251
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Unruh KE, Martin LE, Magnon G, Vaillancourt DE, Sweeney JA, Mosconi MW. Cortical and subcortical alterations associated with precision visuomotor behavior in individuals with autism spectrum disorder. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:1330-1341. [PMID: 31314644 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00286.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to core deficits in social-communication abilities and repetitive behaviors and interests, many patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) experience developmental comorbidities, including sensorimotor issues. Sensorimotor issues are common in ASD and associated with more severe clinical symptoms. Importantly, sensorimotor behaviors are precisely quantifiable and highly translational, offering promising targets for neurophysiological studies of ASD. We used functional MRI to identify brain regions associated with sensorimotor behavior using a visually guided precision gripping task in individuals with ASD (n = 20) and age-, IQ-, and handedness-matched controls (n = 18). During visuomotor behavior, individuals with ASD showed greater force variability than controls. The blood oxygen level-dependent signal for multiple cortical and subcortical regions was associated with force variability, including motor and premotor cortex, posterior parietal cortex, extrastriate cortex, putamen, and cerebellum. Activation in the right premotor cortex scaled with sensorimotor variability in controls but not in ASD. Individuals with ASD showed greater activation than controls in left putamen and left cerebellar lobule VIIb, and activation in these regions was associated with more severe clinically rated symptoms of ASD. Together, these results suggest that greater sensorimotor variability in ASD is associated with altered cortical-striatal processes supporting action selection and cortical-cerebellar circuits involved in feedback-guided reactive adjustments of motor output. Our findings also indicate that atypical organization of visuomotor cortical circuits may result in heightened reliance on subcortical circuits typically dedicated to motor skill acquisition. Overall, these results provide new evidence that sensorimotor alterations in ASD involve aberrant cortical and subcortical organization that may contribute to key clinical issues in patients.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first known study to examine functional brain activation during precision visuomotor behavior in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We replicate previous findings of elevated force variability in ASD and find these deficits are associated with atypical function of ventral premotor cortex, putamen, and posterolateral cerebellum, indicating cortical-striatal processes supporting action selection and cortical-cerebellar circuits involved in feedback-guided reactive adjustments of motor output may be key targets for understanding the neurobiology of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Unruh
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Laura E Martin
- Hoglund Brain Imaging Center and Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Grant Magnon
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies and Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas.,Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training, University of Kansas Medical School, Kansas City, Kansas
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252
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Thomasson M, Saj A, Benis D, Grandjean D, Assal F, Péron J. Cerebellar contribution to vocal emotion decoding: Insights from stroke and neuroimaging. Neuropsychologia 2019; 132:107141. [PMID: 31306617 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.107141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
While the role of the cerebellum in emotion recognition has been explored with facial expressions, its involvement in the auditory modality (i.e., emotional prosody) remains to be demonstrated. The present study investigated the recognition of emotional prosody in 15 patients with chronic cerebellar ischaemic stroke and 15 matched healthy controls, using a validated task, as well as clinical, motor, neuropsychological, and psychiatric assessments. We explored the cerebellar lesion-behaviour relationship using voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Results showed a significant difference between the stroke and healthy control groups, with patients giving erroneous ratings on the Surprise scale when they listened to fearful stimuli. Moreover, voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping revealed that these emotional misattributions correlated with lesions in right Lobules VIIb, VIIIa,b and IX. Interestingly, the posterior cerebellum has previously been found to be involved in affective processing, and Lobule VIIb in rhythm discrimination. These results point to the cerebellum's functional involvement in vocal emotion decoding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Thomasson
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Saj
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Department of Psychology, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Damien Benis
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Didier Grandjean
- Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Assal
- Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Julie Péron
- Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Neuroscience of Emotion and Affective Dynamics Laboratory, Department of Psychology and Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland; Cognitive Neurology Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.
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253
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Picelli A, Brugnera A, Filippetti M, Mattiuz N, Chemello E, Modenese A, Gandolfi M, Waldner A, Saltuari L, Smania N. Effects of two different protocols of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic supratentorial stroke: A single blind, randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2019; 37:97-107. [PMID: 30958319 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-180895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neural organization of locomotion involves motor patterns generated by spinal interneuronal networks and supraspinal structures, which are approachable by noninvasive stimulation techniques. Recent evidences supported the hypothesis that transcranial direct current stimulation (combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation) may actually enhance the effects of robot-assisted gait training in chronic stroke patients. The cerebellum has many connections to interact with neocortical areas and may provide some peculiar plasticity mechanisms. So, it has been proposed as "non-lesioned entry" to the motor or cognitive system for the application of noninvasive stimulation techniques in patients with supratentorial stroke. OBJECTIVE To compare the effects of two different protocols of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robotic gait training in patients with chronic supratentorial stroke. METHODS Forty patients with chronic supratentorial stroke were randomly assigned into two groups. All patients received ten, 20-minute robotic gait training sessions, five days a week, for two consecutive weeks. Group 1 underwent cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in combination with robotic training. Group 2 underwent cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the ipsilesional cerebellar hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation in combination with robotic training. The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk test performed before, after, and at follow-up at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS No significant difference in the 6-minute walk test between groups was found at the first post-treatment evaluation (P = 0.976), as well as at the 2-week (P = 0.178) and the 4-week (P = 0.069) follow-up evaluations. Both groups showed significant within-group improvements in the 6-minute walk test at all time points.∥Conclusions: Our findings support the hypothesis that cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional or ipsilesional cerebellar hemisphere in combination with cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation may lead to similar effects on robotic gait training in chronic supratentorial stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Picelli
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Brugnera
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Nicola Mattiuz
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Chemello
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Angela Modenese
- Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Gandolfi
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andreas Waldner
- Villa Melitta Rehabilitation Clinic, Bolzano, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Italy.,Department of Neurosciences, Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Hung CC, Zhang S, Chen CM, Duann JR, Lin CP, Lee TSH, Li CSR. Striatal functional connectivity in chronic ketamine users: a pilot study. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2019; 46:31-43. [DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2019.1624764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chun Hung
- Bali Psychiatric Center, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chun-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Ren Duann
- Department of Radiology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Institute for Neural Computation, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ching-Po Lin
- Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tony Szu-Hsien Lee
- Department of Health Promotion and Health Education, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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255
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Casquero-Veiga M, García-García D, MacDowell KS, Pérez-Caballero L, Torres-Sánchez S, Fraguas D, Berrocoso E, Leza JC, Arango C, Desco M, Soto-Montenegro ML. Risperidone administered during adolescence induced metabolic, anatomical and inflammatory/oxidative changes in adult brain: A PET and MRI study in the maternal immune stimulation animal model. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:880-896. [PMID: 31229322 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation and oxidative stress (IOS) are considered key pathophysiological elements in the development of mental disorders. Recent studies demonstrated that the antipsychotic risperidone elicits an antiinflammatory effect in the brain. We administered risperidone for 2-weeks at adolescence to assess its role in preventing brain-related IOS changes in the maternal immune stimulation (MIS) model at adulthood. We also investigated the development of volumetric and neurotrophic abnormalities in areas related to the HPA-axis. Poly I:C (MIS) or saline (Sal) were injected into pregnant Wistar rats on GD15. Male offspring received risperidone or vehicle daily from PND35-PND49. We studied 4 groups (8-15 animals/group): Sal-vehicle, MIS-vehicle, Sal-risperidone and MIS-risperidone. [18F]FDG-PET and MRI studies were performed at adulthood and analyzed using SPM12 software. IOS and neurotrophic markers were measured using WB and ELISA assays in brain tissue. Risperidone elicited a protective function of schizophrenia-related IOS deficits. In particular, risperidone elicited the following effects: reduced volume in the ventricles and the pituitary gland; reduced glucose metabolism in the cerebellum, periaqueductal gray matter, and parietal cortex; higher FDG uptake in the cingulate cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and brainstem; reduced NFκB activity and iNOS expression; and increased enzymatic activity of CAT and SOD in some brain areas. Our study suggests that some schizophrenia-related IOS changes can be prevented in the MIS model. It also stresses the need to search for novel strategies based on anti-inflammatory compounds in risk populations at early stages in order to alter the course of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Casquero-Veiga
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David García-García
- Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain; Facultad de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Isabel I, Burgos, Spain
| | - Karina S MacDowell
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Pérez-Caballero
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Sonia Torres-Sánchez
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Universidad de Cádiz, Cádiz, Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Berrocoso
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology & Psychobiology Research Group, Psychobiology Area, Department of Psychology, Universidad de Cádiz, Puerto Real (Cádiz), Spain; Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Ciencias Biomédicas de Cádiz, INiBICA, Hospital Universitario Puerta del Mar, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Juan C Leza
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), IIS Imas12, IUIN, Madrid, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - Manuel Desco
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; Department of Bioengineering and Aerospace Engineering, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Leganés, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, CNIC, Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Luisa Soto-Montenegro
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain; CIBER de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
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256
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Zhu H, Wang W, Li H, Chen K, Li P, Li X, Zhang J, Wei D, Chen Y. Basal Ganglia-Cortical Circuit Disruption in Subcortical Silent Lacunar Infarcts. Front Neurol 2019; 10:660. [PMID: 31293502 PMCID: PMC6603169 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate the alterations of basal ganglia (BG)-cortical structural and functional connectivity induced by subcortical silent lacunar infarct (SLI), and their associations with cognitive impairment in SLI subjects. All participants were recruited from communities, including 30 subcortical SLIs and 30 age-, gender-, and education-matched healthy controls. The structural and functional connectivity of BG-cortical circuits using diffusion and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data were obtained. Diffusion abnormalities of the white matter tracts connecting the BG and cortical areas were observed in SLI subjects, including the BG-lateral frontal, BG-orbital frontal, and BG-insula tracts. Multiple regions showed a reduced BG-cortical functional connectivity in SLI patients, including direct connectivities with the BG, such as the BG-limbic, BG-insula, and BG-frontal connectivities, and others that showed no direct causation with the BG, such as the insula-limbic, insula-parietal, and frontal-parietal connectivities. Coupling of structural and functional BG-cortical connectivity was observed in healthy controls but not in SLI patients. Significant correlations between structural and functional BG-cortical connectivity and cognitive performance were demonstrated in SLI patients, indicating the potential use of BG-cortical connectivities as MRI biomarkers to assess cognitive impairment. These findings suggest that subcortical SLIs can impair BG-cortical circuits, and these changes may be the pathological basis of cognitive impairment in SLI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Zhu
- Institute for Cardiovascular Disease, Dongzhimen Hospital Affiliated to Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - He Li
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kewei Chen
- Computational Image Analysis Lab, Banner Alzheimer's Institute, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Peng Li
- The Laboratory Research Center of Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dongfeng Wei
- BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,Institute of Basic Research in Clinical Medicine, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yaojing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.,BABRI Centre, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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257
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Wichmann T. Changing views of the pathophysiology of Parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2019; 34:1130-1143. [PMID: 31216379 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies of the pathophysiology of parkinsonism (specifically akinesia and bradykinesia) have a long history and primarily model the consequences of dopamine loss in the basal ganglia on the function of the basal ganglia/thalamocortical circuit(s). Changes of firing rates of individual nodes within these circuits were originally considered central to parkinsonism. However, this view has now given way to the belief that changes in firing patterns within the basal ganglia and related nuclei are more important, including the emergence of burst discharges, greater synchrony of firing between neighboring neurons, oscillatory activity patterns, and the excessive coupling of oscillatory activities at different frequencies. Primarily focusing on studies obtained in nonhuman primates and human patients with Parkinson's disease, this review summarizes the current state of this field and highlights several emerging areas of research, including studies of the impact of the heterogeneity of external pallidal neurons on parkinsonism, the importance of extrastriatal dopamine loss, parkinsonism-associated synaptic and morphologic plasticity, and the potential role(s) of the cerebellum and brainstem in the motor dysfunction of Parkinson's disease. © 2019 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology/School of Medicine and Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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258
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Low AYT, Thanawalla AR, Yip AKK, Kim J, Wong KLL, Tantra M, Augustine GJ, Chen AI. Precision of Discrete and Rhythmic Forelimb Movements Requires a Distinct Neuronal Subpopulation in the Interposed Anterior Nucleus. Cell Rep 2019; 22:2322-2333. [PMID: 29490269 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) represent output channels of the cerebellum, and they transmit integrated sensorimotor signals to modulate limb movements. But the functional relevance of identifiable neuronal subpopulations within the DCN remains unclear. Here, we examine a genetically tractable population of neurons in the mouse interposed anterior nucleus (IntA). We show that these neurons represent a subset of glutamatergic neurons in the IntA and constitute a specific element of an internal feedback circuit within the cerebellar cortex and cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway associated with limb control. Ablation and optogenetic stimulation of these neurons disrupt efficacy of skilled reach and locomotor movement and reveal that they control positioning and timing of the forelimb and hindlimb. Together, our findings uncover the function of a distinct neuronal subpopulation in the deep cerebellum and delineate the anatomical substrates and kinematic parameters through which it modulates precision of discrete and rhythmic limb movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aloysius Y T Low
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Singapore 637553, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ayesha R Thanawalla
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alaric K K Yip
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; NTU Institute for Health Technologies, Interdisciplinary Graduate School, Singapore 637553, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Jinsook Kim
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore 308232, Singapore
| | - Kelly L L Wong
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Martesa Tantra
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - George J Augustine
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, NTU, Singapore 308232, Singapore; A(∗)STAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore
| | - Albert I Chen
- Nanyang Technological University (NTU), School of Biological Sciences, Singapore 637551, Singapore; University of Warwick, School of Life Sciences, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK; A(∗)STAR, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Singapore 138673, Singapore.
