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Maranha A, Moynihan PJ, Miranda V, Correia Lourenço E, Nunes-Costa D, Fraga JS, José Barbosa Pereira P, Macedo-Ribeiro S, Ventura MR, Clarke AJ, Empadinhas N. Octanoylation of early intermediates of mycobacterial methylglucose lipopolysaccharides. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13610. [PMID: 26324178 PMCID: PMC4555173 DOI: 10.1038/srep13610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacteria synthesize unique intracellular methylglucose lipopolysaccharides (MGLP) proposed to modulate fatty acid metabolism. In addition to the partial esterification of glucose or methylglucose units with short-chain fatty acids, octanoate was invariably detected on the MGLP reducing end. We have identified a novel sugar octanoyltransferase (OctT) that efficiently transfers octanoate to glucosylglycerate (GG) and diglucosylglycerate (DGG), the earliest intermediates in MGLP biosynthesis. Enzymatic studies, synthetic chemistry, NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry approaches suggest that, in contrast to the prevailing consensus, octanoate is not esterified to the primary hydroxyl group of glycerate but instead to the C6 OH of the second glucose in DGG. These observations raise important new questions about the MGLP reducing end architecture and about subsequent biosynthetic steps. Functional characterization of this unique octanoyltransferase, whose gene has been proposed to be essential for M. tuberculosis growth, adds new insights into a vital mycobacterial pathway, which may inspire new drug discovery strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Maranha
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Patrick J. Moynihan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Vanessa Miranda
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Eva Correia Lourenço
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Daniela Nunes-Costa
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana S. Fraga
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Pedro José Barbosa Pereira
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Sandra Macedo-Ribeiro
- IBMC – Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - M. Rita Ventura
- ITQB – Instituto de Tecnologia Química Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Anthony J. Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nuno Empadinhas
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517 Coimbra, Portugal
- III/UC– Instituto de Investigação Interdisciplinar, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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252
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Yamamoto K, Shida S, Honda Y, Shono M, Miyake H, Oguri S, Sakamoto H, Momonoki YS. Overexpression of acetylcholinesterase gene in rice results in enhancement of shoot gravitropism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 465:488-93. [PMID: 26277389 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine (ACh), a known neurotransmitter in animals and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) exists widely in plants, although its role in plant signal transduction is unclear. We previously reported AChE in Zea mays L. might be related to gravitropism based on pharmacological study using an AChE inhibitor. Here we clearly demonstrate plant AChE play an important role as a positive regulator in the gravity response of plants based on a genetic study. First, the gene encoding a second component of the ACh-mediated signal transduction system, AChE was cloned from rice, Oryza sativa L. ssp. Japonica cv. Nipponbare. The rice AChE shared high homology with maize, siratro and Salicornia AChEs. Similar to animal and other plant AChEs, the rice AChE hydrolyzed acetylthiocholine and propionylthiocholine, but not butyrylthiocholine. Thus, the rice AChE might be characterized as an AChE (E.C.3.1.1.7). Similar to maize and siratro AChEs, the rice AChE exhibited low sensitivity to the AChE inhibitor, neostigmine bromide, compared with the electric eel AChE. Next, the functionality of rice AChE was proved by overexpression in rice plants. The rice AChE was localized in extracellular spaces of rice plants. Further, the rice AChE mRNA and its activity were mainly detected during early developmental stages (2 d-10 d after sowing). Finally, by comparing AChE up-regulated plants with wild-type, we found that AChE overexpression causes an enhanced gravitropic response. This result clearly suggests that the function of the rice AChE relate to positive regulation of gravitropic response in rice seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Shida
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Honda
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Mariko Shono
- Tropical Agriculture Research Front, Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences, Maezato-Kawarabaru, Ishigaki, Okinawa, 907-0002, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyake
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Suguru Oguri
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Hikaru Sakamoto
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan
| | - Yoshie S Momonoki
- Faculty of Bioindustry, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 196 Yasaka, Abashiri, Hokkaido, 099-2493, Japan.
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253
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Palfree RGE, Bennett HPJ, Bateman A. The Evolution of the Secreted Regulatory Protein Progranulin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133749. [PMID: 26248158 PMCID: PMC4527844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Progranulin is a secreted growth factor that is active in tumorigenesis, wound repair, and inflammation. Haploinsufficiency of the human progranulin gene, GRN, causes frontotemporal dementia. Progranulins are composed of chains of cysteine-rich granulin modules. Modules may be released from progranulin by proteolysis as 6kDa granulin polypeptides. Both intact progranulin and some of the granulin polypeptides are biologically active. The granulin module occurs in certain plant proteases and progranulins are present in early diverging metazoan clades such as the sponges, indicating their ancient evolutionary origin. There is only one Grn gene in mammalian genomes. More gene-rich Grn families occur in teleost fish with between 3 and 6 members per species including short-form Grns that have no tetrapod counterparts. Our goals are to elucidate progranulin and granulin module evolution by investigating (i): the origins of metazoan progranulins (ii): the evolutionary relationships between the single Grn of tetrapods and the multiple Grn genes of fish (iii): the evolution of granulin module architectures of vertebrate progranulins (iv): the conservation of mammalian granulin polypeptide sequences and how the conserved granulin amino acid sequences map to the known three dimensional structures of granulin modules. We report that progranulin-like proteins are present in unicellular eukaryotes that are closely related to metazoa suggesting that progranulin is among the earliest extracellular regulatory proteins still employed by multicellular animals. From the genomes of the elephant shark and coelacanth we identified contemporary representatives of a precursor for short-from Grn genes of ray-finned fish that is lost in tetrapods. In vertebrate Grns pathways of exon duplication resulted in a conserved module architecture at the amino-terminus that is frequently accompanied by an unusual pattern of tandem nearly identical module repeats near the carboxyl-terminus. Polypeptide sequence conservation of mammalian granulin modules identified potential structure-activity relationships that may be informative in designing progranulin based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger G. E. Palfree
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Hugh P. J. Bennett
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrew Bateman
- Endocrine Research Laboratory, Experimental Therapeutics and Metabolism, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre and Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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254
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Jeske M, Bordi M, Glatt S, Müller S, Rybin V, Müller CW, Ephrussi A. The Crystal Structure of the Drosophila Germline Inducer Oskar Identifies Two Domains with Distinct Vasa Helicase- and RNA-Binding Activities. Cell Rep 2015; 12:587-98. [PMID: 26190108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2015] [Revised: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In many animals, the germ plasm segregates germline from soma during early development. Oskar protein is known for its ability to induce germ plasm formation and germ cells in Drosophila. However, the molecular basis of germ plasm formation remains unclear. Here, we show that Oskar is an RNA-binding protein in vivo, crosslinking to nanos, polar granule component, and germ cell-less mRNAs, each of which has a role in germline formation. Furthermore, we present high-resolution crystal structures of the two Oskar domains. RNA-binding maps in vitro to the C-terminal domain, which shows structural similarity to SGNH hydrolases. The highly conserved N-terminal LOTUS domain forms dimers and mediates Oskar interaction with the germline-specific RNA helicase Vasa in vitro. Our findings suggest a dual function of Oskar in RNA and Vasa binding, providing molecular clues to its germ plasm function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy Jeske
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matteo Bordi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sandra Müller
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Vladimir Rybin
- Protein Expression and Purification Core Facility, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Anne Ephrussi
- Developmental Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
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255
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Baumann AMT, Bakkers MJG, Buettner FFR, Hartmann M, Grove M, Langereis MA, de Groot RJ, Mühlenhoff M. 9-O-Acetylation of sialic acids is catalysed by CASD1 via a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. Nat Commun 2015; 6:7673. [PMID: 26169044 PMCID: PMC4510713 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids, terminal sugars of glycoproteins and glycolipids, play important roles in development, cellular recognition processes and host–pathogen interactions. A common modification of sialic acids is 9-O-acetylation, which has been implicated in sialoglycan recognition, ganglioside biology, and the survival and drug resistance of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Despite many functional implications, the molecular basis of 9-O-acetylation has remained elusive thus far. Following cellular approaches, including selective gene knockout by CRISPR/Cas genome editing, we here show that CASD1—a previously identified human candidate gene—is essential for sialic acid 9-O-acetylation. In vitro assays with the purified N-terminal luminal domain of CASD1 demonstrate transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-coenzyme A to CMP-activated sialic acid and formation of a covalent acetyl-enzyme intermediate. Our study provides direct evidence that CASD1 is a sialate O-acetyltransferase and serves as key enzyme in the biosynthesis of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans. 9-O-Acetylation is one of the most common modifications of sialic acids, implicated in sialoglycan recognition and ganglioside biology. Here, the authors show that the key enzyme for the biosynthesis of 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans is CASD1, which uses CMP-activated sialic acid as acceptor substrate.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Maria T Baumann
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Mark J G Bakkers
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Falk F R Buettner
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Hartmann
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Grove
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martijn A Langereis
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Raoul J de Groot
- Virology Division, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Cellular Chemistry, Hannover Medical School, D-30623 Hannover, Germany
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256
