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Chu LL, Montecillo JAV, Bae H. Recent Advances in the Metabolic Engineering of Yeasts for Ginsenoside Biosynthesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:139. [PMID: 32158753 PMCID: PMC7052115 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a group of glycosylated triterpenes isolated from Panax species. Ginsenosides are promising candidates for the prevention and treatment of cancer as well as food additives. However, owing to a lack of efficient approaches for ginsenoside production from plants and chemical synthesis, ginsenosides may not yet have reached their full potential as medicinal resources. In recent years, an alternative approach for ginsenoside production has been developed using the model yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and non-conventional yeasts such as Yarrowia lipolytica and Pichia pastoris. In this review, various metabolic engineering strategies, including heterologous gene expression, balancing, and increasing metabolic flux, and enzyme engineering, have been described as recent advanced engineering techniques for improving ginsenoside production. Furthermore, the usefulness of a systems approach and fermentation strategy has been presented. Finally, the present challenges and future research direction for industrial cell factories have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luan Luong Chu
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
| | | | - Hanhong Bae
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan-si, South Korea
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Sandner G, Mueller AS, Zhou X, Stadlbauer V, Schwarzinger B, Schwarzinger C, Wenzel U, Maenner K, van der Klis JD, Hirtenlehner S, Aumiller T, Weghuber J. Ginseng Extract Ameliorates the Negative Physiological Effects of Heat Stress by Supporting Heat Shock Response and Improving Intestinal Barrier Integrity: Evidence from Studies with Heat-Stressed Caco-2 Cells, C. elegans and Growing Broilers. Molecules 2020; 25:E835. [PMID: 32075045 PMCID: PMC7070719 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Climatic changes and heat stress have become a great challenge in the livestock industry, negatively affecting, in particular, poultry feed intake and intestinal barrier malfunction. Recently, phytogenic feed additives were applied to reduce heat stress effects on animal farming. Here, we investigated the effects of ginseng extract using various in vitro and in vivo experiments. Quantitative real-time PCR, transepithelial electrical resistance measurements and survival assays under heat stress conditions were carried out in various model systems, including Caco-2 cells, Caenorhabditis elegans and jejunum samples of broilers. Under heat stress conditions, ginseng treatment lowered the expression of HSPA1A (Caco-2) and the heat shock protein genes hsp-1 and hsp-16.2 (both in C. elegans), while all three of the tested genes encoding tight junction proteins, CLDN3, OCLN and CLDN1 (Caco-2), were upregulated. In addition, we observed prolonged survival under heat stress in Caenorhabditis elegans, and a better performance of growing ginseng-fed broilers by the increased gene expression of selected heat shock and tight junction proteins. The presence of ginseng extract resulted in a reduced decrease in transepithelial resistance under heat shock conditions. Finally, LC-MS analysis was performed to quantitate the most prominent ginsenosides in the extract used for this study, being Re, Rg1, Rc, Rb2 and Rd. In conclusion, ginseng extract was found to be a suitable feed additive in animal nutrition to reduce the negative physiological effects caused by heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georg Sandner
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
| | - Andreas S. Mueller
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Xiaodan Zhou
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Verena Stadlbauer
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
| | - Bettina Schwarzinger
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Linz, Austria 4040;
| | - Clemens Schwarzinger
- Johannes Kepler University, Institute for Chemical Technology of Organic Materials, Linz, Austria 4040;
| | - Uwe Wenzel
- Molecular Nutrition Research, Interdisciplinary Research Centre, Justus-Liebig-University of Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, 35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Klaus Maenner
- Institute of Animal Nutrition of Free University Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str.49, 14195 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Jan Dirk van der Klis
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Stefan Hirtenlehner
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Tobias Aumiller
- Delacon Biotechnik GmbH, Weissenwolffstraße 14, Steyregg 4221, Austria; (X.Z.); (J.D.v.d.K.); (S.H.); (T.A.)
| | - Julian Weghuber
- School of Engineering and Environmental Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Upper Austria, Stelzhamerstraße 23, Wels 4600, Austria; (G.S.); (V.S.); (B.S.)
- FFoQSI GmbH-Austrian Competence Centre for Feed and Food Quality, Safety and Innovation, Technopark 1C, Tulln 3430, Austria
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253
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Singh L, Joshi T, Tewari D, Echeverría J, Mocan A, Sah AN, Parvanov E, Tzvetkov NT, Ma ZF, Lee YY, Poznański P, Huminiecki L, Sacharczuk M, Jóźwik A, Horbańczuk JO, Feder-Kubis J, Atanasov AG. Ethnopharmacological Applications Targeting Alcohol Abuse: Overview and Outlook. Front Pharmacol 2020; 10:1593. [PMID: 32116660 PMCID: PMC7034411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive alcohol consumption is the cause of several diseases and thus is of a major concern for society. Worldwide alcohol consumption has increased by many folds over the past decades. This urgently calls for intervention and relapse counteract measures. Modern pharmacological solutions induce complete alcohol self-restraint and prevent relapse, but they have many side effects. Natural products are most promising as they cause fewer adverse effects. Here we discuss in detail the medicinal plants used in various traditional/folklore medicine systems for targeting alcohol abuse. We also comprehensively describe preclinical and clinical studies done on some of these plants along with the possible mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laxman Singh
- Centre for Biodiversity Conservation & Management, G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, Almora, India
| | - Tanuj Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Devesh Tewari
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Javier Echeverría
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Biology, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrei Mocan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Botany, “Iuliu Hațieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University Bhimtal Campus, Nainital, India
| | - Emil Parvanov
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Division BIOCEV, Prague, Czechia
| | - Nikolay T. Tzvetkov
- Institute of Molecular Biology “Roumen Tsanev”, Department of Biochemical Pharmacology and Drug Design, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Department Global R&D, NTZ Lab Ltd., Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Zheng Feei Ma
- Department of Public Health, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, China
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Yeong Yeh Lee
- School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kota Bharu, Malaysia
| | - Piotr Poznański
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Lukasz Huminiecki
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Mariusz Sacharczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Artur Jóźwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Jarosław O. Horbańczuk
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
| | - Joanna Feder-Kubis
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, Poland
- Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Institute of Neurobiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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254
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Aziz N, Kang YG, Kim YJ, Park WS, Jeong D, Lee J, Kim D, Cho JY. Regulation of 8-Hydroxydaidzein in IRF3-Mediated Gene Expression in LPS-Stimulated Murine Macrophages. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10020238. [PMID: 32033247 PMCID: PMC7072285 DOI: 10.3390/biom10020238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are transcriptionally regulated by inflammatory transcription factors such as nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), activator protein-1 (AP-1), and interferon regulatory factor (IRF)-3. A daidzein derivative compound, 8-hydroxydaidzein (8-HD), isolated from soy products, has recently gained attention due to various pharmacological benefits, including anti-inflammatory activities. However, regulation of the inflammatory signaling mechanism for 8-HD is still poorly understood, particularly with respect to the IRF-3 signaling pathway. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanism of 8-HD in regulating inflammatory processes, with a focus on the IRF-3 signaling pathway using a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid [Poly (I:C)] stimulated murine macrophage cell line (RAW264.7). The 8-HD downregulated the mRNA expression level of IRF-3-dependent genes by inhibiting phosphorylation of the IRF-3 transcription factor. The inhibitory mechanism of 8-HD in the IRF-3 signaling pathway was shown to inhibit the kinase activity of IKKε to phosphorylate IRF-3. This compound can also interfere with the TRIF-mediated complex formation composed of TRAF3, TANK, and IKKε leading to downregulation of AKT phosphorylation and reduction of IRF-3 activation, resulted in inhibition of IRF-3-dependent expression of genes including IFN-β, C-X-C motif chemokine 10 (CXCL10), and interferon-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 1 (IFIT1). Therefore, these results strongly suggest that 8-HD can act as a promising compound with the regulatory function of IRF-3-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (N.A.); (D.J.)
| | - Young-Gyu Kang
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-S.P.)
| | - Yong-Jin Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-S.P.)
| | - Won-Seok Park
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-S.P.)
| | - Deok Jeong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (N.A.); (D.J.)
| | - Jongsung Lee
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (N.A.); (D.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7861 (J.L.); +82-31-280-5869 (D.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Donghyun Kim
- Basic Research & Innovation Division, R&D Center, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin 17074, Korea; (Y.-G.K.); (Y.-J.K.); (W.-S.P.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7861 (J.L.); +82-31-280-5869 (D.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; (N.A.); (D.J.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.K.); (J.Y.C.); Tel.: +82-31-290-7861 (J.L.); +82-31-280-5869 (D.K.); +82-31-290-7868 (J.Y.C.)
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255
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Lukman SK, Saidin S. Effects of different polyaniline emeraldine compositions in electrodepositing ginsenoside encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microcapsules coating: Physicochemical characterization and in vitro evaluation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2020; 108:1171-1185. [PMID: 31994824 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.36891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Revised: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Even though drug-eluting stent (DES) has prominently reduced restenosis, however, its complication of delayed endothelialization has caused chronic side effect. A coating of ginseng-based biodegradable polymer could address this issue due to its specific therapeutic values. However, deposition of this type of stable coating on metallic implant often scarce. Therefore, in this study, different polyaniline (PANI) emeraldine compositions were adopted to electrodeposit ginsenoside encapsulated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microcapsules coating. The coating surfaces were analyzed using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, contact angle, and atomic force microscopy instruments. A month coating stability was then investigated with an evaluation of in vitro human umbilical vein endothelial cell analyses consisted of cytotoxicity and cells attachment assessments. The 1.5 mg PANI emeraldine has assisted the formation of stable, uniform, and rounded microcapsules coating with appropriate wettability and roughness. Less than 1.5 mg PANI emeraldine was not enough to drive the formation of microcapsules coating while greater than 1.5 mg caused the deposition of melted microcapsules. The similar coating also has promoted greater cells proliferation and attachment compared to other coating variation. Therefore, the utilization of electrodeposition to deposit a drug-based polymer coating could be implemented to develop DES, in accordance to stent implantation which ultimately aims for enrich endothelialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siti Khadijah Lukman
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Syafiqah Saidin
- School of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia.,IJN-UTM Cardiovascular Engineering Centre, Institute of Human Centered Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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256
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Jeon JH, Lee S, Lee W, Jin S, Kwon M, Shin CH, Choi MK, Song IS. Herb-Drug Interaction of Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenoside Rc with Valsartan in Rats. Molecules 2020; 25:E622. [PMID: 32023909 PMCID: PMC7037682 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the herb-drug interactions involving red ginseng extract (RGE) or ginsenoside Rc with valsartan, a substrate for organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP/Oatp) transporters. In HEK293 cells overexpressing drug transporters, the protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides- Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, compound K, and Rh2-inhibited human OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 transporters (IC50 values of 7.99-68.2 µM for OATP1B1; 1.36-30.8 µM for OATP1B3), suggesting the herb-drug interaction of PPD-type ginsenosides involving OATPs. Protopanaxatriol (PPT)-type ginsenosides-Re, Rg1, and Rh1-did not inhibit OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 and all ginsenosides tested didn't inhibit OCT and OAT transporters. However, in rats, neither RGE nor Rc, a potent OATP inhibitor among PPD-type ginsenoside, changed in vivo pharmacokinetics of valsartan following repeated oral administration of RGE (1.5 g/kg/day for 7 days) or repeated intravenous injection of Rc (3 mg/kg for 5 days). The lack of in vivo herb-drug interaction between orally administered RGE and valsartan could be attributed to the low plasma concentration of PPD-type ginsenosides (5.3-48.4 nM). Even high plasma concentration of Rc did not effectively alter the pharmacokinetics of valsartan because of high protein binding and the limited liver distribution of Rc. The results, in conclusion, would provide useful information for herb-drug interaction between RGE or PPD-type ginsenosides and Oatp substrate drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Sowon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Wonpyo Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Mihwa Kwon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Chul Hwi Shin
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea; (W.L.); (S.J.)