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259
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Abstract
Supervised learning plays a key role in the operation of many biological and artificial neural networks. Analysis of the computations underlying supervised learning is facilitated by the relatively simple and uniform architecture of the cerebellum, a brain area that supports numerous motor, sensory, and cognitive functions. We highlight recent discoveries indicating that the cerebellum implements supervised learning using the following organizational principles: ( a) extensive preprocessing of input representations (i.e., feature engineering), ( b) massively recurrent circuit architecture, ( c) linear input-output computations, ( d) sophisticated instructive signals that can be regulated and are predictive, ( e) adaptive mechanisms of plasticity with multiple timescales, and ( f) task-specific hardware specializations. The principles emerging from studies of the cerebellum have striking parallels with those in other brain areas and in artificial neural networks, as well as some notable differences, which can inform future research on supervised learning and inspire next-generation machine-based algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California 94305, USA;
| | - Javier F Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas 77030, USA;
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260
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Cerebellar atrophy and its contribution to motor and cognitive performance in multiple system atrophy. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2019; 23:101891. [PMID: 31226621 PMCID: PMC6587071 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neuroanatomical differences in the cerebellum are among the most consistent findings in multiple system atrophy (MSA) patients. This study performed a detailed cerebellar morphology in MSA patients and its two subtypes: MSA-P (parkinson's symptoms predominate) and MSA-C (cerebellar symptoms predominant), and their relations to profiles of motor and cognitive deficits. Materials and methods Structure MRI data were acquired from 63 healthy controls and 61 MSA patients; voxel-based morphometry and the Spatially Unbiased Infratentorial Toolbox cerebellar atlas were performed to identify the cerebellar gray volume changes in MSA and its subtypes. Further, the gray matter changes were correlated with the clinical motor/cognitive scores. Results Patients with MSA exhibited widespread loss of cerebellar volume bilaterally, relative to healthy controls. In those with MSA-C, gray matter loss was detected from anterior (bilateral lobule IV-V) to posterior (bilateral crus I/II, bilateral lobule IX, left lobule VIII) cerebellar lobes. Lower anterior cerebellar volume negatively correlated with disease duration and motor performance, whereas posterior lobe integrity positively correlated with cognitive assessment. In patients with MSA-P, atrophy of anterior lobe (bilateral lobules IV-V) and posterior lobe in part (left lobule VI, bilateral IX) was evident; and in left cerebellar lobule IX, gray matter loss negatively correlated with motor scores. Direct comparison of MSA-P and MSA-C group outcomes showed divergence in right cerebellar crus II only. Conclusions Our data suggest that volumetric abnormalities of cerebellum contribute substantially to motor and cognitive performance in patients with MSA. In patients with MSA-P and MSA-C, affected regions of cerebellum differed. Cerebellum atrophy contributed substantially to motor and cognitive behavior in MSA. Lower cerebellum IV-V volume was correlated with MSA-C disease duration and severity Cerebellum atrophy in one side may imply symptoms onset on contralateral
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261
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Bonicalzi S, Haggard P. From Freedom From to Freedom To: New Perspectives on Intentional Action. Front Psychol 2019; 10:1193. [PMID: 31191396 PMCID: PMC6546819 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few concepts as relevant as that of intentional action in shaping our sense of self and the interaction with the environment. At the same time, few concepts are so elusive. Indeed, both conceptual and neuroscientific accounts of intentional agency have proven to be problematic. On the one hand, most conceptual views struggle in defining how agents can adequately exert control over their actions. On the other hand, neuroscience settles for definitions by exclusion whereby key features of human intentional actions, including goal-directness, remain underspecified. This paper reviews the existing literature and sketches how this gap might be filled. In particular, we defend a gradualist notion of intentional behavior, which revolves around the following key features: autonomy, flexibility in the integration of causal vectors, and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Bonicalzi
- Fakultät für Philosophie, Wissenschaftstheorie und Religionswissenschaft, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Haggard
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Laboratoire de Neurosciences Cognitives, Département d'Études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, Paris, France.,Institute of Philosophy, School of Advanced Study, University of London, London, United Kingdom
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262
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Schieber MH. Stimulating Cerebellar Outflow Reveals Temporal Control of Motor Cortical Activity. Cell Rep 2019; 27:2525-2526. [PMID: 31141678 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.05.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nashef et al. (2019) show that high-frequency stimulation of the superior cerebellar peduncle produces a temporary cerebellar deficit. While the deficit is present, motor cortex neurons that receive cerebellar input maintain their directional tuning but lose their noise correlation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc H Schieber
- Departments of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Biomedical Engineering and the Del Monte Institute for Neuroscience, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
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263
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Nicolson RI, Fawcett AJ. Development of Dyslexia: The Delayed Neural Commitment Framework. Front Behav Neurosci 2019; 13:112. [PMID: 31178705 PMCID: PMC6536918 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is now evident that explanations of many developmental disorders need to include a network perspective. In earlier work, we proposed that developmental dyslexia (DD) is well-characterized in terms of impaired procedural learning within the language networks, with the cerebellum being the key structure involved. Here, we deepen the analysis to include the child's developmental process of constructing these networks. The "Delayed Neural Commitment (DNC)" framework proposes that, in addition to slower skill acquisition, dyslexic children take longer to build (and to rebuild) the neural networks that underpin the acquisition of reading. The framework provides an important link backwards in time to the development of executive function networks and the earlier development of networks for language and speech. It is consistent with many theories of dyslexia while providing fruitful suggestions for further research at the genetic, brain, cognitive and behavioral levels of explanation. It also has significant implications for assessment and teaching.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela J. Fawcett
- Department of Psychology, College of Human and Health Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
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264
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Spampinato DA, Satar Z, Rothwell JC. Combining reward and M1 transcranial direct current stimulation enhances the retention of newly learnt sensorimotor mappings. Brain Stimul 2019; 12:1205-1212. [PMID: 31133478 PMCID: PMC6709642 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2019.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reward-based feedback given during motor learning has been shown to improve the retention of the behaviour being acquired. Interestingly, applying transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during learning over the primary motor cortex (M1), an area associated with motor retention, also results in enhanced retention of the newly formed motor memories. However, it remains unknown whether combining these distinct interventions result in an additive benefit of motor retention. Methods We investigated whether combining both interventions while participants learned to account for a visuomotor transformation results in enhanced motor retention (total n = 56; each group n = 14). To determine whether these interventions share common physiological mechanisms underpinning learning, we assessed motor cortical excitability and inhibition (i.e. SICI) on a hand muscle before and after all participants learned the visuomotor rotation using their entire arm and hand. Results We found that both the Reward-Stim (i.e. reward + tDCS) and Reward-Sham (i.e. reward-only) groups had increased retention at the beginning of the retention phase, indicating an immediate effect of reward on behaviour. However, each intervention on their own did not enhance retention when compared to sham, but rather, only the combination of both reward and tDCS demonstrated prolonged retention. We also found that only the Reward-Stim group had a significant reduction in SICI after exposure to the perturbation. Conclusions We show that combining both interventions are additive in providing stronger retention of motor adaptation. These results indicate that the reliability and validity of using tDCS within a clinical context may depend on the type of feedback individuals receive when learning a new motor pattern. Concurrently administering reward and M1 tDCS during learning results in enhanced motor retention. The combination of these interventions also leads to a reduction in M1 inhibitory mechanisms. No benefits of motor retention were found when reward or M1 tDCS were given alone.
