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Bourdu S, Dapoigny M, Chapuy E, Artigue F, Vasson MP, Dechelotte P, Bommelaer G, Eschalier A, Ardid D. Rectal instillation of butyrate provides a novel clinically relevant model of noninflammatory colonic hypersensitivity in rats. Gastroenterology 2005; 128:1996-2008. [PMID: 15940632 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2005.03.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), characterized by abdominal pain and bloating, is empirical and often poorly efficient. Research lacks suitable models for studying the pathophysiologic mechanisms of the colonic hypersensitivity and new pharmacologic targets. The present study aimed to develop a novel model of colonic hypersensitivity possessing several of the characteristics encountered in patients with IBS. METHODS Rats received enemas of a butyrate solution (8-1000 mmol/L) twice daily for 3 days. A time course was determined for colonic hypersensitivity (colorectal distention test) and referred cutaneous lumbar hyperalgesia (von Frey hairs). Macroscopic and histologic analyses were performed on colonic mucosa. The efficacy of morphine, U50488H (a kappa opioid agonist), and trimebutine on the 2 pain parameters was determined. Finally, the involvement of peptidergic C-fibers was evaluated using capsaicin-pretreated animals and treatments with calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and neurokinin 1 receptor antagonists. RESULTS Butyrate enemas induced a sustained, concentration-dependent colonic hypersensitivity and, to a lesser extent, a referred cutaneous mechanical hyperalgesia, particularly in female rats, but no macroscopic and histologic modifications of the colonic mucosa, as observed in patients with IBS. Both pain parameters were sensitive to morphine, U50488H, trimebutine, neonatal capsaicin treatment, and the CGRP receptor antagonist but not to the neurokinin 1 receptor antagonist. CONCLUSIONS These results present our noninflammatory model of chronic colonic hypersensitivity as a useful novel tool for studying IBS. The CGRP receptor antagonist-induced reduction of colonic hypersensitivity suggests that CGRP receptors may provide a promising target for treatment of IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Bourdu
- Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Médicale, Faculté de Médecine, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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252
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Kimball ES, Palmer JM, D'Andrea MR, Hornby PJ, Wade PR. Acute colitis induction by oil of mustard results in later development of an IBS-like accelerated upper GI transit in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2005; 288:G1266-73. [PMID: 15691868 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00444.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Oil of mustard (OM) is a potent neuronal activator that promotes allodynia and hyperalgesia within minutes of application. In this study, OM was used to induce an acute colitis. We also investigated whether intracolonic OM-induced inflammation alters gastrointestinal (GI) function over a longer time frame as a model of postinflammatory irritable bowel syndrome (PI-IBS). Mice given a single administration of 0.5% OM developed a severe colitis that peaked at day 3, was reduced at day 7, and was absent by day 14. At the peak response, there was body weight loss, colon shrinkage, thickening and weight increases, distension of the proximal colon, and diarrhea. Macroscopic inspection of the distal colon revealed a discontinuous pattern of inflammatory damage and occasional transmural ulceration. Histological examination showed loss of epithelium, an inflammatory infiltrate, destruction of mucosal architecture, edema, and loss of circular smooth muscle architecture. OM administration increased transit of a carmine dye bolus from 58% of the total length of the upper GI tract in untreated age-matched controls to as high as 74% when tested at day 28 post-OM. Mice in the latter group demonstrated a significantly more sensitive response to inhibition of upper GI transit by the mu-opioid receptor agonist loperamide compared with normal mice. OM induces a rapid, acute, and transient colitis and, in the longer term, functional changes in motility that are observed when there is no gross inflammation and thereby is a model of functional bowel disorders that mimic aspects of PI-IBS in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward S Kimball
- Enterology Research Team, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical, Research and Development, Welsh and McKean Roads, PO Box 776, Spring House, PA, 19477-0776, USA.