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; (J.-H.J.); (S.L.); (M.K.); (C.H.S.)
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257
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Aravinthan A, Hossain MA, Kim B, Kang CW, Kim NS, Hwang KC, Kim JH. Ginsenoside Rb 1 inhibits monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis in postmenopausal rats through prevention of cartilage degradation. J Ginseng Res 2020; 45:287-294. [PMID: 33841009 PMCID: PMC8020294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ginsenoside Rb1 (G-Rb1), one of the major active compounds in Panax ginseng, has already been shown to reduce inflammation in various diseases. Osteoarthritis (OA) has traditionally been considered a degenerative disease with degradation of joint articular cartilage. However, recent studies have shown the association of inflammation with OA. In the present study, we investigated whether Rb1 had an antiinflammatory effect on monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA in ovariectomized rats as a model of postmenopausal arthritis. Methods G-Rb1 at a dosage of 3 and 10 μg/kg body weight was administered every 3 days intraarticularly for a period of 4 weeks to observe antiarthritic effects. Diclofenac (10 mg/kg) served as a positive control. Results The administration of Rb1 significantly ameliorated OA inflammatory symptoms and reduced serum levels of inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, G-Rb1 administration considerably enhanced the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and collagen 2A and reduced the levels of matrix metalloproteinase-13 genes, indicating a chondroprotective effect of G-Rb1. G-Rb1 also significantly reduced the expression of several inflammatory cytokines/chemokines (interferon gamma (IFN-γ), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1)/CCL-2, interleukin [IL]-1β, and IL-6). Histological analysis demonstrated that G-Rb1 significantly attenuated the pathological changes in MIA-induced OA in ovariectomized rats. Safranin O and toluidine blue staining further demonstrated that G-Rb1 effectively prevented the degradation of cartilage and glycosaminoglycans, respectively. Conclusion Overall, our results suggest that G-Rb1 exerts cartilage protective effect on MIA-induced ovariectomized OA rats, by inhibiting inflammatory mediators such as IL-6, IL-1β, MCP-1/CCL-2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). These results shed a light on possible therapeutic application of G-Rb1 in OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithan Aravinthan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Mohammad Amjad Hossain
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumseok Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Won Kang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Soo Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chul Hwang
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic Kwandong University, Gangneung, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Jeollabuk-Do, Republic of Korea
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258
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Yao Y. Ginsenosides reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet‑induced obese mice via endoplasmic reticulum stress and p‑STAT3/STAT3 signaling. Mol Med Rep 2020; 21:1059-1070. [PMID: 32016448 PMCID: PMC7003045 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.10935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been increasing globally for over three decades. According to previous studies, dietary obesity is usually associated with endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and STAT3 signaling, which result in interference with the homeostatic control of energy and lipid metabolism. Ginsenosides (GS) administered to mice will modulate adiposity and food intake; however, the mechanism of food inhibition is unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether GS may inhibit ERS and regulate STAT3 phosphorylation in GT1‑7 cells (a mouse hypothalamus gonadotropin‑releasing hormone neuron cell line) and the hypothalamus in order to reduce the body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in high fat diet (HFD)‑induced obese mice. In the present study, GS inhibited the appetite, reduced the body weight, visceral fat, body fat content and blood glucose, and ameliorated the glucose tolerance of the obese mice compared with HFD mice. In addition, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride (TG), leptin and insulin in the serum were reduced compared with HFD mice. There was less TG in the liver, but more in the feces compared with HFD mice. Using hematoxylin and eosin staining of HepG2 cells and liver tissues, GS were demonstrated to improve the non‑alcoholic fatty liver of the HFD‑induced obese mice and reduce the diameter of the fat cells compared with HFD mice. GS also increased oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide emissions in the metabolic cage data compared with HFD mice. In the GT1‑7 cells, GS alleviated the ERS induced by tunicamycin and enhanced the activation of the STAT3 phosphorylation pathway. Furthermore the ERS of the liver was relieved to achieve the aforementioned pharmacological effects. GS were used in the homeostatic control of the energy and lipid metabolism of a diet‑induced obesity model. In conclusion, present studies suggest that GS exert these effects by increasing STAT3 phosphorylation expression and reducing the ERS. Thus, GS reduce body weight and ameliorate hepatic steatosis in HFD‑induced obese mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Yao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 200000, P.R. China
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259
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A Critical Regulation of Th17 Cell Responses and Autoimmune Neuro-Inflammation by Ginsenoside Rg3. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10010122. [PMID: 31936879 PMCID: PMC7023269 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Among diverse helper T-cell subsets, Th17 cells appear to be pathogenic in diverse autoimmune diseases, and thus, targeting Th17 cells could be beneficial for the treatment of the diseases in humans. Ginsenoside Rg3 is one of the most potent components in Korean Red Ginseng (KRG; Panax ginseng Meyer) in ameliorating inflammatory responses. However, the role of Rg3 in Th17 cells and Th17-mediated autoimmunity is unclear. We found that Rg3 significantly inhibited the differentiation of Th17 cells from naïve precursors in a dendritic cell (DC)–T co-culture system. While Rg3 minimally affected the secretion of IL-6, TNFα, and IL-12p40 from DCs, it significantly hampered the expression of IL-17A and RORγt in T cells in a T-cell-intrinsic manner. Moreover, Rg3 alleviated the onset and severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), induced by transferring myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-reactive T cells. Our findings demonstrate that Rg3 inhibited Th17 differentiation and Th17-mediated neuro-inflammation, suggesting Rg3 as a potential candidate for resolving Th17-related autoimmune diseases.
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Lee GH, Lee WJ, Hur J, Kim E, Lee HG, Seo HG. Ginsenoside Re Mitigates 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Oxidative Stress through Upregulation of GPX4. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25010188. [PMID: 31906464 PMCID: PMC6983050 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25010188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides are active components found abundantly in ginseng which has been used as a medicinal herb to modify disease status for thousands of years. However, the pharmacological activity of ginsenoside Re in the neuronal system remains to be elucidated. Neuroprotective activity of ginsenoside Re was investigated in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) to induce cellular injury. Ginsenoside Re significantly inhibited 6-OHDA-triggered cellular damage as judged by analysis of tetrazolium dye reduction and lactose dehydrogenase release. In addition, ginsenoside Re induced the expression of the antioxidant protein glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) but not catalase, glutathione peroxidase 1, glutathione reductase, or superoxide dismutase-1. Furthermore, upregulation of GPX4 by ginsenoside Re was mediated by phosphoinositide 3-kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase but not by p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase or c-Jun N-terminal kinase. Ginsenoside Re also suppressed 6-OHDA-triggered cellular accumulation of reactive oxygen species and peroxidation of membrane lipids. The GPX4 inhibitor (1S,3R)-RSL3 reversed ginsenoside Re-mediated inhibition of cellular damage in SH-SY5Y cells exposed to 6-OHDA, indicating that the neuronal activity of ginsenoside Re is due to upregulation of GPX4. These findings suggest that ginsenoside Re-dependent upregulation of GPX4 reduces oxidative stress and thereby alleviates 6-OHDA-induced neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Hee Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Won Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Jinwoo Hur
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Eunsu Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Hyuk Gyoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Han Geuk Seo
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, College of Sang-Huh Life Science, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
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Ji X, Lin S, Chen Y, Liu J, Yun X, Wang T, Qin J, Luo C, Wang K, Zhao Z, Zhan R, Xu H. Identification of α-Amyrin 28-Carboxylase and Glycosyltransferase From Ilex asprella and Production of Ursolic Acid 28- O-β-D-Glucopyranoside in Engineered Yeast. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:612. [PMID: 32508864 PMCID: PMC7251064 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ilex asprella is a medicinal plant that is used extensively in southern China. The plant contains ursane-type triterpenoids and triterpenoid saponins which are known to be responsible for its pharmacological activities. Previously, a transcriptomic analysis of I. asprella was carried out and the gene IaAS1, which is important in the formation of the core structure α-amyrin, was identified. However, the genes related to the subsequent derivatization of the core structures of the triterpenoid remain largely unknown. Herein, we describe the cloning and functional characterization of an amyrin 28-carboxylase IaAO1 (designated as IaCYP716A210) and a glycosyltransferase IaAU1 (designated as UGT74AG5), based on transcriptomic data. The expression of IaAO1 in an α-amyrin producing yeast strain led to the accumulation of ursolic acid. An enzyme assay using recombinant protein IaAU1 purified from E. coli revealed that IaAU1 can catalyze the conversion of ursolic acid to ursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. IaAU1 has regiospecificity for catalyzing the 28-O-glucosylation of ursane-/oleanane-type triterpene acids, as it can also catalyze the conversion of oleanolic acid, hederagenin, and ilexgenin A to their corresponding glycosyl compounds. Moreover, co-expression of IaAO1 and IaAU1 in the α-amyrin-producing yeast strain led to the production of ursolic acid 28-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, although in relatively low amounts. Our study reveals that IaAO1 and IaAU1 might play a role in the biosynthesis of pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins in I. asprella and provides insights into the potential application of metabolic engineering to produce ursane-type triterpene glycosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Ji
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shumin Lin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Liu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyun Yun
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tiancheng Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jialiang Qin
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaoquan Luo
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kui Wang
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongxiang Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruoting Zhan
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Ruoting Zhan,
| | - Hui Xu
- Research Center of Chinese Herbal Resource Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Chinese Medicinal Resource from Lingnan (Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine), Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- Joint Laboratory of National Engineering Research Center for the Pharmaceutics of Traditional Chinese Medicines, Guangzhou, China
- Hui Xu,
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Irfan M, Kim M, Rhee MH. Anti-platelet role of Korean ginseng and ginsenosides in cardiovascular diseases. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:24-32. [PMID: 32095094 PMCID: PMC7033355 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases prevail among modern societies and underdeveloped countries, and a high mortality rate has also been reported by the World Health Organization affecting millions of people worldwide. Hyperactive platelets are the major culprits in thrombotic disorders. A group of drugs is available to deal with such platelet-related disorders; however, sometimes, side effects and complications caused by these drugs outweigh their benefits. Ginseng and its nutraceuticals have been reported to reduce the impact of thrombotic conditions and improve cardiovascular health by antiplatelet mechanisms. This review provides (1) a comprehensive insight into the available pharmacological options from ginseng and ginsenosides (saponin and nonsaponin fractions) for platelet-originated cardiovascular disorders; (2) a discussion on the impact of specific functional groups on the modulation of platelet functions and how structural modifications among ginsenosides affect platelet activation, which may further provide a basis for drug design, optimization, and the development of ginsenoside scaffolds as pharmacological antiplatelet agents; (3) an insight into the synergistic effects of ginsenosides on platelet functions; and (4) a perspective on future research and the development of ginseng and ginsenosides as super nutraceuticals.