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265
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Behrangrad S, Zoghi M, Kidgell D, Jaberzadeh S. Does cerebellar non-invasive brain stimulation affect corticospinal excitability in healthy individuals? A systematic review of literature and meta-analysis. Neurosci Lett 2019; 706:128-139. [PMID: 31102706 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Numerous studies have indicated that non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) of the cerebellum could modulate corticospinal excitability (CSE) in young healthy individuals. However, there is no systematic review and meta-analysis that clarifies the effects of cerebellar NIBS on CSE. The aim of this study was to provide a meta-analytic summary of the effects of cerebellar NIBS on CSE. Seven search engines were used to identify any trial evaluating CSE before and after one session of cerebellar NIBS in healthy individuals up to June 2018. Twenty-six studies investigating the corticospinal responses following cerebellar NIBS were included. Meta-analysis was used to pool the findings from included studies. Effects were expressed as mean differences (MD) and the standard deviation (SD). Risk of bias was assessed with the Cochrane tool. Meta-analysis found that paired associative stimulation (PAS) with 2 ms interval, a combination of PAS with 21.5 ms interval and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation with a frequency of < 5 Hz increase CSE (P PAS2 < 0.00001, P PAS21.5 +a-tDCS = 0.02, P rTMS = 0.04). However, continuous theta burst stimulation, a combination of PAS with 25 ms interval and anodal transcranial direct current stimulation, and PAS with a 6 ms interval decreased CSE (P PAS6 < 0.00001, P cTBS < 0.00001, P PAS25 +a-tDCS = 0.003). The results of this review show that cerebellar NIBS techniques are a promising tool for increasing CSE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Behrangrad
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, P.O. Box 527, Australia.
| | - Maryam Zoghi
- Department of Rehabilitation, Nutrition and Sport, School of Allied Health, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dawson Kidgell
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, P.O. Box 527, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, P.O. Box 527, Australia
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266
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Cacciola A, Milardi D, Bertino S, Basile GA, Calamuneri A, Chillemi G, Rizzo G, Anastasi G, Quartarone A. Structural connectivity-based topography of the human globus pallidus: Implications for therapeutic targeting in movement disorders. Mov Disord 2019; 34:987-996. [PMID: 31077436 DOI: 10.1002/mds.27712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the topographical organization of the cortico-basal ganglia circuitry is of pivotal importance because of the spreading of techniques such as DBS and, more recently, MR-guided focused ultrasound for the treatment of movement disorders. A growing body of evidence has described both direct cortico- and dento-pallidal connections, although the topographical organization in vivo of these pathways in the human brain has never been reported. OBJECTIVE To investigate the topographical organization of cortico- and dento-pallidal pathways by means of diffusion MRI tractography and connectivity based parcellation. METHODS High-quality data from 100 healthy subjects from the Human Connectome Project repository were utilized. Constrained spherical deconvolution-based tractography was used to reconstruct structural cortico- and dento-pallidal connectivity. Connectivity-based parcellation was performed with a hypothesis-driven approach at three different levels: functional regions (limbic, associative, sensorimotor, and other), lobes, and gyral subareas. RESULTS External globus pallidus segregated into a ventral associative cluster, a dorsal sensorimotor cluster, and a caudal "other" cluster on the base of its cortical connectivity. Dento-pallidal connections clustered only in the internal globus pallidus, where also associative and sensorimotor clusters were identified. Lobar parcellation revealed the presence in the external globus pallidus of dissociable clusters for each cortical lobe (frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital), whereas in internal globus pallidus only frontal and parietal clusters were found out. CONCLUSION We mapped the topographical organization of both internal and external globus pallidus according to cortical and cerebellar connections. These anatomical data could be useful in DBS, radiosurgery and MR-guided focused ultrasound targeting for treating motor and nonmotor symptoms in movement disorders. © 2019 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cacciola
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Demetrio Milardi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy.,IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Salvatore Bertino
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gianpaolo Antonio Basile
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | | | - Giuseppina Rizzo
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Anastasi
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Quartarone
- Department of Biomedical, Dental Sciences and Morphological and Functional Images, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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267
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McDougle SD, Butcher PA, Parvin DE, Mushtaq F, Niv Y, Ivry RB, Taylor JA. Neural Signatures of Prediction Errors in a Decision-Making Task Are Modulated by Action Execution Failures. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1606-1613.e5. [PMID: 31056386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Decisions must be implemented through actions, and actions are prone to error. As such, when an expected outcome is not obtained, an individual should be sensitive to not only whether the choice itself was suboptimal but also whether the action required to indicate that choice was executed successfully. The intelligent assignment of credit to action execution versus action selection has clear ecological utility for the learner. To explore this, we used a modified version of a classic reinforcement learning task in which feedback indicated whether negative prediction errors were, or were not, associated with execution errors. Using fMRI, we asked if prediction error computations in the human striatum, a key substrate in reinforcement learning and decision making, are modulated when a failure in action execution results in the negative outcome. Participants were more tolerant of non-rewarded outcomes when these resulted from execution errors versus when execution was successful, but reward was withheld. Consistent with this behavior, a model-driven analysis of neural activity revealed an attenuation of the signal associated with negative reward prediction errors in the striatum following execution failures. These results converge with other lines of evidence suggesting that prediction errors in the mesostriatal dopamine system integrate high-level information during the evaluation of instantaneous reward outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel D McDougle
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA.
| | - Peter A Butcher
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, South Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Darius E Parvin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA
| | - Fasial Mushtaq
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, 4 Lifton Pl., Leeds LS2 9JZ, UK
| | - Yael Niv
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, South Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, South Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 2121 Berkeley Way, Berkeley, CA 94704, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Li Ka Shing Center, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Jordan A Taylor
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, South Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA; Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, South Drive, Princeton, NJ 08540, USA
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268
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Tereshchenko A, Magnotta V, Epping E, Mathews K, Espe-Pfeifer P, Martin E, Dawson J, Duan W, Nopoulos P. Brain structure in juvenile-onset Huntington disease. Neurology 2019; 92:e1939-e1947. [PMID: 30971481 PMCID: PMC6511077 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000007355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess brain morphometry in a sample of patients with juvenile-onset Huntington disease (JOHD) and several mouse models of Huntington disease (HD) that likely represent the human JOHD phenotype. METHODS Despite sharing the mutation in the Huntingtin gene, adult-onset HD characteristically presents as a hyperkinetic motor disorder, while JOHD typically presents as a hypokinetic motor disease. The University of Iowa Kids-JHD program enrolls individuals 5 to 25 years of age who have already received the clinical diagnosis. A total of 19 children with juvenile HD (JHD) (mean CAG = 72) were studied. Patients with JHD were compared to healthy controls (n = 234) using a cross-sectional study design. Volumetric data from structural MRI was compared between groups. In addition, we used the same procedure to evaluate brain morphology of R6/2, zQ175, HdhQ250 HD mice models. RESULTS Participants with JHD had substantially reduced intracranial volumes. After controlling for the small intracranial volume size, the volumes of subcortical regions (caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus) and of cortical white matter were significantly decreased in patients with JHD. However, the cerebellum was proportionately enlarged in the JHD sample. The cerebral cortex was largely unaffected. Likewise, HD mice had a lower volume of striatum and a higher volume of cerebellum, mirroring the human MRI results. CONCLUSIONS The primary pathology of JOHD extends beyond changes in the striatal volume. Brain morphology in both mice and human patients with JHD shows proportional cerebellar enlargement. This pattern of brain changes may explain the unique picture of hypokinetic motor symptoms in JHD, which is not seen in the hyperkinetic chorea-like phenotype of adult-onset HD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Tereshchenko
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Vincent Magnotta
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric Epping
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Katherine Mathews
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Patricia Espe-Pfeifer
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Erin Martin
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Jeffrey Dawson
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Wenzhen Duan
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Peg Nopoulos
- From the Departments of Psychiatry (A.T., E.E., V.M., P.E.-P., E.M.), Radiology (V.M.), Neurology (K.M., P.E.-P.), and Pediatrics (K.M.), University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics, Iowa City; Department of Biostatistics (J.D.), University of Iowa College of Public Health, Iowa City; and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences (W.D.), Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD.
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The Responsiveness of Triaxial Accelerometer Measurement of Gait Ataxia Is Higher than That of the Scale for the Assessment and Rating of Ataxia in the Early Stages of Spinocerebellar Degeneration. THE CEREBELLUM 2019; 18:721-730. [DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01025-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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270
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Uehara K, Furuya S, Numazawa H, Kita K, Sakamoto T, Hanakawa T. Distinct roles of brain activity and somatotopic representation in pathophysiology of focal dystonia. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:1738-1749. [PMID: 30570801 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Two main neural mechanisms including loss of cortical inhibition and maladaptive plasticity have been thought to be involved in the pathophysiology of focal task-specific dystonia. Such loss of inhibition and maladaptive plasticity likely correspond to cortical overactivity and disorganized somatotopy, respectively. However, the most plausible mechanism of focal task-specific dystonia remains unclear. To address this question, we assessed brain activity and somatotopic representations of motor-related brain areas using functional MRI and behavioral measurement in healthy instrumentalists and patients with embouchure dystonia as an example of focal task-specific dystonia. Dystonic symptoms were measured as variability of fundamental frequency during long tone playing. We found no significant differences in brain activity between the embouchure dystonia and healthy wind instrumentalists in the motor-related areas. Assessment of somatotopy, however, revealed significant differences in the somatotopic representations of the mouth area for the right somatosensory cortex between the two groups. Multiple-regression analysis revealed brain activity in the primary motor and somatosensory cortices, cerebellum, and putamen was significantly associated with variability of fundamental frequency signals representing dystonic symptoms. Conversely, somatotopic representations in motor-related brain areas were not associated with variability of fundamental frequency signals in embouchure dystonia. The present findings suggest that abnormal motor-related network activity and aberrant somatotopy correlate with different aspects of mechanisms underlying focal task-specific dystonia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Uehara
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Research fellow of the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinichi Furuya
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Sony Computer Science Laboratories Inc. (Sony CSL), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidemi Numazawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kahori Kita
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan.,Center for Frontier Medical Engineering, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Takashi Sakamoto
- Department of Neurology, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Hanakawa
- Department of Advanced Neuroimaging, Integrative Brain Imaging Center (IBIC), National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan.,Musical Skill and Injury Center (MuSIC), Sophia University, Tokyo, Japan
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271
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Abstract
It is a clinical experience that acute lesions of the cerebellum induce pathological tremor, which tends to improve. However, quantitative characteristics, imaging correlates, and recovery of cerebellar tremor have not been systematically investigated. We studied the prevalence, quantitative parameters measured with biaxial accelerometry, and recovery of pathological tremor in 68 patients with lesions affecting the cerebellum. We also investigated the correlation between the occurrence and characteristics of tremor and lesion localization using 3D T1-weighted MRI images which were normalized and segmented according to a spatially unbiased atlas template for the cerebellum. Visual assessment detected pathological tremor in 19% while accelerometry in 47% of the patients. Tremor was present both in postural and intentional positions, but never at rest. Two types of pathological tremor were distinguished: (1) low-frequency tremor in 36.76% of patients (center frequency 2.66 ± 1.17 Hz) and (2) normal frequency-high-intensity tremor in 10.29% (center frequency 8.79 ± 1.43 Hz). The size of the lesion did not correlate with the presence or severity of tremor. Involvement of the anterior lobe and lobule VI was related to high tremor intensity. In all followed up patients with acute cerebellar ischemia, the tremor completely recovered within 8 weeks. Our results indicate that cerebellar lesions might induce pathological postural and intentional tremor of 2-3 Hz frequency. Due to its low frequency and low amplitude, quantitative tremorometry is neccessary to properly identify it. There is no tight correlation between lesion localization and quantitative characteristics of cerebellar tremor.