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253
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Galan A, Laird JMA, Cervero F. In vivo recruitment by painful stimuli of AMPA receptor subunits to the plasma membrane of spinal cord neurons. Pain 2005; 112:315-323. [PMID: 15561387 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2004.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2004] [Revised: 08/30/2004] [Accepted: 09/13/2004] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The persistent increase in pain sensitivity observed after injury, known as hyperalgesia, depends on synaptic plasticity in the pain pathway, particularly in the spinal cord. Several potential mechanisms have been proposed, including post-synaptic exocytosis of the AMPA subclass of glutamate receptors (AMPA-R), which is known to play a critical role in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. AMPA-R trafficking has been described in spinal neurons in culture but it is unknown if it can also occur in spinal neurons in vivo, or if it can be induced by natural painful stimulation. Here we have induced referred mechanical hyperalgesia in vivo by intracolonic instillation of capsaicin in mice and have observed a recruitment of GluR1 AMPA-R subunits to neuronal plasma membranes in the lumbar spinal cord. Intracolonic capsaicin induced a rapid (10 min) increase in GluR1, but not GluR2/3 in the synaptosomal membrane fraction which lasted at least 3 h and a decrease in GluR1 subunit in the cytosolic fraction. Capsaicin treatment also provoked CaMKII activation and pre-treatment with a specific CaMKII inhibitor prevented the GluR1 trafficking. Brefeldin-A, an antibiotic that inhibits exocytosis of proteins, not only prevented GluR1 trafficking to the membrane but also inhibited referred hyperalgesia in capsaicin-treated mice. Our results show that delivery of GluR1 AMPA receptor subunits to the cell membrane through a CaMKII activity-dependent exocytotic regulated pathway contributes to the development of hyperalgesia after a painful stimulus. We conclude that AMPA-R trafficking contributes to the synaptic strengthening induced in the pain pathway by natural stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Galan
- Anesthesia Research Unit, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Que., Canada Department of Bioscience, AstraZeneca R&D Montréal, Que., Canada
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254
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Huntjens DRH, Danhof M, Della Pasqua OE. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic correlations and biomarkers in the development of COX-2 inhibitors. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2005; 44:846-59. [PMID: 15855183 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/keh627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which COX inhibitors exert their analgesic effect is well established. However, data show no direct correlation between drug concentrations in plasma and the analgesic or adverse effects in chronic inflammatory conditions. This represents a major problem in the development of COX inhibitors, since it is difficult to predict the appropriate dosing regimen for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain, based upon information from pre-clinical studies and eventually early clinical studies. The factors that determine response in inflammatory pain must be understood in order to make predictions about the time course of the analgesic effect. In this review the determinants of drug response and their variability will be discussed: physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), pathophysiology and disease progression. From a mechanistic point of view, endogenous mediators of inflammation might be used as a biomarker for the analgesic effect and safety assessment. Such a biomarker can be an intermediate step between drug exposure and response. In addition, its concentration-effect relationship could be characterized by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling. Indeed, recent investigations have shown that COX-2 inhibition, as determined by modelling of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in the whole blood assay in vitro can be used as a marker to predict drug effects (analgesia) in humans. A model-derived parameter, IC80, (total and unbound) was found to correlate directly with the analgesic plasma concentration of different COX inhibitors varying in enzyme selectivity. These findings indicate that PGE2 and thromboxane B2 inhibition can be used to predict and select efficacious doses in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R H Huntjens
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden/Amsterdam Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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255
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Galan A, Cervero F. Painful stimuli induce in vivo phosphorylation and membrane mobilization of mouse spinal cord NKCC1 co-transporter. Neuroscience 2005; 133:245-52. [PMID: 15893647 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2005.