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Key Words
- AA, arachidonic acid
- AC, adenylyl cyclase
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- ASA, acetylsalicylic acid
- ATP, adenosine triphosphate
- Akt, protein kinase B
- Antiplatelet
- COX, cyclooxygenase
- CRP, collagen-related peptide
- CSF, crude saponin fraction
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- GPVI, glycoprotein VI
- Ginsenosides
- IC50, half maximal (50%) inhibitory concentration
- IP3, inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate
- JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MKK4, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 4
- MLC, myosin light chain
- Nutraceutical
- PAF, platelet-activating factor
- PAR, proteinase-activated receptor
- PI3K, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
- PKA, protein kinase A
- PKC, protein kinase C
- PKG, protein kinase G
- PLA2, phospholipase A2
- PLCγ2, phospholipase C gamma-2
- PPD, protopanaxadiol
- PPT, protopanaxatriol
- PT, prothrombin time
- ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase
- SFK, Src family kinase
- Structural modification
- Syk, spleen tyrosine kinase
- Synergism
- TS, total saponin
- TxA2, thromboxane A2
- TxAS, thromboxane-A synthase
- TxB2, thromboxane B2
- TxR, thromboxane receptor
- VASP, vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein
- [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium ion
- aPTT, activated partial thromboplastin time
- cAMP, cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- cPLA2α, cytosolic phospholipase A2α
- vWF, von Willebrand factor
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Man Hee Rhee
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology and Cell Signaling, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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263
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Wang W, Liu J, Xin Y, He T, Qiu Y, Qu M, Song Y, Qiu Z. Highly regioselective bioconversion of ginsenoside Re into 20(S/R)-Rf2 by an optimized culture of Cordyceps sinensis. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj01828g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly regioselective hydration of the C24–C25 double bond is discovered during the bioconversion of ginsenoside Re by Cordyceps sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weinan Wang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Jishuang Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Yu Xin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Tianzhu He
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Ye Qiu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Druggable Gene and Protein Screening
- Northeast Normal University
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Mo Qu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Yan Song
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
| | - Zhidong Qiu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine
- Changchun 130117
- China
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264
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Rho T, Jeong HW, Hong YD, Yoon K, Cho JY, Yoon KD. Identification of a novel triterpene saponin from Panax ginseng seeds, pseudoginsenoside RT 8, and its antiinflammatory activity. J Ginseng Res 2020; 44:145-153. [PMID: 32148397 PMCID: PMC7033336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) is a highly valued medicinal plant in Asian regions, especially in Korea, China, and Japan. Chemical and biological studies on P. ginseng have focused primarily on its roots, whereas the seeds remain poorly understood. This study explores the phytochemical and biological properties of compounds from P. ginseng seeds. METHODS P. ginseng seeds were extracted with methanol, and 16 compounds were isolated using various chromatographic methods. The chemical structures of the isolates were determined by spectroscopic data. Antiinflammatory activities were evaluated for triterpene and steroidal saponins using lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and THP-1 monocyte leukemia cells. RESULTS Phytochemical investigation of P. ginseng seeds led to the isolation of a novel triterpene saponin, pseudoginsenoside RT8, along with 15 known compounds. Pseudoginsenoside RT8 exhibited more potent antiinflammatory activity than the other saponins, attenuating lipopolysaccharide-mediated induction of proinflammatory genes such as interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and matrix metalloproteinase-9, and suppressed reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide generation in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that pseudoginsenoside RT8 has a pharmaceutical potential as an antiinflammatory agent and that P. ginseng seeds are a good natural source for discovering novel bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taewoong Rho
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Woo Jeong
- Amorepacific Corp. R&D Unit, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Deog Hong
- Amorepacific Corp. R&D Unit, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kee Dong Yoon
- College of Pharmacy and Integrated Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Qin L, Wang J, Zhao R, Zhang X, Mei Y. Ginsenoside-Rb1 Improved Diabetic Cardiomyopathy through Regulating Calcium Signaling by Alleviating Protein O-GlcNAcylation. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2019; 67:14074-14085. [PMID: 31793297 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b05706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside-Rb1 (Rb1), a major active component of ginseng, has many benefits for cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus (DM), but the effect and mechanism on diabetic cardiomyopathy are not clear. In the present study, we found that Rb1-feeding significantly improved cardiac dysfunction and abnormal cardiomyocytes calcium signaling caused by diabetes. This improved calcium signaling was because Rb1 reduced Ca2+ leakage caused by overactivated ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2) and increased Ca2+ uptake by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase 2a (SERCA 2a). Furthermore, we found that Rb1 not only enhanced energy metabolism like metformin and eliminated O-GlcNAcylation of calcium handling proteins to regulate calcium signaling but also directly inhibited RyR2 activity to regulate calcium signaling. The present study indicated that as a health supplement or drug, Rb1 was a relatively effective auxiliary therapeutic substance for diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linhui Qin
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Chengdu Slan Biotechnology Co., Ltd. , Chengdu 610041 , Sichuan , China
| | - RongRong Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , China
| | - Yingwu Mei
- School of Basic Medical Sciences , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , Henan , China
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266
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Yun M, Yi YS. Regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases, executioners of inflammasome activation. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:373-385. [PMID: 32372859 PMCID: PMC7195600 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is an immune response that protects against pathogens and cellular stress. The hallmark of inflammatory responses is inflammasome activation in response to various stimuli. This subsequently activates downstream effectors, that is, inflammatory caspases such as caspase-1, 4, 5, 11, and 12. Extensive efforts have been made on developing effective and safe anti-inflammatory therapeutics, and ginseng has long been traditionally used as efficacious and safe herbal medicine in treating various inflammatory and inflammation-mediated diseases. Many studies have successfully shown that ginseng plays an anti-inflammatory role by inhibiting inflammasomes and inflammasome-activated inflammatory caspases. This review discusses the regulatory roles of ginseng on inflammatory caspases in inflammatory responses and also suggests new research areas on the anti-inflammatory function of ginseng, which provides a novel insight into the development of ginseng as an effective and safe anti-inflammatory herbal medicine.
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Key Words
- AIM2, Absent in melanoma 2
- ASC, Apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD
- CARD, C-terminal caspase recruit domain
- COX-2, Cyclooxygenase-2
- Caspase, Cysteine aspartate–specific protease
- DAMP, Danger-associated molecular pattern
- FIIND, Functional-to-find domain
- GSDMD, Gasdermin D
- Ginseng
- Ginsenoside
- HIN, Hematopoietic interferon-inducible nuclear protein
- IL, Interleukin
- Inflammasome
- Inflammation
- Inflammatory caspase
- LPS, Lipopolysaccharide
- LRR, Leucine-rich repeat
- NACHT, Nucleotide-binding and oligomerization domain
- NF-κB, Nuclear factor-kappa B
- NLR, Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor
- NO, Nitric oxide
- PAMP, Pathogen-associated molecular pattern
- PGE2, Prostaglandin E2
- PRR, Pattern-recognition receptor
- PYD, N-terminal pyrin domain
- RGE, Korean Red Ginseng
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyong Yun
- Department of Bioindustry and Bioresource Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Life Science, Kyonggi University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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267
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Ginsenosides: potential therapeutic source for fibrosis-associated human diseases. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:386-398. [PMID: 32372860 PMCID: PMC7195584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue fibrosis is an eventual pathologic change of numerous chronic illnesses, which is characterized by resident fibroblasts differentiation into myofibroblasts during inflammation, coupled with excessive extracellular matrix deposition in tissues, ultimately leading to failure of normal organ function. Now, there are many mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of tissue fibrosis, which facilitate the discovery of effective antifibrotic drugs. Moreover, many chronic diseases remain a significant clinical unmet need. For the past five years, many research works have undoubtedly addressed the functional dependency of ginsenosides in different types of fibrosis and the successful remission in various animal models treated with ginsenosides. Caveolin-1, interleukin, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), liver X receptors (LXRs), Nrf2, microRNA-27b, PPARδ-STAT3, liver kinase B1 (LKB1)-AMPK, and TGF-β1/Smads are potential therapy targeting using ginsenosides. Ginsenosides can play a targeting role and suppress chronic inflammatory response, collagen deposition, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), as well as myofibroblast activation to attenuate fibrosis. In this report, our aim was to focus on the therapeutic prospects of ginsenosides in fibrosis-related human diseases making use of results acquired from various animal models. These findings should provide important therapeutic clues and strategies for the exploration of new drugs for fibrosis treatment.
