251
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Merkle FT, Eggan K. Modeling human disease with pluripotent stem cells: from genome association to function. Cell Stem Cell 2014; 12:656-68. [PMID: 23746975 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2013.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Mechanistic insights into human disease may enable the development of treatments that are effective in broad patient populations. The confluence of gene-editing technologies, induced pluripotent stem cells, and genome-wide association as well as DNA sequencing studies is enabling new approaches for illuminating the molecular basis of human disease. We discuss the opportunities and challenges of combining these technologies and provide a workflow for interrogating the contribution of disease-associated candidate genetic variants to disease-relevant phenotypes. Finally, we discuss the potential utility of human pluripotent stem cells for placing disease-associated genetic variants into molecular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian T Merkle
- The Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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252
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Abstract
Although cellular therapies hold great promise for the treatment of human disease, results from several initial clinical trials have not shown a level of efficacy required for their use as a first line therapy. Here we discuss how in vivo molecular imaging has helped identify barriers to clinical translation and potential strategies that may contribute to successful transplantation and improved outcomes, with a focus on cardiovascular and neurological diseases. We conclude with a perspective on the future role of molecular imaging in defining safety and efficacy for clinical implementation of stem cell therapies.
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253
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Myocardial injury and disease often result in heart failure, a major cause of death worldwide. To achieve myocardial regeneration and foster development of efficient therapeutics for cardiac injury, it is essential to uncover molecular mechanisms that will promote myocardial regeneration. In this review, we examine the latest progress made in elucidation of the roles of small non-coding RNAs called microRNAs (miRs) in myocardial regeneration. RECENT FINDINGS Promising progress has been made in studying cardiac regeneration. Several miRs, which include miR-590, miR-199a, miR-17-92 cluster, miR-199a-214 cluster, miR-34a, and miR-15 family, have been recently shown to play an essential role in myocardial regeneration by regulating different processes during cardiac repair, including cell death, proliferation, and metabolism. For example, miR-590 promotes cardiac regeneration through activating cardiomyocyte proliferation, whereas miR-34a inhibits cardiac repair through inducing apoptosis. SUMMARY These recent findings shed new light on our understanding of myocardial regeneration and suggest potential novel therapeutic targets to treat cardiac disease.
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254
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Abstract
During development, cardiogenesis is orchestrated by a family of heart progenitors that build distinct regions of the heart. Each region contains diverse cell types that assemble to form the complex structures of the individual cardiac compartments. Cardiomyocytes are the main cell type found in the heart and ensure contraction of the chambers and efficient blood flow throughout the body. Injury to the cardiac muscle often leads to heart failure due to the loss of a large number of cardiomyocytes and its limited intrinsic capacity to regenerate the damaged tissue, making it one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In this Primer we discuss how insights into the molecular and cellular framework underlying cardiac development can be used to guide the in vitro specification of cardiomyocytes, whether by directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells or via direct lineage conversion. Additional strategies to generate cardiomyocytes in situ, such as reactivation of endogenous cardiac progenitors and induction of cardiomyocyte proliferation, will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Später
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Bioscience, CVMD iMED, AstraZeneca, Pepparedsleden 1, Mölndal 43150, Sweden
| | - Emil M Hansson
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Lior Zangi
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA Cardiovascular Research Center, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kenneth R Chien
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University and Harvard Medical School, 7 Divinity Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 35 Berzelius Vag, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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255