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/12/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The Na+ --Cl- --K+ isoform 1 (NKCC1) is a co-transporter that increases the intracellular concentration of chloride. NKCC1 plays a critical role in neuronal excitability and it has been recently suggested that it can contribute to hyperalgesic states by modulating the chloride concentration inside nociceptive neurons. In the spinal cord, trafficking of neurotransmitter receptors from the cytosol to the plasma membrane has been demonstrated to contribute to the development of hyperalgesia. However, it is unknown if trafficking of co-transporters can also occur in the nervous system or if it can be induced by painful stimulation. In this study, we have induced referred mechanical hyperalgesia in vivo by intracolonic instillation of capsaicin in mice. Using subcellular fractionation of proteins and cross-linking of membrane proteins we have observed that intracolonic capsaicin induced a 50% increase in NKCC1 in the plasma membrane of lumbosacral spinal cord 90 and 180 min after instillation, in parallel with a similar decrease in the cytosolic fraction. These effects returned to basal levels 6 h after capsaicin treatment. Intracolonic capsaicin also evoked a rapid (10 min) and transient phosphorylation of NKCC1, however, intracolonic saline did not produce significant changes in either NKCC1 trafficking or phosphorylation and none of the treatments induced any alterations of NKCC1 in the thoracic spinal cord. These results suggest that phosphorylation and recruitment of NKCC1 might play a role in referred mechanical hyperalgesia evoked by a painful visceral stimulus. The time course of the effects observed suggests that phosphorylation could contribute to the initial generation of hyperalgesia whereas trafficking could participate in the maintenance of hyperalgesic states observed at longer time points.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Galan
- Anesthesia Research Unit, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Building, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3G 1Y6
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256
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Kawao N, Ikeda H, Kitano T, Kuroda R, Sekiguchi F, Kataoka K, Kamanaka Y, Kawabata A. Modulation of capsaicin-evoked visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia by protease-activated receptors 1 and 2. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 94:277-85. [PMID: 15037813 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.94.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) 1 and 2 are expressed in capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons, being anti- and pro-nociceptive, respectively. Given the possible cross talk between PAR-2 and capsaicin receptors, we investigated if PAR-2 activation could facilitate capsaicin-evoked visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia in the mouse and also examined the effect of PAR-1 activation in this model. Intracolonic (i.col.) administration of capsaicin triggered visceral pain-related nociceptive behavior, followed by referred hyperalgesia. The capsaicin-evoked visceral nociception was suppressed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) TFLLR-NH2, a PAR-1-activating peptide, but not FTLLR-NH2, a control peptide, and unaffected by i.col. TFLLR-NH2. SLIGRL-NH2, a PAR-2-activating peptide, but not LRGILS-NH2, a control peptide, administered i.col., facilitated the capsaicin-evoked visceral nociception 6-18 h after administration, while i.p. SLIGRL-NH2 had no effect. The capsaicin-evoked referred hyperalgesia was augmented by i.col. SLIGRL-NH2, but not LRGILS-NH2, 6-18 h after administration, and unaffected by i.p. SLIGRL-NH2, and i.p. or i.col. TFLLR-NH2. Our data suggest that PAR-1 is antinociceptive in processing of visceral pain, whereas PAR-2 expressed in the colonic luminal surface, upon activation, produces delayed sensitization of capsaicin receptors, resulting in facilitation of visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Rectal
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/drug effects
- Capsaicin/administration & dosage
- Capsaicin/adverse effects
- Capsaicin/antagonists & inhibitors
- Colon/drug effects
- Colon/innervation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Synergism
- Drug Therapy, Combination
- Hyperalgesia/chemically induced
- Hyperalgesia/complications
- Hyperalgesia/physiopathology
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Male
- Mice
- Oligopeptides/administration & dosage
- Oligopeptides/chemistry
- Oligopeptides/pharmacokinetics
- Pain/chemically induced
- Pain/complications
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain Measurement/methods
- Peptides/administration & dosage
- Peptides/pharmacokinetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/drug effects
- Receptor, PAR-1/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-1/metabolism
- Receptor, PAR-2/drug effects
- Receptor, PAR-2/genetics
- Receptor, PAR-2/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
- Viscera/drug effects
- Viscera/innervation
- Viscera/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Division of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, Osaka, Japan
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257
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Hoogerwerf WA, Gondesen K, Xiao SY, Winston JH, Willis WD, Pasricha PJ. The role of mast cells in the pathogenesis of pain in chronic pancreatitis. BMC Gastroenterol 2005; 5:8. [PMID: 15745445 PMCID: PMC554992 DOI: 10.1186/1471-230x-5-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2005] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The biological basis of pain in chronic pancreatitis is poorly understood. Mast cells have been implicated in the pathogenesis of pain in other conditions. We hypothesized that mast cells play a role in the pain of chronic pancreatitis. We examined the association of pain with mast cells in autopsy specimens of patients with painful chronic pancreatitis. We explored our hypothesis further using an experimental model of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) -induced chronic pancreatitis in both wild type (WT) and mast cell deficient mice (MCDM). METHODS Archival tissues with histological diagnoses of chronic pancreatitis were identified