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268
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Park SJ, Lee D, Kim D, Lee M, In G, Han ST, Kim SW, Lee MH, Kim OK, Lee J. The non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng (KGC05P0) decreases glucose uptake and transport in vitro and modulates glucose production via down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway in vivo. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:362-372. [PMID: 32148419 PMCID: PMC7031776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng has been reported to have many biological activities. However, the effect of this fraction on anti-diabetic activity has not been elucidated in detail. In this study, we investigated the effects of KGC05P0, a non-saponin fraction of Korean Red Ginseng, on anti-diabetic activity in vitro and in vivo. Methods We measured the inhibition of commercially obtained α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities in vitro and measured the glucose uptake and transport rate in Caco-2 cells. C57BL/6J mice and C57BLKS/Jdb/db (diabetic) mice were fed diets with or without KGC05P0 for eight weeks. To perform the experiments, the groups were divided as follows: normal control (C57BL/6J mice), db/db control (C57BLKS/Jdb/db mice), positive control (inulin 400 mg/kg b.w.), low (KGC05P0 100 mg/kg b.w.), medium (KGC05P0 200 mg/kg b.w.), and high (KGC05P0 400 mg/kg b.w.). Results KGC05P0 inhibited α-glucosidase and α-amylase activities in vitro, and decreased glucose uptake and transport rate in Caco-2 cells. In addition, KGC05P0 regulated fasting glucose level, glucose tolerance, insulin, HbA1c, carbonyl contents, and proinflammatory cytokines in blood from diabetic mice and significantly reduced urinary glucose excretion levels. Moreover, we found that KGC05P0 regulated glucose production by down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which inhibited gluconeogenesis. Conclusion Our study thereby demonstrated that KGC05P0 exerted anti-diabetic effects through inhibition of glucose absorption and the PI3K/AKT pathway in in vitro and in vivo models of diabetes. Our results suggest that KGC05P0 could be developed as a complementary food to help prevent T2DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jeung Park
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dasom Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dakyung Kim
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhee Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyo In
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Tai Han
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Won Kim
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Hyang Lee
- Korea Ginseng Corporation Research Institute, Korea Ginseng Corporation, Daejeon, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ok-Kyung Kim
- Division of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute for Human Ecology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmin Lee
- Department of Medical Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
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Zhang S, Luo J, Xie J, Wang Z, Xiao W, Zhao L. Cooperated biotransformation of ginsenoside extracts into ginsenoside 20(
S
)‐Rg3 by three thermostable glycosidases. J Appl Microbiol 2019; 128:721-734. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.14513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Zhang
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - J. Luo
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - J. Xie
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
| | - Z. Wang
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Lianyungang China
| | - W. Xiao
- Jiangsu Kanion Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd Lianyungang China
| | - L. Zhao
- Co‐Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
- College of Chemical Engineering Nanjing Forestry University Nanjing China
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Hwang SH, Lorz LR, Yi DK, Noh JK, Yi YS, Cho JY. Viburnum pichinchense methanol extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects via targeting the NF-κB and caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome pathways in macrophages. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112161. [PMID: 31419499 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Viburnum pichinchense Benth. Mainly found in Ecuador and Colombia has been ethnopharmacologically utilized as a remedy for various female disorders with kidney inflammation and uterine relaxant. AIM OF THE STUDY The pharmacological activity of Viburnum pichinchense has never been studied, therefore, this study explored anti-inflammatory activity of Viburnum pichinchense methanol extract (Vp-ME). MATERIALS AND METHODS Anti-inflammatory activities of Vp-ME were evaluated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and HCl/EtOH-induced gastritis mice by MTT assay, nitric oxide (NO) production assay, semi-quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), luciferase reporter assay, Western blotting, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Anti-inflammatory compounds in Vp-ME were identified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). RESULTS Vp-ME inhibited NO production in RAW264.7 cells stimulated with pam3CSK4, poly I:C or LPS and in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages without cytotoxicity and downregulated mRNA expression of inflammatory enzymes, inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. The anti-inflammatory activity was accomplished by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) transcriptional activation, upstream signaling molecules in the NF-κB pathway, and caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome in RAW264.7 cells. Moreover, Vp-ME exhibited in vivo anti-inflammatory activity by ameliorating gastritis symptoms, inhibiting iNOS and IL-6 mRNA expression and IκBα activation in mice. HPLC analysis identified resveratrol, quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol as the anti-inflammatory components in Vp-ME. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated Vp-ME has the anti-inflammatory activity via targeting NF-κB and caspase-11 non-canonical inflammasome pathways in macrophage-mediated inflammatory responses, suggesting Vp-ME could be developed as anti-inflammatory ethnopharmacological remedies to prevent and treat inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Hyeon Hwang
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Laura Rojas Lorz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
| | - Dong-Keun Yi
- International Biological Material Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, South Korea.
| | - Jin Kyoung Noh
- Instituto de BioEconomia, El Batan, Quito, 170135, Ecuador.
| | - Young-Su Yi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Engineering, Cheongju University, Cheongju, 28503, South Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea.
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271
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Choi SY, Park JS, Shon CH, Lee CY, Ryu JM, Son DJ, Hwang BY, Yoo HS, Cho YC, Lee J, Kim JW, Roh YS. Fermented Korean Red Ginseng Extract Enriched in Rd and Rg3 Protects against Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through Regulation of mTORC1. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11122963. [PMID: 31817227 PMCID: PMC6949916 DOI: 10.3390/nu11122963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The fermentation of Korean red ginseng (RG) increases the bioavailability and efficacy of RG, which has a protective role in various diseases. However, the ginsenoside-specific molecular mechanism of the fermented RG with Cordyceps militaris (CRG) has not been elucidated in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A mouse model of NAFLD was induced by a fast-food diet (FFD) and treated with CRG (100 or 300 mg/kg) for the last 8 weeks. CRG-mediated signaling was assessed in the liver cells isolated from mice. CRG administration significantly reduced the FFD-induced steatosis, liver injury, and inflammation, indicating that CRG confers protective effects against NAFLD. Of note, an extract of CRG contains a significantly increased amount of ginsenosides (Rd and Rg3) after bioconversion compared with that of conventional RG. Moreover, in vitro treatment with Rd or Rg3 produced anti-steatotic effects in primary hepatocytes. Mechanistically, CRG protected palmitate-induced activation of mTORC1 and subsequent inhibition of mitophagy and PPARα signaling. Similar to that noted in hepatocytes, CRG exerted anti-inflammatory activity through mTORC1 inhibition-mediated M2 polarization. In conclusion, CRG inhibits lipid-mediated pathologic activation of mTORC1 in hepatocytes and macrophages, which in turn prevents NAFLD development. Thus, the administration of CRG may be an alternative for the prevention of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Jeong-Su Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Chang-Ho Shon
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Chae-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Jae-Myun Ryu
- NOVA K-MED Co., Ltd., 1646 Yuseong-daero, HNU Innobiz Park Suite 403, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34054, Korea;
| | - Dong-Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Bang-Yeon Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Hwan-Soo Yoo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
| | - Young-Chang Cho
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
| | - Jin Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA;
| | - Jong-Won Kim
- Biosafety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si 54596, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-W.K.); (Y.-S.R.); Tel.: +82-63-850-0953 (J.-W.K.); +82-43-261-2819 (Y.-S.R.)
| | - Yoon-Seok Roh
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Korea; (S.-Y.C.); (J.-S.P.); (C.-H.S.); (C.-Y.L.); (D.-J.S.)
- Correspondence: (J.-W.K.); (Y.-S.R.); Tel.: +82-63-850-0953 (J.-W.K.); +82-43-261-2819 (Y.-S.R.)
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272
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Ren S, Leng J, Xu XY, Jiang S, Wang YP, Yan XT, Liu Z, Chen C, Wang Z, Li W. Ginsenoside Rb1, A Major Saponin from Panax ginseng, Exerts Protective Effects Against Acetaminophen-Induced Hepatotoxicity in Mice. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF CHINESE MEDICINE 2019; 47:1815-1831. [PMID: 31786947 DOI: 10.1142/s0192415x19500927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury (ALI) induced by acetaminophen (APAP) is the main cause of drug-induced liver injury. Previous reports indicated liver failure could be alleviated by saponins (ginsenosides) from Panax ginseng against APAP-induced inflammatory responses in vivo. However, validation towards ginsenoside Rb1 as a major and marker saponin may protect liver from APAP-induced ALI and its mechanisms are poorly elucidated. In this study, the protective effects and the latent mechanisms of Rb1 action against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity were investigated. Rb1 was administered orally with 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg daily for 1 week before a single injection of APAP (250mg/kg, i.p.) 1h after the last treatment of Rb1. Serum alanine/aspartate aminotransferases (ALT/AST), liver glutathione (GSH) depletion, as well as the inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), were analyzed to indicate the underlying protective effects of Rb1 against APAP-induced hepatotoxicity with significant inflammatory responses. Histological examination further proved Rb1's protective effects. Importantly, Rb1 mitigated the changes in the phosphorylation of MAPK and PI3K/Akt, as well as its downstream factor NF-κB. In conclusion, experimental data clearly demonstrated that Rb1 exhibited a remarkable liver protective effect against APAP-induced ALI, partly through regulating MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways-mediated inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Ren
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Jing Leng
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xing-Yue Xu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Shuang Jiang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Ying-Ping Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Tong Yan
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Liu
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Chen Chen
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Zi Wang
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, P. R. China.,National & Local Joint Engineering Research, Center for Ginseng Breeding and Development, Changchun 130118, P. R. China
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273
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Guo YH, Kuruganti R, Gao Y. Recent Advances in Ginsenosides as Potential Therapeutics Against Breast Cancer. Curr Top Med Chem 2019; 19:2334-2347. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026619666191018100848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The dried root of ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer or Panax quinquefolius L.) is a traditional
Chinese medicine widely used to manage cancer symptoms and chemotherapy side effects in
Asia. The anti-cancer efficacy of ginseng is attributed mainly to the presence of saponins, which are
commonly known as ginsenosides. Ginsenosides were first identified as key active ingredients in Panax
ginseng and subsequently found in Panax quinquefolius, both of the same genus. To review the recent
advances on anti-cancer effects of ginsenosides against breast cancer, we conducted a literature study of
scientific articles published from 2010 through 2018 to date by searching the major databases including
Pubmed, SciFinder, Science Direct, Springer, Google Scholar, and CNKI. A total of 50 articles authored
in either English or Chinese related to the anti-breast cancer activity of ginsenosides have been
reviewed, and the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on ginsenosides are summarized. This review focuses
on how ginsenosides exert their anti-breast cancer activities through various mechanisms of action
such as modulation of cell growth, modulation of the cell cycle, modulation of cell death, inhibition of
angiogenesis, inhibition of metastasis, inhibition of multidrug resistance, and cancer immunemodulation.