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Bellamy V, Vanneaux V, Bel A, Nemetalla H, Emmanuelle Boitard S, Farouz Y, Joanne P, Perier MC, Robidel E, Mandet C, Hagège A, Bruneval P, Larghero J, Agbulut O, Menasché P. Long-term functional benefits of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors embedded into a fibrin scaffold. J Heart Lung Transplant 2014; 34:1198-207. [PMID: 25534019 DOI: 10.1016/j.healun.2014.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac-committed cells and biomimetic scaffolds independently improve the therapeutic efficacy of stem cells. In this study we tested the long-term effects of their combination. METHODS Eighty immune-deficient rats underwent permanent coronary artery ligation. Five to 7 weeks later, those with an echocardiographically measured ejection fraction (EF) ≤55% were re-operated on and randomly allocated to receive a cell-free fibrin patch (n = 25), a fibrin patch loaded with 700,000 human embryonic stem cells (ESC) pre-treated to promote early cardiac differentiation (SSEA-1(+) progenitors [n = 30]), or to serve as sham-operated animals (n = 25). Left ventricular function was assessed by echocardiography at baseline and every month thereafter until 4 months. Hearts were then processed for assessment of fibrosis and angiogenesis and a 5-component heart failure score was constructed by integrating the absolute change in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) between 4 months and baseline, and the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based expression of natriuretic peptides A and B, myosin heavy chain 7 and periostin. All data were recorded and analyzed in a blinded manner. RESULTS The cell-treated group consistently yielded better functional outcomes than the sham-operated group (p = 0.002 for EF; p = 0.01 for LVESV). Angiogenesis in the border zone was also significantly greater in the cell-fibrin group (p = 0.006), which yielded the lowest heart failure score (p = 0.04 vs sham). Engrafted progenitors were only detected shortly after transplantation; no grafted cells were identified after 4 months. There was no teratoma identified. CONCLUSIONS A fibrin scaffold loaded with ESC-derived cardiac progenitors resulted in sustained improvement in contractility and attenuation of remodeling without sustained donor cell engraftment. A paracrine effect, possibly on innate reparative responses, is a possible mechanism for this enduring effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bellamy
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Vanneaux
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Cell Therapy Unit and Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapies (CBT501), INSERM UMR1160, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Alain Bel
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Hany Nemetalla
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Solène Emmanuelle Boitard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Yohan Farouz
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Joanne
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | | | - Estelle Robidel
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Chantal Mandet
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Albert Hagège
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiology, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Pathology, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Cell Therapy Unit and Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapies (CBT501), INSERM UMR1160, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, IBPS, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Menasché
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Université Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
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256
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Menasché P. How Close Are We to Using Stem Cells in Routine Cardiac Therapy? Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1265-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 03/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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257
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Senyo SE, Lee RT, Kühn B. Cardiac regeneration based on mechanisms of cardiomyocyte proliferation and differentiation. Stem Cell Res 2014; 13:532-41. [PMID: 25306390 PMCID: PMC4435693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiomyocyte proliferation and progenitor differentiation are endogenous mechanisms of myocardial development. Cardiomyocytes continue to proliferate in mammals for part of post-natal development. In adult mammals under homeostatic conditions, cardiomyocytes proliferate at an extremely low rate. Because the mechanisms of cardiomyocyte generation provide potential targets for stimulating myocardial regeneration, a deep understanding is required for developing such strategies. We will discuss approaches for examining cardiomyocyte regeneration, review the specific advantages, challenges, and controversies, and recommend approaches for interpretation of results. We will also draw parallels between developmental and regenerative principles of these mechanisms and how they could be targeted for treating heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel E Senyo
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Richard T Lee
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Brigham Regenerative Medicine Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Bernhard Kühn
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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258
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Prowse AB, Timmins NE, Yau TM, Li RK, Weisel RD, Keller G, Zandstra PW. Transforming the Promise of Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes to a Therapy: Challenges and Solutions for Clinical Trials. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1335-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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259
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Squiers JJ, Hutcheson KA, Thatcher JE, DiMaio JM. Cardiac stem cell therapy: checkered past, promising future? J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 148:3188-93. [PMID: 25433891 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- John J Squiers
- University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Tex
| | | | | | - J Michael DiMaio
- Spectral MD, Dallas, Tex; Baylor University Medical Center, Dallas, Tex.