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272
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Sasegbon A, Watanabe M, Simons A, Michou E, Vasant DH, Magara J, Bath PM, Rothwell J, Inoue M, Hamdy S. Cerebellar repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation restores pharyngeal brain activity and swallowing behaviour after disruption by a cortical virtual lesion. J Physiol 2019; 597:2533-2546. [PMID: 30907429 PMCID: PMC6487931 DOI: 10.1113/jp277545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Key points Despite evidence that the human cerebellum has an important role in swallowing neurophysiology, the effects of cerebellar stimulation on swallowing in the disrupted brain have not been explored. In this study, for the first time, the application of cerebellar neurostimulation is characterized in a human model of disrupted swallowing (using a cortical virtual lesion). It is demonstrated that cerebellar stimulation can reverse the suppressed activity in the cortical swallowing system and restore swallowing function in a challenging behavioural task, suggesting the findings may have important therapeutic implications.
Abstract Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) can alter neuronal activity within the brain with therapeutic potential. Low frequency stimulation to the ‘dominant’ cortical swallowing projection induces a ‘virtual‐lesion’ transiently suppressing cortical excitability and disrupting swallowing behaviour. Here, we compared the ability of ipsi‐lesional, contra‐lesional and sham cerebellar rTMS to reverse the effects of a ‘virtual‐lesion’ in health. Two groups of healthy participants (n = 15/group) were intubated with pharyngeal catheters. Baseline pharyngeal motor evoked potentials (PMEPs) and swallowing performance (reaction task) were measured. Participants received 10 min of 1 Hz rTMS to the pharyngeal motor cortex which elicited the largest PMEPs to suppress cortical activity and disrupt swallowing behaviour. Over six visits, participants were randomized to receive 250 pulses of 10 Hz cerebellar rTMS to the ipsi‐lesional side, contra‐lesional side or sham while assessing PMEP amplitude or swallowing performance for an hour afterwards. Compared to sham, active cerebellar rTMS, whether administered ipsi‐lesionally (P = 0.011) or contra‐lesionally (P = 0.005), reversed the inhibitory effects of the cortical ‘virtual‐lesion’ on PMEPs and swallowing accuracy (ipsi‐lesional, P < 0.001, contra‐lesional, P < 0.001). Cerebellar rTMS was able to reverse the disruptive effects of a ‘virtual lesion’. These findings provide evidence for developing cerebellar rTMS into a treatment for post‐stroke dysphagia. Despite evidence that the human cerebellum has an important role in swallowing neurophysiology, the effects of cerebellar stimulation on swallowing in the disrupted brain have not been explored. In this study, for the first time, the application of cerebellar neurostimulation is characterized in a human model of disrupted swallowing (using a cortical virtual lesion). It is demonstrated that cerebellar stimulation can reverse the suppressed activity in the cortical swallowing system and restore swallowing function in a challenging behavioural task, suggesting the findings may have important therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodele Sasegbon
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK
| | - Masahiro Watanabe
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK.,Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Andre Simons
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK
| | - Emilia Michou
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK.,Department of Speech and Language Therapy, Technological Educational Institute of Western Greece, Patras, Greece
| | - Dipesh H Vasant
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK.,Manchester University Foundation Trust, Neurogastroenterology, Wythenshawe Hospital, Manchester, UK
| | - Jin Magara
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Philip M Bath
- Stroke, Division of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - John Rothwell
- Sobell Department of Motor Neuroscience and Movement Disorders, University College London, London, UK
| | - Makoto Inoue
- Division of Dysphagia Rehabilitation, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
| | - Shaheen Hamdy
- Gastrointestinal (GI) Sciences, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital (part of the Manchester Academic Health Sciences Center (MAHSC)), Salford, UK
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273
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Mueller K, Jech R, Ballarini T, Holiga Š, Růžička F, Piecha FA, Möller HE, Vymazal J, Růžička E, Schroeter ML. Modulatory Effects of Levodopa on Cerebellar Connectivity in Parkinson's Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:212-224. [PMID: 30298443 PMCID: PMC6443641 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0981-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Levodopa has been the mainstay of symptomatic therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD) for the last five decades. However, it is associated with the development of motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, in particular after several years of treatment. The aim of this study was to shed light on the acute brain functional reorganization in response to a single levodopa dose. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was performed after an overnight withdrawal of dopaminergic treatment and 1 h after a single dose of 250 mg levodopa in a group of 24 PD patients. Eigenvector centrality was calculated in both treatment states using resting-state fMRI. This offers a new data-driven and parameter-free approach, similar to Google's PageRank algorithm, revealing brain connectivity alterations due to the effect of levodopa treatment. In all PD patients, levodopa treatment led to an improvement of clinical symptoms as measured with the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale motor score (UPDRS-III). This therapeutic effect was accompanied with a major connectivity increase between cerebellar brain regions and subcortical areas of the motor system such as the thalamus, putamen, globus pallidus, and brainstem. The degree of interconnectedness of cerebellar regions correlated with the improvement of clinical symptoms due to the administration of levodopa. We observed significant functional cerebellar connectivity reorganization immediately after a single levodopa dose in PD patients. Enhanced general connectivity (eigenvector centrality) was associated with better motor performance as assessed by UPDRS-III score. This underlines the importance of considering cerebellar networks as therapeutic targets in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Mueller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Robert Jech
- Department of Neurology - Center for interventional therapy of movement disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic.
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Tommaso Ballarini
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Štefan Holiga
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Filip Růžička
- Department of Neurology - Center for interventional therapy of movement disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Fabian A Piecha
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald E Möller
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Josef Vymazal
- Department of Radiology, Na Homolce Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Evžen Růžička
- Department of Neurology - Center for interventional therapy of movement disorders, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Matthias L Schroeter
- Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
- Clinic for Cognitive Neurology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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274
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Bareš M, Apps R, Avanzino L, Breska A, D'Angelo E, Filip P, Gerwig M, Ivry RB, Lawrenson CL, Louis ED, Lusk NA, Manto M, Meck WH, Mitoma H, Petter EA. Consensus paper: Decoding the Contributions of the Cerebellum as a Time Machine. From Neurons to Clinical Applications. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:266-286. [PMID: 30259343 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0979-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Time perception is an essential element of conscious and subconscious experience, coordinating our perception and interaction with the surrounding environment. In recent years, major technological advances in the field of neuroscience have helped foster new insights into the processing of temporal information, including extending our knowledge of the role of the cerebellum as one of the key nodes in the brain for this function. This consensus paper provides a state-of-the-art picture from the experts in the field of the cerebellar research on a variety of crucial issues related to temporal processing, drawing on recent anatomical, neurophysiological, behavioral, and clinical research.The cerebellar granular layer appears especially well-suited for timing operations required to confer millisecond precision for cerebellar computations. This may be most evident in the manner the cerebellum controls the duration of the timing of agonist-antagonist EMG bursts associated with fast goal-directed voluntary movements. In concert with adaptive processes, interactions within the cerebellar cortex are sufficient to support sub-second timing. However, supra-second timing seems to require cortical and basal ganglia networks, perhaps operating in concert with cerebellum. Additionally, sensory information such as an unexpected stimulus can be forwarded to the cerebellum via the climbing fiber system, providing a temporally constrained mechanism to adjust ongoing behavior and modify future processing. Patients with cerebellar disorders exhibit impairments on a range of tasks that require precise timing, and recent evidence suggest that timing problems observed in other neurological conditions such as Parkinson's disease, essential tremor, and dystonia may reflect disrupted interactions between the basal ganglia and cerebellum.The complex concepts emerging from this consensus paper should provide a foundation for further discussion, helping identify basic research questions required to understand how the brain represents and utilizes time, as well as delineating ways in which this knowledge can help improve the lives of those with neurological conditions that disrupt this most elemental sense. The panel of experts agrees that timing control in the brain is a complex concept in whom cerebellar circuitry is deeply involved. The concept of a timing machine has now expanded to clinical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bareš
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA.
| | - Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Laura Avanzino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Human Physiology and Centro Polifunzionale di Scienze Motorie, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
- Centre for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, Genoa, Italy
| | - Assaf Breska
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Egidio D'Angelo
- Neurophysiology Unit, Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Brain Connectivity Center, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino (IRCCS), Pavia, Italy
| | - Pavel Filip
- First Department of Neurology, St. Anne's University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Marcus Gerwig
- Department of Neurology, University of Duisburg-Essen, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Richard B Ivry
- Department of Psychology and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Charlotte L Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Nicholas A Lusk
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium -Service des Neurosciences, UMons, Mons, Belgium
| | - Warren H Meck
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Hiroshi Mitoma
- Medical Education Promotion Center, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Elijah A Petter
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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275
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Moussa-Tooks AB, Kim DJ, Bartolomeo LA, Purcell JR, Bolbecker AR, Newman SD, O’Donnell BF, Hetrick WP. Impaired Effective Connectivity During a Cerebellar-Mediated Sensorimotor Synchronization Task in Schizophrenia. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:531-541. [PMID: 29800417 PMCID: PMC6483568 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sby064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Prominent conceptual models characterize schizophrenia as a dysconnectivity syndrome, with recent research focusing on the contributions of the cerebellum in this framework. The present study examined the role of the cerebellum and its effective connectivity to the cerebrum during sensorimotor synchronization in schizophrenia. Specifically, the role of the cerebellum in temporally coordinating cerebral motor activity was examined through path analysis. Thirty-one individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia and 40 healthy controls completed a finger-tapping fMRI task including tone-paced synchronization and self-paced continuation tapping at a 500 ms intertap interval (ITI). Behavioral data revealed shorter and more variable ITIs during self-paced continuation, greater clock (vs motor) variance, and greater force of tapping in the schizophrenia group. In a whole-brain analysis, groups showed robust activation of the cerebellum during self-paced continuation but not during tone-paced synchronization. However, effective connectivity analysis revealed decreased connectivity in individuals with schizophrenia between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex but increased connectivity between cerebellum and thalamus during self-paced continuation compared with healthy controls. These findings in schizophrenia indicate diminished temporal coordination of cerebral motor activity by cerebellum during the continuation tapping portion of sensorimotor synchronization. Taken together with the behavioral finding of greater temporal variability in schizophrenia, these effective connectivity results are consistent with structural and temporal models of dysconnectivity in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | | | - John R Purcell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN
| | - Amanda R Bolbecker
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - Sharlene D Newman
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Imaging Research Facility, Indiana University College of Arts and Sciences, Bloomington, IN
| | - Brian F O’Donnell
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN,Larue D. Carter Memorial Hospital, Indianapolis, IN,Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN,To whom correspondence should be addressed; Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 E. 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405; tel: 812-855-2620, fax: 812-855-4691, e-mail:
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276
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Saj A, Borel L, Honoré J. Functional Neuroanatomy of Vertical Visual Perception in Humans. Front Neurol 2019; 10:142. [PMID: 30863358 PMCID: PMC6400097 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical representation is central to posture control, as well as to spatial perception and navigation. This representation has been studied for a long time in patients with vestibular disorders and more recently in patients with hemispheric damage, in particular in those with right lesions causing spatial or postural deficits. The aim of the study was to determine the brain areas involved in the visual perception of the vertical. Sixteen right-handed healthy participants were evaluated using fMRI while they were judging the verticality of lines or, in a control task, the color of the same lines. The brain bases of the vertical perception proved to involve a bilateral temporo-occipital and parieto-occipital cortical network, with a right dominance tendency, associated with cerebellar and brainstem areas. Consistent with the outcomes of neuroanatomical studies in stroke patients, The data of this original fMRI study in healthy subjects provides new insights into brain networks associated with vertical perception which is typically impaired in both vestibular and spatial neglect patients. Interestingly, these networks include not only brain areas associated with postural control but also areas implied in body representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Saj
- Neuropsychology Unit, Neurology Department, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Neurology and Cognitive Imaging Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Psychology Department, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Liliane Borel
- CNRS, LNSC, Aix-Marseille University, Marseille, France
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277
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Zhu H, Huang J, Deng L, He N, Cheng L, Shu P, Yan F, Tong S, Sun J, Ling H. Abnormal Dynamic Functional Connectivity Associated With Subcortical Networks in Parkinson's Disease: A Temporal Variability Perspective. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:80. [PMID: 30837825 PMCID: PMC6389716 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by dysfunction in distributed functional brain networks. Previous studies have reported abnormal changes in static functional connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). However, the dynamic characteristics of brain networks in PD is still poorly understood. This study aimed to quantify the characteristics of dynamic functional connectivity in PD patients at nodal, intra- and inter-subnetwork levels. Resting-state fMRI data of a total of 42 PD patients and 40 normal controls (NCs) were investigated from the perspective of the temporal variability on the connectivity profiles across sliding windows. The results revealed that PD patients had greater nodal variability in precentral and postcentral area (in sensorimotor network, SMN), middle occipital gyrus (in visual network), putamen (in subcortical network) and cerebellum, compared with NCs. Furthermore, at the subnetwork level, PD patients had greater intra-network variability for the subcortical network, salience network and visual network, and distributed changes of inter-network variability across several subnetwork pairs. Specifically, the temporal variability within and between subcortical network and other cortical subnetworks involving SMN, visual, ventral and dorsal attention networks as well as cerebellum was positively associated with the severity of clinical symptoms in PD patients. Additionally, the increased inter-network variability of cerebellum-auditory pair was also correlated with clinical severity of symptoms in PD patients. These observations indicate that temporal variability can detect the distributed abnormalities of dynamic functional network of PD patients at nodal, intra- and inter-subnetwork scales, and may provide new insights into understanding PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zhu
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lifu Deng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Naying He
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pin Shu
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fuhua Yan
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shanbao Tong
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Huawei Ling
- Department of Radiology, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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278
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Shipman ML, Green JT. Cerebellum and cognition: Does the rodent cerebellum participate in cognitive functions? Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:106996. [PMID: 30771461 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is a widespread, nearly complete consensus that the human and non-human primate cerebellum is engaged in non-motor, cognitive functions. This body of research has implicated the lateral portions of lobule VII (Crus I and Crus II) and the ventrolateral dentate nucleus. With rodents, however, it is not so clear. We review here approximately 40 years of experiments using a variety of cerebellar manipulations in rats and mice and measuring the effects on executive functions (working memory, inhibition, and cognitive flexibility), spatial navigation, discrimination learning, and goal-directed and stimulus-driven instrumental conditioning. Our conclusion is that there is a solid body of support for engagement of the rodent cerebellum in tests of cognitive flexibility and spatial navigation, and some support for engagement in working memory and certain types of discrimination learning. Future directions will involve determining the relevant cellular mechanisms, cerebellar regions, and precise cognitive functions of the rodent cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan L Shipman
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
| | - John T Green
- Department of Psychological Science, University of Vermont, 2 Colchester Avenue, Burlington, VT 05405, USA.
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279
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He H, Luo C, Luo Y, Duan M, Yi Q, Biswal BB, Yao D. Reduction in gray matter of cerebellum in schizophrenia and its influence on static and dynamic connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 2019; 40:517-528. [PMID: 30240503 PMCID: PMC6865738 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathophysiological and atrophic changes in the cerebellum have been well-documented in schizophrenia. Reduction of gray matter (GM) in the cerebellum was confirmed across cognitive and motor cerebellar modules in schizophrenia. Such abnormalities in the cerebellum could potentially have widespread effects on both sensorimotor and cognitive symptoms. In this study, we investigated how reduction change in the cerebellum affects the static and the dynamic functional connectivity (FC) between the cerebellum and cortical/subcortical networks in schizophrenia. Reduction of GM in the cerebellum was confirmed across the cognitive and motor cerebellar modules in schizophrenic subjects. Results from this study demonstrates that the extent of reduction of GM within cerebellum correlated with increased static FCs between the cerebellum and the cortical/subcortical networks, including frontoparietal network (FPN), and thalamus in patients with schizophrenia. Decreased GM in the cerebellum was also associated with a declined dynamic FC between the cerebellum and the FPN in schizophrenic subjects. The severity of patients' positive symptom was related to these structural-functional coupling score of cerebellum. These findings identified potential cerebellar driven functional changes associated with positive symptom deficits. A post hoc analysis exploring the effect of changed FC within cerebellum, confirmed that a significant positive relationship, between dynamic FCs of cerebellum-thalamus and intracerebellum existed in patients, but not in controls. The reduction of GM within the cerebellum might be associated with modulation of cerebellum-thalamus, and contributes to the dysfunctional cerebellar-cortical communication in schizophrenia. Our results provide a new insight into the role of cerebellum in understanding the pathophysiological of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui He
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Luo
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
| | - Mingjun Duan
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
| | - Qizhong Yi
- Psychological Medicine CenterThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical UniversityXinjiangPeople's Republic of China
| | - Bharat B. Biswal
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNew Jersey Institute of TechnologyNewarkNJ07102USA
| | - Dezhong Yao
- The Clinical Hospital of Chengdu Brain Science Institute, MOE Key Lab for NeuroinformationUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengduPeople's Republic of China
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280
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Abstract
The basal ganglia are a complex subcortical structure that is principally involved in the selection and implementation of purposeful actions in response to external and internal cues. The basal ganglia set the pattern for facilitation of voluntary movements and simultaneous inhibition of competing or interfering movements. In addition, the basal ganglia are involved in the control of a wide variety of non-motor behaviors, spanning emotions, language, decision making, procedural learning, and working memory. This review presents a comparative overview of classic and contemporary models of basal ganglia organization and functional importance, including their increased integration with cortical and cerebellar structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Simonyan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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281
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Abstract
Making predictions and validating the predictions against actual sensory information is thought to be one of the most fundamental functions of the nervous system. A growing body of evidence shows that the neural mechanisms controlling behavior, both in motor and non-motor domains, rely on prediction errors, the discrepancy between predicted and actual information. The cerebellum has been viewed as a key component of the motor system providing predictions about upcoming movements and receiving feedback about motor errors. Consequentially, studies of cerebellar function have focused on the motor domain with less consideration for the wider context in which movements are generated. However, motor learning experiments show that cognition makes important contributions to motor adaptation that involves the cerebellum. One of the more successful theoretical frameworks for understanding motor control and cerebellar function is the forward internal model which states that the cerebellum predicts the sensory consequences of the motor commands and is involved in computing sensory prediction errors by comparing the predictions to the sensory feedback. The forward internal model was applied and tested mainly for effector movements, raising the question whether cerebellar encoding of behavior reflects task performance measures associated with cognitive involvement. Electrophysiological studies based on pseudo-random tracking in monkeys show that the discharge of Purkinje cell, the sole output neurons of the cerebellar cortex, encodes predictive and feedback signals not only of the effector kinematics but also of task performance. The implications are that the cerebellum implements both effector and task performance forward models and the latter are consistent with the cognitive contributions observed during motor learning. The implications of these findings include insights into recent psychophysical observations on moving with reduced feedback and motor learning. The findings also support the cerebellum's place in hierarchical generative models that work in concert to refine predictions about behavior and the world. Therefore, cerebellar representations bridge motor and non-motor domains and provide a better understanding of cerebellar function within the functional architecture of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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282