In summary, recent advances in the evaluation of ginsenosides as therapeutic agents against
breast cancer support further pre-clinical and clinical studies to treat primary and metastatic breast tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hang Guo
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Revathimadhubala Kuruganti
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
| | - Ying Gao
- International Ginseng Institute, School of Agriculture, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN 37132, United States
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274
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Septiana I, Nguyen TTH, Lim S, Lee S, Park B, Kwak S, Park S, Kim SB, Kim D. Enzymatic synthesis and biological characterization of a novel mangiferin glucoside. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 134:109479. [PMID: 32044026 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Mangiferin, a major constituent of Mangifera indica L., has attracted substantial attention due to its anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial activities. However, its poor solubility in water limits its use in food and pharmaceutical industries. In this study, novel mangiferin-(1→6)-α-d-glucopyranoside (Mg-G1) was enzymatically synthesized from mangiferin and sucrose using glucansucrase from Leuconostoc mesenteroides B-512F/KM, and optimized using response surface methodology. The water solubility of Mg-G1 was found to be 824.7 mM, which is more than 2300-fold higher than that of mangiferin. Mg-G1 also showed DPPH radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase (SOD)-like scavenging activity, which were 4.77- and 3.71-fold higher than that of mangiferin, respectively. Mg-G1 displayed inhibitory activity against human intestinal maltase and COX-2. Thus, the novel glucosylated mangiferin may be used as an ingredient in functional food and pharmaceutical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iis Septiana
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Thanh Hanh Nguyen
- Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangyong Lim
- Radiation Research Division, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute, Jeongeup, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonmin Lee
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Byeongsu Park
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyung Kwak
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghee Park
- CJ CheilJedang, Bio Research Institute, Suwon, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Bo Kim
- CJ CheilJedang, Bio Research Institute, Suwon, 16495, Republic of Korea
| | - Doman Kim
- Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea; Institute of Food Industrialization, Institutes of Green Bio Science & Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang-gun, Gangwon-do, 25354, Republic of Korea.
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275
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Development of a Validated UPLC-MS/MS Method for Analyzing Major Ginseng Saponins from Various Ginseng Species. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224065. [PMID: 31717607 PMCID: PMC6891701 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Revised: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, which contain one triterpene and one or more sugar moieties, are the major bioactive compounds of ginseng. The aim of this study was to develop and optimize a specific and reliable ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of twelve different resources of ginseng. The six marker compounds of ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, and ginsenoside Rg1, as well as an internal standard, were separated by a reversed-phase C-18 column with a gradient elution of water and methanol-acetonitrile. The multiple-reaction monitoring (MRM) mode was used to quantify and identify twelve market products. The results demonstrated that not only is the logarithm of its partition coefficient (cLog P; octanol-water partition coefficient) one of the factors, but also the number of sugars, position of sugars, and position of the hydroxyl groups are involved in the complicated separation factors for the analytes in the analytical system. If the amount of ginsenoside Rb1 was higher than 40 mg/g, then the species might be Panax quinquefolius, based on the results of the marker ginsenoside contents of various varieties. In summary, this study provides a rapid and precise analytical method for identifying the various ginsenosides from different species, geographic environments, and cultivation cultures.
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276
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Zhang J, Li W, Yuan Q, Zhou J, Zhang J, Cao Y, Fu G, Hu W. Transcriptome Analyses of the Anti-Proliferative Effects of 20(S)-Ginsenoside Rh2 on HepG2 Cells. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1331. [PMID: 31780945 PMCID: PMC6855211 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2), a well-known protopanaxadiol-type ginsenoside from Panax ginseng has especially gained attention for its anticancer activities on various types of human cancer cells. However, the molecular mechanism through which Rh2 promotes apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HePG2) cells is not known at the transcriptome level. Rh2 can specifically inhibit the proliferation of HePG2 in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Moreover, Rh2 can significantly increase the apoptosis which was related with an increase in protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-6, and poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase. Comparison of RNA-seq transcriptome profiles from control group and Rh2-treated group yielded a list of 2116 genes whose expression was significantly affected, which includes 971 up-regulated genes and 1145 down-regulated genes. The differentially expressed genes in p53 signaling pathway and DNA replication may have closely relationships to the cells apoptosis caused by Rh2 treatment. The results of qPCR validation showed that dynamic changes in mRNA, such as CDKN1A, CCND2, PMAIP1, GTSE1, and TP73.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Weibo Li
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Qiaoyun Yuan
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Jianmei Zhang
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Yufeng Cao
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
| | - Guangbo Fu
- Department of Urology, The Affiliated Huaian No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huaian, China
| | - Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Regional Modern Agriculture & Environmental Protection/Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Eco-Agricultural Biotechnology around Hongze Lake, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian, China
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277
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Shi Q, He Q, Chen W, Long J, Zhang B. Ginsenoside Rg1 abolish imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in BALB/c mice via downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. J Food Biochem 2019; 43:e13032. [PMID: 31502279 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.13032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This animal experiment was framed to evaluate the beneficial effect of ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) against imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis model to reveal the underpinning mechanism. Fifty healthy BALB/c mice were divided into five groups as control, GRg1, IMQ induced, oral treatment of GRg1 (50 mg/kg), or dexamethasone (DXM; 10 mg/kg) in IMQ-induced mice. Treatment with GRg1 or DXM significantly mitigates (p < .01) psoriasis area severity index (PASI) score, skin thickness, lipid peroxidation, and inflammatory markers (IL-23, 22, 17A, 1β, and TNF-α). Moreover, administration of GRg1 or DXM considerably reversed the morphological changes induced by IMQ with improved (p < .01) antioxidant activity (SOD, CAT). In addition, a marked downregulation (p < .01) of protein expressions of pIκB and NF-κB p65 (NF-κB signaling pathway) were noted in GRg1 group. Collectively, GRg1 or DXM treatment significantly abolishes IMQ-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis by lowering PASI score, inflammation through downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: This is the very first study to explore the efficacy of ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) against IMQ-induced psoriasis in the mice model to reveal the underpinning mechanism. The results clearly showed that GRg1 potent anti-psoriasis activity by lowering PASI score, inflammation through downregulating NF-κB signaling pathway. Hence, this study helps in the development of novel nutraceutical/functional food against psoriasis and thus could improve the quality of life in psoriasis patients. However, further clinical trials are needed to justify the above results before developing a commercial functional food using GRg1 against psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Shi
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital TCM, Wuhan, China
| | - Qi He
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital TCM, Wuhan, China
| | - Weiming Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital TCM, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianwen Long
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital TCM, Wuhan, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Wuhan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
- Department of Dermatology, Hubei Provincial Hospital TCM, Wuhan, China
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278
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Biswas T, Dwivedi UN. Plant triterpenoid saponins: biosynthesis, in vitro production, and pharmacological relevance. PROTOPLASMA 2019; 256:1463-1486. [PMID: 31297656 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-019-01411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The saponins are a diverse class of natural products, with a broad scale distribution across different plant species. Chemically characterized as triterpenoid glycosides, they posses a 30C oxidosqualene precursor-based aglycone moiety (sapogenin), to which glycosyl residues are subsequently attached to yield the corresponding saponin. Based on the chemically distinct aglycone moieties, broadly, they are divided into triterpenoid saponins (dammaranes, ursanes, oleananes, lupanes, hopanes, etc.) and the sterol glycosides. This review aims to present in detail the biosynthesis patterns of the different aglycones from a common precursor and their glycosylation patterns to yield the functionally active glycoside. The review also presents recent advances in the pharmacological activities of these saponins, particularly as potent anti-neoplastic pharmacophores, antioxidants, or anti-viral/antibacterial agents. Since alternate production pedestals for these pharmacologically important triterpenes via cell and tissue cultures are an attractive option for their sustainable production, recent trends in the variety and scale of in vitro production of plant triterpenoids have also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya Biswas
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India
| | - Upendra N Dwivedi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
- Institute for Development of Advanced Computing, ONGC Centre for Advanced Studies, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, 226007, India.
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279
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Kim YS, Oh YC. Targeted production of desired minor ginsenosides based on the hydrolytic selectivity of β-glucosidase and their enhanced anti-neuroinflammatory activity. Process Biochem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2019.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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280
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Anti-Inflammatory Diets and Fatigue. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11102315. [PMID: 31574939 PMCID: PMC6835556 DOI: 10.3390/nu11102315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulating data indicates a link between a pro-inflammatory status and occurrence of chronic disease-related fatigue. The questions are whether the observed inflammatory profile can be (a) improved by anti-inflammatory diets, and (b) if this improvement can in turn be translated into a significant fatigue reduction. The aim of this narrative review was to investigate the effect of anti-inflammatory nutrients, foods, and diets on inflammatory markers and fatigue in various patient populations. Next to observational and epidemiological studies, a total of 21 human trials have been evaluated in this work. Current available research is indicative, rather than evident, regarding the effectiveness of individuals’ use of single nutrients with anti-inflammatory and fatigue-reducing effects. In contrast, clinical studies demonstrate that a balanced diet with whole grains high in fibers, polyphenol-rich vegetables, and omega-3 fatty acid-rich foods might be able to improve disease-related fatigue symptoms. Nonetheless, further research is needed to clarify conflicting results in the literature and substantiate the promising results from human trials on fatigue.