and clinical records reviewed for presence or absence of reported pain in humans. Mast cells were counted. The presence of pain was assessed using von Frey Filaments (VFF) to measure abdominal withdrawal responses in both WT and MCDM mice with and without chronic pancreatitis. RESULTS Humans with painful chronic pancreatitis demonstrated a 3.5-fold increase in pancreatic mast cells as compared with those with painless chronic pancreatitis.WT mice with chronic pancreatitis were significantly more sensitive as assessed by VFF pain testing of the abdomen when compared with MCDM. CONCLUSION Humans with painful chronic pancreatitis have an increased number of pancreatic mast cells as compared with those with painless chronic pancreatitis. MCDM are less sensitive to mechanical stimulation of the abdomen after induction of chronic pancreatitis as compared with WT. Mast cells may play an important role in the pathogenesis of pain in chronic pancreatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willemijntje A Hoogerwerf
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
| | - Kelly Gondesen
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
| | - Shu-Yuan Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0743, USA
| | - John H Winston
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
| | - William D Willis
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Laboratory, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Boulevard, Galveston, TX 77555-0764, USA
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258
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Jiang M, Alheid GF, Calandriello T, McCrimmon DR. Parabrachial-lateral pontine neurons link nociception and breathing. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2005; 143:215-33. [PMID: 15519557 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2004.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of the parabrachial complex in cutaneous nociceptor-induced respiratory stimulation in chloralose-urethane anesthetized, vagotomized rats. Noxious stimulation (mustard oil, MO) applied topically to a forelimb or hindlimb enhanced the peak amplitude of the integrated phrenic nerve discharge and, with forelimb application, increased phrenic nerve burst frequency. Bilateral inactivation of neural activity in the parabrachial complex with injection of the GABA agonist muscimol (3nl) markedly attenuated the response to MO application. Injection of the retrograde tracer FluoroGold within the medullary ventral respiratory column labeled neurons in dorsolateral pontine regions known to receive nociceptive inputs (i.e., Kolliker-Fuse, lateral crescent, and superior lateral subnuclei of the parabrachial complex). Extracellular recordings of 65 dorsolateral parabrachial neurons revealed about 15% responded to a noxious cutaneous pinch with either an increase or a decrease in discharge and approximately 40% of these exhibited a phasic respiratory-related component to their discharge. In conclusion, parabrachial pontine neurons contribute to cutaneous nociceptor-induced increases in breathing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingchen Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Institute for Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, M211, 303 E. Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL 60611-3008, USA
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259
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Wang G, Ji Y, Lidow MS, Traub RJ. Neonatal hind paw injury alters processing of visceral and somatic nociceptive stimuli in the adult rat. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2005; 5:440-9. [PMID: 15501426 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpain.2004.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2004] [Revised: 06/27/2004] [Accepted: 07/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tissue damage during the first few weeks after birth can have profound effects on sensory processing in the adult. We have recently reported that a short-lasting inflammation of the neonatal rat hind paw produces baseline hypoalgesia and exacerbated hyperalgesia after reinflammation of that hind paw in the adult. Because the contralateral hind paw and forepaws also displayed hypoalgesia, we speculated that effects of the initial injury were not somatotopically restricted and would alter visceral sensory processing as well. In the present study we tested this hypothesis by examining the effects of neonatal hind paw injury at P3 or P14 on visceral and somatic sensitivity in the adult rat. In P3 rats, the visceromotor response evoked by colorectal distention in the absence of colonic inflammation was attenuated in carrageenan-treated neonatal rats compared to naive rats. Colonic inflammation in the adult reversed this hypoalgesia and evoked a level of visceral hyperalgesia similar to naive rats. There were no consequences of the P14 injury observed in the adult. In a second experiment, colonic inflammation in naive rats induced viscerosomatic inhibition to thermal stimulation of the forepaw and hind paw. This inhibition was reversed, and the paw withdrawal latency was slightly decreased in neonatal (P3) carrageenan-treated rats. Rats treated on P14 appeared similar to naive rats. These data support the hypothesis that neonatal hind paw injury during a critical period permanently alters sensory processing of multiple sensory modalities in the adult. Animals develop with greater inhibitory processing of somatic and visceral stimuli throughout the neuraxis. However, inflammation in the adult in previously uninjured tissue reverses the hypoalgesia and evokes development of normal hyperexcitability associated with tissue injury. PERSPECTIVE Trauma experienced by premature infants can lead to alterations in sensory processing throughout life. This study shows that short-term somatic tissue injury to neonatal rats during a well-defined critical period alters several aspects of viscerosensory processing in the adult, demonstrating that injury to one tissue affects sensory processing throughout the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gexin Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Maryland Dental School, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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260
