251
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Xu R, Zhang S, Lei A. Chromatin changes in reprogramming of mammalian somatic cells. Rejuvenation Res 2014; 17:3-10. [PMID: 23987213 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cell fusion, and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) technologies are three strategies that allow reprogramming somatic cells into the pluripotent state; however, the efficiency is low and the mechanisms are not fully clear. In addition, there are reports that changes in chromatin play a critical role in these reprogramming strategies by modulating binding of transcription factors to their targets. In this review, we mainly discuss inactivation of the X chromosome, chromatin decondensation and remodeling, histone modifications, and histone variants in the three strategies. This review will provide an insight for future nuclear reprogramming research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Shaanxi Centre of Stem Cells Engineering and Technology, Key Lab for Animal Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture of China, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, P.R. China
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252
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Perales-Clemente E, Folmes CDL, Terzic A. Metabolic regulation of redox status in stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1648-59. [PMID: 24949895 PMCID: PMC4174422 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Metabolism-dependent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and associated oxidative damage have been traditionally linked to impaired homeostasis and cellular death. Beyond the adverse effects of ROS accumulation, increasing evidence implicates redox status as a regulator of vital cellular processes. RECENT ADVANCES Emerging studies on the molecular mechanisms guiding stem cell fate decisions indicate a role for energy metabolism in regulating the fundamental ability of maintaining stemness versus undergoing lineage-specific differentiation. Stem cells have evolved protective metabolic phenotypes to minimize reactive oxygen generation through oxidative metabolism and support antioxidant scavenging through glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. CRITICAL ISSUES While the dynamics in ROS generation has been correlated with stem cell function, the intimate mechanisms by which energy metabolism regulates ROS to impact cellular fate remain to be deciphered. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Decoding the linkage between nutrient sensing, energy metabolism, and ROS in regulating cell fate decisions would offer a redox-dependent strategy to regulate stemness and lineage specification.
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253
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Cheng Z, Cheung P, Kuo AJ, Yukl ET, Wilmot CM, Gozani O, Patel DJ. A molecular threading mechanism underlies Jumonji lysine demethylase KDM2A regulation of methylated H3K36. Genes Dev 2014; 28:1758-71. [PMID: 25128496 PMCID: PMC4197961 DOI: 10.1101/gad.246561.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The dynamic reversible methylation of lysine residues on histone proteins is central to chromatin biology. Key components are demethylase enzymes, which remove methyl moieties from lysine residues. KDM2A, a member of the Jumonji C domain-containing histone lysine demethylase family, specifically targets lower methylation states of H3K36. Here, structural studies reveal that H3K36 specificity for KDM2A is mediated by the U-shaped threading of the H3K36 peptide through a catalytic groove within KDM2A. The side chain of methylated K36 inserts into the catalytic pocket occupied by Ni(2+) and cofactor, where it is positioned and oriented for demethylation. Key residues contributing to K36me specificity on histone H3 are G33 and G34 (positioned within a narrow channel), P38 (a turn residue), and Y41 (inserts into its own pocket). Given that KDM2A was found to also bind the H3K36me3 peptide, we postulate that steric constraints could prevent α-ketoglutarate from undergoing an "off-line"-to-"in-line" transition necessary for the demethylation reaction. Furthermore, structure-guided substitutions of residues in the KDM2A catalytic pocket abrogate KDM2A-mediated functions important for suppression of cancer cell phenotypes. Together, our results deduce insights into the molecular basis underlying KDM2A regulation of the biologically important methylated H3K36 mark.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjun Cheng
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Peggie Cheung
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Alex J Kuo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Erik T Yukl
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Carrie M Wilmot
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Or Gozani
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Dinshaw J Patel
- Structural Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA;
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254
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Bánhegyi G, Benedetti A, Margittai É, Marcolongo P, Fulceri R, Németh CE, Szarka A. Subcellular compartmentation of ascorbate and its variation in disease states. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:1909-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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255
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Shu X, Pei D. The function and regulation of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition in somatic cell reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 28:32-7. [PMID: 25173869 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The process that converts somatic cells to pluripotent ones has enormous potential not only as a tool to generate cells for disease therapy and modeling, but also as an experimental system to investigate fundamental biological questions. The discovery of mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions at the initial phase of reprogramming provides a conceptual framework to understand reprogramming in a cellular context and it helps to resolve the mechanistic roles of the original Yamanaka factors as well as newly identified modulators of reprogramming. Emerging concept such as sequential EMT-MET in reprogramming further suggests the value of this model to the understanding of cell fate conversions. We highlight recent advances about the function and regulation of MET in reprogramming and discuss their potential implications here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Shu
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China.
| | - Duanqing Pei
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China.
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256
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Abstract
Stem cell function is regulated by intrinsic mechanisms, such as transcriptional and epigenetic regulators, as well as extrinsic mechanisms, such as short-range signals from the niche and long-range humoral signals. Interactions between these regulatory mechanisms and cellular metabolism are just beginning to be identified. In multiple systems, differentiation is accompanied by changes in glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation and the levels of reactive oxygen species. Indeed, metabolic pathways regulate proliferation and differentiation by regulating energy production and the generation of substrates for biosynthetic pathways. Some metabolic pathways appear to function differently in stem cells as compared with restricted progenitors and differentiated cells. They also appear to influence stem cell function by regulating signal transduction, epigenetic marks and oxidative stress. Studies to date illustrate the importance of metabolism in the regulation of stem cell function and suggest complex cross-regulation likely exists between metabolism and other stem cell regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Burgess
- Department of Pediatrics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Children's Research Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
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257
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Abstract
Deciphering the mechanisms of epigenetic reprogramming provides fundamental insights into cell fate decisions, which in turn reveal strategies to make the reprogramming process increasingly efficient. Here we review recent advances in epigenetic reprogramming to pluripotency with a focus on the principal molecular regulators. We examine the trajectories connecting somatic and pluripotent cells, genetic and chemical methodologies for inducing pluripotency, the role of endogenous master transcription factors in establishing the pluripotent state, and functional interactions between reprogramming factors and epigenetic regulators. Defining the crosstalk among the diverse molecular actors implicated in cellular reprogramming presents a major challenge for future inquiry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rudolf Jaenisch
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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258
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Abstract
In pluripotent stem cells, the interplay between signaling cues, epigenetic regulators and transcription factors orchestrates developmental potency. Flexibility in gene expression control is imparted by molecular changes to the nucleosomes, the building block of chromatin. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of chromatin as a plastic and integrative platform to direct gene expression changes in pluripotent stem cells, giving rise to distinct pluripotent states. We will further explore the concept of epigenetic asymmetry, focusing primarily on histone stoichiometry and their associated modifications, that is apparent at both the nucleosome and chromosome-wide levels, and discuss the emerging importance of these asymmetric chromatin configurations in diversifying epigenetic states and their implications for cell fate control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wee-Wei Tee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Danny Reinberg
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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259