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281
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Osathanunkul M, Madesis P. Bar-HRM: a reliable and fast method for species identification of ginseng ( Panax ginseng, Panax notoginseng, Talinum paniculatum and Phytolacca Americana). PeerJ 2019; 7:e7660. [PMID: 31579587 PMCID: PMC6765363 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.7660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Korean ginseng has long been famous and is one of the most well known forms of ginseng. The root of plants in the genus Panax is commonly recognized as ginseng. Different Panax species of ginseng root have been used as treatments. Although many other herbs are called ginseng, they do not contain the active compounds of ginsenosides. In Thailand, we have Thai ginseng which is of course not one of Panax species. Thai ginseng is the root from Talinum paniculatum and, due to its morphological root similarity, it is almost impossible to differentiate between them. Also, another plant species, Phytollacca americana, has significantly similar root morphology to real ginseng but its seeds and root are poisonous. Misunderstanding what true ginseng is compared to others could endanger lives and cause financial loss by buying inferior products. Methods DNA barcoding combination with High Resolution Melting (called Bar-HRM) was used for species discrimination of the Panax ginseng and others. Five regions included ITS2, matK, psbA-trnH and rbcL were evaluated in the analyses. Results The ITS2 region was found to be the most suitable primers for the analysis. The melting profile from the HRM analyses using the chosen ITS2 primers showed that Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng) could be discriminated from other Penax species. Also, other ginseng species with morphological similarity could be easily distinguished from the true ginseng. The developed Bar-HRM method poses a great potential in ginseng species discrimination and thus could be also useful in ginseng authentication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maslin Osathanunkul
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Center of Excellence in Bioresources for Agriculture, Industry and Medicine, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Panagiotis Madesis
- Institute of Applied Biosciences, Centre for Research & Technology Hellas (CERTH), Thessaloniki, Greece
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282
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Song YS, Kim JH, Na H, Choi YS, Song SY, Kim YD, Bae CH. Inhibitory Effects of Protopanaxadiol on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Reactive Oxygen Species Production and MUC5AC Expression in Human Airway Epithelial Cells. KOREAN JOURNAL OF OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY-HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2019; 62:507-514. [DOI: 10.3342/kjorl-hns.2018.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
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283
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Hwang JE, Kim KT, Paik HD. Improved Antioxidant, Anti-inflammatory, and Anti-adipogenic Properties of Hydroponic Ginseng Fermented by Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24183359. [PMID: 31527401 PMCID: PMC6767091 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydroponic ginseng (HPG) has been known to have various bio-functionalities, including an antioxidant effect. Recently, fermentation by lactic acid bacteria has been studied to enhance bio-functional activities in plants by biologically converting their chemical compounds. HPG roots and shoots were fermented with Leuconostoc mesenteroides KCCM 12010P isolated from kimchi. The total phenolic compounds, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-adipogenic effects of these fermented samples were evaluated in comparison with non-fermented samples (control). During 24 h fermentation of HPG roots and shoots, the viable number of cells increased to 7.50 Log colony forming unit (CFU)/mL. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the fermented HPG roots increased by 107.19% and 645.59%, respectively, compared to non-fermented HPG roots. The antioxidant activity of fermented HPG, as assessed by 2,2′-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), β-carotene-linoleic, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, was also significantly enhanced. In an anti-inflammatory effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, the nitric oxide content and the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) decreased when treated with fermented samples. Simultaneously, lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocyte was reduced when treated with fermented HPG. Fermentation by L. mesenteroides showed improved antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-adipogenic HPG effects. These results show that fermented HPG has potential for applications in the functional food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Eun Hwang
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Kee-Tae Kim
- Food Biotechnology Research Institute, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
| | - Hyun-Dong Paik
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology of Animal Resources, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.
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284
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Shin KK, Park JG, Hong YH, Aziz N, Park SH, Kim S, Kim E, Cho JY. Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Licania macrocarpa Cuatrec Methanol Extract Target Src- and TAK1-Mediated Pathways. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2019; 2019:4873870. [PMID: 31611922 PMCID: PMC6757254 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4873870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of Licania macrocarpa Cuatrec methanol extract (Lm-ME) in vitro and in vivo and found pharmacological target proteins of Lm-ME in TLR4-mediated inflammatory signaling. This extract reduced NO production and mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines such as iNOS, COX-2, IL-6, and IL-1β. In the NF-κB- and AP-1-mediated luciferase reporter gene assay, transcription factor activities decreased under cotransfection with MyD88 or TRIF. Phosphorylated protein levels of Src, PI3K, IKKα/β, and IκBα as well as p50 and p65 in the NF-κB signal pathway were downregulated, and phosphorylation of TAK1, MEK1/2, MKK4/7, and MKK3/6 as well as ERK, JNK, and p38 was decreased in the AP-1 signal pathway. Through overexpression of HA-Src and HA-TAK1, respectively, Lm-ME inhibited autophosphorylation of overexpressed proteins and thereby activated fewer downstream signaling molecules. Lm-ME also attenuated stomach ulcers in an HCl/EtOH-induced acute gastritis model mice, and COX-2 mRNA expression and phosphorylated TAK1 levels in gastric tissues were diminished. The flavonoids kaempferol and quercetin were identified in the HPLC analysis of Lm-ME; both are actively anti-inflammatory. Therefore, these results suggest that Lm-ME can be used for anti-inflammatory remedy by targeting Src and TAK1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kon Kuk Shin
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Gwang Park
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Division of Translational Science, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo Han Hong
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Nur Aziz
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hee Park
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Kim
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Research and Business Foundation, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunji Kim
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biocosmetics, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
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285
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Interactions of ginseng with therapeutic drugs. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:862-878. [PMID: 31493264 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-019-01184-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Ginseng is the most frequently used herbal medicine for immune system stimulation and as an adjuvant with prescribed drugs owing to its numerous pharmacologic activities. It is important to investigate the beneficial effects and interaction of ginseng with therapeutic drugs. This review comprehensively discusses drug metabolizing enzyme- and transporter-mediated ginseng-drug interaction by analyzing in vitro and clinical results with a focus on ginsenoside, a pharmacologically active marker of ginseng. Impact of ginseng therapy or ginseng combination therapy on diabetic patients and of ginseng interaction with antiplatelets and anticoagulants were evaluated based on ginseng origin and ginsenoside content. Daily administration of Korean red ginseng (0.5-3 g extract; dried ginseng > 60%) did not cause significant herb-drug interaction with drug metabolizing enzymes and transporters. Among various therapeutic drugs administered in combination with ginseng, adjuvant chemotherapy, comprising ginseng (1-3 g extract) and anticancer drugs, was effective for reducing cancer-related fatigue and improving the quality of life and emotional scores. Limited information regarding ginsenoside content in each ginseng product and plasma ginsenoside concentration among patients necessitates standardization of ginseng product and establishment of pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlation to further understand beneficial effects of ginseng-therapeutic drug interactions in future clinical studies.
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286
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Identification of 20(R, S)-protopanaxadiol and 20(R, S)-protopanaxatriol for potential selective modulation of glucocorticoid receptor. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110642. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.110642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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287
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Liu Z, Li JX, Wang CZ, Zhang DL, Wen X, Ruan CC, Li Y, Yuan CS. Microbial Conversion of Protopanaxadiol-Type Ginsenosides by the Edible and Medicinal Mushroom Schizophyllum commune: A Green Biotransformation Strategy. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:13114-13123. [PMID: 31460439 PMCID: PMC6705088 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that many kinds of microorganisms, including bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous fungi, can convert parent ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides. However, most microorganisms used for ginsenoside transformations may not be safe for food consumption and drug development. In this study, 24 edible and medicinal mushrooms were screened by high-performance liquid chromatography analyses for their ability to microbiologically transform protopanaxadiol (PPD)-type ginsenosides. We observed that the degradation of ginsenosides by Schizophyllum commune was inhibited by high concentrations of sugar in the culture medium. However, the inhibition was avoided by maintaining sugar concentration below 15 g L-1. S. commune showed a strong ability to convert PPD-type ginsenosides (Rb1, Rc, Rb2, and Rd) into minor ginsenosides (F2, C-O, C-Y, C-Mc1, C-Mc, and C-K). The production and bioconversion rates of minor ginsenosides were significantly higher than those previously reported by food microorganisms. The fermentation process is efficient, nontoxic, eco-friendly, and economical, and the required biotransformation systems are readily available. This is the first report about the biotransformation of major ginsenosides into minor ginsenosides through fermentation by edible and medicinal mushrooms. Our results provide a green biodegradation strategy in transformation of ginsenosides using edible and medicinal mushrooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Liu
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
- E-mail: (Z.L.)
| | - Jia-Xin Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chong-Zhi Wang
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
| | - Dan-Li Zhang
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Xin Wen
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Chang-Chun Ruan
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Yu Li
- College
of Chinese Medicinal Materials, Engineering Research Center of
Chinese Ministry of Education for Edible and Medicinal Fungi, and Institute of Agricultural
Modernization, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
- E-mail: . Tel: +86
431 8451 0949. Fax: +86 431 8451 0409 (Y.L.)
| | - Chun-Su Yuan
- Tang
Center for Herbal Medicine Research, and The Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IIllinois 60637, United States
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288
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Pharmacological effects of ginseng on infectious diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 27:871-883. [PMID: 31407196 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginseng has been traditionally used as an herbal nutritional supplement in Asian countries, including Korea, China, Japan, and Vietnam for several millennia. Most studies have focused on the role of ginseng on anti-oxidative stress, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer activities. Recently, modulator activities of ginseng on the immune responses during pathogenic bacterial and viral infections and beneficial effects of ginseng in infectious diseases have been elucidated. In vivo and in vitro studies revealed the potential of ginseng extracts and ginsenosides Rg1, Rg3, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, compound K, Re, Rd, Rh2 for treatment of several infectious diseases. The molecular mechanisms of these effects mainly involve inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, IFN-γ, IL-10), apoptotic pathway (bcl-2, bcl-xL), PI3K/Akt pathway, MAPKs pathway, JAK2/STAT5, NF-κB pathway, and the inflammasome. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on the effects of ginseng in the immune responses during the infections and its bioactivities on the prevention of infectious diseases as well as its underlying mechanisms. Moreover, the therapeutic potential of ginseng as an anti-bacterial and anti-viral medication and vaccine adjuvant will be discussed as well.