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260
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Shapiro SD, Ranjan AK, Kawase Y, Cheng RK, Kara RJ, Bhattacharya R, Guzman-Martinez G, Sanz J, Garcia MJ, Chaudhry HW. Cyclin A2 induces cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction through cytokinesis of adult cardiomyocytes. Sci Transl Med 2014; 6:224ra27. [PMID: 24553388 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3007668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Cyclin A2 (Ccna2), normally silenced after birth in the mammalian heart, can induce cardiac repair in small-animal models of myocardial infarction. We report that delivery of the Ccna2 gene to infarcted porcine hearts invokes a regenerative response. We used a catheter-based approach to occlude the left anterior descending artery in swine, which resulted in substantial myocardial infarction. A week later, we performed left lateral thoracotomy and injected adenovirus carrying complementary DNA encoding CCNA2 or null adenovirus into peri-infarct myocardium. Six weeks after treatment, we assessed cardiac contractile function using multimodality imaging including magnetic resonance imaging, which demonstrated ~18% increase in ejection fraction of Ccna2-treated pigs and ~4% decrease in control pigs. Histologic studies demonstrate in vivo evidence of increased cardiomyocyte mitoses, increased cardiomyocyte number, and decreased fibrosis in the experimental pigs. Using time-lapse microscopic imaging of cultured adult porcine cardiomyocytes, we also show that Ccna2 elicits cytokinesis of adult porcine cardiomyocytes with preservation of sarcomeric structure. These data provide a compelling framework for the design and development of cardiac regenerative therapies based on cardiomyocyte cell cycle regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Shapiro
- Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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261
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Stuart MJ, Pattavilakom A. Clinically relevant aspects of stem cell technologies: current state of play. ANZ J Surg 2014; 85:615-9. [PMID: 25267417 DOI: 10.1111/ans.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of stem cell technologies and their potential applications in regenerative medicine have generated immense interest by both the lay public and clinicians. Unproven and unregulated cell-based therapies are commercially available both in Australia and internationally, and reports of patient uptake (stem cell tourism) and associated morbidity are increasingly frequent. Clinicians in all fields will require an enhanced understanding of the basic science principles and current state of play in regenerative medicine in order to effectively counsel patients regarding these therapies in the setting of both commercial ventures and clinical trials. This review aims to concisely highlight the key clinically pertinent features of these trials and briefly discuss the specific therapeutic potential, mechanism of action and risks associated with these variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Stuart
- Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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262
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Abstract
There have been substantial improvements made in the tools and techniques used since the advent of percutaneous coronary intervention. What was primarily developed as a treatment of coronary artery disease is now used to address a variety of structural heart disease problems. The outcomes have been remarkably successful with relatively low complication rates that rival the results of open-heart surgery. This article will review some of the new devices available for management of structural cardiac conditions including congenital defects and acquired valvular abnormalities. Transcatheter treatment offers advantages over surgical intervention in recovery time, improved patient satisfaction, lower procedural risk, and avoidance of cardio-pulmonary bypass especially in high-risk patients. We will discuss different medical conditions and introduce the devices used to treat these conditions. Each device or technique has benefits and risks, and familiarity with the devices along with patient selection will best optimize the outcome.
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263
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Rando TA, Wyss-Coray T. Stem cells as vehicles for youthful regeneration of aged tissues. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2014; 69 Suppl 1:S39-42. [PMID: 24833585 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glu043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells hold great promise for regenerative therapies for a wide spectrum of diseases and disorders of aging by virtue of their ability to regenerate tissues and contribute to their homeostasis. Aging is associated with a marked decline in these functionalities of adult stem cells. As such, regeneration of aged tissues is both less efficient and less effective than that of young tissues. Recent studies have revealed the remarkably dynamic responses of stem cells to systemic signals, including the ability of "youthful" factors in the blood of young animals to enhance the functionality of aged stem cells. Thus, there is much hope that even aged stem cells retain a remarkable regenerative potential if provided with the correct cues and environment to engage in tissue repair. The overall focus of the presentations of this session is to address the determinants of changes in stem cell functionality with age, the key characteristics of stem cells in aged tissues, the extent to which those characteristics are capable of being rejuvenated and by what signals, and the potential for stem cell therapeutics for chronic diseases and acute injuries in aged individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Rando
- Paul F. Glenn Laboratories for the Biology of Aging and Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, California. Rehabilitation R&D Program, REAP, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.