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Kottakis F, Foltopoulou P, Sanidas I, Keller P, Wronski A, Dake BT, Ezell SA, Shen Z, Naber SP, Hinds PW, McNiel E, Kuperwasser C, Tsichlis PN. NDY1/KDM2B functions as a master regulator of polycomb complexes and controls self-renewal of breast cancer stem cells. Cancer Res 2014; 74:3935-46. [PMID: 24853546 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The JmjC domain histone H3K36me2/me1 demethylase NDY1/KDM2B is overexpressed in various types of cancer. Here we show that knocking down NDY1 in a set of 10 cell lines derived from a broad range of human tumors inhibited their anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent growth by inducing senescence and/or apoptosis in some and by inhibiting G1 progression in all. We further show that the knockdown of NDY1 in mammary adenocarcinoma cell lines decreased the number, size, and replating efficiency of mammospheres and downregulated the stem cell markers ALDH and CD44, while upregulating CD24. Together, these findings suggest that NDY1 is required for the self-renewal of cancer stem cells and are in agreement with additional findings showing that tumor cells in which NDY1 was knocked down undergo differentiation and a higher number of them is required to induce mammary adenocarcinomas, upon orthotopic injection in animals. Mechanistically, NDY1 functions as a master regulator of a set of miRNAs that target several members of the polycomb complexes PRC1 and PRC2, and its knockdown results in the de-repression of these miRNAs and the downregulation of their polycomb targets. Consistent with these observations, NDY1/KDM2B is expressed at higher levels in basal-like triple-negative breast cancers, and its overexpression is associated with higher rates of relapse after treatment. In addition, NDY1-regulated miRNAs are downregulated in both normal and cancer mammary stem cells. Finally, in primary human breast cancer, NDY1/KDM2B expression correlates negatively with the expression of the NDY1-regulated miRNAs and positively with the expression of their PRC targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippos Kottakis
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Parthena Foltopoulou
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ioannis Sanidas
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Patricia Keller
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ania Wronski
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Benjamin T Dake
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Scott A Ezell
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Zhu Shen
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen P Naber
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip W Hinds
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Elizabeth McNiel
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Charlotte Kuperwasser
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Philip N Tsichlis
- Authors' Affiliation: Molecular Oncology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts
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260
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Li X, Pei D, Zheng H. Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal states during cell fate conversions. Protein Cell 2014; 5:580-91. [PMID: 24805308 PMCID: PMC4130923 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-014-0064-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell fate conversion is considered as the changing of one type of cells to another type including somatic cell reprogramming (de-differentiation), differentiation, and trans-differentiation. Epithelial and mesenchymal cells are two major types of cells and the transitions between these two cell states as epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) have been observed during multiple cell fate conversions including embryonic development, tumor progression and somatic cell reprogramming. In addition, MET and sequential EMT-MET during the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) from fibroblasts have been reported recently. Such observation is consistent with multiple rounds of sequential EMT-MET during embryonic development which could be considered as a reversed process of reprogramming at least partially. Therefore in current review, we briefly discussed the potential roles played by EMT, MET, or even sequential EMT-MET during different kinds of cell fate conversions. We also provided some preliminary hypotheses on the mechanisms that connect cell state transitions and cell fate conversions based on results collected from cell cycle, epigenetic regulation, and stemness acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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261
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Abstract
The remarkable ability of oocytes to reinstate the totipotent state from a unipotent somatic cell, allowing the cloning of animals and the generation of human stem cells, has fascinated scientists for decades. Due to the complexity of oocytes, it has remained challenging to understand the rapid reprogramming following nuclear transfer at a molecular level. Conversely, the detailed characterization of molecular mechanisms is also often insufficient to comprehend the functional relevance of a complex molecular process, such as the dissociation of transcription factors from chromatin during cell division, the role of chromatin modifications in cellular memory, or of cell type-specific DNA replication. This review attempts to bridge the gap between nuclear transfer and molecular biology by focusing on the role of the cell cycle in reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloryn Chia
- 1 Department of Pediatrics, Naomi Berric Diabetes Center, Columbia University , New York, NY 10032
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262
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Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Stem cells are characterized by the properties of self-renewal and the ability to differentiate into multiple cell types, and thus maintain tissue homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a natural byproduct of aerobic metabolism and have roles in cell signaling. Regulation of ROS has a vital role in maintaining "stemness" and differentiation of the stem cells, as well as in progression of stem-cell-associated diseases. RECENT ADVANCES As of late, much research has been done on the adverse effects of ROS in stem cells. However, recently it has become apparent that in some cases redox status of the stem cell does have a role in maintaining its identity as such. Both pluripotent and multipotent stem cell types have been reported to possess enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms for detoxification of ROS and to correct oxidative damage to the genome as well as the proteome. CRITICAL ISSUES Although context dependent and somewhat varied among different stem cell types, the correlation seems to exist between antioxidant defense level and stem cell fate change (i.e., proliferation, differentiation, and death). Changes in stem cell redox regulation may affect the pathogenesis of various human diseases. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Dissecting the defined roles of ROS in distinct stem cell types will greatly enhance their basic and translational applications. Here, we discuss the various roles of ROS in adult, embryonic, and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Chaudhari
- Department of Oncology, The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine , Baltimore, Maryland
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263
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Bagci H, Fisher AG. DNA demethylation in pluripotency and reprogramming: the role of tet proteins and cell division. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 13:265-9. [PMID: 24012367 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cytosine methylation is found in the genomes of many plants and animals and has been associated with transcriptional silencing in mammals. At critical stages in embryo development, when cellular potential is reset, DNA methylation is lost in a series of "sequential waves." The mechanism underlying this is controversial and complex. Several new reports now suggest that TET enzymes and cell division are important for these in vivo transitions as well as for experimentally induced reprogramming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hakan Bagci
- Lymphocyte Development Group, MRC Clinical Sciences Centre, Imperial College London, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
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264
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Abstract
Small molecules that modulate stem cell fate and function offer significant opportunities that will allow the full realization of the therapeutic potential of stem cells. Rational design and screening for small molecules have identified useful compounds to probe fundamental mechanisms of stem cell self-renewal, differentiation, and reprogramming and have facilitated the development of cell-based therapies and therapeutic drugs targeting endogenous stem and progenitor cells for repair and regeneration. Here, we will discuss recent scientific and therapeutic progress, as well as new perspectives and future challenges for using chemical approaches in stem cell biology and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenlin Li
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
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265
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Jalali M, Kirkpatrick WNA, Cameron MG, Pauklin S, Vallier L. Human stem cells for craniomaxillofacial reconstruction. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1437-51. [PMID: 24564584 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human stem cell research represents an exceptional opportunity for regenerative medicine and the surgical reconstruction of the craniomaxillofacial complex. The correct architecture and function of the vastly diverse tissues of this important anatomical region are critical for life supportive processes, the delivery of senses, social interaction, and aesthetics. Craniomaxillofacial tissue loss is commonly associated with inflammatory responses of the surrounding tissue, significant scarring, disfigurement, and psychological sequelae as an inevitable consequence. The in vitro production of fully functional cells for skin, muscle, cartilage, bone, and neurovascular tissue formation from human stem cells, may one day provide novel materials for the reconstructive surgeon operating on patients with both hard and soft tissue deficit due to cancer, congenital disease, or trauma. However, the clinical translation of human stem cell technology, including the application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) in novel regenerative therapies, faces several hurdles that must be solved to permit safe and effective use in patients. The basic biology of hPSCs remains to be fully elucidated and concerns of tumorigenicity need to be addressed, prior to the development of cell transplantation treatments. Furthermore, functional comparison of in vitro generated tissue to their in vivo counterparts will be necessary for confirmation of maturity and suitability for application in reconstructive surgery. Here, we provide an overview of human stem cells in disease modeling, drug screening, and therapeutics, while also discussing the application of regenerative medicine for craniomaxillofacial tissue deficit and surgical reconstruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Jalali