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Shivakumar V, Dinakaran D, Narayanaswamy JC, Venkatasubramanian G. Noninvasive brain stimulation in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Indian J Psychiatry 2019; 61:S66-S76. [PMID: 30745679 PMCID: PMC6343411 DOI: 10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_522_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with a chronic course, contributing to significant socio-occupational dysfunction. Forty percent of patients remain treatment refractive despite mainstream treatment options such as serotonin-reuptake inhibitors and cognitive behavior therapy. Noninvasive brain stimulation approaches such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have piqued interest as add-on treatment options in OCD. This review focuses on summarizing the TMS and tDCS studies in OCD with respect to their study design and stimulation parameters and key findings. We also briefly discuss the limitations and future directions noninvasive brain stimulation in OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkataram Shivakumar
- Department of Psychiatry, WISER Neuromodulation Program, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Damodharan Dinakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, WISER Neuromodulation Program, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Janardhanan C Narayanaswamy
- Department of Psychiatry, WISER Neuromodulation Program, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India.,Department of Psychiatry, OCD Clinic, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ganesan Venkatasubramanian
- Department of Psychiatry, WISER Neuromodulation Program, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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283
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Zhang H, Wang B, Li K, Wang X, Li X, Zhu J, Zhao Q, Yang Y, Lv L, Zhang M, Zhang H. Altered Functional Connectivity Between the Cerebellum and the Cortico-Striato-Thalamo-Cortical Circuit in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2019; 10:522. [PMID: 31396115 PMCID: PMC6667674 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Altered resting-state functional connectivity of the cerebellum in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) has been previously reported. However, the previous study investigating cerebellar-cerebral functional connectivity relied on a priori-defined seeds from specific networks. In this study, we aimed to explore the connectivity alterations of the cerebellum in OCD under resting-state conditions with a hypothesis-free approach. Methods: Thirty patients with OCD and 26 healthy controls (HCs) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning at resting state. Regional cerebral function was evaluated by measuring the fraction of amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF). Regions with mean fALFF (mfALFF) alterations were used as seeds in seed correlation analysis (SCA). An independent samples t test was used to compare the differences in mfALFF and functional connection (FC) between the two groups. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to identify the association between functional neural correlates and OCD symptom severity evaluated using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (Y-BOCS). Results: Compared with the HC group, the OCD group showed significantly increased mfALFF values in bilateral cerebellar. The results of FC analysis showed weakened connectivity among the left Crus II, lobule VIII, and right striatum and between the right lobule VIII and the right striatum, and cingulate in the OCD group compared with the HC group. Some of the abovementioned results were associated with symptom severity. Conclusions: OCD patients showed abnormal spontaneous cerebellar activity and weakened functional connectivity between the cerebellum and the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical (CSTC) circuit (striatum and cingulate), suggesting that the cerebellum may play an essential role in the pathophysiology of OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisan Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Multimodal Brain Imaging, Xinxiang, China
| | - Bi Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Multimodal Brain Imaging, Xinxiang, China
| | - Kun Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Multimodal Brain Imaging, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Multimodal Brain Imaging, Xinxiang, China
| | - Xianrui Li
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jianli Zhu
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Qingjiang Zhao
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Multimodal Brain Imaging, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang, China
| | - Meng Zhang
- School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Hongxing Zhang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China.,School of Psychology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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284
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Amin SB, Smith T, Timler G. Developmental influence of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and neurobehavioral disorders. Pediatr Res 2019; 85:191-197. [PMID: 30397278 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-018-0216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Bilirubin-induced brain injury in the neonatal period has detrimental effects on neurodevelopment that persist into childhood and adulthood, contributing to childhood developmental disorders. Unconjugated bilirubin is a potent antioxidant that may be useful for protecting against oxidative injuries, but it becomes a potent neurotoxin once it crosses the blood brain barrier. Because bilirubin toxicity involves a myriad of pathological mechanisms, can damage most types of brain cells, and affects brain circuits or loops that influence cognition, learning, behavior, sensory, and language, the clinical effects of bilirubin-induced neurotoxicity are likely to be manifold. One possible effect that several experts have identified is bilirubin-induced neurological dysfunction (subtle kernicterus). However, the underlying biological mechanisms or pathways by which subtle kernicterus could lead to developmental disorders has not been elucidated previously. Our aim in this review is to describe a spectrum of developmental disorders that may reflect subtle kernicterus and outline plausible biological mechanisms for this possible association. We review existing evidence that support or refute the association between unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia and developmental disorders, and limitations associated with these studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjiv B Amin
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA.
| | - Tristram Smith
- Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Geralyn Timler
- Communication Sciences and Disorders, James Madison University, Harrisonburg, VA, USA
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285
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Selective sensory deafferentation induces structural and functional brain plasticity. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2018; 21:101633. [PMID: 30584013 PMCID: PMC6411904 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2018.101633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Sensory-motor integration models have been proposed aiming to explain how the brain uses sensory information to guide and check the planning and execution of movements. Sensory neuronopathy (SN) is a peculiar disease characterized by exclusive, severe and widespread sensory loss. It is a valuable condition to investigate how sensory deafferentation impacts brain organization. We thus recruited patients with clinical and electrophysiological criteria for SN to perform structural and functional MRI analyses. We investigated volumetric changes in gray matter (GM) using anatomical images; the microstructure of WM within segmented regions of interest (ROI), via diffusion images; and brain activation related to a finger tapping task. All significant results were related to the long disease duration subgroup of patients. Structural analysis showed hypertrophy of the caudate nucleus, whereas the diffusion study identified reduction of fractional anisotropy values in ROIs located around the thalamus and the striatum. We also found differences regarding finger-tapping activation in the posterior parietal regions and in the medial areas of the cerebellum. Our results stress the role of the caudate nucleus over the other basal ganglia in the sensory-motor integration models, and suggest an inhibitory function of a recently discovered tract between the thalamus and the striatum. Overall, our findings confirm plasticity in the adult brain and open new avenues to design neurorehabilitation strategies.
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286
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Braunlich K, Seger CA, Jentink KG, Buard I, Kluger BM, Thaut MH. Rhythmic auditory cues shape neural network recruitment in Parkinson's disease during repetitive motor behavior. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 49:849-858. [PMID: 30375083 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Revised: 09/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
It is well established clinically that rhythmic auditory cues can improve gait and other motor behaviors in Parkinson's disease (PD) and other disorders. However, the neural systems underlying this therapeutic effect are largely unknown. To investigate this question we scanned people with PD and age-matched healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). All subjects performed a rhythmic motor behavior (right hand finger tapping) with and without simultaneous auditory rhythmic cues at two different speeds (1 and 4 Hz). We used spatial independent component analysis (ICA) and regression to identify task-related functional connectivity networks and assessed differences between groups in intra- and inter-network connectivity. Overall, the control group showed greater intra-network connectivity in perceptual and motor related networks during motor tapping both with and without rhythmic cues. The PD group showed greater inter-network connectivity between the auditory network and the executive control network, and between the executive control network and the motor/cerebellar network associated with the motor task performance. We interpret our results as indicating that the temporal rhythmic auditory information may assist compensatory mechanisms through network-level effects, reflected in increased interaction between auditory and executive networks that in turn modulate activity in cortico-cerebellar networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Braunlich
- Department of Psychology and Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Carol A Seger
- Department of Psychology and Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.,Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Kade G Jentink
- Department of Psychology and Program in Molecular, Cellular, and Integrative Neurosciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Isabelle Buard
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Benzi M Kluger
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado - Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael H Thaut
- Faculty of Music, Collaborative Programs in Neuroscience, Rehabilitation Science Institute, and Music and Health Science Research Collaboratory, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S2C5, Canada
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287
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Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Reprint of “Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms”. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 310:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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288
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Cabestrero-Rincón MA, Balzeau A, Lorenzo C. Differential evolution of cerebral and cerebellar fossae in recent Homo: A new methodological approach. HOMO-JOURNAL OF COMPARATIVE HUMAN BIOLOGY 2018; 69:289-303. [PMID: 30463675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchb.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The endocranium shows the influence of the shape and development of brain tissues and overall brain modifications. During the late Upper Pleistocene and Holocene smaller brains appeared and the higher position of endinion relative to inion might indicate changes in cerebellar and occipital lobes. In previous studies, the depths of the cerebral and cerebellar fossae were not specifically considered; new tools for quantitatively measuring these irregular, problematic curved areas need to be developed. This paper's main objective is to investigate to what degree changes in the fossae's depths of extant humans have occurred with respect to fossil anatomically modern humans (AMH) and older Homo species. The proportions of the occipital and nuchal planes are compared measuring the inner and outer surfaces of the bone. Additionally, this paper proposes a quantitative geometric methodology based on endocranial landmarks that create a plane with which to measure the position of the deepest part of the fossa: it represents a curvature maxima - concavity - associated with local structures. The four points thus obtained could be framed in Bookstein's Type II landmarks but without biomechanical implication. Through univariate, bivariate and multivariate analyses (principal components analysis) of raw and size-corrected data we study the differential evolution in recent Homo species, which presents a more vertical occipital area than ancient fossils. Our results corroborate this derived trait; additionally, we have observed a tendency towards a relative decrease in the depth of the cerebral fossae and maintenance of the cerebellar fossae.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Cabestrero-Rincón
- Castell de Bellver-Museu d'Història de la Ciutat, c/Camilo José Cela, s/n. 07014 Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands, Spain; Àrea de Prehistòria, Fac. Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35 43002 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - A Balzeau
- Département Hommes et environnement, UMR 7194 du CNRS, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Musée de l'Homme, 17, place du Trocadéro, F-75016 Paris, France
| | - C Lorenzo
- Àrea de Prehistòria, Fac. Lletres, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Catalunya, 35 43002 Tarragona, Spain; Institut Català de Paleoecologia Humana i Evolució Social (IPHES), Carrer Marcel·lí Domingo s/n - Campus Sescelades URV (Edifici W3), 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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289