| | - Tony Wyss-Coray
- Rehabilitation R&D Program, REAP, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California. Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, California
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264
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Barad L, Schick R, Zeevi-Levin N, Itskovitz-Eldor J, Binah O. Human embryonic stem cells vs human induced pluripotent stem cells for cardiac repair. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1279-87. [PMID: 25442431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Revised: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have the capacity to differentiate into any specialized cell type, including cardiomyocytes. Therefore, hESC-derived and hiPSC-derived cardiomyocytes (hESC-CMs and hiPSC-CMs, respectively) offer great potential for cardiac regenerative medicine. Unlike some organs, the heart has a limited ability to regenerate, and dysfunction resulting from significant cardiomyocyte loss under pathophysiological conditions, such as myocardial infarction (MI), can lead to heart failure. Unfortunately, for patients with end-stage heart failure, heart transplantation remains the main alternative, and it is insufficient, mainly because of the limited availability of donor organs. Although left ventricular assist devices are progressively entering clinical practice as a bridge to transplantation and even as an optional therapy, cell replacement therapy presents a plausible alternative to donor organ transplantation. During the past decade, multiple candidate cells were proposed for cardiac regeneration, and their mechanisms of action in the myocardium have been explored. The purpose of this article is to critically review the comprehensive research involving the use of hESCs and hiPSCs in MI models and to discuss current controversies, unresolved issues, challenges, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Barad
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Revital Schick
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Naama Zeevi-Levin
- Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor
- The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Sohnis and Forman Families Stem Cell Center, Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ofer Binah
- Department of Physiology, Technion, Haifa, Israel; The Rappaport Family Institute, Technion, Haifa, Israel; Ruth and Bruce Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Haifa, Israel.
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265
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Souza BSDF, Azevedo CM, d Lima RS, Kaneto CM, Vasconcelos JF, Guimarães ET, dos Santos RR, Soares MBP. Bone marrow cells migrate to the heart and skeletal muscle and participate in tissue repair after Trypanosoma cruzi infection in mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:321-9. [PMID: 24976301 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection by Trypanosoma cruzi, the aetiological agent of Chagas disease, causes an intense inflammatory reaction in several tissues, including the myocardium. We have previously shown that transplantation of bone marrow cells (BMC) ameliorates the myocarditis in a mouse model of chronic Chagas disease. We investigated the participation of BMC in lesion repair in the heart and skeletal muscle, caused by T. cruzi infection in mice. Infection with a myotropic T. cruzi strain induced an increase in the percentage of stem cells and monocytes in the peripheral blood, as well as in gene expression of chemokines SDF-1, MCP1, 2, and 3 in the heart and skeletal muscle. To investigate the fate of BMC within the damaged tissue, chimeric mice were generated by syngeneic transplantation of green fluorescent protein (GFP(+) ) BMC into lethally irradiated mice and infected with Trypanosoma cruzi. Migration of GFP(+) BMC to the heart and skeletal muscle was observed during and after the acute phase of infection. GFP(+) cardiomyocytes and endothelial cells were present in heart sections of chimeric chagasic mice. GFP(+) myofibres were observed in the skeletal muscle of chimeric mice at different time points following infection. In conclusion, BMC migrate and contribute to the formation of new resident cells in the heart and skeletal muscle, which can be detected both during the acute and the chronic phase of infection. These findings reinforce the role of BMC in tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno S d F Souza
- Centro de Pesquisas Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia e Terapia Celular, Hospital São Rafael, Salvador, Brazil
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266
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Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cell differentiation toward myogenic lineages: facts and perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:762695. [PMID: 25054145 PMCID: PMC4099119 DOI: 10.1155/2014/762695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) are valuable platforms for new therapies based on regenerative medicine. BM-MSCs era is coming of age since the potential of these cells is increasingly demonstrated. In fact, these cells give origin to osteoblasts, chondroblasts, and adipocyte precursors in vitro, and they can also differentiate versus other mesodermal cell types like skeletal muscle precursors and cardiomyocytes. In our short review, we focus on the more recent manipulations of BM-MSCs toward skeletal and heart muscle differentiation, a growing field of obvious relevance considering the toll of muscle disease (i.e., muscular dystrophies), the heavier toll of heart disease in developed countries, and the still not completely understood mechanisms of muscle differentiation and repair.