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Christoph T, Kögel B, Schiene K, Méen M, De Vry J, Friderichs E. Broad analgesic profile of buprenorphine in rodent models of acute and chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 507:87-98. [PMID: 15659298 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2004] [Revised: 11/19/2004] [Accepted: 11/23/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Buprenorphine is a potent opioid analgesic clinically used to treat moderate to severe pain. The present study assessed its analgesic efficacy in a broad range of rodent models of acute and chronic pain. In the phenylquinone writhing, hot plate, and tail flick mouse models of acute pain, full analgesic efficacy was obtained (ED50 values: 0.0084-0.16 mg/kg i.v.). Full analgesic efficacy was also obtained in yeast- and formalin-induced inflammatory pain (ED50 values: 0.0024-0.025 mg/kg i.v., rats and mice) and in mustard-oil-induced spontaneous pain, referred allodynia, and referred hyperalgesia in mice (ED50 values: 0.018-0.025 mg/kg i.v.). Buprenorphine strongly inhibited mechanical and cold allodynia in mononeuropathic rats, as well as mechanical hyperalgesia and cold allodynia in polyneuropathic rats (ED50 values: 0.055 and 0.036 mg/kg i.v. and 0.129 and 0.038 mg/kg i.p., respectively). It is concluded that buprenorphine shows a broad analgesic profile and offers the opportunity to treat different pain conditions, including neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Christoph
- Department of Pharmacology, Grünenthal GmbH Research and Development, Zieglerstrasse 6, D-52078 Aachen, Germany.
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261
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Sabetkasaie M, Vala S, Khansefid N, Hosseini AR, Sadat Ladgevardi MAR. Clonidine and guanfacine-induced antinociception in visceral pain: possible role of α2/I2 binding sites. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 501:95-101. [PMID: 15464067 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2004] [Revised: 07/30/2004] [Accepted: 08/04/2004] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Visceral pain is one of the most common forms of pain which is poorly understood. We now studied the influence of imidazoline/guanidinium compounds such as clonidine and guanfacine on visceral pain in the presence or absence of yohimbine and benazoline. To produce visceral pain-related behaviours, formalin (10%) was administered by inserting a fine cannula into the colon via the anus. Each experiment took 1 h. Clonidine (0.001, 0.01 and 0.1 mg/kg, i.p.) and guanfacine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, i.p.) produced analgesia dose dependently. The clonidine response was inhibited by yohimbine (0.2 mg/kg, i.p.). On the other hand, benazoline (5 mg/kg, i.p.) blocked the antinociceptive effect of guanfacine (5 mg/kg). Benazoline (2.5 and 5 mg/kg) itself also induced analgesia in inflammatory colonic pain. In this study, we used morphine to ensure that the behavioural responses were pain-related. Our results showed that morphine (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg, s.c.) produced a dose-dependent antinociception. The morphine (7 mg/kg, s.c.) response was reduced by naloxone (2 mg/kg, i.p.). However, we concluded that both imidazoline (I(2)) and alpha(2)-adrenoceptors may play a role in producing analgesia in visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Sabetkasaie
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience Research Center, School of Medicine, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 19835-355, Tehran, Iran.
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262
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Holzer P. TRPV1 and the gut: from a tasty receptor for a painful vanilloid to a key player in hyperalgesia. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 500:231-41. [PMID: 15464036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Capsaicin, the pungent ingredient in red pepper, has been used since ancient times as a spice, despite the burning sensation associated with its intake. More than 50 years ago, Nikolaus Jancso discovered that capsaicin can selectively stimulate nociceptive primary afferent neurons. The ensuing research established that the neuropharmacological properties of capsaicin are due to its activation of the transient receptor potential ion channel of the vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1). Expressed by primary afferent neurons innervating the gut and other organs, TRPV1 is gated not only by vanilloids such as capsaicin, but also by noxious heat, acidosis and intracellular lipid mediators such as anandamide and lipoxygenase products. Importantly, TRPV1 can be sensitized by acidosis and activation of various pro-algesic pathways. Upregulation of TRPV1 in inflammatory bowel disease and the beneficial effect of TRPV1 downregulation in functional dyspepsia and irritable bladder make this polymodal nociceptor an attractive target of novel therapies for chronic abdominal pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Holzer
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 4, A-8010 Graz, Austria.