- 1 Anne McLaren Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge , Cambridge, United Kingdom
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266
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Prigione A, Adjaye J. A mitochondrial strategy for safeguarding the reprogrammed genome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 3:5. [PMID: 25408884 PMCID: PMC4230514 DOI: 10.1186/2045-9769-3-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Genomic aberrations induced by somatic cell reprogramming are a major drawback for future applications of this technology in regenerative medicine. A new study by Ji et al. published in Stem Cell Reports suggests a counteracting strategy based on balancing the mitochondrial/oxidative stress pathway through antioxidant supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Prigione
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Robert-Roessle-Str. 10, D-13125 Berlin-Buch, Germany
| | - James Adjaye
- Department of Vertebrate Genomics, Molecular Embryology and Aging Group, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany ; Institute for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
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267
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Kim JH, Kim WK, Sung YK, Kwack MH, Song SY, Choi JS, Park SG, Yi T, Lee HJ, Kim DD, Seo HM, Song SU, Sung JH. The molecular mechanism underlying the proliferating and preconditioning effect of vitamin C on adipose-derived stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:1364-76. [PMID: 24524758 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) show promise for cell therapy, there is a tremendous need for developing ASC activators. In the present study, we investigated whether or not vitamin C increases the survival, proliferation, and hair-regenerative potential of ASCs. In addition, we tried to find the molecular mechanisms underlying the vitamin C-mediated stimulation of ASCs. Sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter 2 (SVCT2) is expressed in ASCs, and mediates uptake of vitamin C into ASCs. Vitamin C increased the survival and proliferation of ASCs in a dose-dependent manner. Vitamin C increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and inhibition of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway attenuated the proliferation of ASCs. Microarray and quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that vitamin C primarily upregulated expression of proliferation-related genes, including Fos, E2F2, Ier2, Mybl1, Cdc45, JunB, FosB, and Cdca5, whereas Fos knock-down using siRNA significantly decreased vitamin C-mediated ASC proliferation. In addition, vitamin C-treated ASCs accelerated the telogen-to-anagen transition in C3H/HeN mice, and conditioned medium from vitamin C-treated ASCs increased the hair length and the Ki67-positive matrix keratinocytes in hair organ culture. Vitamin C increased the mRNA expression of HGF, IGFBP6, VEGF, bFGF, and KGF, which may mediate hair growth promotion. In summary, vitamin C is transported via SVCT2, and increased ASC proliferation is mediated by the MAPK pathway. In addition, vitamin C preconditioning enhanced the hair growth promoting effect of ASCs. Because vitamin C is safe and effective, it could be used to increase the yield and regenerative potential of ASCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hye Kim
- 1 Department of Applied Bioscience, CHA University , Seoul, Korea
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268
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Soufi A. Mechanisms for enhancing cellular reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2014; 25:101-9. [PMID: 24607881 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
During development, the genome adopts specific chromatin states to establish and maintain functionally distinct cell types in a well-controlled environment. A select group of transcription factors have the ability to drive the transition of the genome from a pluripotent to a more specialized chromatin state. The same set of factors can be used as reprogramming factors to reset the already established chromatin state back to pluripotency or directly to an alternative cell type. However, under the suboptimal reprogramming conditions, these factors fall short in guiding the majority of cells to their new fate. In this review, we visit the recent findings addressing the manipulation of chromatin structure to enhance the performance of transcription factors in reprogramming. The main emphasis is on the mechanisms underlying the conversion of somatic cells to pluripotency using OSKM. This review is intended to highlight the windows of opportunities for developing mechanistically based approaches to replace the phenotypically guided methods currently employed in reprogramming, in an attempt to move the field of cell conversion towards using next generation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdenour Soufi
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Epigenetics Program, Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Smilow Center for Translational Research, Building 421, 3400 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5157, USA.
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269
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Tiemann U, Marthaler AG, Adachi K, Wu G, Fischedick GUL, Araúzo-Bravo MJ, Schöler HR, Tapia N. Counteracting activities of OCT4 and KLF4 during reprogramming to pluripotency. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:351-65. [PMID: 24672757 PMCID: PMC3964287 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiated cells can be reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) after overexpressing four transcription factors, of which Oct4 is essential. To elucidate the role of Oct4 during reprogramming, we investigated the immediate transcriptional response to inducible Oct4 overexpression in various somatic murine cell types using microarray analysis. By downregulating somatic-specific genes, Oct4 induction influenced each transcriptional program in a unique manner. A significant upregulation of pluripotent markers could not be detected. Therefore, OCT4 facilitates reprogramming by interfering with the somatic transcriptional network rather than by directly initiating a pluripotent gene-expression program. Finally, Oct4 overexpression upregulated the gene Mgarp in all the analyzed cell types. Strikingly, Mgarp expression decreases during the first steps of reprogramming due to a KLF4-dependent inhibition. At later stages, OCT4 counteracts the repressive activity of KLF4, thereby enhancing Mgarp expression. We show that this temporal expression pattern is crucial for the efficient generation of iPSCs. OCT4 interferes with somatic transcriptional networks in a cell-type-specific manner OCT4 does not activate the pluripotent program at the early stages of reprogramming OCT4 and KLF4 regulate Mgarp transcriptional activity in an antagonistic manner A specific time pattern of Mgarp expression is crucial for inducing pluripotency
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf Tiemann
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Adele Gabriele Marthaler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Kenjiro Adachi
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Guangming Wu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Gerrit Ulf Lennart Fischedick
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcos Jesús Araúzo-Bravo
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Robert Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia Tapia
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstraße 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
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270
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Johansson C, Tumber A, Che K, Cain P, Nowak R, Gileadi C, Oppermann U. The roles of Jumonji-type oxygenases in human disease. Epigenomics 2014; 6:89-120. [PMID: 24579949 PMCID: PMC4233403 DOI: 10.2217/epi.13.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The iron- and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases constitute a phylogenetically conserved class of enzymes that catalyze hydroxylation reactions in humans by acting on various types of substrates, including metabolic intermediates, amino acid residues in different proteins and various types of nucleic acids. The discovery of jumonji (Jmj), the founding member of a class of Jmj-type chromatin modifying enzymes and transcriptional regulators, has culminated in the discovery of several branches of histone lysine demethylases, with essential functions in regulating the epigenetic landscape of the chromatin environment. This work has now been considerably expanded into other aspects of epigenetic biology and includes the discovery of enzymatic steps required for methyl-cytosine demethylation as well as modification of RNA and ribosomal proteins. This overview aims to summarize the current knowledge on the human Jmj-type enzymes and their involvement in human pathological processes, including development, cancer, inflammation and metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catrine Johansson
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - KaHing Che
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Peter Cain
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Radoslaw Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
| | - Carina Gileadi
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, OX3 7DQ, UK
- Botnar Research Center, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology & Musculoskeletal Sciences, Oxford, OX3 7LD, UK
- Systems Approaches to Biomedical Sciences, Industrial Doctorate Center (SABS IDC) Oxford, UK