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267
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Hesse M, Fleischmann BK, Kotlikoff MI. Concise Review: The Role of C-kit Expressing Cells in Heart Repair at the Neonatal and Adult Stage. Stem Cells 2014; 32:1701-12. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Hesse
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Bernd K. Fleischmann
- Institute of Physiology 1, Life and Brain Center; University of Bonn; Bonn Germany
| | - Michael I. Kotlikoff
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine; Cornell University; Ithaca New York USA
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268
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Cardiac myocyte proliferation: not as simple as counting sheep. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 74:125-6. [PMID: 24839912 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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269
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Menasché P, Vanneaux V, Fabreguettes JR, Bel A, Tosca L, Garcia S, Bellamy V, Farouz Y, Pouly J, Damour O, Périer MC, Desnos M, Hagège A, Agbulut O, Bruneval P, Tachdjian G, Trouvin JH, Larghero J. Towards a clinical use of human embryonic stem cell-derived cardiac progenitors: a translational experience. Eur Heart J 2014; 36:743-50. [PMID: 24835485 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM There is now compelling evidence that cells committed to a cardiac lineage are most effective for improving the function of infarcted hearts. This has been confirmed by our pre-clinical studies entailing transplantation of human embryonic stem cell (hESC)-derived cardiac progenitors in rat and non-human primate models of myocardial infarction. These data have paved the way for a translational programme aimed at a phase I clinical trial. METHODS AND RESULTS The main steps of this programme have included (i) the expansion of a clone of pluripotent hESC to generate a master cell bank under good manufacturing practice conditions (GMP); (ii) a growth factor-induced cardiac specification; (iii) the purification of committed cells by immunomagnetic sorting to yield a stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA)-1-positive cell population strongly expressing the early cardiac transcription factor Isl-1; (iv) the incorporation of these cells into a fibrin scaffold; (v) a safety assessment focused on the loss of teratoma-forming cells by in vitro (transcriptomics) and in vivo (cell injections in immunodeficient mice) measurements; (vi) an extensive cytogenetic and viral testing; and (vii) the characterization of the final cell product and its release criteria. The data collected throughout this process have led to approval by the French regulatory authorities for a first-in-man clinical trial of transplantation of these SSEA-1(+) progenitors in patients with severely impaired cardiac function. CONCLUSION Although several facets of this manufacturing process still need to be improved, these data may yet provide a useful platform for the production of hESC-derived cardiac progenitor cells under safe and cost-effective GMP conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Menasché
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Vanneaux
- Cell Therapy Unit and Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapies (CBT501), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Roch Fabreguettes
- Central Pharmacy, Clinical Trials Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Alain Bel
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Lucie Tosca
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Sud, Histology-Embryology-Cytogenetics, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Clamart 92141, France
| | - Sylvie Garcia
- Unité de Biologie des Populations Lymphocytaires, Department of Immunology, Institut Pasteur, CNRS-URA 1961, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Bellamy
- INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Yohan Farouz
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Julia Pouly
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, 20, rue Leblanc, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Odile Damour
- Tissues and Cells Bank, Edouard Herriot Hospital, Lyon, France
| | | | - Michel Desnos
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France Department of Cardiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Albert Hagège
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France Department of Cardiology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Onnik Agbulut
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8256, Biological Adaptation and Ageing, Paris, France
| | - Patrick Bruneval
- University Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM U970, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France Department of Pathology, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
| | - Gérard Tachdjian
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University Paris Sud, Histology-Embryology-Cytogenetics, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Clamart 92141, France
| | - Jean-Hugues Trouvin
- School of Pharmacy, University Paris Descartes, Paris, France Central Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Innovation Department, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Larghero
- Cell Therapy Unit and Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapies (CBT501), Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France University Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris F-75475, France INSERM UMRS1160, Institut Universitaire d'Hématologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
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270
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Ting S, Liew SJ, Japson F, Shang F, Chong WK, Reuveny S, Tham JY, Li X, Oh S. Time‐resolved video analysis and management system for monitoring cardiomyocyte differentiation processes and toxicology assays. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:675-83. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Ting
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Seaw Jia Liew
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Francis Japson
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Fuchun Shang
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Wee Keat Chong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Jo Yew Tham
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Xiang Li
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
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271