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289
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Abdelfattah-Hassan A, Shalaby SI, Khater SI, El-Shetry ES, Abd El Fadil H, Elsayed SA. Panax ginseng is superior to vitamin E as a hepatoprotector against cyclophosphamide-induced liver damage. Complement Ther Med 2019; 46:95-102. [PMID: 31519295 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Cyclophosphamide (CPh) is a frequently used drug, in human and animals for its immunosuppressive and anticancer potential. However, it is metabolized by the liver yielding damaging toxicants (to the liver itself and other non-target vital organs) via oxidative stress, apoptosis induction and finally necrosis. Since there is no escaping of using such harmful medications, we focused on alleviating its side-effects. Panax ginseng Meyer is a potent candidate, and we still lack adequate information on its hepatoprotective role against cyclophosphamide-induced liver-damage. METHODS Here, we used P. ginseng (Korean Red Ginseng) compared to vitamin-E (natural antioxidant) in combating CPh-induced liver damage. Forty-eight albino rats were divided into 6 groups, Control, Ginseng, Vitamin E, Cyclophosphamide (CPh), CPh + Ginseng or CPh + Vitamin-E. Blood samples were taken for biochemical analyses and liver samples were collected for histopathology, oxidative stress evaluation, and gene expression analyses. RESULTS In CPh group, typical CPh-liver damage was evident (higher levels of AST, ALT, ALP; lower albumin and total proteins levels; lower liver tissue concentrations of SOD, GPX and CAT and higher MDA; injured liver histopathological picture; and finally increased TNF-α, IL-1β and Caspase3 and decreased BCL-2 genes expression). All these were abolished with either P. ginseng or vitamin-E administration. However, P. ginseng was overall superior to vitamin-E, especially in restoring blood biochemical findings and damaged histopathological picture. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, P. ginseng is a potent hepatoprotector (vitamin-E to a lesser extent) and should be considered where liver damage is expected secondary to damaging medications; as cyclophosphamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdelfattah-Hassan
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Biomedical Sciences Program, University of Science and Technology, Zewail City of Science and Technology, Giza 12578, Egypt.
| | - Shimaa I Shalaby
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Safaa I Khater
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Eman S El-Shetry
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hosny Abd El Fadil
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Shafika A Elsayed
- Department of Histology and Cytology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
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290
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Jin S, Jeon JH, Lee S, Kang WY, Seong SJ, Yoon YR, Choi MK, Song IS. Detection of 13 Ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, F1, Compound K, 20( S)-Protopanaxadiol, and 20( S)-Protopanaxatriol) in Human Plasma and Application of the Analytical Method to Human Pharmacokinetic Studies Following Two Week-Repeated Administration of Red Ginseng Extract. Molecules 2019; 24:E2618. [PMID: 31323835 PMCID: PMC6680484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24142618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to develop a sensitive method for detecting 13 ginsenosides using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and to apply this method to pharmacokinetic studies in human following repeated oral administration of red ginseng extract. The chromatograms of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg3, Rh2, F1, compound K (CK), protopanaxadiol (PPD), and protopanaxatriol (PPT) in human plasma were well separated. The calibration curve range for 13 ginsenosides was 0.5-200 ng/mL and the lower limit of quantitation was 0.5 ng/mL for all ginsenosides. The inter- and intra-day accuracy, precision, and stability were less than 15%. Among the 13 ginsenosides tested, nine ginsenosides (Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, Rg3, CK, Rh2, PPD, and PPT) were detected in the human plasma samples. The plasma concentrations of Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Rd, and Rg3 were correlated with the content in red ginseng extract; however, CK, Rh2, PPD, and PPT were detected although they are not present in red ginseng extract, suggesting the formation of these ginsenosides through the human metabolism. In conclusion, our analytical method could be effectively used to evaluate pharmacokinetic properties of ginsenosides, which would be useful for establishing the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodymic relationship of ginsenosides as well as ginsenoside metabolism in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sojeong Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyeon Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Sowon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Woo Youl Kang
- Clinical Trial Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Sook Jin Seong
- Clinical Trial Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Young-Ran Yoon
- Clinical Trial Center, Kyungpook National University Hospital, Daegu 41944, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 Plus KNU Bio-Medical Convergence Program for Creative Talent, College of Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41944, Korea
| | - Min-Koo Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Dankook University, Cheon-an 31116, Korea.
| | - Im-Sook Song
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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291
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Li J, Wang RF, Zhou Y, Hu HJ, Yang YB, Yang L, Wang ZT. Dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides from the leaves and stems of Panax notoginseng and their antiinflammatory activities. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:377-384. [PMID: 31308809 PMCID: PMC6606971 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation is widespread in the clinical pathology and closely associated to the progress of many diseases. Triterpenoid saponins as a key group of active ingredients in Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F.H. Chen were demonstrated to show antiinflammatory effects. However, the chemical structures of saponins in the leaves and stems of Panax notoginseng (PNLS) are still not fully clear. Herein, the isolation, purification and further evaluation of the antiinflammatory activity of dammarane-type triterpenoid saponins from PNLS were conducted. METHODS Silica gel and reversed-phase C8 column chromatography were used. Furthermore, preparative HPLC was used as a final purification technique to obtain minor saponins with high purities. MS, NMR experiments, and chemical methods were used in the structural identifications. The antiinflammatory activities of the isolated saponins were assessed by measuring the nitric oxide production in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated by lipopolysaccharides. Real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the gene expressions of inflammation-related gene. RESULTS Eight new minor dammarane-type triterpene oligoglycosides, namely notoginsenosides LK1-LK8 (1-8) were obtained from PNLS, along with seven known ones. Among the isolated saponins, gypenoside IX significantly suppressed the nitric oxide production and inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin 10, interferon-inducible protein 10 and interleukin-1β. CONCLUSION The eight saponins may enrich and expand the chemical library of saponins in Panax genus. Moreover, it is reported for the first time that gypenoside IX showed moderate antiinflammatory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ru-Feng Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-Jun Hu
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying-Bo Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheng-Tao Wang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- The MOE Key Laboratory for Standardization of Chinese Medicines and the SATCM, Key Laboratory for New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Qomaladewi NP, Kim MY, Cho JY. Autophagy and its regulation by ginseng components. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:349-353. [PMID: 31308805 PMCID: PMC6606841 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is the sequential process whereby cell components are degraded, which can occur due to nutrient deprivation. Its regulation has an essential role in many diseases, functioning in both cell survival and cell death. Autophagy starts when mTORC1 is inhibited, resulting in the activation of several complexes to form a cargo that fuses with a lysosome, where it undergoes degradation. In this review, we describe a plant extract that is well known in Korea, namely Korean ginseng extract; we studied how its derivatives and metabolites can regulate autophagy and thus mediate the pathogenesis of certain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mi-Yeon Kim
- School of Systems Biomedical Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Integrative Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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293
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Lee JI, Park KS, Cho IH. Panax ginseng: a candidate herbal medicine for autoimmune disease. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:342-348. [PMID: 31308804 PMCID: PMC6606836 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng Meyer (P. ginseng; Korean ginseng) is well known for its medicinal properties. It can alleviate pathological symptoms, promote health, and prevent potential diseases via its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, homeostatic, and other positive effects on biological metabolism. Although many studies have determined effects of P. ginseng on various diseases, such as cardiovascular, neurological, and immunological diseases, little is known about the effect of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases. Here, we review a few reports about effects of P. ginseng on autoimmune diseases (e.g., multiple sclerosis, Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, atopic dermatitis, and rheumatoid arthritis) and suggest the possibility of P. ginseng as a candidate herbal medicine to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases as well as the need to study it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon-Il Lee
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung Sun Park
- Department of Korean Medicine Obstetrics & Gynecology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hyun Cho
- Department of Science in Korean Medicine and Brain Korea 21 Plus Program, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medical Science and Institute of Korean Medicine, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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294
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Shih YS, Tsai CH, Li TC, Lai HC, Wang KT, Liao WL, Hsieh CL. The effect of Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi tang (XSLJZT) on irritable bowel syndrome: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 238:111889. [PMID: 31009707 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by chronic, recurrent abdominal pain or abdominal discomfort and changes in defecation habits. Xiang-Sha-Liu-Jun-Zi tang (XSLJZT) is a traditional Chinese medical formula that can modulate gastrointestinal disturbance. PURPOSE To investigate the therapeutic effect of XSLJZT on IBS. MATERIALS AND METHODS This study was designed as a double-blind, randomized, controlled preliminary study. Eighty patients with IBS were assigned to a control group (CG, 40 patients) that received oral administration of an XSLJZT 10% comparator (3.0 g three times daily) for 28 days or to a treatment group (TG, 40 patients) that received XSLJZT. The primary outcome measure was changes in scores on the Gastrointestinal System Rating Scale-IBS. The secondary outcome measures were changes in scores on the irritable bowel syndrome-quality of life (IBS-QOL) and World Health Organization-quality of life-brief. RESULTS A total of 63 patients completed the study (n = 31 for the CG; n = 32 for the TG). The TG were discovered to have significantly lower diarrhea scores than the CG at V2 (second assessment) compared with V1 (first assessment, baseline) (mean change ± SD: CG: 0.19 ± 1.33 vs. TG: -0.38 ± 0.91, p = 0.05). The scores for Item 28 on the IBS-quality of life (QOL) scale ("I feel frustrated that I cannot eat when I want because of my bowel problems") were lower in the CG at V3 (third assessment) compared with V1 but slightly higher in the TG (CG: -0.48 ± 0.89 vs. TG: 0.03 ± 0.65, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION Oral administration of XSLJZT (3.0 g) for 28 days lowered the mean diarrhea score in patients with IBS, indicating that the patients in the TG had greater diarrhea improvement than those in the CG. The present study used 10% XSLJZT as a comparator, and the different items of the Gastrointestinal System Rating Scale-IBS, IBS-QOL, and World Health Organization Quality of Life-Brief were scored separately. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate comparator or placebo and score assessment are crucial issues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Sing Shih
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Chang-Hai Tsai
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Tsai-Chung Li
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan; Department of Healthcare Administration, College of Health Science, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
| | - Hsueh-Chou Lai
- Division of Hepato-Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan; School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Kun-Teng Wang
- Brion Research Institute of Taiwan, New Taipei City 231, Taiwan.
| | - Wen-Ling Liao
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Personal Medical Research Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Ching-Liang Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Chinese Medicine Research Center, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan; Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
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295
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Ju C, Jeon SM, Jun HS, Moon CK. Diol-ginsenosides from Korean Red Ginseng delay the development of type 1 diabetes in diabetes-prone biobreeding rats. J Ginseng Res 2019; 44:619-626. [PMID: 32617042 PMCID: PMC7322746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of diol-ginsenoside fraction (Diol-GF) and triol-ginsenoside fraction (Triol-GF) from Korean Red Ginseng on the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D) were examined in diabetes-prone biobreeding (DP-BB) rats that spontaneously develop T1D through an autoimmune process. Methods DP-BB female rats were treated with Diol-GF or Triol-GF daily from the age of 3-4 weeks up to 11-12 weeks (1 mg/g body weight). Results Diol-GF delayed the onset, and reduced the incidence, of T1D. Islets of Diol-GF-treated DP-BB rats showed significantly lower insulitis and preserved higher plasma and pancreatic insulin levels. Diol-GF failed to change the proportion of lymphocyte subsets such as T cells, natural killer cells, and macrophages in the spleen and blood. Diol-GF had no effect on the ability of DP-BB rat splenocytes to induce diabetes in recipients. Diol-GF and diol-ginsenoside Rb1 significantly decreased tumor necrosis factor α production, whereas diol-ginsenosides Rb1 and Rd decreased interleukin 1β production in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, mixed cytokine- and chemical-induced β-cell cytotoxicity was greatly inhibited by Diol-GF and diol-ginsenosides Rc and Rd in RIN5mF cells. However, nitric oxide production in RAW264.7 cells was unaffected by diol-ginsenosides. Conclusion Diol-GF, but not Triol-GF, significantly delayed the development of insulitis and T1D in DP-BB rats. The antidiabetogenic action of Diol-GF may result from the decrease in cytokine production and increase in β-cell resistance to cytokine/free radical-induced cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung Ju
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Min Jeon
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Sook Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea.,Lee Gil Ya Cancer and Diabetes Institute, Gachon University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Kiu Moon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology (RIPST), Ajou University, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do Republic of Korea
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296
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Protium javanicum Burm. Methanol Extract Attenuates LPS-Induced Inflammatory Activities in Macrophage-Like RAW264.7 Cells. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2019; 2019:2910278. [PMID: 31118953 PMCID: PMC6500672 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2910278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Protium javanicum Burm. f. is a medicinal plant used in traditional medicine. Gum and oleoresins from this plant have been used as anti-inflammatory agents for treating ulcers, headaches, eyelid inflammation, and rheumatic pain. However, its anti-inflammatory mechanism of action is still unknown. To better understand the mechanism, we used lipopolysaccharide- (LPS-) treated RAW264.7 cells to measure inflammatory mediators with the Griess assay and to identify target signaling molecules by immunoblot analysis. In this study, we report that the Protium javanicum methanol extract (Pj-ME) plays an important role in suppressing nitric oxide (NO) levels without cytotoxicity. The effect of Pj-ME in LPS-induced expression leads to reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, specifically inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX-2), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α). Pj-ME significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expression of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway in a time-dependent manner. Syk and Src were identified as putative signaling molecules of Pj-ME-mediated anti-inflammatory activity, which were inhibited by Pj-ME. We demonstrated that Pj-ME controls the STAT3 signaling pathway by suppressing STAT3 and JAK phosphorylation and also downregulates the gene expression of IL-6. Therefore, these results elucidate Pj-ME as a novel anti-inflammatory naturally derived drug with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties which may be subject to therapeutic and prognostic relevance.
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297
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Saboori S, Falahi E, Yousefi Rad E, Asbaghi O, Khosroshahi MZ. Effects of ginseng on C-reactive protein level: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials. Complement Ther Med 2019; 45:98-103. [PMID: 31331589 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctim.2019.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this meta-analysis was to assess effects of ginseng supplementation on CRP/hs-CRP levels in clinical trial studies. DESIGN A systematic literature search was carried out for clinical trials published in ISI web of Science, Scopus, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases from the beginning to 16th February 2018. Of 83 articles found in the first step of the systematic search, seven studies with nine arms included in this meta-analysis. RESULTS Results of pooled random-effect size analysis of nine trials showed non-significant decreasing effects of ginseng supplementation on CRP level (WMD: -0.1 mg/l, 95% CI, -0.26, 0.1; P = 0.27) with significant heterogeneity shown within the studies. The subgroup analysis showed that ginseng supplementation could significantly reduce CRP level by 0.51 (95% CI: -0.68, -0.34; P < 0001, test for heterogeneity: P = 0.44, I2 = 0.0%) in patients with a baseline serum CRP level of greater than 3 mg/dl. Trial duration and dose of ginseng supplementation included no significant effects on CRP level in this meta-analysis. CONCLUSION Results of the current meta-analysis study have shown that ginseng supplementation can decrease significantly serum CRP/hsCRP levels in patients with elevated serum level of this inflammatory marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Saboori
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Falahi
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Yousefi Rad
- Nutritional Health Research Center, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Omid Asbaghi
- Student Research Committee, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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298
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Lin J, Gao S, Wang T, Shen Y, Yang W, Li Y, Hu H. Ginsenoside Rb1 improves learning and memory ability through its anti-inflammatory effect in Aβ 1-40 induced Alzheimer's disease of rats. Am J Transl Res 2019; 11:2955-2968. [PMID: 31217866 PMCID: PMC6556649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study measured amyloid-beta (Aβ), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in the hippocampus of Alzheimer's disease (AD) rat models to elucidate the mechanism of anti-inflammatory effect of ginsenoside Rb1 in AD. Eighty-four male Wistar rats were randomly divided into seven groups, learning and memory impairment was induced by Ap1-40 to establish AD rat model. Learning and memory abilities were assessed by a Morris water maze experiment. Immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR and Western blotting were used to measure IL-1β, Aβ and GFAP expression. Nissl staining and methenamine silver staining were performed to observe the morphology of neurons and Nissl Body, and to detect amyloid protein particle deposition. ELISA and LC-MS/MS were applied to detect Aβ1-42 and byproducts of S/MS were applied to IAT, VIV, ITL, VVIA, TVI, and VIT). Ginsenoside Rb1 administration could relieve cognitive deficit, and decrease expressions of IL-1β, Aβ, and GFAP. Neurons and Nissl Body were improved and plaques deposition was decreased obviously after treatment of ginsenoside Rb1, especially in medium dose of ginsenoside Rb1. Ginsenoside Rb1 can increase productions of Aβ1-42 and byproducts of β- and γ-secretase. Collected evidence supported that ginsenoside Rb1 improves learning and memory in AD rat by altering the amyloidogenic process of APP into non-amyloidogenic process, to exert its anti-inflammatory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Lin
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
| | - Shiyu Gao
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Shen
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Wenyu Yang
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yan Li
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- The Second Clinical Medical College of Wenzhou Medical UniversityNo. 109, Xueyuan West Road, Lu Cheng District, Wenzhou 325027, China
- The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical UniversityWenzhou 325027, China
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299
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Wang R, Zhang M, Hu S, Liu K, Tai Y, Tao J, Zhou W, Zhao Z, Wang Q, Wei W. Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K regulates macrophage function through inhibition of β-arrestin2. Biomed Pharmacother 2019; 115:108909. [PMID: 31071508 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2019.108909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside metabolite compound-K (C-K), which is an active metabolite of ginsenoside in vivo, can produce anti-inflammatory affects by activating glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) to inhibit the expression of β-arrestin2. Studies have shown that C-K can inhibit the function of immune cells including macrophage polarization and phagocytosis. However, the mechanism by which C-K regulates macrophage polarization is currently unclear. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the pattern recognition receptors on the membrane of immune cells, with TLR4 being especially important in polarization of macrophages. The Gαi-mediated activation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) by TLR4 promotes inflammation and phagocytosis in macrophages by increasing the proportion of type I phenotypic macrophages (M1). Whether C-K inhibits the signal transduction of TLR4-Gαi-NF-κB and how that effects macrophage polarization regulation in murine models of RA is not reported. The coupling of G proteins with receptors is regulated by β-arrestin2, but it has been unclear whether C-K modulates the TLR4 interaction with G proteins by inhibiting the expression of β-arrestin2. To explore these questions, the collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model was employed, and mice were treated with C-K (112 mg/kg/day). The results depict that C-K treatment inhibits macrophage phagocytosis and reduces the proportion of M1. C-K decreases the overexpressed β-arrestin2, Gαi, TLR4 and NF-κB in macrophages of CIA mice, while increasing the expression of Gαs. Furthermore, C-K promotes TLR4-Gαs coupling and inhibits TLR4-Gαi coupling through β-arrestin2 regulation in macrophages, leading to a decrease in the proportion of M1 to M2 macrophages and improved outcomes in CIA mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Shanshan Hu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Kangkang Liu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Yu Tai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Juan Tao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Zongbiao Zhao
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China
| | - Qingtong Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Anhui Medical University, Key Laboratory of Anti-inflammatory and Immunopharmacology of Education, Ministry of China, Anhui Collaborative Innovation Center of Anti-inflammatory and Immune Medicine, Hefei, 230032, China.
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300
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Nam YH, Moon HW, Lee YR, Kim EY, Rodriguez I, Jeong SY, Castañeda R, Park JH, Choung SY, Hong BN, Kang TH. Panax ginseng (Korea Red Ginseng) repairs diabetic sensorineural damage through promotion of the nerve growth factor pathway in diabetic zebrafish. J Ginseng Res 2019; 43:272-281. [PMID: 30976165 PMCID: PMC6437664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic sensorineural damage is a complication of the sensory neural system, resulting from long-term hyperglycemia. Red ginseng (RG) has shown efficacy for treatment of various diseases, including diabetes mellitus; however, there is little research about its benefit for treating sensorineural damage. Therefore, we aim to evaluate RG efficacy in alloxan-induced diabetic neuromast (AIDN) zebrafish. Methods In this study, we developed and validated an AIDN zebrafish model. To assess RG effectiveness, we observed morphological changes in live neuromast zebrafish. Also, zebrafish has been observed to have an ultrastructure of hair-cell cilia under scanning electron microscopy. Thus, we recorded these physiological traits to assess hair cell function. Finally, we confirmed that RG promoted neuromast recovery via nerve growth factor signaling pathway markers. Results First, we established an AIDN zebrafish model. Using this model, we showed via live neuromast imaging that RG fostered recovery of sensorineural damage. Damaged hair cell cilia were recovered in AIDN zebrafish. Furthermore, RG rescued damaged hair cell function through cell membrane ion balance. Conclusion Our data suggest that RG potentially facilitates recovery in AIDN zebrafish, and its mechanism seems to be promotion of the nerve growth factor pathway through increased expression of topomyosin receptor kinase A, transient receptor potential channel vanilloid subfamily type 1, and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Hee Nam
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Won Moon
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Ro Lee
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Young Kim
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Isabel Rodriguez
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Yule Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Rodrigo Castañeda
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Ho Park
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Young Choung
- Department of Preventive Pharmacy and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bin Na Hong
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
| | - Tong Ho Kang
- Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Graduate School of Biotechnology, Kyung Hee University, Global Campus, Gyeonggi, Republic of Korea
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