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271
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Dhar SS, Alam H, Li N, Wagner KW, Chung J, Ahn YW, Lee MG. Transcriptional repression of histone deacetylase 3 by the histone demethylase KDM2A is coupled to tumorigenicity of lung cancer cells. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:7483-96. [PMID: 24482232 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.521625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated expression of histone methyltransferases and demethylases is an emerging epigenetic mechanism underlying cancer development and metastasis. We recently showed that the histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) demethylase KDM2A (also called FBXL11 and JHDM1A) is necessary for tumorigenic and metastatic capabilities of KDM2A-overexpressing non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Here, we report that KDM2A transcriptionally represses the histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) gene by removing methyl groups from dimethylated H3K36 at the HDAC3 promoter in KDM2A-overexpressing NSCLC cells. KDM2A depletion reduced expression levels of cell cycle-associated genes (e.g. CDK6) and cell invasion-related genes (e.g. NANOS1); these levels were rescued by ectopic expression of KDM2A but not its catalytic mutant. These genes were occupied and down-regulated by HDAC3. HDAC3 knockdown significantly recovered the proliferation and invasiveness of KDM2A-depleted NSCLC cells as well as the levels of CDK6 and NANOS1 expression in these cells. Similar to their previously reported functions in other cell types, CDK6 and NANOS1 were required for the proliferation and invasion, respectively, of KDM2A-overexpressing NSCLC cells. In a mouse xenograft model, HDAC3 depletion substantially restored the tumorigenic ability of KDM2A knockdown cells. These findings reveal a novel cancer-epigenetic pathway in which the antagonistic effect of KDM2A on HDAC3 expression releases cell cycle-associated genes and cell invasion-related genes from HDAC3 repression and indicate the importance of this pathway for tumorigenicity and invasiveness of KDM2A-overexpressing NSCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilpa S Dhar
- From the Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology and
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272
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Chen Y, Guo L, Chen J, Zhao X, Zhou W, Zhang C, Wang J, Jin L, Pei D, Zhang F. Genome-wide CNV analysis in mouse induced pluripotent stem cells reveals dosage effect of pluripotent factors on genome integrity. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:79. [PMID: 24472662 PMCID: PMC3912500 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from somatic cells have enormous potential for clinical applications. Notably, it was recently reported that reprogramming from somatic cells to iPSCs can induce genomic copy number variation (CNV), which is one of the major genetic causes of human diseases. However it was unclear if this genome instability is dependent on reprogramming methods and/or the genetic background of donor cells. Furthermore, genome-wide CNV analysis is technically challenging and CNV data need to be interpreted with care. Results In order to carefully investigate the possible CNV instability during somatic reprogramming, we performed genome-wide CNV analyses with 41 mouse iPSC lines generated from the same parental donor; therefore, the donor’s genetic background can be controlled. Different reprogramming factor combinations and dosages were used for investigating potential method-dependent effects on genome integrity. We detected 63 iPSC CNVs using high-resolution comparative genomic hybridization. Intriguingly, CNV rates were negatively associated with the dosages of classic factor(s). Furthermore, the use of high-performance engineered factors led to less CNVs than the classic factor(s) of the same dosage. Conclusion Our observations suggest that sufficient reprogramming force can protect the genome from CNV instability during the reprogramming process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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273
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Abstract
Embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (ESCs and iPSCs) hold great promise for regenerative medicine. The therapeutic application of these cells requires an understanding of the molecular networks that regulate pluripotency, differentiation, and de-differentiation. Along with signaling pathways, transcription factors, and epigenetic regulators, microRNAs (miRNAs) are emerging as important regulators in the establishment and maintenance of pluripotency. These tiny RNAs control proliferation, survival, the cell cycle, and the pluripotency program of ESCs. In addition, they serve as barriers or factors to overcome barriers during the reprogramming process. Systematic screening for novel miRNAs that regulate the establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells and further mechanistic investigations will not only shed new light on the biology of ESCs and iPSCs, but also help develop safe and efficient technologies to manipulate cell fate for regenerative medicine.
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274
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Ding X, Wang X, Sontag S, Qin J, Wanek P, Lin Q, Zenke M. The polycomb protein Ezh2 impacts on induced pluripotent stem cell generation. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:931-40. [PMID: 24325319 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of somatic cells toward pluripotency involves extensive chromatin reorganization and changes in gene expression. Polycomb group (PcG) proteins are key regulators of chromatin structure, cell identity, and development. In this study, we investigated the impact of Ezh2, a core subunit of Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), on the generation of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. We found that Ezh2 expression is induced during iPS cell generation and iPS cells contain high levels of Ezh2 mRNA and protein. Importantly, shRNA knockdown of Ezh2 during reprogramming severely impairs iPS cell generation. Mechanistically, Ezh2 acts during reprogramming at least in part through repressing the Ink4a/Arf locus, which represents a major roadblock for iPS cell generation. Interestingly, knockdown of Ezh2 in established pluripotent cells leaves pluripotency and self-renewal of embryonic stem cells and iPS cells unaffected. Altogether, our results demonstrate that Ezh2 is critical for efficient iPS cell generation, whereas it is dispensable for maintaining the reprogrammed iPS cell state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Ding
- 1 Department of Cell Biology, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University Medical School , Aachen, Germany
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275
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Stem Cell Epigenetics: Insights from Studies on Embryonic, Induced Pluripotent, and Germline Stem Cells. CURRENT PATHOBIOLOGY REPORTS 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40139-013-0038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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276
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Shao J, Feng G. Selective killing effect of oxytetracycline, propafenone and metamizole on A549 or Hela cells. Chin J Cancer Res 2014; 25:662-70. [PMID: 24385693 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.11.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the selective killing effect of oxytetracycline, propafenone and metamizole on A549 or Hela cells. METHODS Proliferation assay, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, apoptosis detecting, flow cytometry and western blot were performed. RESULTS It was found that treatment with propafenone at the concentration of 0.014 g/L or higher for 48 h could induce apoptosis in Hela cells greatly, while it was not observed in oxytetracycline and metamizole at the concentration of 0.20 g/L for 48 h. Oxytetracycline, propafenone and metamizole all displayed evident inhibitory effects on the proliferation of A549 cells. The results of LDH assay demonstrated that the drugs at the test range of concentration did not cause necrosis in the cells. Propafenone could elevate the protein level of P53 effectively (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS Oxytetracycline, propafenone and metamizol (dipyrone) all displayed evident inhibitory effects on the proliferation of A549 cells. Propafenone also displayed evident inhibitory effects on the proliferation of Hela cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhui Shao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Hubei University of Art and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Guihua Feng
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, Hubei University of Art and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
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277
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Moradi S, Asgari S, Baharvand H. Concise Review: Harmonies Played by MicroRNAs in Cell Fate Reprogramming. Stem Cells 2014; 32:3-15. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sharif Moradi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
| | - Sassan Asgari
- Australian Infectious Disease Research Centre, School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology at Cell Science Research Center; Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology; Tehran Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology; University of Science and Culture; ACECR Tehran Iran
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278
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Ji J, Sharma V, Qi S, Guarch M, Zhao P, Luo Z, Fan W, Wang Y, Mbabaali F, Neculai D, Esteban M, McPherson J, Batada N. Antioxidant supplementation reduces genomic aberrations in human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:44-51. [PMID: 24511469 PMCID: PMC3916753 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) using oncogenic transcription factors. However, this method leads to genetic aberrations in iPSCs via unknown mechanisms, which may limit their clinical use. Here, we demonstrate that the supplementation of growth media with antioxidants reduces the genome instability of cells transduced with the reprogramming factors. Antioxidant supplementation did not affect transgene expression level or silencing kinetics. Importantly, iPSCs made with antioxidants had significantly fewer de novo copy number variations, but not fewer coding point mutations, than iPSCs made without antioxidants. Our results suggest that the quality and safety of human iPSCs might be enhanced by using antioxidants in the growth media during the generation and maintenance of iPSCs. During reprogramming, oxidative stress is elevated Antioxidants reduce genome instability during reprogramming iPSCs made in the presence of antioxidants have fewer de novo genomic aberrations
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Ji
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
- Research Center of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Corresponding author
| | - Vivek Sharma
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Suxia Qi
- Research Center of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Meritxell Espino Guarch
- Research Center of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhiwei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Wenxia Fan
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Faridah Mbabaali
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Dante Neculai
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Miguel Angel Esteban
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - John D. McPherson
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
| | - Nizar N. Batada
- Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, 101 College Street, Toronto, Canada M5G 0A3
- Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5G 2M9
- Corresponding author
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279
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Zhao W, Ning B, Qian C. Regulatory factors of induced pluripotency: current status. Stem Cell Investig 2014; 1:15. [PMID: 27358861 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2306-9759.2014.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Somatic cells can be reprogrammed to induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through enforced expression of four transcription factors [Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM)]; however, the reprogramming efficiency is extremely low. This finding raises fundamental questions about the regulators that influence the change in epigenetic stability and endowment of dedifferentiation potential during reprogramming. Identification of such regulators is critical to removing the roadblocks impeding the efficient generation of safe iPSCs and their successful translation into clinical therapies. In this review, we summarize the current progress that has been made in understanding cellular reprogramming, with an emphasis on the molecular mechanisms of epigenetic regulators in induced pluripotency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Bo Ning
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Chen Qian
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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280
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Abstract
Vertebrate DNA can be chemically modified by methylation of the 5 position of the cytosine base in the context of CpG dinucleotides. This modification creates a binding site for MBD (methyl-CpG-binding domain) proteins which target chromatin-modifying activities that are thought to contribute to transcriptional repression and maintain heterochromatic regions of the genome. In contrast with DNA methylation, which is found broadly across vertebrate genomes, non-methylated DNA is concentrated in regions known as CGIs (CpG islands). Recently, a family of proteins which encode a ZF-CxxC (zinc finger-CxxC) domain have been shown to specifically recognize non-methylated DNA and recruit chromatin-modifying activities to CGI elements. For example, CFP1 (CxxC finger protein 1), MLL (mixed lineage leukaemia protein), KDM (lysine demethylase) 2A and KDM2B regulate lysine methylation on histone tails, whereas TET (ten-eleven translocation) 1 and TET3 hydroxylate methylated cytosine bases. In the present review, we discuss the most recent advances in our understanding of how ZF-CxxC domain-containing proteins recognize non-methylated DNA and describe their role in chromatin modification at CGIs.
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281
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Tian W, Wang Y, Xu Y, Guo X, Wang B, Sun L, Liu L, Cui F, Zhuang Q, Bao X, Schley G, Chung TL, Laslett AL, Willam C, Qin B, Maxwell PH, Esteban MA. The hypoxia-inducible factor renders cancer cells more sensitive to vitamin C-induced toxicity. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:3339-51. [PMID: 24371136 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.538157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Megadose vitamin C (Vc) is one of the most enduring alternative treatments for diverse human diseases and is deeply engrafted in popular culture. Preliminary studies in the 1970s described potent effects of Vc on prolonging the survival of patients with terminal cancer, but these claims were later criticized. An improved knowledge of the pharmacokinetics of Vc and recent reports using cancer cell lines have renewed the interest in this subject. Despite these findings, using Vc as an adjuvant for anticancer therapy remains questionable, among other things because there is no proper mechanistic understanding. Here, we show that a Warburg effect triggered by activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway greatly enhances Vc-induced toxicity in multiple cancer cell lines, including von Hippel-Lindau (VHL)-defective renal cancer cells. HIF increases the intracellular uptake of oxidized Vc through its transcriptional target glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1), synergizing with the uptake of its reduced form through sodium-dependent Vc transporters. The resulting high levels of intracellular Vc induce oxidative stress and massive DNA damage, which then causes metabolic exhaustion by depleting cellular ATP reserves. HIF-positive cells are particularly sensitive to Vc-induced ATP reduction because they mostly rely on the rather inefficient glycolytic pathway for energy production. Thus, our experiments link Vc-induced toxicity and cancer metabolism, providing a new explanation for the preferential effect of Vc on cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Tian
- From the Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, South China Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Guangzhou 510530, China
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282
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May JM, Harrison FE. Role of vitamin C in the function of the vascular endothelium. Antioxid Redox Signal 2013; 19:2068-83. [PMID: 23581713 PMCID: PMC3869438 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Vitamin C, or ascorbic acid, has long been known to participate in several important functions in the vascular bed in support of endothelial cells. These functions include increasing the synthesis and deposition of type IV collagen in the basement membrane, stimulating endothelial proliferation, inhibiting apoptosis, scavenging radical species, and sparing endothelial cell-derived nitric oxide to help modulate blood flow. Although ascorbate may not be able to reverse inflammatory vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, it may well play a role in preventing the endothelial dysfunction that is the earliest sign of many such diseases. RECENT ADVANCES Beyond simply preventing scurvy, evidence is mounting that ascorbate is required for optimal function of many dioxygenase enzymes in addition to those involved in collagen synthesis. Several of these enzymes regulate the transcription of proteins involved in endothelial function, proliferation, and survival, including hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and histone and DNA demethylases. More recently, ascorbate has been found to acutely tighten the endothelial permeability barrier and, thus, may modulate access of ascorbate and other molecules into tissues and organs. CRITICAL ISSUES The issue of the optimal cellular content of ascorbate remains unresolved, but it appears that low millimolar ascorbate concentrations are normal in most animal tissues, in human leukocytes, and probably in the endothelium. Although there may be little benefit of increasing near maximal cellular ascorbate concentrations in normal people, many diseases and conditions have either systemic or localized cellular ascorbate deficiency as a cause for endothelial dysfunction, including early atherosclerosis, sepsis, smoking, and diabetes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS A key focus for future studies of ascorbate and the vascular endothelium will likely be to determine the mechanisms and clinical relevance of ascorbate effects on endothelial function, permeability, and survival in diseases that cause endothelial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M May
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine , Nashville, Tennessee
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283
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The function of miRNA in hepatic cancer stem cell. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:358902. [PMID: 24383051 PMCID: PMC3870627 DOI: 10.1155/2013/358902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide and ranks third in the leading causes of cancer patient's death. Cancer stem cells (HSCs), also known as tumor-initiating cells, have been reported in multiple subtypes of HCC and are considered as the master regulators of HCC initiation, chemotherapy drug resistance, tumor metastasis, and progression. In spite of their clinical importance, the detailed mechanism about how HSCs are intricately regulated in the molecular level remains elusive. MicroRNA (miRNA), a class of newly emerging small noncoding RNAs, has been demonstrated to serve as a vital player in modulating a number of biological activities ranging from embryogenesis to programmed cell death as well as the maintenance of HSCs. In this review, we synthesize these latest findings of miRNA regulation of HSCs and try to elucidate their mechanistic roles in orchestrating cellular equilibrium. This recent progress underlies the functional role of miRNA in cellular transformation of liver cancer, which has largely extended our knowledge how HSCs are controlled by miRNA network, and in the development of novel miRNA-based anticancer therapies specifically targeting HSCs in the coming future.