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Israeli-Korn SD, Barliya A, Paquette C, Franzén E, Inzelberg R, Horak FB, Flash T. Intersegmental coordination patterns are differently affected in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar ataxia. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:672-689. [PMID: 30461364 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00788.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The law of intersegmental coordination (Borghese et al. 1996) may be altered in pathological conditions. Here we investigated the contribution of the basal ganglia (BG) and the cerebellum to lower limb intersegmental coordination by inspecting the plane's orientation and other parameters pertinent to this law in patients with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD) or cerebellar ataxia (CA). We also applied a mathematical model that successfully accounts for the intersegmental law of coordination observed in control subjects (Barliya et al. 2009). In the present study, we compared the planarity index (PI), covariation plane (CVP) orientation, and CVP orientation predicted by the model in 11 PD patients, 8 CA patients, and two groups of healthy subjects matched for age, height, weight, and gender to each patient group (Ctrl_PD and Ctrl_CA). Controls were instructed to alter their gait speed to match those of their respective patient group. PD patients were examined after overnight withdrawal of anti-parkinsonian medications (PD-off-med) and then on medication (PD-on-med). PI was above 96% in all gait conditions in all groups suggesting that the law of intersegmental coordination is preserved in both BG and cerebellar pathology. However, the measured and predicted CVP orientations rotated in PD-on-med and PD-off-med compared with Ctrl_PD and in CA vs. Ctrl_CA. These rotations caused by PD and CA were in opposite directions suggesting differences in the roles of the BG and cerebellum in intersegmental coordination during human locomotion. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Kinematic and muscular synergies may have a role in overcoming motor redundancies, which may be reflected in intersegmental covariation. Basal ganglia and cerebellar networks were suggested to be involved in crafting and modulating synergies. We thus compared intersegmental coordination in Parkinson's disease and cerebellar disease patients and found opposite effects in some aspects. Further research integrating muscle activities as well as biomechanical and neural control modeling are needed to account for these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon D Israeli-Korn
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,Movement Disorders Institute, Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat Gan , Israel
| | - Avi Barliya
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
| | - Caroline Paquette
- Balance Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Department of Kinesiology and Physical Education, McGill University and Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation , Montreal, Quebec , Canada
| | - Erika Franzén
- Balance Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon.,Department of Neurobiology, Care Sciences and Society, Division of Physiotherapy, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Sweden.,Allied Health Professionals Function, Karolinska University Hospital , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Rivka Inzelberg
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel.,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and the Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University , Israel
| | - Fay B Horak
- Balance Disorders Laboratory, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland, Oregon
| | - Tamar Flash
- Department of Computer Science and Applied Mathematics, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot , Israel
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290
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Confortim HD, Deniz BF, de Almeida W, Miguel PM, Bronauth L, Vieira MC, de Oliveira BC, Pereira LO. Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia caused mild motor dysfunction, recovered by acrobatic training, without affecting morphological structures involved in motor control in rats. Brain Res 2018; 1707:27-44. [PMID: 30448443 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluated motor function and morphological aspects of the components involved in motor control (sensorimotor cortex, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle) in male Wistar rats exposed to a model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) and the possible influence of different physical exercise protocols - treadmill and acrobatic. Male Wistar rats at the 7th post-natal day (PND) were submitted to the HIE model and from the 22nd until 60th PND the exercise protocols (treadmill or acrobatic training) were running. After the training, the animals were evaluated in Open Field, Ladder Rung Walking and Rotarod tasks and after samples of the motor control components were collected. Our results evidenced that the acrobatic training reversed the hyperactivity and anxiety, caused locomotion improvement and decreased brain atrophy in HIE animals. We did not find morphological differences on sensorimotor cortex, spinal cord, sciatic nerve, neuromuscular junctions and skeletal muscle in the animals submitted to HIE model. These intriguing data support the statement of the Rice-Vannucci model does not seem to reproduce, in structures involved in control function, the damage found in humans that suffer HIE. Regarding the protocols of exercise, we proposed that the acrobatic exercise could be a good therapeutic option especially in children affected by neonatal HIE and can be responsible for good results in cognitive and motor aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heloísa Deola Confortim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 107, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Ferrary Deniz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 107, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Wellington de Almeida
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 107, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 107, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Loise Bronauth
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Milene Cardoso Vieira
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bruna Chaves de Oliveira
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neurociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, sala 107, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Sarmento Leite, 500, 90050-170 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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291
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Vandervert L. How Prediction Based on Sequence Detection in the Cerebellum Led to the Origins of Stone Tools, Language, and Culture and, Thereby, to the Rise of Homo sapiens. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:408. [PMID: 30483059 PMCID: PMC6243095 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
This article extends Leiner et al.'s watershed position that cerebellar mechanisms played prominent roles in the evolution of the manipulation and refinement of ideas and language. First it is shown how cerebellar mechanism of sequence-detection may lead to the foundational learning of a predictive working memory in the infant. Second, it is argued how this same cerebellar mechanism may have led to the adaptive selection toward the progressively predictive phonological loop in the evolution of working memory of pre-humans. Within these contexts, cerebellar sequence detection is then applied to an analysis of leading anthropologists Stout and Hecht's cerebral cortex-based explanation of the evolution of culture and language through the repetitious rigors of stone-tool knapping. It is argued that Stout and Hecht's focus on the roles of areas of the brain's cerebral cortex is seriously lacking, because it can be readily shown that cerebellar sequence detection importantly (perhaps predominantly) provides more fundamental explanations for the origins of culture and language. It is shown that the cerebellum does this in the following ways: (1) through prediction-enhancing silent speech in working memory, (2) through prediction in observational learning, and (3) through prediction leading to accuracy in stone-tool knapping. It is concluded, in agreement with Leiner et al. that the more recently proposed mechanism of cerebellar sequence-detection has played a prominent role in the evolution of culture, language, and stone-tool technology, the earmarks of Homo sapiens. It is further concluded that through these same mechanisms the cerebellum continues to play a prominent role in the relentless advancement of culture.
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292
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Chan HH, Wathen CA, Mathews ND, Hogue O, Modic JP, Kundalia R, Wyant C, Park HJ, Najm IM, Trapp BD, Machado AG, Baker KB. Lateral cerebellar nucleus stimulation promotes motor recovery and suppresses neuroinflammation in a fluid percussion injury rodent model. Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1356-1367. [PMID: 30061053 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many traumatic brain injury (TBI) survivors live with persistent disability from chronic motor deficits despite contemporary rehabilitation services, underscoring the need for novel treatment. OBJECTIVE/HYPOTHESIS We have previously shown that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) can enhance post-stroke motor recovery and increase the expression of markers of long-term potentiation in perilesional cerebral cortex. We hypothesize that a similar beneficial effect will be for motor deficits induced by unilateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) in rodents through long-term potentiation- and anti-inflammatory based mechanisms. METHODS Male Long Evans rats with a DBS macroelectrode in the LCN underwent FPI over contralateral primary motor cortex. After 4 weeks of spontaneous recovery, DBS treatment was applied for 4 weeks, with the pasta matrix, cylinder, and horizontal ladder tests used to evaluate motor performance. All animals were euthanized and tissue harvested for further analysis by histology, immunohistochemistry, RNA microarray assay and Western Blot. RESULTS LCN DBS-treated animals experienced a significantly greater rate of motor recovery than untreated surgical controls, with treated animals showing enhanced expression of RNA and protein for excitability related genes, suppressed expression of pro-inflammatory genes, suppressed microglial and astrocytic activation, but proliferation of c-fos positive cells. Finally, our data suggest a possible role for anti-apoptotic effects with LCN DBS. CONCLUSION LCN DBS enhanced the motor recovery following TBI, possibly by elevating the neuronal excitability at the perilesional area and mediating anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugh H Chan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Connor A Wathen
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Nicole D Mathews
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Olivia Hogue
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - James P Modic
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ronak Kundalia
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cara Wyant
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Hyun-Joo Park
- Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Imad M Najm
- Epilepsy Center, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Bruce D Trapp
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Andre G Machado
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Neurological Restoration, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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293
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Miterko LN, Lackey EP, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Shaping Diversity Into the Brain's Form and Function. Front Neural Circuits 2018; 12:83. [PMID: 30364100 PMCID: PMC6191489 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The brain contains a large diversity of unique cell types that use specific genetic programs to control development and instruct the intricate wiring of sensory, motor, and cognitive brain regions. In addition to their cellular diversity and specialized connectivity maps, each region's dedicated function is also expressed in their characteristic gross external morphologies. The folds on the surface of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum are classic examples. But, to what extent does structure relate to function and at what spatial scale? We discuss the mechanisms that sculpt functional brain maps and external morphologies. We also contrast the cryptic structural defects in conditions such as autism spectrum disorders to the overt microcephaly after Zika infections, taking into consideration that both diseases disrupt proper cognitive development. The data indicate that dynamic processes shape all brain areas to fit into jigsaw-like patterns. The patterns in each region reflect circuit connectivity, which ultimately supports local signal processing and accomplishes multi-areal integration of information processing to optimize brain functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N. Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Detlef H. Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
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294
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Özbek A, Göçmen Mas N, Turan S, Ay B, Serim Demirgören B, Nilüfer Yonguç G, Karabekir S, İpek Polat A, Semra Hız A, Gencer Kıdak Ö. Cerebellar volume in early-onset schizophrenia and its association with severity of symptoms. J Int Med Res 2018; 47:411-419. [PMID: 30304968 PMCID: PMC6384474 DOI: 10.1177/0300060518803028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives This study aimed to investigate whether early-onset schizophrenia (EOS) cases differ from controls regarding volumes of the total cerebellum and the right and left cerebellar hemispheres, and volumetric asymmetry. Correlations of cerebellar volumes and asymmetry indices with severity of symptoms and general functioning in cases of EOS were also assessed. Methods Adolescents with EOS (n = 23) were compared with controls (n = 23). Sociodemographic and clinical data, and magnetic resonance imaging scans that were acquired for routine clinical purposes were collected retrospectively. Cerebellar volumes were evaluated using the stereological method. Asymmetry indices were subsequently calculated. Scores of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and the Children’s Global Assessment Scale were used to assess the severity of symptoms and general functionality. Results There were no significant differences in any of the cerebellar volumes and asymmetry indices between the two groups. Neither cerebellar volumes nor asymmetry indices were correlated with the severity of symptoms and general functionality in EOS. Conclusions Our findings suggest that the early-onset form of schizophrenia does not show apparent volumetric changes of the cerebellum. Additionally, the neural circuits involved in formation of symptomatology may not reflect any correlation with cerebellar volumes at mid-adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aylin Özbek
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Nüket Göçmen Mas
- 2 Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Serkan Turan
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Bari Ay
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Burcu Serim Demirgören
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | | | - Selim Karabekir
- 3 Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe İpek Polat
- 4 Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Semra Hız
- 4 Department of Child Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Özlem Gencer Kıdak
- 1 Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Turkey
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295