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263
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Abstract
The use of genetically manipulated animals in conjunction with classical physiological and biochemical measurement has unravelled many pathological changes in animal models of chronic pain that bear some striking similarities to those described in several chronic pain conditions in humans. In this article, I highlight several limitations in the validation of animal models of chronic pain and the methods that are used for assessing pain-like behaviours in these models. Alternative methods for assessing pain and stress in animals, which might better reflect the diverse symptomotology of chronic pain in humans, are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon Blackburn-Munro
- Department of Pharmacology, NeuroSearch A/S, Pederstrupvej 93, DK-2750 Ballerup, Denmark.
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264
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Aloisi A, Ceccarelli I, Affaitati G, Lerza R, Vecchiet L, Larenna D, Giamberardino MA. c-Fos expression in the spinal cord of female rats with artificial ureteric calculosis. Neurosci Lett 2004; 361:212-5. [PMID: 15135931 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2003.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Rats with an artificial stone in the left ureter display spontaneous pain behavior (ureteral 'crises') and referred hyperalgesia/contraction in the ipsilateral oblique musculature. To evaluate neuronal activation in both sensitive and motor pathways in this model, c-Fos expression was studied in the spinal cord of calculosis rats vs. sham controls. Fos-labeled cells were never observed in sham controls. In stone rats, they were found in the T10-L2 segments, throughout the dorsal horn, significantly more on the left than the right side (P < 0.002). Fos-labeled cells were also found in lamina IX, containing motoneurons; at the T11-T12 level, these were significantly more on the left than the right side (P < 0.03). Nociceptive input from the ureter thus activates not only sensory but also efferent neurons in the spinal cord, suggesting the triggering of reflex arcs by the visceral focus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Aloisi
- Department of Physiology, Section of Neuroscience and Applied Physiology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
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Rifai K, Chidiac JJ, Hawwa N, Baliki M, Jabbur SJ, Saadé NE. Occlusion of dentinal tubules and selective block of pulp innervation prevent the nociceptive behaviour induced in rats by intradental application of irritants. Arch Oral Biol 2004; 49:457-68. [PMID: 15099803 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2004.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Application of irritants on the exposed dentine of the incisors has been shown to produce aversive behaviour in awake rats. This study aims to demonstrate that the observed aversion is due to the infiltration of irritants through the dentinal tubules and the activation of capsaicin sensitive fibres in the tooth pulp. METHODS Different groups of rats were subjected, under anaesthesia, to cutting of the distal 2 mm of their lower incisors and the fixation of an artificial crown that allows the application of 10-15 microl of solution. Several procedures were followed to prevent the action of the irritants including occlusion of the dentinal tubules, local application of lidocaine, selective ablation of the capsaicin sensitive primary afferents (CSPA) or incisor pulpectomy; the reactions to intradental application of either capsaicin (1%) or formalin (2.5%) were tested using a newly designed behavioural score. RESULTS Occlusion of dentinal tubules produced significant attenuation of the nociceptive behaviour induced by dentinal application of either capsaicin or formalin. Similar results were observed following either local block with lidocaine (2%), selective ablation of capsaicin sensitive afferents or total denervation by pulpectomy. CONCLUSIONS The present results confirm the hypothesis of infiltration of irritants to the incisor pulp through the dentinal tubules and suggest that the reported inflammatory reaction and hyperalgesia are mediated, to a large extent, by capsaicin sensitive primary afferents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaldoun Rifai
- Department of Prosthodontics, School of Dentistry, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
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266
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Traub RJ, Wang G. Colonic inflammation decreases thermal sensitivity of the forepaw and hindpaw in the rat. Neurosci Lett 2004; 359:81-4. [PMID: 15050717 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2004.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2003] [Revised: 02/09/2004] [Accepted: 02/11/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Noxious stimulation at one site on the body can inhibit noxious stimulation at distal body sites. This has been extensively demonstrated for somatic stimuli, but less so for visceral stimuli. In the present study we present a model for visceral inflammatory stimuli inhibiting somatic thermal sensitivity in awake rats. Colonic inflammation induced by mustard oil increases the hindpaw and forepaw withdrawal latency from a noxious radiant heat source by 35-50% compared to baseline responses. The duration of the effect is dose-dependent. The withdrawal latency in control rats (mineral oil in colon, mustard oil on skin) was not affected. Rotarod performance was not affected by 5% mustard oil indicating that colonic inflammation did not produce a general malaise or decrease in motor performance. These data suggest that visceral inflammation in the rat decreases somatic sensitivity similar to that reported by patients with colonic hypersensitivity from irritable bowel syndrome or inflammatory bowel diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Traub