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Hu X, Ren J, Ren X, Huang S, Sabiel SAI, Luo M, Nevo E, Fu C, Peng J, Sun D. Association of Agronomic Traits with SNP Markers in Durum Wheat (Triticum turgidum L. durum (Desf.)). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130854. [PMID: 26110423 PMCID: PMC4482485 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Association mapping is a powerful approach to detect associations between traits of interest and genetic markers based on linkage disequilibrium (LD) in molecular plant breeding. In this study, 150 accessions of worldwide originated durum wheat germplasm (Triticum turgidum spp. durum) were genotyped using 1,366 SNP markers. The extent of LD on each chromosome was evaluated. Association of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) markers with ten agronomic traits measured in four consecutive years was analyzed under a mix linear model (MLM). Two hundred and one significant association pairs were detected in the four years. Several markers were associated with one trait, and also some markers were associated with multiple traits. Some of the associated markers were in agreement with previous quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses. The function and homology analyses of the corresponding ESTs of some SNP markers could explain many of the associations for plant height, length of main spike, number of spikelets on main spike, grain number per plant, and 1000-grain weight, etc. The SNP associations for the observed traits are generally clustered in specific chromosome regions of the wheat genome, mainly in 2A, 5A, 6A, 7A, 1B, and 6B chromosomes. This study demonstrates that association mapping can complement and enhance previous QTL analyses and provide additional information for marker-assisted selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hu
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Jing Ren
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Macromolecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, Dezhou University, Dezhou, Shandong, 253023, China
| | - Xifeng Ren
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Sisi Huang
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Salih A. I. Sabiel
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Mingcheng Luo
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, United States of America
| | - Eviatar Nevo
- Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Mount Carmel, Haifa, 31905, Israel
| | - Chunjie Fu
- Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430206, China
| | - Junhua Peng
- Science and Technology Center, China National Seed Group Co., Ltd, Wuhan, Hubei, 430206, China
| | - Dongfa Sun
- College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan Hubei, 430070, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Jingzhou, Hubei, 434025, China
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257
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Sriyapai P, Kawai F, Siripoke S, Chansiri K, Sriyapai T. Cloning, Expression and Characterization of a Thermostable Esterase HydS14 from Actinomadura sp. Strain S14 in Pichia pastoris. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:13579-94. [PMID: 26075873 PMCID: PMC4490510 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160613579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A thermostable esterase gene (hydS14) was cloned from an Actinomadura sp. S14 gene library. The gene is 777 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide of 258 amino acid residues with no signal peptide, no N-glycosylation site and a predicted molecular mass of 26,604 Da. The encoded protein contains the pentapeptide motif (GYSLG) and catalytic triad (Ser88-Asp208-His235) of the esterase/lipase superfamily. The HydS14 sequence shows 46%-64% identity to 23 sequences from actinomycetes (23 α/β-hydrolases), has three conserved regions, and contains the novel motif (GY(F)SLG), which distinguishes it from other clusters in the α/β-hydrolase structural superfamily. A plasmid containing the coding region (pPICZαA-hydS14) was used to express HydS14 in Pichia pastoris under the control of the AOXI promoter. The recombinant HydS14 collected from the supernatant had a molecular mass of ~30 kDa, which agrees with its predicted molecular mass without N-glycosylation. HydS14 had an optimum temperature of approximately 70 °C and an optimum pH of 8.0. HydS14 was stable at 50 and 60 °C for 120 min, with residual activities of above 80% and above 90%, respectively, as well as 50% activity at pH 6.0-8.0 and pH 9.0, respectively. The enzyme showed higher activity with p-nitrophenyl-C2 and C4. The Km and Vmax values for p-nitrophenyl-C4 were 0.21 ± 0.02 mM and 37.07 ± 1.04 μmol/min/mg, respectively. The enzyme was active toward short-chain p-nitrophenyl ester (C2-C6), displaying optimal activity with p-nitrophenyl-C4 (Kcat/Km = 11.74 mM(-1) · S(-1)). In summary, HydS14 is a thermostable esterase from Actinomadura sp. S14 that has been cloned and expressed for the first time in Pichia pastoris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pichapak Sriyapai
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Fusako Kawai
- Center for Nanomaterials and Devices, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Somjai Siripoke
- Innovative Learning Center, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Kosum Chansiri
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
| | - Thayat Sriyapai
- Faculty of Environmental Culture and Ecotourism, Srinakharinwirot University, Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
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258
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Orizio F, Damiati E, Giacopuzzi E, Benaglia G, Pianta S, Schauer R, Schwartz-Albiez R, Borsani G, Bresciani R, Monti E. Human sialic acid acetyl esterase: Towards a better understanding of a puzzling enzyme. Glycobiology 2015; 25:992-1006. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwv034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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259
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De Santi C, Ambrosino L, Tedesco P, Zhai L, Zhou C, Xue Y, Ma Y, de Pascale D. Identification and characterization of a novel salt-tolerant esterase from a Tibetan glacier metagenomic library. Biotechnol Prog 2015; 31:890-9. [PMID: 25920073 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A salt-tolerant esterase, designated H9Est, was identified from a metagenomic library of the Karuola glacier. H9Est gene comprised 1071 bp and encoded a polypeptide of 357 amino acids with a molecular mass of 40 kDa. Sequence analysis revealed that H9Est belonged to the family IV of bacterial lypolitic enzyme. H9Est was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and the purified enzyme showed hydrolytic activity towards p-nitrophenyl esters with carbon chain from 2 to 8. The optimal esterase activity was at 40°C and pH 8.0 and the enzyme retained its activity towards some miscible organic solvents such as polyethylene glycol. A three-dimensional model of H9Est revealed that S200, D294, and H324 formed the H9Est catalytic triad. Circular Dichroism spectra and molecular dynamic simulation indicated that the esterase had a wide denaturation temperature range and flexible loops that would be beneficial for H9Est performance at low temperatures while retaining heat-resistant features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta De Santi
- Inst. of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | - Luca Ambrosino
- Inst. of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | - Pietro Tedesco
- Inst. of Protein Biochemistry, National Research Council, Naples, I-80131, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Yanhe Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Resources and National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Enzymes, Inst. of Microbiology, CAS, Beijing, 100101, China
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260
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Schultink A, Naylor D, Dama M, Pauly M. The role of the plant-specific ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 protein in Arabidopsis cell wall polysaccharide O-acetylation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1271-83. [PMID: 25681330 PMCID: PMC4378174 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.256479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
A mutation in the ALTERED XYLOGLUCAN9 (AXY9) gene was found to be causative for the decreased xyloglucan acetylation phenotype of the axy9.1 mutant, which was identified in a forward genetic screen for Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) mutants. The axy9.1 mutant also exhibits decreased O-acetylation of xylan, implying that the AXY9 protein has a broad role in polysaccharide acetylation. An axy9 insertional mutant exhibits severe growth defects and collapsed xylem, demonstrating the importance of wall polysaccharide O-acetylation for normal plant growth and development. Localization and topological experiments indicate that the active site of the AXY9 protein resides within the Golgi lumen. The AXY9 protein appears to be a component of the plant cell wall polysaccharide acetylation pathway, which also includes the REDUCED WALL ACETYLATION and TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins. The AXY9 protein is distinct from the TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE-LIKE proteins, reported to be polysaccharide acetyltransferases, but does share homology with them and other acetyltransferases, suggesting that the AXY9 protein may act to produce an acetylated intermediate that is part of the O-acetylation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Schultink
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Dan Naylor
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Murali Dama
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Markus Pauly
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology (A.S., D.N., M.P.) and Energy Biosciences Institute (M.D., M.P.), University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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261
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Kolodziejek AM, Miller SI. Salmonella modulation of the phagosome membrane, role of SseJ. Cell Microbiol 2015; 17:333-41. [PMID: 25620407 DOI: 10.1111/cmi.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Salmonellae have the ability to invade, persist and replicate within an intracellular phagosome termed the Salmonella-containing vacuole (SCV). Salmonellae alter lipid and protein content of the SCV membrane and manipulate cytoskeletal elements in contact with the SCV using the Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-2) type III secretion system effectors. These modifications result in microtubular-based movement and morphological changes, which include endosomal tubulation of the SCV membrane. SseJ is a SPI-2 effector that localizes to the cytoplasmic face of the SCV and esterifies cholesterol through its glycerophospholipid : cholesterol acyltransferase activity. SseJ enzymatic activity as well as localization to the SCV are determined by binding to the small mammalian GTPase, RhoA. This review will focus on current knowledge about the role of SseJ in SCV membrane modification and will discuss how the hypothesis that a major role of SPI-2 effectors is to modify SCV protein and lipid content to promote bacterial intracellular survival.
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262
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Improved enantioselectivity of thermostable esterase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus toward (S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester by directed evolution and characterization of mutant esterases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 99:6293-301. [PMID: 25661815 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6422-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Revised: 12/27/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Thermostable esterases have potential applications in various biotechnology industries because of their resistance to high temperature and organic solvents. In a previous study, we isolated an esterase from Archaeoglobus fulgidus DSM 4304 (Est-AF), which showed high thermostability but low enantioselectivity toward (S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester. (R)-ketoprofenor (S)-ketoprofenis produced by esterase hydrolysis of the ester bond of (R,S)-ketoprofen ethyl ester and (S)-ketoprofen has better pharmaceutical activity and lower side effects than (R)-ketoprofen. Therefore, we have generated mutants of Est-AF that retained high thermostability whilst improving enantioselectivity. A library of Est-AF mutants was created by error-prone polymerase chain reaction, and mutants with improved enantioselectivity were isolated by site-saturation mutagenesis. The regions of Est-AF containing amino acid mutations were analyzed by homology modeling of its three-dimensional structure, and structure-based explanations for the changes in enantioselectivity are proposed. Finally, we isolated two mutants showing improved enantioselectivity over Est-AF (ee% = -16.2 ± 0.2 and E = 0.7 ± 0.0): V138G (ee% = 35.9 ± 1.0 and E = 3.0 ± 0.1) and V138G/L200R (ee% = 89.2 ± 0.2 and E = 19.5 ± 0.5). We also investigated various characteristics of these mutants and found that the mutants showed similar thermostability and resistance to additives or organic solvents to Est-AF, without a significant trade-off between activity and stability.