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Picelli A, Chemello E, Castellazzi P, Filippetti M, Brugnera A, Gandolfi M, Waldner A, Saltuari L, Smania N. Combined effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation and transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic brain stroke: A pilot, single blind, randomized controlled trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018. [PMID: 29526857 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-170784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preliminary evidence showed additional effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the damaged cerebral hemisphere combined with cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation during robot-assisted gait training in chronic stroke patients. This is consistent with the neural organization of locomotion involving cortical and spinal control. The cerebellum is crucial for locomotor control, in particular for avoidance of obstacles, and adaptation to novel conditions during walking. Despite its key role in gait control, to date the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum have not been investigated on brain stroke patients treated with robot-assisted gait training. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation combined with transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation on robot-assisted gait training in patients with chronic brain stroke. METHODS After balanced randomization, 20 chronic stroke patients received ten, 20-minute robot-assisted gait training sessions (five days a week, for two consecutive weeks) combined with central nervous system stimulation. Group 1 underwent on-line cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation. Group 2 received on-line anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the damaged cerebral hemisphere + cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation. The primary outcome was the 6-minute walk test performed before, after, and at follow-up at 2 and 4 weeks post-treatment. RESULTS The significant differences in the 6-minute walk test noted between groups at the first post-treatment evaluation (p = 0.041) were not maintained at either the 2-week (P = 0.650) or the 4-week (P = 0.545) follow-up evaluations. CONCLUSION Our preliminary findings support the hypothesis that cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation over the contralesional cerebellar hemisphere in combination with cathodal transcutaneous spinal direct current stimulation might be useful to boost the effects of robot-assisted gait training in chronic brain stroke patients with walking impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Picelli
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Chemello
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Castellazzi
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Mirko Filippetti
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Annalisa Brugnera
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marialuisa Gandolfi
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Andreas Waldner
- Villa Melitta Rehabilitation Clinic, Bolzano, Italy.,Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Leopold Saltuari
- Research Unit for Neurorehabilitation South Tyrol, Bolzano, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Hochzirl Hospital, Zirl, Austria
| | - Nicola Smania
- Neuromotor and Cognitive Rehabilitation Research Center, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Neurorehabilitation Unit, Hospital Trust of Verona, Verona, Italy
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296
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Zhang J, Zhang Y, Wang L, Sang L, Li L, Li P, Yin X, Qiu M. Brain Functional Connectivity Plasticity Within and Beyond the Sensorimotor Network in Lower-Limb Amputees. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:403. [PMID: 30356798 PMCID: PMC6189475 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral neuroplasticity after amputation has been elucidated by functional neuroimaging. However, little is known concerning how brain network-level functional reorganization of the sensorimotor system evolves following lower-limb amputation. We studied 32 unilateral lower-limb amputees (LLAs) and 32 matched healthy controls (HCs) using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI). A regions of interest (ROI)-wise connectivity analysis was performed with ROIs in eight brain regions in the sensorimotor network to investigate intra-network changes, and seed-based whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) with a seed in the contralateral primary sensorimotor cortex (S1M1) was used to study the FC reorganization between the sensorimotor region (S1M1) and other parts of the brain in the LLAs. The ROI-wise connectivity analysis showed that the LLAs had decreased FC, mainly between the subcortical nuclei and the contralateral S1M1 (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Seed-based whole-brain FC analysis revealed that brain regions with decreased FC with the contralateral S1M1 extended beyond the sensorimotor network to the prefrontal and visual cortices (p < 0.05, FDR corrected). Moreover, correlation analysis showed that decreased FC between the subcortical and the cortical regions in the sensorimotor network progressively increased in relation to the time since amputation. These findings indicated a cascade of cortical reorganization at a more extensive network level following lower-limb amputation, and also showed promise for the development of a possible neurobiological marker of changes in FC related to motor function recovery in LLAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingna Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ye Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Linqiong Sang
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xuntao Yin
- Department of Radiology, Southwest Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Mingguo Qiu
- Department of Medical Imaging, College of Biomedical Engineering, Army Medical University, Chongqing, China
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297
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Wang Y, Fang J, Song P, Bao Y, Song W, Liu J, Lang C, Jorgenson K, Jung M, Shen D, Li S, Sun R, Ding X, Yang J, Meng X, Wang N, Yan Z, Yan Y, Kong Q, Dong Y, Cui F, Tu Y, Cui B, Kong J. The Dysfunction of the Cerebellum and Its Cerebellum-Reward-Sensorimotor Loops in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:507-516. [PMID: 29574551 PMCID: PMC6126981 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0933-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) is a common itchy skin disease. Despite its prevalence, the neuropathology of CSU is uncertain. In this study, we explored resting state functional connectivity (rs-FC) changes in CSU, as well as how the symptom changes following intervention can modulate rs-FC. Forty patients and 40 healthy controls (HCs) were recruited. Following an intervention, 32 patients participated in a second scan approximately 6 weeks after the first scan. Compared with healthy controls, CSU subjects exhibited higher regional homogeneity (ReHo) values in the cerebellum, which were positively associated with urticaria activity scores over 7 days (UAS7) at baseline. After an intervention accompanied with clinical improvement, we found that ReHo values decreased at the cerebellum and increased at the bilateral primary somatosensory cortex (SI)/primary motor cortex (MI)/supplementary motor area (SMA). Using the cerebellum as a seed, CSU subjects exhibited increased rs-FC with reward regions when compared with HCs and exhibited decreased rs-FC at the right orbitofrontal cortex and right sensorimotor region following the intervention. The improvement rate values were positively associated with reduced rs-FC values in the two regions. Using the cluster of SI/MI/SMA as a seed, CSU patients exhibited decreased rs-FC with the left putamen, caudate, accumbens, and thalamus following the intervention. These results demonstrate the altered cerebellar activity and cerebellum-reward-sensorimotor loops in CSU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Department of Radiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yan Bao
- Department of Radiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Wenwen Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
- National-Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Rehabilitation Medicine Technology, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350122, China
| | - Courtney Lang
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Kristen Jorgenson
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Minyoung Jung
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Dong Shen
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Shasha Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Ruirui Sun
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Xu Ding
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Jiao Yang
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Xiao Meng
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Zhifang Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Yuhe Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Qian Kong
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Fangyuan Cui
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Yiheng Tu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA
| | - Bingnan Cui
- Department of Dermatology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100053, China.
| | - Jian Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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298
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He HC, Hsu MC, Hsu CS, Cheng YY, Chang ST. Bidirectionality of the dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortical tract allows concurrent hypoperfusion in ipsilateral cerebellum and contralateral cerebral hemisphere: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e12590. [PMID: 30290625 PMCID: PMC6200509 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000012590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The brain circulation of the dentato-rubro-thalamo-cortical tract (DRTT) has been reported for decade, but is rarely observed using nuclear medicine imaging tools, to analyze a patient with midbrain hemiatrophy syndrome. We present a case that revealed notable interruption in the middle of the DRTT. Finding out whether the superior cerebellar peduncle of the midbrain was injured was a decisive element for developing bidirectional effect of DRTT. PATIENT CONCERNS A 34-year-old right-handed female presented with progressive weakness and bradykinesia in the left-sided limbs for about 6 months. She had difficulty with hand dexterity for activities of daily life and general tasks. She reported poor balance during walking and sitting. Muscle strength was 3 in the left hand and 4 in the foot due to atrophy of left limbs. The circumference of 10 cm proximally/distally from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus was 25.7/23.8 cm at right and 24.2/20.8 cm at left in the upper limbs, and 15 cm proximally/distally from the lateral joint space was 42.1/35.0 cm at right and 43/30.8 cm at left in the lower limbs. The brain magnetic resonance imaging study revealed a small-sized right midbrain. DIAGNOSIS Based on the distinct features of limbs atrophy and the locations of the lesions on the magnetic resonance (MR) imaging, the patient was diagnosed with midbrain hemiatrophy syndrome. INTERVENTIONS The patient was only willing to accept physical and occupational training programs at our outpatient clinic. OUTCOMES We utilized serial anatomic and functional neuroimaging of the brain to survey the neurologic deficit. Brain perfusion single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) showed hypoperfusion over the left fronto-parietal regions, left anterior temporal region, and left occipital region, and also the left striatum and right cerebellum. Symptoms were gradually recovered with rehabilitation, and he was transferred to a rehabilitation facility on hospital day 40. LESSONS This is the first report to demonstrate concurrent hypoperfusion of ipsilateral cerebellum and contralateral cerebral hemisphere observed on SPECT images in a case of midbrain hemiatrophy syndrome. In our case, with midbrain hemiatrophy syndrome could be explained as mutual direction effect of DRTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Chen He
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
| | - Ming-Chun Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
| | - Chun-Sheng Hsu
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
- Department of Public Health and Institute of Public Health, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung
| | - Yuan-Yang Cheng
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University
| | - Shin-Tsu Chang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taichung Veterans General Hospital
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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299
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Grandi LC, Di Giovanni G, Galati S. Animal models of early-stage Parkinson's disease and acute dopamine deficiency to study compensatory neurodegenerative mechanisms. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 308:205-218. [PMID: 30107207 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease is a common neurodegenerative disease characterized by a widely variety of motor and non-motor symptoms. While the motor deficits are only visible following a severe dopamine depletion, neurodegenerative process and some non-motor symptoms are manifested years before the motor deficits. Importantly, chronic degeneration of dopaminergic neurons leads to the development of compensatory mechanisms that play roles in the progression of the disease and the response to anti-parkinsonian therapies. The identification of these mechanisms will be of great importance for improving our understanding of factors with important contributions to the disease course and the underlying adaptive process. To date, most of the data obtained from animal models reflect the late, chronic, dopamine-depleted states, when compensatory mechanisms have already been established. Thus, adequate animal models with which researchers are able to dissect early- and late-phase mechanisms are necessary. Here, we reviewed the literature related to animal models of early-stage PD and pharmacological treatments capable of inducing acute dopamine impairments and/or depletion, such as reserpine, haloperidol and tetrodotoxin. We highlighted the advantages, limitations and the future prospective uses of these models, as well as their applications in the identification of novel agents for treating this neurological disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Clara Grandi
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta; Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
| | - Salvatore Galati
- Laboratory for Biomedical Neurosciences, Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, Switzerland.
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300
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Rajaei N, Aoki N, Takahashi HK, Miyaoka T, Kochiyama T, Ohka M, Sadato N, Kitada R. Brain networks underlying conscious tactile perception of textures as revealed using the velvet hand illusion. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:4787-4801. [PMID: 30096223 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans are adept at perceiving textures through touch. Previous neuroimaging studies have identified a distributed network of brain regions involved in the tactile perception of texture. However, it remains unclear how nodes in this network contribute to the tactile awareness of texture. To examine the hypothesis that such awareness involves the interaction of the primary somatosensory cortex with higher order cortices, we conducted a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study utilizing the velvet hand illusion, in which an illusory velvet-like surface is perceived between the hands. Healthy participants were subjected to a strong illusion, a weak illusion, and tactile perception of real velvet. The strong illusion induced greater activation in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) than the weak illusion, and increases in such activation were positively correlated with the strength of the illusion. Furthermore, both actual and illusory perception of velvet induced common activation in S1. Psychophysiological interaction (PPI) analysis revealed that the strength of the illusion modulated the functional connectivity of S1 with each of the following regions: the parietal operculum, superior parietal lobule, precentral gyrus, insula, and cerebellum. The present results indicate that S1 is associated with the conscious tactile perception of textures, which may be achieved via interactions with higher order somatosensory areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Rajaei
- Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan.,Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoya Aoki
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan
| | | | - Tetsu Miyaoka
- Shizuoka institute of Science and Technology, Fukuroi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | | | - Masahiro Ohka
- Graduate School of Information Science, Nagoya University, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norihiro Sadato
- Division of Cerebral Integration, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki, Japan.,The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Hayama, Japan
| | - Ryo Kitada
- Division of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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