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Dental School and Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland, 666 W. Baltimore St., Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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267
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Stam R, van Laar TJ, Wiegant VM. Physiological and behavioural responses to duodenal pain in freely moving rats. Physiol Behav 2004; 81:163-9. [PMID: 15059696 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2003] [Revised: 01/13/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2004] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Luminal distention of the intestine can be aversive in humans and laboratory animals, and hypersensitivity to distention is found in functional gastrointestinal disorders. Current animal models either require anaesthesia or acute balloon intubation or use implanted balloons of irritant materials, for which the aversive quality of distention and physiological responses have not been well characterised. We report here that silicone balloon catheters implanted in the duodenum via the stomach have long patency without obvious tissue damage. Balloon inflation in freely moving rats caused passive avoidance learning and classic 'pain' postures, as well as graded cardiovascular responses which can be recorded telemetrically. The method should make long-lasting studies of pharmacological and environmental effects on visceral sensitivity more feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne Stam
- Department of Pharmacology and Anatomy, Rudolf Magnus Institute of Neuroscience, University Medical Center Utrecht, POB 85060, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands
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268
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Robinson DR, McNaughton PA, Evans ML, Hicks GA. Characterization of the primary spinal afferent innervation of the mouse colon using retrograde labelling. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2004; 16:113-24. [PMID: 14764211 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2982.2003.00456.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain is the most common form of pain produced by disease and is thus of interest in the study of gastrointestinal (GI) complaints such as irritable bowel syndrome, in which sensory signals perceived as GI pain travel in extrinsic afferent neurones with cell bodies in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). The DRG from which the primary spinal afferent innervation of the mouse descending colon arises are not well defined. This study has combined retrograde labelling and immunohistochemistry to identify and characterize these neurones. Small to medium-sized retrogradely labelled cell bodies were found in the DRG at levels T8-L1 and L6-S1. Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)- and P2X3-like immunoreactivity (LI) was seen in 81 and 32%, respectively, of retrogradely labelled cells, and 20% bound the Griffonia simplicifolia-derived isolectin IB4. CGRP-LI and IB4 were co-localized in 22% of retrogradely labelled cells, whilst P2X3-LI and IB4 were co-localized in 7% (vs 34% seen in the whole DRG population). Eighty-two per cent of retrogradely labelled cells exhibited vanilloid receptor 1-like immunoreactivity (VR1-LI). These data suggest that mouse colonic spinal primary afferent neurones are mostly peptidergic CGRP-containing, VR1-LI, C fibre afferents. In contrast to the general DRG population, a subset of neurones exist that are P2X3 receptor-LI but do not bind IB4.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Robinson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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269
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Bánvölgyi A, Pozsgai G, Brain SD, Helyes ZS, Szolcsányi J, Ghosh M, Melegh B, Pintér E. Mustard oil induces a transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 receptor-independent neurogenic inflammation and a non-neurogenic cellular inflammatory component in mice. Neuroscience 2004; 125:449-59. [PMID: 15062987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/07/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A neurogenic component has been suggested to play a pivotal role in a range of inflammatory/immune diseases. Mustard oil (allyl-isothiocyanate) has been used in studies of inflammation to mediate neurogenic vasodilatation and oedema in rodent skin. The aim of the present study was to analyse mustard oil-induced oedema and neutrophil accumulation in the mouse ear focussing on the roles of neurokinin 1 (NK(1)) and vanilloid (TRPV1) receptors using normal (BALB/c, C57BL/6) as well as NK(1) and TRPV1 receptor knockout mice. A single or double treatment of 1% mustard oil on the BALB/c mouse ear induced ear oedema with responses diminished by 6 h. However a 25-30% increase in ear thickness was maintained by the hourly reapplication of mustard oil. Desensitisation of sensory nerves with capsaicin, or the NK(1) receptor antagonist SR140333, inhibited oedema but only in the first 3 h. Neutrophil accumulation in response to mustard oil was inhibited neither by SR140333 nor capsaicin pre-treatment. An activating dose of capsaicin (2.5%) induced a large oedema in C57BL/6 wild-type mice that was minimal in TRPV1 receptor knockout mice. By comparison, mustard oil generated ear swelling was inhibited by SR140333 in wild-type and TRPV1 knockout mice. Repeated administration of mustard oil maintained 35% oedema in TRPV1 knockout animals and the lack of TRPV1 receptors did not alter the leukocyte accumulation. In contrast repeated treatment caused about 20% ear oedema in Sv129+C57BL/6 wild-type mice but the absence of NK(1) receptors significantly decreased the response. Neutrophil accumulation showed similar values in both groups. This study has revealed that mustard oil can act via both neurogenic and non-neurogenic mechanisms to mediate inflammation in the mouse ear. Importantly, the activation of the sensory nerves was still observed in TRPV1 knockout mice indicating that the neurogenic inflammatory component occurs via a TRPV1 receptor independent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Bánvölgyi