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Malliaras K, Ibrahim A, Tseliou E, Liu W, Sun B, Middleton RC, Seinfeld J, Wang L, Sharifi BG, Marbán E. Stimulation of endogenous cardioblasts by exogenous cell therapy after myocardial infarction. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:760-77. [PMID: 24797668 PMCID: PMC4203354 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201303626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Controversy surrounds the identity, origin, and physiologic role of endogenous cardiomyocyte progenitors in adult mammals. Using an inducible genetic labeling approach to identify small non-myocyte cells expressing cardiac markers, we find that activated endogenous cardioblasts are rarely evident in the normal adult mouse heart. However, myocardial infarction results in significant cardioblast activation at the site of injury. Genetically labeled isolated cardioblasts express cardiac transcription factors and sarcomeric proteins, exhibit spontaneous contractions, and form mature cardiomyocytes in vivo after injection into unlabeled recipient hearts. The activated cardioblasts do not arise from hematogenous seeding, cardiomyocyte dedifferentiation, or mere expansion of a preformed progenitor pool. Cell therapy with cardiosphere-derived cells amplifies innate cardioblast-mediated tissue regeneration, in part through the secretion of stromal cell-derived factor 1 by transplanted cells. Thus, stimulation of endogenous cardioblasts by exogenous cells mediates therapeutic regeneration of injured myocardium.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weixin Liu
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Baiming Sun
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Lai Wang
- Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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272
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Andersen DC, Ganesalingam S, Jensen CH, Sheikh SP. Do neonatal mouse hearts regenerate following heart apex resection? Stem Cell Reports 2014; 2:406-13. [PMID: 24749066 PMCID: PMC3986579 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2014.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian heart has generally been considered nonregenerative, but recent progress suggests that neonatal mouse hearts have a genuine capacity to regenerate following apex resection (AR). However, in this study, we performed AR or sham surgery on 400 neonatal mice from inbred and outbred strains and found no evidence of complete regeneration. Ideally, new functional cardiomyocytes, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells should be formed in the necrotic area of the damaged heart. Here, damaged hearts were 9.8% shorter and weighed 14% less than sham controls. In addition, the resection border contained a massive fibrotic scar mainly composed of nonmyocytes and collagen disposition. Furthermore, there was a substantial reduction in the number of proliferating cardiomyocytes in AR hearts. Our results thus question the usefulness of the AR model for identifying molecular mechanisms underlying regeneration of the adult heart after damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ditte Caroline Andersen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 , 5000 Odense C, Denmark ; Clinical Institute, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Suganya Ganesalingam
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 , 5000 Odense C, Denmark ; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Harken Jensen
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 , 5000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Søren Paludan Sheikh
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Odense University Hospital, Winsloewparken 21 , 5000 Odense C, Denmark ; Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense C, Denmark
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273
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Budniatzky I, Gepstein L. Concise review: reprogramming strategies for cardiovascular regenerative medicine: from induced pluripotent stem cells to direct reprogramming. Stem Cells Transl Med 2014; 3:448-57. [PMID: 24591731 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2013-0163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Myocardial cell-replacement therapies are emerging as novel therapeutic paradigms for myocardial repair but are hampered by the lack of sources of autologous human cardiomyocytes. The recent advances in stem cell biology and in transcription factor-based reprogramming strategies may provide exciting solutions to this problem. In the current review, we describe the different reprogramming strategies that can give rise to cardiomyocytes for regenerative medicine purposes. Initially, we describe induced pluripotent stem cell technology, a method by which adult somatic cells can be reprogrammed to yield pluripotent stem cells that could later be coaxed ex vivo to differentiate into cardiomyocytes. The generated induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes could then be used for myocardial cell transplantation and tissue engineering strategies. We also describe the more recent direct reprogramming approaches that aim to directly convert the phenotype of one mature cell type (fibroblast) to another (cardiomyocyte) without going through a pluripotent intermediate cell type. The advantages and shortcomings of each strategy for cardiac regeneration are discussed, along with the hurdles that need to be overcome on the road to clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbar Budniatzky
- Sohnis Research Laboratory for Cardiac Electrophysiology and Regenerative Medicine and Cardiology Department, Rambam Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine and Research Institute, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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274
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Troncoso R, Ibarra C, Vicencio JM, Jaimovich E, Lavandero S. New insights into IGF-1 signaling in the heart. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2014; 25:128-37. [PMID: 24380833 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) signaling regulates contractility, metabolism, hypertrophy, autophagy, senescence, and apoptosis in the heart. IGF-1 deficiency is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease, whereas cardiac activation of IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) protects from the detrimental effects of a high-fat diet and myocardial infarction. IGF-1R activates multiple pathways through its intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity and through coupling to heterotrimeric G protein. These pathways involve classic second messengers, phosphorylation cascades, lipid signaling, Ca(2+) transients, and gene expression. In addition, IGF-1R triggers signaling in different subcellular locations including the plasma membrane, perinuclear T tubules, and also in internalized vesicles. In this review, we provide a fresh and updated view of the complex IGF-1 scenario in the heart, including a critical focus on therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Troncoso
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile
| | - Cristián Ibarra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | - Enrique Jaimovich
- Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile
| | - Sergio Lavandero
- Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Centro de Estudios Moleculares de la Célula, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas y Farmaceuticas & Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 838049, Chile; Department of Internal Medicine (Cardiology Division), University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, 75390-8573, USA.
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275
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Ifkovits JL, Addis RC, Epstein JA, Gearhart JD. Inhibition of TGFβ signaling increases direct conversion of fibroblasts to induced cardiomyocytes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89678. [PMID: 24586958 PMCID: PMC3935923 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have been successful at utilizing ectopic expression of transcription factors to generate induced cardiomyocytes (iCMs) from fibroblasts, albeit at a low frequency in vitro. This work investigates the influence of small molecules that have been previously reported to improve differentiation to cardiomyocytes as well as reprogramming to iPSCs in conjunction with ectopic expression of the transcription factors Hand2, Nkx2.5, Gata4, Mef2C, and Tbx5 on the conversion to functional iCMs. We utilized a reporter system in which the calcium indicator GCaMP is driven by the cardiac Troponin T promoter to quantify iCM yield. The TGFβ inhibitor, SB431542 (SB), was identified as a small molecule capable of increasing the conversion of both mouse embryonic fibroblasts and adult cardiac fibroblasts to iCMs up to ∼5 fold. Further characterization revealed that inhibition of TGFβ by SB early in the reprogramming process led to the greatest increase in conversion of fibroblasts to iCMs in a dose-responsive manner. Global transcriptional analysis at Day 3 post-induction of the transcription factors revealed an increased expression of genes associated with the development of cardiac muscle in the presence of SB compared to the vehicle control. Incorporation of SB in the reprogramming process increases the efficiency of iCM generation, one of the major goals necessary to enable the use of iCMs for discovery-based applications and for the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L. Ifkovits
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLI); (JDG)
| | - Russell C. Addis
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jonathan A. Epstein
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John D. Gearhart
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JLI); (JDG)
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276
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Effects of cannabinoid receptor type 2 on endogenous myocardial regeneration by activating cardiac progenitor cells in mouse infarcted heart. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:201-8. [PMID: 24430557 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4604-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2) activation is recently reported to promote proliferation of some types of resident stem cells (e.g., hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell or neural progenitor cell). Resident cardiac progenitor cell (CPC) activation and proliferation are crucial for endogenous cardiac regeneration and cardiac repair after myocardial infarction (MI). This study aims to explore the role and possible mechanisms of CB2 receptor activation in enhancing myocardial repair. Our results revealed that CB2 receptor agonist AM1241 can significantly increase CPCs by c-kit and Runx1 staining in ischemic myocardium as well as improve cardiomyocyte proliferation. AM1241 also decreased serum levels of MDA, TNF-α and IL-6 after MI. In addition, AM1241 can ameliorate left ventricular ejection fraction and fractional shortening, and reduce fibrosis. Moreover, AM1241 treatment markedly increased p-Akt and HO-1 expression, and promoted Nrf-2 nuclear translocation. However, PI3K inhibitor wortmannin eliminated these cardioprotective roles of AM1241. In conclusion, AM1241 could induce myocardial regeneration and improve cardiac function, which might be associated with PI3K/Akt/Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Our findings may provide a promising strategy for cardiac endogenous regeneration after MI.
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277
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Considerations for pre-clinical models and clinical trials of pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes. Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:1. [PMID: 24405778 PMCID: PMC4055070 DOI: 10.1186/scrt390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) represent an appealing source from which to develop cell replacement therapies. Different initiatives have been launched to promote their development toward clinical applications. This article will review the main questions that should be considered before translating PSC-derived cardiomyocytes into clinical investigations, including the development of good manufacturing practice-level PSC lines, the development of efficient protocols to generate pure populations of cardiac myocytes, and the development of techniques to improve the retention and survival rate of transplanted cells.
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278
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Liao SY, Tse HF. Multipotent (adult) and pluripotent stem cells for heart regeneration: what are the pros and cons? Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:151. [PMID: 24476362 PMCID: PMC4056686 DOI: 10.1186/scrt381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure after myocardial infarction is the leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Existing medical and interventional therapies can only reduce the loss of cardiomyocytes during myocardial infarction but are unable to replenish the permanent loss of cardiomyocytes after the insult, which contributes to progressive pathological left ventricular remodeling and progressive heart failure. As a result, cell-based therapies using multipotent (adult) stem cells and pluripotent stem cells (embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells) have been explored as potential therapeutic approaches to restore cardiac function in heart failure. Nevertheless, the optimal cell type with the best therapeutic efficacy and safety for heart regeneration is still unknown. In this review, the potential pros and cons of different types of multipotent (adult) stem cells and pluripotent stem cells that have been investigated in preclinical and clinical studies are reviewed, and the future perspective of stem cell-based therapy for heart regeneration is discussed.
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279
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Research Spotlight: Functionalized nanoparticles for future cardiovascular medicine. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:1353-7. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.13.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
All research investment has the goal of improving quality of life and health status. In recent years, the emerging technologies in nanomedicine research provide us a new frontier in the fight against human disease. By taking advantage of the unique physicochemical properties of nanoparticles (NPs), nanomedicine where drugs are blended into nanomaterials readily offers a wide range of applications in the tracing, diagnosis and treatment of disease. Although the application of therapeutic NPs is predominantly for cancer treatment, growing evidence has demonstrated the feasibility and potency of utilizing NPs for cardiovascular disease therapy. However, more consideration is required in this aspect due to limitations such as unfavorable particle retention in the contractile heart and the lack of cardiomyocyte markers for targeting.
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280
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Malliaras K, Terrovitis J. Cardiomyocyte proliferation vs progenitor cells in myocardial regeneration: The debate continues. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2013; 2013:303-15. [PMID: 24689031 PMCID: PMC3963760 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2013.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, several landmark studies have provided compelling evidence that cardiomyogenesis occurs in the adult mammalian heart. However, the rate of new cardiomyocyte formation is inadequate for complete restoration of the normal mass of myocardial tissue, should a significant myocardial injury occur, such as myocardial infarction. The cellular origin of postnatal cardiomyogenesis in mammals remains a controversial issue and two mechanisms seem to be participating, proliferation of pre-existing cardiomyocytes and myogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. We will discuss the relative importance of these two processes in different settings, such as normal ageing and post-myocardial injury, as well as the strengths and limitations of the existing experimental methodologies used in the relevant studies. Further clarification of the mechanisms underlying cardiomyogenesis in mammals will open the way for their therapeutic exploitation in the clinical field, with the scope of myocardial regeneration.
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281
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Zangi L, Lui KO, von Gise A, Ma Q, Ebina W, Ptaszek LM, Später D, Xu H, Tabebordbar M, Gorbatov R, Sena B, Nahrendorf M, Briscoe DM, Li RA, Wagers AJ, Rossi DJ, Pu WT, Chien KR. Modified mRNA directs the fate of heart progenitor cells and induces vascular regeneration after myocardial infarction. Nat Biotechnol 2013; 31:898-907. [PMID: 24013197 DOI: 10.1038/nbt.2682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In a cell-free approach to regenerative therapeutics, transient application of paracrine factors in vivo could be used to alter the behavior and fate of progenitor cells to achieve sustained clinical benefits. Here we show that intramyocardial injection of synthetic modified RNA (modRNA) encoding human vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) results in the expansion and directed differentiation of endogenous heart progenitors in a mouse myocardial infarction model. VEGF-A modRNA markedly improved heart function and enhanced long-term survival of recipients. This improvement was in part due to mobilization of epicardial progenitor cells and redirection of their differentiation toward cardiovascular cell types. Direct in vivo comparison with DNA vectors and temporal control with VEGF inhibitors revealed the greatly increased efficacy of pulse-like delivery of VEGF-A. Our results suggest that modRNA is a versatile approach for expressing paracrine factors as cell fate switches to control progenitor cell fate and thereby enhance long-term organ repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lior Zangi
- 1] Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [2] Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [3] Department of Cardiology, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [4] Immune Disease Institute and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital Boston, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. [5] Boston and Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA. [6]
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