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284
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Wang J, Park JW, Drissi H, Wang X, Xu RH. Epigenetic regulation of miR-302 by JMJD1C inhibits neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 2013; 289:2384-95. [PMID: 24318875 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been recently reported that the regulatory circuitry formed by OCT4, miR-302, and NR2F2 controls both pluripotency and neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). We show here that JMJD1C, a histone 3 lysine 9 (H3K9) demethylase expressed in hESCs, directly interacts with this circuitry. hESCs with stable knockdown of JMJD1C remain pluripotent while having reduced miR-302 expression, decreased BMP signaling, and enhanced TGFβ signaling. JMJD1C binds to the miR-302 promoter and reduces H3K9 methylation. Withdrawal of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) from the culture induces neural differentiation of the knockdown, but not the control, cells within 3 days, accompanied by elevated NR2F2 expression. This can be attenuated with miR-302 mimics or an H3K9 methytransferase inhibitor. Together, our findings suggest that JMJD1C represses neural differentiation of hESCs at least partially by epigenetically sustaining miR-302 expression and that JMJD1C knockdown is sufficient to trigger neural differentiation upon withdrawal of exogenous bFGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianle Wang
- From the Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut 06030 and
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285
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Ali Hosseini Rad SM, Bavarsad MS, Arefian E, Jaseb K, Shahjahani M, Saki N. The Role of microRNAs in Stemness of Cancer Stem Cells. Oncol Rev 2013; 7:e8. [PMID: 25992229 PMCID: PMC4419617 DOI: 10.4081/oncol.2013.e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important diseases of humans, for which no cure has been found so far. Understanding the causes of cancer can pave the way for its treatment. Alteration in genetic elements such as oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes results in cancer. The most recent theory for the origin of cancer has been provided by cancer stem cells (CSCs). Tumor-initiating cells (T-ICs) or CSCs are a small population isolated from tumors and hematologic malignancies. Since CSCs are similar to embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in many aspects (such as pluripotency and self-renewal), recognizing the signaling pathways through which ESCs maintain their stemness can also help identify CSC signaling. One component of these signaling pathways is non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). ncRNAs are classified in two groups: microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). miRNAs undergo altered expression in cancer. In this regard, they are classified as Onco-miRNAs or tumor suppressor miRNAs. Some miRNAs play similar roles in ESCs and CSCs, such as let-7 and miR-302. This review focuses on the miRNAs involved in stemness of ESCs and CSCs by presenting a summary of the role of miRNAs in other tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Ali Hosseini Rad
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center , Tehran ; Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran
| | - Mahsa Shanaki Bavarsad
- Health Research Center, Research Institute of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz
| | - Ehsan Arefian
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center , Tehran ; Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran , Tehran, Iran
| | - Kaveh Jaseb
- Health Research Center, Research Institute of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz
| | - Mohammad Shahjahani
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University , Tehran
| | - Najmaldin Saki
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic Engineering, Stem Cell Technology Research Center , Tehran ; Health Research Center, Research Institute of Thalassemia and Hemoglobinopathy, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz
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287
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Wagner KW, Alam H, Dhar SS, Giri U, Li N, Wei Y, Giri D, Cascone T, Kim JH, Ye Y, Multani AS, Chan CH, Erez B, Saigal B, Chung J, Lin HK, Wu X, Hung MC, Heymach JV, Lee MG. KDM2A promotes lung tumorigenesis by epigenetically enhancing ERK1/2 signaling. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:5231-46. [PMID: 24200691 DOI: 10.1172/jci68642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic dysregulation has emerged as a major contributor to tumorigenesis. Histone methylation is a well-established mechanism of epigenetic regulation that is dynamically modulated by histone methyltransferases and demethylases. The pathogenic role of histone methylation modifiers in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, remains largely unknown. Here, we found that the histone H3 lysine 36 (H3K36) demethylase KDM2A (also called FBXL11 and JHDM1A) is frequently overexpressed in NSCLC tumors and cell lines. KDM2A and its catalytic activity were required for in vitro proliferation and invasion of KDM2A-overexpressing NSCLC cells. KDM2A overexpression in NSCLC cells with low KDM2A levels increased cell proliferation and invasiveness. KDM2A knockdown abrogated tumor growth and invasive abilities of NSCLC cells in mouse xenograft models. We identified dual-specificity phosphatase 3 (DUSP3) as a key KDM2A target gene and found that DUSP3 dephosphorylates ERK1/2 in NSCLC cells. KDM2A activated ERK1/2 through epigenetic repression of DUSP3 expression via demethylation of dimethylated H3K36 at the DUSP3 locus. High KDM2A levels correlated with poor prognosis in NSCLC patients. These findings uncover an unexpected role for a histone methylation modifier in activating ERK1/2 in lung tumorigenesis and metastasis, suggesting that KDM2A may be a promising therapeutic target in NSCLC.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Cell Division
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3/biosynthesis
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3/genetics
- Dual Specificity Phosphatase 3/physiology
- Epigenesis, Genetic/genetics
- Epigenesis, Genetic/physiology
- F-Box Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- F-Box Proteins/biosynthesis
- F-Box Proteins/genetics
- F-Box Proteins/physiology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/physiology
- Heterografts
- Histones/metabolism
- Humans
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/biosynthesis
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/genetics
- Jumonji Domain-Containing Histone Demethylases/physiology
- Lung Neoplasms/genetics
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- MAP Kinase Signaling System
- Male
- Methylation
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/physiology
- Prognosis
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/genetics
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational/physiology
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/biosynthesis
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/biosynthesis
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
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288
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Yang Y, Jiao J, Gao R, Yao H, Sun XF, Gao S. Direct conversion of adipocyte progenitors into functional neurons. Cell Reprogram 2013; 15:484-9. [PMID: 24182316 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2013.0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectopic expression of a set of transcription factors in somatic cells could reprogram the differentiated cell fate into the pluripotent state, and the resultant so-called induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have been proposed as seed cells for cell therapy-based regenerative medicine. However, their tumorigenicity limited the further application of iPSCs clinically. More recently, collected evidence has shown that differentiated somatic cells could be directly converted into other types of somatic cells through overexpression of transcription factors enriched in the targeted cell types. Induced neurons have been recently converted from fibroblasts; however, it remains unknown if other cell types could be used for neuron induction. One easily accessible cell type, adipocyte progenitor cells (APCs), has the advantage of steady proliferation in vitro and lower mortality rate. In the present study, we demonstrated that APCs could also be converted into functional neurons using the three transcriptional factors (Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l) that could convert fibroblasts into neurons. Moreover, we also demonstrated that vitamin C could elevate the efficiency of conversion of the APCs and fibroblasts into neurons. The converted cells represent another appropriate cell resource for clinical application and disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Yang
- 1 Key Laboratory for Major Obstetric Diseases of Guangdong Province, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical College , Guangdong, 510150, P.R. China
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289
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Borooah S, Phillips M, Bilican B, Wright A, Wilmut I, Chandran S, Gamm D, Dhillon B. Using human induced pluripotent stem cells to treat retinal disease. Prog Retin Eye Res 2013; 37:163-81. [PMID: 24104210 PMCID: PMC3841575 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The eye is an ideal target for exploiting the potential of human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) technology in order to understand disease pathways and explore novel therapeutic strategies for inherited retinal disease. The aim of this article is to map the pathway from state-of-the art laboratory-based discoveries to realising the translational potential of this emerging technique. We describe the relevance and routes to establishing hiPSCs in selected models of human retinal disease. Additionally, we define pathways for applying hiPSC technology in treating currently incurable, progressive and blinding retinal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Borooah
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
- Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - M.J. Phillips
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B. Bilican
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - A.F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - I. Wilmut
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - S. Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, UK
| | - D. Gamm
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, McPherson Eye Research Institute, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1500 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - B. Dhillon
- Ophthalmology, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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290
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Vitamin C modulates TET1 function during somatic cell reprogramming. Nat Genet 2013; 45:1504-9. [PMID: 24162740 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin C, a micronutrient known for its anti-scurvy activity in humans, promotes the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) through the activity of histone demethylating dioxygenases. TET hydroxylases are also dioxygenases implicated in active DNA demethylation. Here we report that TET1 either positively or negatively regulates somatic cell reprogramming depending on the absence or presence of vitamin C. TET1 deficiency enhances reprogramming, and its overexpression impairs reprogramming in the context of vitamin C by modulating the obligatory mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition (MET). In the absence of vitamin C, TET1 promotes somatic cell reprogramming independent of MET. Consistently, TET1 regulates 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC) formation at loci critical for MET in a vitamin C-dependent fashion. Our findings suggest that vitamin C has a vital role in determining the biological outcome of TET1 function at the cellular level. Given its benefit to human health, vitamin C should be investigated further for its role in epigenetic regulation.
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291
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Li Y, Shen Z, Shelat H, Geng YJ. Reprogramming somatic cells to pluripotency: a fresh look at Yamanaka's model. Cell Cycle 2013; 12:3594-8. [PMID: 24189530 DOI: 10.4161/cc.26952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In 2006, Dr Shinya Yamanaka succeeded to reprogram somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by delivering the genes encoding Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc. This achievement represents a fundamental breakthrough in stem cell biology and opens up a new era in regenerative medicine. However, the molecular processes by which somatic cells are reprogrammed into iPSC remain poorly understood. In 2009, Yamanaka proposed the elite and stochastic models for reprogramming mechanisms. To date, many investigators in the field of iPSC research support the concept of stochastic model, i.e., somatic cell reprogramming is an event of epigenetic transformation. A mathematical model, f (Cd, k), has also been proposed to predict the stochastic process. Here we wish to revisit the Yamanaka model and summarize the recent advances in this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangxin Li
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science & Department of Cardiovascular Surgery; First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University; Suzhou, Jiangsu, PR China; Texas Heart Institute; Houston, TX USA
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292
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Apostolou E, Hochedlinger K. Chromatin dynamics during cellular reprogramming. Nature 2013; 502:462-71. [PMID: 24153299 PMCID: PMC4216318 DOI: 10.1038/nature12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 290] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Induced pluripotency is a powerful tool to derive patient-specific stem cells. In addition, it provides a unique assay to study the interplay between transcription factors and chromatin structure. Here, we review the latest insights into chromatin dynamics that are inherent to induced pluripotency. Moreover, we compare and contrast these events with other physiological and pathological processes that involve changes in chromatin and cell state, including germ cell maturation and tumorigenesis. We propose that an integrated view of these seemingly diverse processes could provide mechanistic insights into cell fate transitions in general and might lead to new approaches in regenerative medicine and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Effie Apostolou
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Konrad Hochedlinger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center and Center for Regenerative Medicine; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, 185 Cambridge Street, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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293
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Jerabek S, Merino F, Schöler HR, Cojocaru V. OCT4: dynamic DNA binding pioneers stem cell pluripotency. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2013; 1839:138-54. [PMID: 24145198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OCT4 was discovered more than two decades ago as a transcription factor specific to early embryonic development. Early studies with OCT4 were descriptive and looked at determining the functional roles of OCT4 in the embryo as well as in pluripotent cell lines derived from embryos. Later studies showed that OCT4 was one of the transcription factors in the four-factor cocktail required for reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and that it is the only factor that cannot be substituted in this process by other members of the same protein family. In recent years, OCT4 has emerged as a master regulator of the induction and maintenance of cellular pluripotency, with crucial roles in the early stages of differentiation. Currently, mechanistic studies look at elucidating the molecular details of how OCT4 contributes to establishing selective gene expression programs that define different developmental stages of pluripotent cells. OCT4 belongs to the POU family of proteins, which have two conserved DNA-binding domains connected by a variable linker region. The functions of OCT4 depend on its ability to recognize and bind to DNA regulatory regions alone or in cooperation with other transcription factors and on its capacity to recruit other factors required to regulate the expression of specific sets of genes. Undoubtedly, future iPSC-based applications in regenerative medicine will benefit from understanding how OCT4 functions. Here we provide an integrated view of OCT4 research conducted to date by reviewing the different functional roles for OCT4 and discussing the current progress in understanding their underlying molecular mechanisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chromatin and epigenetic regulation of animal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stepan Jerabek
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felipe Merino
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Hans Robert Schöler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Vlad Cojocaru
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstrasse 20, 48149 Münster, Germany.
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294
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Comes S, Gagliardi M, Laprano N, Fico A, Cimmino A, Palamidessi A, De Cesare D, De Falco S, Angelini C, Scita G, Patriarca EJ, Matarazzo MR, Minchiotti G. L-Proline induces a mesenchymal-like invasive program in embryonic stem cells by remodeling H3K9 and H3K36 methylation. Stem Cell Reports 2013; 1:307-21. [PMID: 24319666 PMCID: PMC3849245 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites are emerging as key mediators of crosstalk between metabolic flux, cellular signaling, and epigenetic regulation of cell fate. We found that the nonessential amino acid L-proline (L-Pro) acts as a signaling molecule that promotes the conversion of embryonic stem cells into mesenchymal-like, spindle-shaped, highly motile, invasive pluripotent stem cells. This embryonic-stem-cell-to-mesenchymal-like transition (esMT) is accompanied by a genome-wide remodeling of the H3K9 and H3K36 methylation status. Consistently, L-Pro-induced esMT is fully reversible either after L-Pro withdrawal or by addition of ascorbic acid (vitamin C), which in turn reduces H3K9 and H3K36 methylation, promoting a mesenchymal-like-to-embryonic-stem-cell transition (MesT). These findings suggest that L-Pro, which is produced by proteolytic remodeling of the extracellular matrix, may act as a microenvironmental cue to control stem cell behavior. L-Pro induces a reversible embryonic-stem-to-mesenchymal-like transition (esMT) The esMT is characterized by a dynamic redistribution of E-cadherin L-Pro acts as an epigenetic modifier remodeling H3K9 and H3K36 methylation L-Pro and vitamin C regulate esMT-MesT plasticity modulating H3K9/H3K36 methylation
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Comes
- Stem Cell Fate Laboratory, Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "A. Buzzati-Traverso," CNR, 80131 Naples, Italy
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295
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Gaeta X, Xie Y, Lowry WE. Sequential addition of reprogramming factors improves efficiency. Nat Cell Biol 2013; 15:725-7. [PMID: 23817236 DOI: 10.1038/ncb2800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Addition of a specific set of transcription factors reprograms somatic cell nuclei to a pluripotent state. Sequential addition of these factors, rather than the simultaneous exposure used in standard protocols, improves reprogramming efficiency. This sequential method favours a transition through a state with enhanced mesenchymal characteristics before driving an epithelial transformation on the way to the pluripotent state.
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296
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Ougland R, Lando D, Jonson I, Dahl JA, Moen MN, Nordstrand LM, Rognes T, Lee JT, Klungland A, Kouzarides T, Larsen E. ALKBH1 is a histone H2A dioxygenase involved in neural differentiation. Stem Cells 2013; 30:2672-82. [PMID: 22961808 PMCID: PMC3546389 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AlkB homolog 1 (ALKBH1) is one of nine members of the family of mammalian AlkB homologs. Most Alkbh1(-/-) mice die during embryonic development, and survivors are characterized by defects in tissues originating from the ectodermal lineage. In this study, we show that deletion of Alkbh1 prolonged the expression of pluripotency markers in embryonic stem cells and delayed the induction of genes involved in early differentiation. In vitro differentiation to neural progenitor cells (NPCs) displayed an increased rate of apoptosis in the Alkbh1(-/-) NPCs when compared with wild-type cells. Whole-genome expression analysis and chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that ALKBH1 regulates both directly and indirectly, a subset of genes required for neural development. Furthermore, our in vitro enzyme activity assays demonstrate that ALKBH1 is a histone dioxygenase that acts specifically on histone H2A. Mass spectrometric analysis demonstrated that histone H2A from Alkbh1(-/-) mice are improperly methylated. Our results suggest that ALKBH1 is involved in neural development by modifying the methylation status of histone H2A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rune Ougland
- Centre for Molecular Biology and Neuroscience, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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297
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Pastor P, Cisternas P, Salazar K, Silva-Alvarez C, Oyarce K, Jara N, Espinoza F, Martínez AD, Nualart F. SVCT2 vitamin C transporter expression in progenitor cells of the postnatal neurogenic niche. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:119. [PMID: 23964197 PMCID: PMC3741466 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Known as a critical antioxidant, recent studies suggest that vitamin C plays an important role in stem cell generation, proliferation and differentiation. Vitamin C also enhances neural differentiation during cerebral development, a function that has not been studied in brain precursor cells. We observed that the rat neurogenic niche is structurally organized at day 15 of postnatal development, and proliferation and neural differentiation increase at day 21. In the human brain, a similar subventricular niche was observed at 1-month of postnatal development. Using immunohistochemistry, sodium-vitamin C cotransporter 2 (SVCT2) expression was detected in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and rostral migratory stream (RMS). Low co-distribution of SVCT2 and βIII-tubulin in neuroblasts or type-A cells was detected, and minimal co-localization of SVCT2 and GFAP in type-B or precursor cells was observed. Similar results were obtained in the human neurogenic niche. However, BrdU-positive cells also expressed SVCT2, suggesting a role of vitamin C in neural progenitor proliferation. Primary neurospheres prepared from rat brain and the P19 teratocarcinoma cell line, which forms neurospheres in vitro, were used to analyze the effect of vitamin C in neural stem cells. Both cell types expressed functional SVCT2 in vitro, and ascorbic acid (AA) induced their neural differentiation, increased βIII-tubulin and SVCT2 expression, and amplified vitamin C uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Pastor
- Laboratory of Neurobiology and Stem Cells, Department of Cellular Biology, Center for Advanced Microscopy CMA BIOBIO, University of Concepción Concepción, Chile
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298
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Krishnakumar R, Blelloch RH. Epigenetics of cellular reprogramming. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2013; 23:548-55. [PMID: 23948105 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 06/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells are constantly changing their state of equilibrium in response to internal and external stimuli. These changes in cell identity are driven by highly coordinated modulation of gene expression. This coordinated regulation is achieved in large part due to changes in the structure and composition of the chromatin, driven by epigenetic modulators. Recent discoveries in cellular and genomic reprogramming have highlighted the importance of chromatin modifications to reach and uphold the fidelity of target cell states. In this review, we focus on the latest work addressing the mechanisms surrounding the epigenetic regulation of various types of reprogramming, including somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT), cell fusion and transcription factor-induced and microRNA-induced pluripotency. The studies covered herein showcase the interplay between these epigenetic pathways, and highlight the importance of furthering our understanding of these connections to form a clearer picture of the mechanisms underlying stable cell fate transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raga Krishnakumar
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, Center for Reproductive Sciences and Department of Urology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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299
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Gao S, Wang ZL, Di KQ, Chang G, Tao L, An L, Wu FJ, Xu JQ, Liu YW, Wu ZH, Li XY, Gao S, Tian JH. Melatonin improves the reprogramming efficiency of murine-induced pluripotent stem cells using a secondary inducible system. J Pineal Res 2013; 55:31-9. [PMID: 23506542 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study focused on the effect of melatonin on reprogramming with specific regard to the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, a secondary inducible system, which is more accurate and suitable for studying the involvement of chemicals in reprogramming efficiency, was used to evaluate the effect of melatonin on mouse iPSC generation. Secondary fibroblasts collected from all-iPSC mice through tetraploid complementation were cultured in induction medium supplemented with melatonin at different concentrations (0, 10(-6), 10(-7), 10(-8), 10(-9), or 10(-10 )m) or with vitamin C (50 μg/mL) as a positive control. Compared with untreated group (0.22 ± 0.04% efficiency), 10(-8) (0.81 ± 0.04%), and 10(-9 )m (0.83 ± 0.08%) melatonin supplementation significantly improved reprogramming efficiency (P < 0.05). Moreover, we verified that the iPSCs induced by melatonin treatment (MiPSCs) had the same characteristics as typical embryonic stem cells (ESCs), including expression of the pluripotency markers Oct4, Sox2, and Nanog, the ability to form teratomas and all three germ layers of the embryo, as well as produce chimeric mice with contribution to the germ line. Interestingly, only the melatonin receptor MT2 was detected in secondary fibroblasts, while MiPSCs and ESCs expressed MT1 and MT2 receptors. Furthermore, during the early stage of reprogramming, expression of the apoptosis-related genes p53 and p21 was lower in the group treated with 10(-9) m melatonin compared with the untreated controls. In conclusion, melatonin supplementation enhances the efficiency of murine iPSC generation. These beneficial effects may be associated with inhibition of the p53-mediated apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Agriculture, National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China; National Institute of Biological Sciences, NIBS, Beijing, China
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300
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Shyh-Chang N, Daley GQ, Cantley LC. Stem cell metabolism in tissue development and aging. Development 2013; 140:2535-47. [PMID: 23715547 DOI: 10.1242/dev.091777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in metabolomics and computational analysis have deepened our appreciation for the role of specific metabolic pathways in dictating cell fate. Once thought to be a mere consequence of the state of a cell, metabolism is now known to play a pivotal role in dictating whether a cell proliferates, differentiates or remains quiescent. Here, we review recent studies of metabolism in stem cells that have revealed a shift in the balance between glycolysis, mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and oxidative stress during the maturation of adult stem cells, and during the reprogramming of somatic cells to pluripotency. These insights promise to inform strategies for the directed differentiation of stem cells and to offer the potential for novel metabolic or pharmacological therapies to enhance regeneration and the treatment of degenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ng Shyh-Chang
- Stem Cell Transplantation Program, Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Boston Children's Hospital and Dana Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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