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u. 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary
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270
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Cervero F, Laird JMA. Understanding the signaling and transmission of visceral nociceptive events. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:45-54. [PMID: 15362152 DOI: 10.1002/neu.20084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Visceral pain can be considered as part of the defense reactions of the body against harmful stimuli, particularly of those that impinge on the mucosal lining of hollow organs. It is a problem of considerable clinical relevance, and its neurobiological mechanisms differ from those of somatic nociceptive or neuropathic pain. Much progress had been made in recent years in the understanding of the functional properties of the visceral nociceptors that trigger pain states, their molecular mechanisms of activation and sensitization and on their central actions. Some molecular targets have been identified as key players in the activation and sensitization of visceral nociceptors, notably ASICs, TTX-resistant Na channels and the TRPV1 receptor. Some nonneural elements of visceral organs, such as the urothelium have been shown to play active roles in the transduction of visceral sensory events by mechanisms involving ATP release by the urothelial cells. Certain well-known neurotransmitters, such as the tachykinin family of neuropeptides, likely play an important role in the peripheral and central activation of visceral nociceptive afferents and in the generation of visceral hyperalgesia. This article reviews current evidence on the mechanisms of activation and sensitization of visceral nociceptive afferents and on their role in the triggering and maintenance of clinically relevant visceral pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Cervero
- Anaesthesia Research Unit, McGill University, McIntyre Medical Bldg., Room 1207, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.
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271
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Winston JH, Toma H, Shenoy M, He ZJ, Zou L, Xiao SY, Micci MA, Pasricha PJ. Acute pancreatitis results in referred mechanical hypersensitivity and neuropeptide up-regulation that can be suppressed by the protein kinase inhibitor k252a. THE JOURNAL OF PAIN 2003; 4:329-37. [PMID: 14622690 DOI: 10.1016/s1526-5900(03)00636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Although pain is a cardinal feature of pancreatitis, its pathogenesis is poorly understood and treatment remains difficult. Nociceptive sensitization in several somatic pain models has been associated with activation of protein kinases including trkA, protein kinase C, and protein kinase A. We therefore tested the hypothesis that systemic treatment with a kinase inhibitor, k252a, known to inhibit all of these kinases would alleviate pain in an animal model of pancreatitis. Von Frey filament testing of somatic referral regions was evaluated as a method to measure referred pain in a rat model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis induced by L-arginine. Rats with pancreatitis showed increased sensitivity to abdominal stimulation with Von Frey filament. This referred mechanical sensitivity was associated with an 8-fold increase in levels of phosphorylated trkA in the pancreas and with significant up-regulation of both calcitonin gene-related peptide and preprotachykinin mRNA expression in thoracic dorsal root ganglia and with increased calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P immunoreactivity in spinal cord segment T10. Treatment with the kinase inhibitor k252a suppressed the phosphorylation of trkA in the pancreas as well as reversed both the behavioral changes and the increase in neuropeptide expression associated with pancreatitis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arginine
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/genetics
- Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide/metabolism
- Carbazoles/pharmacology
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Ganglia, Spinal/cytology
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/physiology
- Indole Alkaloids
- Male
- Neurons, Afferent/drug effects
- Neurons, Afferent/physiology
- Nociceptors/drug effects
- Nociceptors/physiology
- Pain/drug therapy
- Pain/etiology
- Pain/physiopathology
- Pain Threshold/drug effects
- Pain Threshold/physiology
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/complications
- Pancreatitis, Acute Necrotizing/physiopathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Physical Stimulation
- Protein Kinase C/antagonists & inhibitors
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, trkA/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, trkA/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Substance P/metabolism
- Tachykinins/genetics
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- John H Winston
- Enteric Neuromuscular Disorders and Pain Group, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555, USA
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272
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Drewes AM, Schipper KP, Dimcevski G, Petersen P, Gregersen H, Funch-Jensen P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Gut pain and hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin: a human experimental model. