in delaying the onset or halting the progression of age-related health disorders and to improve cognitive function. In particular, polyphenols have been reported to exert their neuroprotective actions through the potential to protect neurons against injury induced by neurotoxins, an ability to suppress neuroinflammation, and the potential to promote memory, learning, and cognitive function. Despite significant advances in our understanding of the biology of polyphenols, they are still mistakenly regarded as simply acting as antioxidants. However, recent evidence suggests that their beneficial effects involve decreases in oxidative/inflammatory stress signaling, increases in protective signaling and neurohormetic effects leading to the expression of genes that encode antioxidant enzymes, phase-2 enzymes, neurotrophic factors, and cytoprotective proteins. Specific examples of such pathways include the sirtuin-FoxO pathway, the NF-κB pathway, and the Nrf-2/ARE pathway. Together, these processes act to maintain brain homeostasis and play important roles in neuronal stress adaptation and thus polyphenols have the potential to prevent the progression of neurodegenerative pathologies.
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298
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Renno WM, Al-Maghrebi M, Al-Banaw A. (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) attenuates functional deficits and morphological alterations by diminishing apoptotic gene overexpression in skeletal muscles after sciatic nerve crush injury. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2012; 385:807-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-012-0758-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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299
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The bad, the good, and the ugly about oxidative stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2012; 2012:163913. [PMID: 22619696 PMCID: PMC3350994 DOI: 10.1155/2012/163913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2011] [Revised: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and cancer (e.g., leukemia) are the most devastating disorders affecting millions of people worldwide. Except for some kind of cancers, no effective and/or definitive therapeutic treatment aimed to reduce or to retard the clinic and pathologic symptoms induced by AD and PD is presently available. Therefore, it is urgently needed to understand the molecular basis of these disorders. Since oxidative stress (OS) is an important etiologic factor of the pathologic process of AD, PD, and cancer, understanding how intracellular signaling pathways respond to OS will have a significant implication in the therapy of these diseases. Here, we propose a model of minimal completeness of cell death signaling induced by OS as a mechanistic explanation of neuronal and cancer cell demise. This mechanism might provide the basis for therapeutic design strategies. Finally, we will attempt to associate PD, cancer, and OS. This paper critically analyzes the evidence that support the “oxidative stress model” in neurodegeneration and cancer.
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300
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A berry thought-provoking idea: the potential role of plant polyphenols in the treatment of age-related cognitive disorders. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:794-800. [PMID: 22475317 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512000669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Today, tens of millions of elderly individuals worldwide suffer from dementia. While the pathogenesis of dementia is complex and incompletely understood, it may be, at least to a certain extent, the consequence of systemic vascular pathology. The metabolic syndrome and its individual components induce a proinflammatory state that damages blood vessels. This condition of chronic inflammation may damage the vasculature of the brain or be directly neurotoxic. Associations have been established between the metabolic syndrome, its constituents and dementia. A relationship has also been observed between certain dietary factors, such as constituents of the 'Mediterranean diet', and the metabolic syndrome; similar associations have been noted between these dietary factors and dementia. Fruit juices and extracts are under investigation as treatments for cognitive impairment. Blueberry, strawberry, blackberry, grape and plum juices or extracts have been successfully tested in cognitively impaired rodents. Published trials of the benefits of grape and blueberry juice in the treatment of small numbers of cognitively impaired persons have recently appeared. The benefits of fruit products are thought to be a result of its polyphenol content. A grape polyphenol found in grapes, resveratrol, now being studied in humans, and one in grapes and blueberries, pterostilbene, have been found to improve cognition in rodents. In the design of future human trials, one ought to consider the poor bioavailability of these products, the possible need to initiate the experimental therapy long before the onset of symptoms, and currently limited knowledge about the appropriate form (e.g. juice, powder or individual polyphenol) of treatment.
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