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263
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Luan ZJ, Li FL, Dou S, Chen Q, Kong XD, Zhou J, Yu HL, Xu JH. Substrate channel evolution of an esterase for the synthesis of cilastatin. Catal Sci Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cy00085h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Error-prone PCR and site-directed mutagenesis around substrate channel were employed for improving an esterase (RhEst1) activity towards Cilastatin building block. RhEst1A147I/V148F/G254A showed 20 times higher activity than the native enzyme in whole cell biotransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng-Jiao Luan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Fu-Long Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Shuai Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Qi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xu-Dong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jiahai Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-organic and Natural Products Chemistry
- Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200032
- China
| | - Hui-Lei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jian-He Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering and Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Centre for Biomanufacturing
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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264
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Biosensors containing acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase as recognition tools for detection of various compounds. CHEMICAL PAPERS 2015. [DOI: 10.2478/s11696-014-0542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAcetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) are enzymes expressed in the human body under physiological conditions. AChE is an important part of the cholinergic nerves where it hydrolyses neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Both cholinesterases are sensitive to inhibitors acting as neurotoxic compounds. In analytical applications, the enzymes can serve as a biorecognition element in biosensors as well as simple disposable sensors (dipsticks) and be used for assaying the neurotoxic compounds. In the present review, the mechanism of AChE and BChE inhibition by disparate compounds is explained and methods for assaying the enzymes activity are shown. Optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric biosensors are described. Attention is also given to the application of sol-gel techniques and quantum dots in the biosensors’ construction. Examples of the biosensors are provided and the pros and cons are discussed.
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265
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van Eerde A, Grahn EM, Winter HC, Goldstein IJ, Krengel U. Atomic-resolution structure of the -galactosyl binding Lyophyllum decastes lectin reveals a new protein family found in both fungi and plants. Glycobiology 2014; 25:492-501. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwu136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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266
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Structural and biochemical characterization of a carbohydrate acetylesterase from Sinorhizobium meliloti 1021. FEBS Lett 2014; 589:117-22. [PMID: 25436419 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.11.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In many microorganisms, carbohydrate acetylesterases remove the acetyl groups from various types of carbohydrates. Sm23 from Sinorhizobium meliloti is a putative member of carbohydrate esterase family 3 (CE3) in the CAZy classification system. Here, we determined the crystal structure of Sm23 at 1.75 Å resolution and investigated functional properties using biochemical methods. Furthermore, immobilized Sm23 exhibited improved stability compared with soluble Sm23, which can be used for the design of plant cell wall degrading-systems.
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267
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Ge X, Zhang C, Wang Q, Yang Z, Wang Y, Zhang X, Wu Z, Hou Y, Wu J, Li F. iTRAQ Protein Profile Differential Analysis between Somatic Globular and Cotyledonary Embryos Reveals Stress, Hormone, and Respiration Involved in Increasing Plantlet Regeneration of Gossypium hirsutum L. J Proteome Res 2014; 14:268-78. [PMID: 25367710 DOI: 10.1021/pr500688g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Ge
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Chaojun Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Qianhua Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Zuoren Yang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Xueyan Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Zhixia Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
| | - Yuxia Hou
- College
of Science, China Agricultural University, No.2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jiahe Wu
- Institute
of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 1 Beichen West Road, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Fuguang Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huanghe Road, Anyang, Henan 455000, China
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268
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Wittmann J, Gartemann KH, Eichenlaub R, Dreiseikelmann B. Genomic and molecular analysis of phage CMP1 from Clavibacter michiganensis subspecies michiganensis. BACTERIOPHAGE 2014; 1:6-14. [PMID: 21687530 DOI: 10.4161/bact.1.1.13873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage CMP1 is a member of the Siphoviridae family that infects specifically the plant-pathogen Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. The linear double- stranded DNA is terminally redundant and not circularly permuted. The complete nucleotide sequence of the bacteriophage CMP1 genome consists of 58,652 bp including the terminal redundant ends of 791 bp. The G+C content of the phage (57%) is significantly lower than that of its host (72.66%). 74 potential open reading frames were identified and annotated by different bioinformatic tools. Two large clusters which encode the early and the late functions could be identified which are divergently transcribed. There are only a few hypothetical gene products with conserved domains and significant similarity to sequences from the databases. Functional analyses confirmed the activity of four gene products, an endonuclease, an exonuclease, a single-stranded DNA binding protein and a thymidylate synthase. Partial genomic sequences of CN77, a phage of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis, revealed a similar genome structure and significant similarities on the level of deduced amino acid sequences. An endolysin with peptidase activity has been identified for both phages, which may be good tools for disease control of tomato plants against Clavibacter infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Wittmann
- Department of Microbiology/Genetechnology; Faculty of Biology; University of Bielefeld Universitaetsstr; Bielefeld, Germany
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269
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Yang Y, Kulka K, Montelaro RC, Reinhart TA, Sissons J, Aderem A, Ojha AK. A hydrolase of trehalose dimycolate induces nutrient influx and stress sensitivity to balance intracellular growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cell Host Microbe 2014; 15:153-63. [PMID: 24528862 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chronic tuberculosis in an immunocompetent host is a consequence of the delicately balanced growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) in the face of host defense mechanisms. We identify an Mtb enzyme (TdmhMtb) that hydrolyzes the mycobacterial glycolipid trehalose dimycolate and plays a critical role in balancing the intracellular growth of the pathogen. TdmhMtb is induced under nutrient-limiting conditions and remodels the Mtb envelope to increase nutrient influx but concomitantly sensitizes Mtb to stresses encountered in the host. Consistent with this, a ΔtdmhMtb mutant is more resilient to stress and grows to levels higher than those of wild-type in immunocompetent mice. By contrast, mutant growth is retarded in MyD88(-/-) mice, indicating that TdmhMtb provides a growth advantage to intracellular Mtb in an immunocompromised host. Thus, the effects and countereffects of TdmhMtb play an important role in balancing intracellular growth of Mtb in a manner that is directly responsive to host innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Kathleen Kulka
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Ronald C Montelaro
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Todd A Reinhart
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - James Sissons
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Alan Aderem
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Anil K Ojha
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA.
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270
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Chen L, Dang G, Deng X, Cao J, Yu S, Wu D, Pang H, Liu S. Characterization of a novel exported esterase Rv3036c from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Protein Expr Purif 2014; 104:50-6. [PMID: 25224799 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis possesses an unusually high number of genes involved in the metabolism of lipids. Driven by a newly described esterase motif SXXK in the amino acid sequence and a predicted signal peptide, the gene rv3036c from M. tuberculosis was cloned and characterized biochemically. Rv3036c efficiently hydrolyzes soluble p-nitrophenyl esters but not emulsified lipid. The highest activity of this enzyme was observed when p-nitrophenyl acetate (C2) was used as the substrate. Based on the activities, Rv3036c was classified as a nonlipolytic hydrolase. The results of immunoreactivity studies on the subcellular mycobacterial fractions suggested that the enzyme was present in the cell wall and cell membrane in mycobacteria. In summary, Rv3036c was characterized as a novel cell wall-anchored esterase from M. tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Chen
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 15000, PR China
| | - Guanghui Dang
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 15000, PR China; School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Deng
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Jun Cao
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 15000, PR China
| | - Shenye Yu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 15000, PR China
| | - Defeng Wu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hai Pang
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Siguo Liu
- Division of Bacterial Diseases, State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 15000, PR China.
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271
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Winger AM, Heazlewood JL, Chan LJG, Petzold CJ, Permaul K, Singh S. Secretome analysis of the thermophilic xylanase hyper-producer Thermomyces lanuginosus SSBP cultivated on corn cobs. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 41:1687-96. [PMID: 25223615 DOI: 10.1007/s10295-014-1509-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Thermomyces lanuginosus is a thermophilic fungus known for its ability to produce industrially important enzymes including large amounts of xylanase, the key enzyme in hemicellulose hydrolysis. The secretome of T. lanuginosus SSBP was profiled by shotgun proteomics to elucidate important enzymes involved in hemicellulose saccharification and to characterise the presence of other industrially interesting enzymes. This study reproducibly identified a total of 74 proteins in the supernatant following growth on corn cobs. An analysis of proteins revealed nine glycoside hydrolase (GH) enzymes including xylanase GH11, β-xylosidase GH43, β-glucosidase GH3, α-galactosidase GH36 and trehalose hydrolase GH65. Two commercially produced Thermomyces enzymes, lipase and amylase, were also identified. In addition, other industrially relevant enzymes not currently explored in Thermomyces were identified including glutaminase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase and cyanate hydratase. Overall, these data provide insight into the novel ability of a cellulase-free fungus to utilise lignocellulosic material, ultimately producing a number of enzymes important to various industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Winger
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Durban University of Technology, Durban, 4001, South Africa
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272
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Baker P, Ricer T, Moynihan PJ, Kitova EN, Walvoort MTC, Little DJ, Whitney JC, Dawson K, Weadge JT, Robinson H, Ohman DE, Codée JDC, Klassen JS, Clarke AJ, Howell PL. P. aeruginosa SGNH hydrolase-like proteins AlgJ and AlgX have similar topology but separate and distinct roles in alginate acetylation. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004334. [PMID: 25165982 PMCID: PMC4148444 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The O-acetylation of polysaccharides is a common modification used by pathogenic organisms to protect against external forces. Pseudomonas aeruginosa secretes the anionic, O-acetylated exopolysaccharide alginate during chronic infection in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients to form the major constituent of a protective biofilm matrix. Four proteins have been implicated in the O-acetylation of alginate, AlgIJF and AlgX. To probe the biological function of AlgJ, we determined its structure to 1.83 Å resolution. AlgJ is a SGNH hydrolase-like protein, which while structurally similar to the N-terminal domain of AlgX exhibits a distinctly different electrostatic surface potential. Consistent with other SGNH hydrolases, we identified a conserved catalytic triad composed of D190, H192 and S288 and demonstrated that AlgJ exhibits acetylesterase activity in vitro. Residues in the AlgJ signature motifs were found to form an extensive network of interactions that are critical for O-acetylation of alginate in vivo. Using two different electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) assays we compared the abilities of AlgJ and AlgX to bind and acetylate alginate. Binding studies using defined length polymannuronic acid revealed that AlgJ exhibits either weak or no detectable polymer binding while AlgX binds polymannuronic acid specifically in a length-dependent manner. Additionally, AlgX was capable of utilizing the surrogate acetyl-donor 4-nitrophenyl acetate to catalyze the O-acetylation of polymannuronic acid. Our results, combined with previously published in vivo data, suggest that the annotated O-acetyltransferases AlgJ and AlgX have separate and distinct roles in O-acetylation. Our refined model for alginate acetylation places AlgX as the terminal acetlytransferase and provides a rationale for the variability in the number of proteins required for polysaccharide O-acetylation. Bacteria utilize many defense strategies to protect themselves against external forces. One mechanism used by the bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the production of the long sugar polymer alginate. The bacteria use this polymer to form a biofilm – a barrier to protect against antibiotics and the host immune response. During its biosynthesis alginate undergoes a chemical modification whereby acetate is added to the polymer. Acetylation of alginate is important as this modification makes the bacterial biofilm less susceptible to recognition and clearance by the host immune system. In this paper we present the atomic structure of AlgJ; one of four proteins required for O-acetylation of the polymer. AlgJ is structurally similar to AlgX, which we have shown previously is also required for alginate acetylation. To understand why both enzymes are required for O-acetylation we functionally characterized the proteins and found that although AlgJ exhibits acetylesterase activity – catalyzing the removal of acetyl groups from a surrogate substrate – it does not bind to short mannuornic acid polymers. In contrast, AlgX bound alginate in a length-dependent manner and was capable of transfering acetate from a surrogate substrate onto alginate. This has allowed us to not only understand how acetate is added to alginate, but increases our understanding of how acetate is added to other bacterial sugar polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Perrin Baker
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler Ricer
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Patrick J. Moynihan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena N. Kitova
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Dustin J. Little
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C. Whitney
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Dawson
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joel T. Weadge
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Howard Robinson
- Photon Sciences Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, United States of America
| | - Dennis E. Ohman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Virginia Commonwealth University Medical Center and McGuire Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - John S. Klassen
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Anthony J. Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - P. Lynne Howell
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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273
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Martin M, Biver S, Steels S, Barbeyron T, Jam M, Portetelle D, Michel G, Vandenbol M. Identification and characterization of a halotolerant, cold-active marine endo-β-1,4-glucanase by using functional metagenomics of seaweed-associated microbiota. Appl Environ Microbiol 2014; 80:4958-67. [PMID: 24907332 PMCID: PMC4135742 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01194-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A metagenomic library was constructed from microorganisms associated with the brown alga Ascophyllum nodosum. Functional screening of this library revealed 13 novel putative esterase loci and two glycoside hydrolase loci. Sequence and gene cluster analysis showed the wide diversity of the identified enzymes and gave an idea of the microbial populations present during the sample collection period. Lastly, an endo-β-1,4-glucanase having less than 50% identity to sequences of known cellulases was purified and partially characterized, showing activity at low temperature and after prolonged incubation in concentrated salt solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjolaine Martin
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sophie Biver
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Sébastien Steels
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Tristan Barbeyron
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Murielle Jam
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Daniel Portetelle
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Gurvan Michel
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France CNRS, UMR 8227, Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, Bretagne, France
| | - Micheline Vandenbol
- Microbiology and Genomics Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
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274
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Breitenbach HH, Wenig M, Wittek F, Jordá L, Maldonado-Alconada AM, Sarioglu H, Colby T, Knappe C, Bichlmeier M, Pabst E, Mackey D, Parker JE, Vlot AC. Contrasting Roles of the Apoplastic Aspartyl Protease APOPLASTIC, ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1-DEPENDENT1 and LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 in Arabidopsis Systemic Acquired Resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 165:791-809. [PMID: 24755512 PMCID: PMC4044859 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.239665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible immune response that depends on ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY1 (EDS1). Here, we show that Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) EDS1 is required for both SAR signal generation in primary infected leaves and SAR signal perception in systemic uninfected tissues. In contrast to SAR signal generation, local resistance remains intact in eds1 mutant plants in response to Pseudomonas syringae delivering the effector protein AvrRpm1. We utilized the SAR-specific phenotype of the eds1 mutant to identify new SAR regulatory proteins in plants conditionally expressing AvrRpm1. Comparative proteomic analysis of apoplast-enriched extracts from AvrRpm1-expressing wild-type and eds1 mutant plants led to the identification of 12 APOPLASTIC, EDS1-DEPENDENT (AED) proteins. The genes encoding AED1, a predicted aspartyl protease, and another AED, LEGUME LECTIN-LIKE PROTEIN1 (LLP1), were induced locally and systemically during SAR signaling and locally by salicylic acid (SA) or its functional analog, benzo 1,2,3-thiadiazole-7-carbothioic acid S-methyl ester. Because conditional overaccumulation of AED1-hemagglutinin inhibited SA-induced resistance and SAR but not local resistance, the data suggest that AED1 is part of a homeostatic feedback mechanism regulating systemic immunity. In llp1 mutant plants, SAR was compromised, whereas the local resistance that is normally associated with EDS1 and SA as well as responses to exogenous SA appeared largely unaffected. Together, these data indicate that LLP1 promotes systemic rather than local immunity, possibly in parallel with SA. Our analysis reveals new positive and negative components of SAR and reinforces the notion that SAR represents a distinct phase of plant immunity beyond local resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heiko H Breitenbach
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Marion Wenig
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Finni Wittek
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Lucia Jordá
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Ana M Maldonado-Alconada
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Hakan Sarioglu
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Thomas Colby
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Claudia Knappe
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Marlies Bichlmeier
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Elisabeth Pabst
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - David Mackey
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - Jane E Parker
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
| | - A Corina Vlot
- Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, Department of Environmental Sciences, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology (H.H.B., M.W., F.W., C.K., M.B., E.P., A.C.V.), and Research Unit Protein Science (H.S.), 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;Max-Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Department of Plant-Microbe Interactions (L.J., J.E.P., A.C.V.) and Mass Spectrometry Unit (T.C.), 50829 Cologne, Germany;John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, United Kingdom (A.M.M.-A.); andOhio State University, Department of Horticulture and Crop Science and Department of Molecular Genetics, Columbus, Ohio 43210 (D.M.)
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275
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Bacillus subtilisSpore Coat Protein LipC Is a Phospholipase B. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:24-30. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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276
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Requirement of Catalytic-Triad and Related Amino Acids for the Acyltransferase Activity ofTanacetum cinerariifoliumGDSL Lipase/Esterase TcGLIP for Ester-Bond Formation in Pyrethrin Biosynthesis. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 77:1822-5. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.130143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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277
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Walterson AM, Smith DDN, Stavrinides J. Identification of a Pantoea biosynthetic cluster that directs the synthesis of an antimicrobial natural product. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96208. [PMID: 24796857 PMCID: PMC4010436 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fire Blight is a destructive disease of apple and pear caused by the enteric bacterial pathogen, Erwinia amylovora. E. amylovora initiates infection by colonizing the stigmata of apple and pear trees, and entering the plants through natural openings. Epiphytic populations of the related enteric bacterium, Pantoea, reduce the incidence of disease through competition and antibiotic production. In this study, we identify an antibiotic from Pantoea ananatis BRT175, which is effective against E. amylovora and select species of Pantoea. We used transposon mutagenesis to create a mutant library, screened approximately 5,000 mutants for loss of antibiotic production, and recovered 29 mutants. Sequencing of the transposon insertion sites of these mutants revealed multiple independent disruptions of an 8.2 kb cluster consisting of seven genes, which appear to be coregulated. An analysis of the distribution of this cluster revealed that it was not present in any other of our 115 Pantoea isolates, or in any of the fully sequenced Pantoea genomes, and is most closely related to antibiotic biosynthetic clusters found in three different species of Pseudomonas. This identification of this biosynthetic cluster highlights the diversity of natural products produced by Pantoea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Derek D. N. Smith
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John Stavrinides
- Department of Biology, University of Regina, Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada
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278
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A multicopy Y-chromosomal SGNH hydrolase gene expressed in the testis of the platyfish has been captured and mobilized by a Helitron transposon. BMC Genet 2014; 15:44. [PMID: 24712907 PMCID: PMC4021074 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Teleost fish present a high diversity of sex determination systems, with possible frequent evolutionary turnover of sex chromosomes and sex-determining genes. In order to identify genes involved in male sex determination and differentiation in the platyfish Xiphophorus maculatus, bacterial artificial chromosome contigs from the sex-determining region differentiating the Y from the X chromosome have been assembled and analyzed. Results A novel three-copy gene called teximY (for testis-expressed in Xiphophorus maculatus on the Y) was identified on the Y but not on the X chromosome. A highly related sequence called texim1, probably at the origin of the Y-linked genes, as well as three more divergent texim genes were detected in (pseudo)autosomal regions of the platyfish genome. Texim genes, for which no functional data are available so far in any organism, encode predicted esterases/lipases with a SGNH hydrolase domain. Texim proteins are related to proteins from very different origins, including proteins encoded by animal CR1 retrotransposons, animal platelet-activating factor acetylhydrolases (PAFah) and bacterial hydrolases. Texim gene distribution is patchy in animals. Texim sequences were detected in several fish species including killifish, medaka, pufferfish, sea bass, cod and gar, but not in zebrafish. Texim-like genes are also present in Oikopleura (urochordate), Amphioxus (cephalochordate) and sea urchin (echinoderm) but absent from mammals and other tetrapods. Interestingly, texim genes are associated with a Helitron transposon in different fish species but not in urochordates, cephalochordates and echinoderms, suggesting capture and mobilization of an ancestral texim gene in the bony fish lineage. RT-qPCR analyses showed that Y-linked teximY genes are preferentially expressed in testis, with expression at late stages of spermatogenesis (late spermatids and spermatozeugmata). Conclusions These observations suggest either that TeximY proteins play a role in Helitron transposition in the male germ line in fish, or that texim genes are spermatogenesis genes mobilized and spread by transposable elements in fish genomes.
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279
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Manzetti S, van der Spoel ER, van der Spoel D. Chemical Properties, Environmental Fate, and Degradation of Seven Classes of Pollutants. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:713-37. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500014w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Manzetti
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
- Fjordforsk A.S., Midtun, 6894 Vangsnes, Norway
| | - E. Roos van der Spoel
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - David van der Spoel
- Uppsala
Center for Computational Chemistry, Science for Life Laboratory, Department
of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Uppsala, Box 596, SE-75124 Uppsala, Sweden
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280
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Kimura A, Shimazaki Y. Micro-scale extraction and analysis of intact carboxylesterase after trapping on an immunoaffinity membrane surface. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 172:4053-61. [PMID: 24610038 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0807-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine liver carboxylesterase was captured using an immunoaffinity membrane, which was prepared by separating an anti-porcine esterase antibody using non-denaturing two-dimensional electrophoresis, followed by transfer to a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane and staining. The activity of this esterase was 0.008 units after it was captured in the tiny spaces (4 mm(2)) of this membrane and eluted by rinsing with 5 μL of aspartic acid solution. The molecular mass of the eluted esterase was m/z 61,885 according to matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry after the purification of this enzyme from the porcine liver cytosol. The purified enzyme's activity was inhibited by 6,9-diamino-2-ethoxyacridine, and this inhibition was retained even after extracting the enzyme from the immunoaffinity membrane. These results indicate that micro-scale extraction and analysis of a carboxylesterase are possible when the enzyme is trapped using an immunoaffinity membrane and eluted with aspartic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayaka Kimura
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering (Science section), Ehime University, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan
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281
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Yeats TH, Huang W, Chatterjee S, Viart HMF, Clausen MH, Stark RE, Rose JK. Tomato Cutin Deficient 1 (CD1) and putative orthologs comprise an ancient family of cutin synthase-like (CUS) proteins that are conserved among land plants. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:667-75. [PMID: 24372802 PMCID: PMC3951977 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 12/14/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The aerial epidermis of all land plants is covered with a hydrophobic cuticle that provides essential protection from desiccation, and so its evolution is believed to have been prerequisite for terrestrial colonization. A major structural component of apparently all plant cuticles is cutin, a polyester of hydroxy fatty acids; however, despite its ubiquity, the details of cutin polymeric structure and the mechanisms of its formation and remodeling are not well understood. We recently reported that cutin polymerization in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit occurs via transesterification of hydroxyacylglycerol precursors, catalyzed by the GDSL-motif lipase/hydrolase family protein (GDSL) Cutin Deficient 1 (CD1). Here, we present additional biochemical characterization of CD1 and putative orthologs from Arabidopsis thaliana and the moss Physcomitrella patens, which represent a distinct clade of cutin synthases within the large GDSL superfamily. We demonstrate that members of this ancient and conserved family of cutin synthase-like (CUS) proteins act as polyester synthases with negligible hydrolytic activity. Moreover, solution-state NMR analysis indicates that CD1 catalyzes the formation of primarily linear cutin oligomeric products in vitro. These results reveal a conserved mechanism of cutin polyester synthesis in land plants, and suggest that elaborations of the linear polymer, such as branching or cross-linking, may require additional, as yet unknown, factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor H. Yeats
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Wenlin Huang
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Subhasish Chatterjee
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Hélène M-F. Viart
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics & Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mads H. Clausen
- Center for Nanomedicine and Theranostics & Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ruth E. Stark
- Department of Chemistry, City College of New York, City University of New York and Institute for Macromolecular Assemblies, New York, NY 10031, USA
| | - Jocelyn K.C. Rose
- Department of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
- Corresponding author: ; Tel: (+1) 607-255 4781; Fax: (+1) 607-255 5407
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282
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Okada Y, Diogo D, Greenberg JD, Mouassess F, Achkar WAL, Fulton RS, Denny JC, Gupta N, Mirel D, Gabriel S, Li G, Kremer JM, Pappas DA, Carroll RJ, Eyler AE, Trynka G, Stahl EA, Cui J, Saxena R, Coenen MJH, Guchelaar HJ, Huizinga TWJ, Dieudé P, Mariette X, Barton A, Canhão H, Fonseca JE, de Vries N, Tak PP, Moreland LW, Bridges SL, Miceli-Richard C, Choi HK, Kamatani Y, Galan P, Lathrop M, Raj T, De Jager PL, Raychaudhuri S, Worthington J, Padyukov L, Klareskog L, Siminovitch KA, Gregersen PK, Mardis ER, Arayssi T, Kazkaz LA, Plenge RM. Integration of sequence data from a Consanguineous family with genetic data from an outbred population identifies PLB1 as a candidate rheumatoid arthritis risk gene. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87645. [PMID: 24520335 PMCID: PMC3919745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrating genetic data from families with highly penetrant forms of disease together with genetic data from outbred populations represents a promising strategy to uncover the complete frequency spectrum of risk alleles for complex traits such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Here, we demonstrate that rare, low-frequency and common alleles at one gene locus, phospholipase B1 (PLB1), might contribute to risk of RA in a 4-generation consanguineous pedigree (Middle Eastern ancestry) and also in unrelated individuals from the general population (European ancestry). Through identity-by-descent (IBD) mapping and whole-exome sequencing, we identified a non-synonymous c.2263G>C (p.G755R) mutation at the PLB1 gene on 2q23, which significantly co-segregated with RA in family members with a dominant mode of inheritance (P = 0.009). We further evaluated PLB1 variants and risk of RA using a GWAS meta-analysis of 8,875 RA cases and 29,367 controls of European ancestry. We identified significant contributions of two independent non-coding variants near PLB1 with risk of RA (rs116018341 [MAF = 0.042] and rs116541814 [MAF = 0.021], combined P = 3.2×10−6). Finally, we performed deep exon sequencing of PLB1 in 1,088 RA cases and 1,088 controls (European ancestry), and identified suggestive dispersion of rare protein-coding variant frequencies between cases and controls (P = 0.049 for C-alpha test and P = 0.055 for SKAT). Together, these data suggest that PLB1 is a candidate risk gene for RA. Future studies to characterize the full spectrum of genetic risk in the PLB1 genetic locus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukinori Okada
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Human Genetics and Disease Diversity, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Dorothee Diogo
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D. Greenberg
- New York University Hospital for Joint Diseases, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Faten Mouassess
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Human Genetics Division, Damascus, Syria
| | - Walid A. L. Achkar
- Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Department, Human Genetics Division, Damascus, Syria
| | - Robert S. Fulton
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Denny
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Namrata Gupta
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Daniel Mirel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stacy Gabriel
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Gang Li
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Joel M. Kremer
- Department of Medicine, Albany Medical Center and The Center for Rheumatology, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Dimitrios A. Pappas
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, New York, Presbyterian Hospital, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Carroll
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Anne E. Eyler
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Gosia Trynka
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eli A. Stahl
- The Department of Psychiatry at Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jing Cui
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Center for Human Genetics Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Marieke J. H. Coenen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henk-Jan Guchelaar
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Toxicology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tom W. J. Huizinga
- Department of Rheumatology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Philippe Dieudé
- Service de Rhumatologie et INSERM U699 Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Assistance Publique des Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Xavier Mariette
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Anne Barton
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Helena Canhão
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João E. Fonseca
- Rheumatology Research Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- Rheumatology Department, Santa Maria Hospital–CHLN, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Niek de Vries
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology & Department of Genome Analysis, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul P. Tak
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Academic Medical Center/University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stevenage, United Kingdom
| | - Larry W. Moreland
- Division of Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - S. Louis Bridges
- Division of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Corinne Miceli-Richard
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM) U1012, Université Paris-Sud, Rhumatologie, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris-Sud, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Hyon K. Choi
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Section of Rheumatology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Clinical Epidemiology Research and Training Unit, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yoichiro Kamatani
- Laboratory for Statistical Analysis, Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, RIKEN, Yokohama, Japan
- Centre d'Etude du Polymorphisme Humain (CEPH), Paris, France
| | - Pilar Galan
- Université Paris 13 Sorbonne Paris Cité, UREN (Nutritional Epidemiology Research Unit), Inserm (U557), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France
| | - Mark Lathrop
- McGill University and Génome Québec Innovation Centre, Montréal, Canada
| | - Towfique Raj
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Philip L. De Jager
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Translational NeuroPsychiatric Genomics, Institute for the Neurosciences, Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Soumya Raychaudhuri
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- NIHR Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical, Research Unit, Central Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Jane Worthington
- Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research, Manchester Musculoskeletal Biomedical Research Unit, Central Manchester University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Leonid Padyukov
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Katherine A. Siminovitch
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Toronto General Research Institute, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Peter K. Gregersen
- The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore–Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, New York, United States of America
| | - Elaine R. Mardis
- The Genome Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Thurayya Arayssi
- Weill Cornell Medical College-Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar
| | - Layla A. Kazkaz
- Tishreen Hospital, Damascus, Syria
- Syrian Association for Rheumatology, Damascus, Syria
| | - Robert M. Plenge
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Genetics, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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283
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Ryu BH, Nguyen DD, Ngo TD, Oh C, Pandian R, Kim KK, Kim TD. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray analysis of a highly stable novel SGNH hydrolase (Est24) from Sinorhizobium meliloti. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2014; 70:193-5. [PMID: 24637754 PMCID: PMC3936437 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x13033918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The SGNH hydrolase family includes enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of a broad range of substrates. Here, the crystallization and preliminary X-ray crystallographic studies of a novel SGNH hydrolase (Est24) from Sinorhizobium meliloti were performed. Recombinant Est24 protein containing an N-terminal His tag was expressed in Escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. Est24 was then crystallized using a solution consisting of 0.2 M ammonium phosphate pH 4.6, 20% polyethylene glycol 3350. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a resolution of 1.45 Å with an R(merge) of 9.4%. The Est24 crystals belonged to space group C2, with unit-cell parameters a = 129.09, b = 88.63, c = 86.15 Å, α = 90.00, β = 114.30, γ = 90.00°. A molecular-replacement solution was obtained using the crystal structure of Mycobacterium smegmatis arylesterase as a template and structure refinement of Est24 is in progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bum Han Ryu
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Duy Duc Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tri Duc Ngo
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Changsuk Oh
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Ramesh Pandian
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Kyu Kim
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Samsung Biomedical Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - T. Doohun Kim
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Biological Engineering, College of Engineering, Ajou University, Suwon 443-749, Republic of Korea
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284
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Jancowski S, Catching A, Pighin J, Kudo T, Foissner I, Wasteneys GO. Trafficking of the myrosinase-associated protein GLL23 requires NUC/MVP1/GOLD36/ERMO3 and the p24 protein CYB. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 77:497-510. [PMID: 24330158 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/28/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Proteins detrimental to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) morphology need to be efficiently exported. Here, we identify two mechanisms that control trafficking of Arabidopsis thalianaGLL23, a 43 kDa GDSL-like lipase implicated in glucosinolate metabolism through its association with the β-glucosidase myrosinase. Using immunofluorescence, we identified two mutants that showed aberrant accumulation of GLL23: large perinuclear ER aggregates in the nuclear cage (nuc) mutant; and small compartments contiguous with the peripheral ER in the cytoplasmic bodies (cyb) mutant. Live imaging of fluorescently tagged GLL23 confirmed its presence in the nuc and cyb compartments, but lack of fluorescent signals in the wild-type plants suggested that GLL23 is normally post-translationally modified for ER export. NUC encodes the MVP1/GOLD36/ERMO3 myrosinase-associated protein, previously shown to have vacuolar distribution. CYB is an ER and Golgi-localized p24 type I membrane protein component of coat protein complex (COP) vesicles, animal and yeast homologues of which are known to be involved in selective cargo sorting for ER-Golgi export. Without NUC, GLL23 accumulates in the ER this situation suggests that NUC is in fact active in the ER. Without CYB, both GLL23 and NUC were found to accumulate in cyb compartments, consistent with a role for NUC in GLL23 processing and indicated that GLL23 is the likely sorting target of the CYB p24 protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Jancowski
- Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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285
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Petit J, Bres C, Just D, Garcia V, Mauxion JP, Marion D, Bakan B, Joubès J, Domergue F, Rothan C. Analyses of tomato fruit brightness mutants uncover both cutin-deficient and cutin-abundant mutants and a new hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 164:888-906. [PMID: 24357602 PMCID: PMC3912114 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.232645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is a protective layer synthesized by epidermal cells of the plants and consisting of cutin covered and filled by waxes. In tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit, the thick cuticle embedding epidermal cells has crucial roles in the control of pathogens, water loss, cracking, postharvest shelf-life, and brightness. To identify tomato mutants with modified cuticle composition and architecture and to further decipher the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle in tomato, we screened an ethyl methanesulfonate mutant collection in the miniature tomato cultivar Micro-Tom for mutants with altered fruit brightness. Our screen resulted in the isolation of 16 glossy and 8 dull mutants displaying changes in the amount and/or composition of wax and cutin, cuticle thickness, and surface aspect of the fruit as characterized by optical and environmental scanning electron microscopy. The main conclusions on the relationships between fruit brightness and cuticle features were as follows: (1) screening for fruit brightness is an effective way to identify tomato cuticle mutants; (2) fruit brightness is independent from wax load variations; (3) glossy mutants show either reduced or increased cutin load; and (4) dull mutants display alterations in epidermal cell number and shape. Cuticle composition analyses further allowed the identification of groups of mutants displaying remarkable cuticle changes, such as mutants with increased dicarboxylic acids in cutin. Using genetic mapping of a strong cutin-deficient mutation, we discovered a novel hypomorphic allele of GDSL lipase carrying a splice junction mutation, thus highlighting the potential of tomato brightness mutants for advancing our understanding of cuticle formation in plants.
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286
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Tan X, Yan S, Tan R, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Chen J. Characterization and expression of a GDSL-like lipase gene from Brassica napus in Nicotiana benthamiana. Protein J 2014; 33:18-23. [PMID: 24363150 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-013-9532-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The GDSL esterase and lipase families play important roles in abiotic stress, pathogen defense, seed development and lipid metabolism. Identifying the lipase activity of the putative GDSL lipase is the prerequisite for dissecting its function. According to the sequence similarity and the conserved domains, we cloned the Brassica napus BnGLIP gene, which encodes a GDSL-like protein. We failed to identify the BnGLIP lipase activity in the bacterium and yeast expression systems. In this paper, we expressed the BnGLIP gene by fusing a 6× His tag in Nicotiana benthamiana and purified the recombinant protein. The extraction buffer contained 1 % (v/v) n-caprylic acid and was able to remove most of the protein impurities. About 50 μg of recombinant BnGLIP was obtained from 1 g of N. benthamiana leaves. The lipase activity was tested with the purified BnGLIP and the maximum enzyme activity reached 17.7 mM/mg. In conclusion, this study found that the recombinant protein BnGLIP expressed in tobacco system was effectively purified and was detected as a GDSL lipase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China,
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287
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Carrier G, Garnier M, Le Cunff L, Bougaran G, Probert I, De Vargas C, Corre E, Cadoret JP, Saint-Jean B. Comparative transcriptome of wild type and selected strains of the microalgae Tisochrysis lutea provides insights into the genetic basis, lipid metabolism and the life cycle. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86889. [PMID: 24489800 PMCID: PMC3906074 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The applied exploitation of microalgae cultures has to date almost exclusively involved the use of wild type strains, deposited over decades in dedicated culture collections. Concomitantly, the concept of improving algae with selection programs for particular specific purposes is slowly emerging. Studying since a decade an economically and ecologically important haptophyte Tisochrysis lutea (Tiso), we took advantage of the availability of wild type (Tiso-Wt) and selected (Tiso-S2M2) strains to conduct a molecular variations study. This endeavour presented substantial challenges: the genome assembly was not yet available, the life cycle unknown and genetic diversity of Tiso-Wt poorly documented. This study brings the first molecular data in order to set up a selection strategy for that microalgae. Following high-throughput Illumina sequencing, transcriptomes of Tiso-Wt and Tiso-S2M2 were de novo assembled and annotated. Genetic diversity between both strains was analyzed and revealed a clear conservation, while a comparison of transcriptomes allowed identification of polymorphisms resulting from the selection program. Of 34,374 transcripts, 291 were differentially expressed and 165 contained positional polymorphisms (SNP, Indel). We focused on lipid over-accumulation of the Tiso-S2M2 strain and 8 candidate genes were identified by combining analysis of positional polymorphism, differential expression levels, selection signature and by study of putative gene function. Moreover, genetic analysis also suggests the existence of a sexual cycle and genetic recombination in Tisochrysis lutea.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ian Probert
- CNRS-UPMC, UMR 7144, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
| | | | - Erwan Corre
- CNRS-UPMC, ABiMS, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
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288
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Lansky S, Alalouf O, Solomon HV, Alhassid A, Govada L, Chayen NE, Belrhali H, Shoham Y, Shoham G. A unique octameric structure of Axe2, an intracellular acetyl-xylooligosaccharide esterase from Geobacillus stearothermophilus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:261-78. [PMID: 24531461 DOI: 10.1107/s139900471302840x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Geobacillus stearothermophilus T6 is a thermophilic, Gram-positive soil bacterium that possesses an extensive and highly regulated hemicellulolytic system, allowing the bacterium to efficiently degrade high-molecular-weight polysaccharides such as xylan, arabinan and galactan. As part of the xylan-degradation system, the bacterium uses a number of side-chain-cleaving enzymes, one of which is Axe2, a 219-amino-acid intracellular serine acetylxylan esterase that removes acetyl side groups from xylooligosaccharides. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that Axe2 belongs to the lipase GDSL family and represents a new family of carbohydrate esterases. In the current study, the detailed three-dimensional structure of Axe2 is reported, as determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the selenomethionine derivative Axe2-Se was initially determined by single-wavelength anomalous diffraction techniques at 1.70 Å resolution and was used for the structure determination of wild-type Axe2 (Axe2-WT) and the catalytic mutant Axe2-S15A at 1.85 and 1.90 Å resolution, respectively. These structures demonstrate that the three-dimensional structure of the Axe2 monomer generally corresponds to the SGNH hydrolase fold, consisting of five central parallel β-sheets flanked by two layers of helices (eight α-helices and five 310-helices). The catalytic triad residues, Ser15, His194 and Asp191, are lined up along a substrate channel situated on the concave surface of the monomer. Interestingly, the Axe2 monomers are assembled as a `doughnut-shaped' homo-octamer, presenting a unique quaternary structure built of two staggered tetrameric rings. The eight active sites are organized in four closely situated pairs, which face the relatively wide internal cavity. The biological relevance of this octameric structure is supported by independent results obtained from gel-filtration, TEM and SAXS experiments. These data and their comparison to the structural data of related hydrolases are used for a more general discussion focusing on the structure-function relationships of enzymes of this category.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifra Lansky
- Institute of Chemistry and the Laboratory for Structural Chemistry and Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Onit Alalouf
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Hodaya Vered Solomon
- Institute of Chemistry and the Laboratory for Structural Chemistry and Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Anat Alhassid
- Institute of Chemistry and the Laboratory for Structural Chemistry and Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Lata Govada
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Naomi E Chayen
- Department of Surgery and Cancer, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, England
| | - Hassan Belrhali
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, BP 220, 38043 Grenoble, France
| | - Yuval Shoham
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, 32000 Haifa, Israel
| | - Gil Shoham
- Institute of Chemistry and the Laboratory for Structural Chemistry and Biology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 91904 Jerusalem, Israel
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289
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Li L, Mou X, Nelson DR. Characterization of Plp, a phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase and hemolysin of Vibrio anguillarum. BMC Microbiol 2013; 13:271. [PMID: 24279474 PMCID: PMC4222444 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-13-271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vibrio anguillarum is the causative agent of vibriosis in fish. Several extracellular proteins secreted by V. anguillarum have been shown to contribute to virulence. While two hemolysin gene clusters, vah1-plp and rtxACHBDE, have been previously identified and described, the activities of the protein encoded by the plp gene were not known. Here we describe the biochemical activities of the plp-encoded protein and its role in pathogenesis. RESULTS The plp gene, one of the components in vah1 cluster, encodes a 416-amino-acid protein (Plp), which has homology to lipolytic enzymes containing the catalytic site amino acid signature SGNH. Hemolytic activity of the plp mutant increased 2-3-fold on sheep blood agar indicating that plp represses vah1; however, hemolytic activity of the plp mutant decreased by 2-3-fold on fish blood agar suggesting that Plp has different effects against erythrocytes from different species. His6-tagged recombinant Plp protein (rPlp) was over-expressed in E. coli. Purified and re-folded active rPlp exhibited phospholipase A2 activity against phosphatidylcholine and no activity against phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine, or sphingomyelin. Characterization of rPlp revealed broad optimal activities at pH 5-9 and at temperatures of 30-64°C. Divalent cations and metal chelators did not affect activity of rPlp. We also demonstrated that Plp was secreted using thin layer chromatography and immunoblot analysis. Additionally, rPlp had strong hemolytic activity towards rainbow trout erythrocytes, but not to sheep erythrocytes suggesting that rPlp is optimized for lysis of phosphatidylcholine-rich fish erythrocytes. Further, only the loss of the plp gene had a significant effect on hemolytic activity of culture supernatant on fish erythrocytes, while the loss of rtxA and/or vah1 had little effect. However, V. anguillarum strains with mutations in plp or in plp and vah1 exhibited no significant reduction in virulence compared to the wild type strain when used to infect rainbow trout. CONCLUSION The plp gene of V. anguillarum encoding a phospholipase with A2 activity is specific for phosphatidylcholine and, therefore, able to lyse fish erythrocytes, but not sheep erythrocytes. Mutation of plp does not affect the virulence of V. anguillarum in rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Rhode Island, 120 Flagg Rd,, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
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290
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Sugimori D, Ogasawara J, Okuda K, Murayama K. Purification, characterization, molecular cloning, and extracellular production of a novel bacterial glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase from Streptomyces sanglieri. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 117:422-30. [PMID: 24211038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Revised: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel metal ion-independent glycerophosphocholine cholinephosphodiesterase (GPC-CP) of Streptomyces sanglieri was purified 53-fold from culture supernatant with 1.1% recovery (583 U/mg-protein). The enzyme functions as a monomer with a molecular mass of 66 kDa. The gene encoding the enzyme consists of a 1941-bp ORF that produces a signal peptide of 38 amino acids for secretion and a 646 amino acid mature protein with a calculated molecular mass of 70,447 Da. The maximum activity was found at pH 7.2 and 40°C. The enzyme hydrolyzed glycerol-3-phosphocholine (GPC) over a broad temperature range (37-60°C) and within a narrow pH range near pH 7. The enzyme was stable at 50°C for 30 min and between pH 5-10.5. The enzyme exhibited specificity toward GPC and glycerol-3-phosphoethanolamine and hydrolyzed glycerol-3-phosphate and lysophosphatidylcholine. However, the enzyme showed no activity toward any diacylglycerophospholipids and little activity toward other glycerol-3-phosphodiesters and lysophospholipids. The enzyme was not inhibited in the presence of 2 mM SDS and Mg(2+); however, Cu(2+), Zn(2+), and Co(2+) remarkably inhibited activity. Enzyme activity was also slightly enhanced by Ca(2+), Na(+), EDTA, DTT, and 2-mercaptoethanol. During the hydrolysis of GPC at 37°C and pH 7.2, apparent Vmax and turnover number (kcat) were determined to be 24.7 μmol min(-1) mg-protein(-1) and 29.0 s(-1), respectively. The apparent Km and kcat/Km values were 1.41 mM and 20.6 mM(-1) s(-1), respectively. GPC hydrolysis by GPC-CP might represent a new metabolic pathway for acquisition of a phosphorus source in actinomycetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan.
| | - Junki Ogasawara
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Koki Okuda
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Tohoku University, 2-1 Seiryo, Aoba, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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291
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Schneider AM, Schmidt S, Jonas S, Vollmer B, Khazina E, Weichenrieder O. Structure and properties of the esterase from non-LTR retrotransposons suggest a role for lipids in retrotransposition. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:10563-72. [PMID: 24003030 PMCID: PMC3905857 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-LTR retrotransposons are mobile genetic elements and play a major role in eukaryotic genome evolution and disease. Similar to retroviruses they encode a reverse transcriptase, but their genomic integration mechanism is fundamentally different, and they lack homologs of the retroviral nucleocapsid-forming protein Gag. Instead, their first open reading frames encode distinct multi-domain proteins (ORF1ps) presumed to package the retrotransposon-encoded RNA into ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs). The mechanistic roles of ORF1ps are poorly understood, particularly of ORF1ps that appear to harbor an enzymatic function in the form of an SGNH-type lipolytic acetylesterase. We determined the crystal structures of the coiled coil and esterase domains of the ORF1p from the Danio rerio ZfL2-1 element. We demonstrate a dimerization of the coiled coil and a hydrolytic activity of the esterase. Furthermore, the esterase binds negatively charged phospholipids and liposomes, but not oligo-(A) RNA. Unexpectedly, the esterase can split into two dynamic half-domains, suited to engulf long fatty acid substrates extending from the active site. These properties indicate a role for lipids and membranes in non-LTR retrotransposition. We speculate that Gag-like membrane targeting properties of ORF1ps could play a role in RNP assembly and in membrane-dependent transport or localization processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Spemannstrasse 35, 72076 Tübingen, Germany and Friedrich Miescher Laboratory of the Max Planck Society, Spemannstrasse 39, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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292
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Matoba Y, Tanaka N, Noda M, Higashikawa F, Kumagai T, Sugiyama M. Crystallographic and mutational analyses of tannase from Lactobacillus plantarum. Proteins 2013; 81:2052-8. [PMID: 23836494 DOI: 10.1002/prot.24355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Tannin acylhydrolase (EC 3.1.1.20) referred commonly as tannase catalyzes the hydrolysis of the galloyl ester bond of tannins to release gallic acid. Although the enzyme is useful for various industries, the tertiary structure is not yet determined. In this study, we determined the crystal structure of tannase produced by Lactobacillus plantarum. The tannase structure belongs to a member of α/β-hydrolase superfamily with an additional "lid" domain. A glycerol molecule derived from cryoprotectant solution was accommodated into the tannase active site. The binding manner of glycerol to tannase seems to be similar to that of the galloyl moiety in the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuyuki Matoba
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Graduate School of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Kasumi 1-2-3, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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293
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Privé F, Kaderbhai NN, Girdwood S, Worgan HJ, Pinloche E, Scollan ND, Huws SA, Newbold CJ. Identification and characterization of three novel lipases belonging to families II and V from Anaerovibrio lipolyticus 5ST. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69076. [PMID: 23950883 PMCID: PMC3741291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Following the isolation, cultivation and characterization of the rumen bacterium Anaerovibrio lipolyticus in the 1960s, it has been recognized as one of the major species involved in lipid hydrolysis in ruminant animals. However, there has been limited characterization of the lipases from the bacterium, despite the importance of understanding lipolysis and its impact on subsequent biohydrogenation of polyunsaturated fatty acids by rumen microbes. This study describes the draft genome of Anaerovibrio lipolytica 5ST, and the characterization of three lipolytic genes and their translated protein. The uncompleted draft genome was 2.83 Mbp and comprised of 2,673 coding sequences with a G+C content of 43.3%. Three putative lipase genes, alipA, alipB and alipC, encoding 492-, 438- and 248- amino acid peptides respectively, were identified using RAST. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that alipA and alipB clustered with the GDSL/SGNH family II, and alipC clustered with lipolytic enzymes from family V. Subsequent expression and purification of the enzymes showed that they were thermally unstable and had higher activities at neutral to alkaline pH. Substrate specificity assays indicated that the enzymes had higher hydrolytic activity against caprylate (C8), laurate (C12) and myristate (C14).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Privé
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Naheed N. Kaderbhai
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Susan Girdwood
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Hilary J. Worgan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Pinloche
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel D. Scollan
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - Sharon A. Huws
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
| | - C. Jamie Newbold
- Institute of Biological, Environmental and Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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294
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Park YJ, Chu YJ, Shin YH, Lee EY, Kim HS. Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel acetylalginate esterase gene in alg operon from Sphingomonas sp. MJ-3. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2145-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5126-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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295
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Kovačić F, Granzin J, Wilhelm S, Kojić-Prodić B, Batra-Safferling R, Jaeger KE. Structural and functional characterisation of TesA - a novel lysophospholipase A from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69125. [PMID: 23874889 PMCID: PMC3715468 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
TesA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa belongs to the GDSL hydrolase family of serine esterases and lipases that possess a broad substrate- and regiospecificity. It shows high sequence homology to TAP, a multifunctional enzyme from Escherichia coli exhibiting thioesterase, lysophospholipase A, protease and arylesterase activities. Recently, we demonstrated high arylesterase activity for TesA, but only minor thioesterase and no protease activity. Here, we present a comparative analysis of TesA and TAP at the structural, biochemical and physiological levels. The crystal structure of TesA was determined at 1.9 Å and structural differences were identified, providing a possible explanation for the differences in substrate specificities. The comparison of TesA with other GDSL-hydrolase structures revealed that the flexibility of active-site loops significantly affects their substrate specificity. This assumption was tested using a rational approach: we have engineered the putative coenzyme A thioester binding site of E. coli TAP into TesA of P. aeruginosa by introducing mutations D17S and L162R. This TesA variant showed increased thioesterase activity comparable to that of TAP. TesA is the first lysophospholipase A described for the opportunistic human pathogen P. aeruginosa. The enzyme is localized in the periplasm and may exert important functions in the homeostasis of phospholipids or detoxification of lysophospholipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Kovačić
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Joachim Granzin
- Institute of Complex Systems (ICS-6), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Susanne Wilhelm
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | | | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institut für Molekulare Enzymtechnologie, Heinrich-Heine Universität Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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296
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Matsumoto Y, Mineta S, Murayama K, Sugimori D. A novel phospholipase B fromStreptomycessp. NA684 - purification, characterization, gene cloning, extracellular production and prediction of the catalytic residues. FEBS J 2013; 280:3780-96. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusaku Matsumoto
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Fukushima University; Japan
| | - Shingo Mineta
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Fukushima University; Japan
| | - Kazutaka Murayama
- Division of Biomedical Measurements and Diagnostics; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Graduate School of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology; Fukushima University; Japan
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297
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Yang Z, Zhang Y, Qiu R, Huang J, Ji C. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of a thermostable GDSL-family esterase, EstL5, from Geobacillus thermodenitrificans T2. Acta Crystallogr Sect F Struct Biol Cryst Commun 2013; 69:776-8. [PMID: 23832206 DOI: 10.1107/s174430911301498x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The novel thermostable esterase EstL5 belonging to the GDSL family exhibits a unique cold-adaptation feature at low temperatures. To better understand its biochemical and enzymatic properties, recombinant EstL5 protein was purified and crystallized using the vapour-diffusion method. The EstL5 crystals diffracted X-rays to 2.79 Å resolution using a synchrotron-radiation source, belonged to the tetragonal space group P41212 or P43212, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 101.51, c = 124.22 Å, and are expected to contain two molecules in each asymmetric unit. To obtain initial phases, selenomethionyl-substituted protein was overproduced. Purified SeMet-labelled EstL5 protein was crystallized and formed crystals that diffracted to a resolution of 3.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Institute of Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, 220 Handan Road, Shanghai 200433, People's Republic of China
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298
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Riley LM, Weadge JT, Baker P, Robinson H, Codée JDC, Tipton PA, Ohman DE, Howell PL. Structural and functional characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa AlgX: role of AlgX in alginate acetylation. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:22299-314. [PMID: 23779107 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.484931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The exopolysaccharide alginate, produced by mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients, undergoes two different chemical modifications as it is synthesized that alter the properties of the polymer and hence the biofilm. One modification, acetylation, causes the cells in the biofilm to adhere better to lung epithelium, form microcolonies, and resist the effects of the host immune system and/or antibiotics. Alginate biosynthesis requires 12 proteins encoded by the algD operon, including AlgX, and although this protein is essential for polymer production, its exact role is unknown. In this study, we present the X-ray crystal structure of AlgX at 2.15 Å resolution. The structure reveals that AlgX is a two-domain protein, with an N-terminal domain with structural homology to members of the SGNH hydrolase superfamily and a C-terminal carbohydrate-binding module. A number of residues in the carbohydrate-binding module form a substrate recognition "pinch point" that we propose aids in alginate binding and orientation. Although the topology of the N-terminal domain deviates from canonical SGNH hydrolases, the residues that constitute the Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad characteristic of this family are structurally conserved. In vivo studies reveal that site-specific mutation of these residues results in non-acetylated alginate. This catalytic triad is also required for acetylesterase activity in vitro. Our data suggest that not only does AlgX protect the polymer as it passages through the periplasm but that it also plays a role in alginate acetylation. Our results provide the first structural insight for a wide group of closely related bacterial polysaccharide acetyltransferases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Riley
- Program in Molecular Structure and Function, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
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299
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Muralidharan M, Buss K, Larrimore KE, Segerson NA, Kannan L, Mor TS. The Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of a purported maize cholinesterase gene encodes a GDSL-lipase. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 81:565-76. [PMID: 23430565 PMCID: PMC3769184 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-013-0021-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme that is intimately associated with regulation of synaptic transmission in the cholinergic nervous system and in neuromuscular junctions of animals. However the presence of cholinesterase activity has been described also in non-metazoan organisms such as slime molds, fungi and plants. More recently, a gene purportedly encoding for acetylcholinesterase was cloned from maize. We have cloned the Arabidopsis thaliana homolog of the Zea mays gene, At3g26430, and studied its biochemical properties. Our results indicate that the protein encoded by the gene exhibited lipase activity with preference to long chain substrates but did not hydrolyze choline esters. The At3g26430 protein belongs to the SGNH clan of serine hydrolases, and more specifically to the GDS(L) lipase family.
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300
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Biochemical diversity of carboxyl esterases and lipases from Lake Arreo (Spain): a metagenomic approach. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3553-62. [PMID: 23542620 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00240-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The esterases and lipases from the α/β hydrolase superfamily exhibit an enormous sequence diversity, fold plasticity, and activities. Here, we present the comprehensive sequence and biochemical analyses of seven distinct esterases and lipases from the metagenome of Lake Arreo, an evaporite karstic lake in Spain (42°46'N, 2°59'W; altitude, 655 m). Together with oligonucleotide usage patterns and BLASTP analysis, our study of esterases/lipases mined from Lake Arreo suggests that its sediment contains moderately halophilic and cold-adapted proteobacteria containing DNA fragments of distantly related plasmids or chromosomal genomic islands of plasmid and phage origins. This metagenome encodes esterases/lipases with broad substrate profiles (tested over a set of 101 structurally diverse esters) and habitat-specific characteristics, as they exhibit maximal activity at alkaline pH (8.0 to 8.5) and temperature of 16 to 40°C, and they are stimulated (1.5 to 2.2 times) by chloride ions (0.1 to 1.2 M), reflecting an adaptation to environmental conditions. Our work provides further insights into the potential significance of the Lake Arreo esterases/lipases for biotechnology processes (i.e., production of enantiomers and sugar esters), because these enzymes are salt tolerant and are active at low temperatures and against a broad range of substrates. As an example, the ability of a single protein to hydrolyze triacylglycerols, (non)halogenated alkyl and aryl esters, cinnamoyl and carbohydrate esters, lactones, and chiral epoxides to a similar extent was demonstrated.
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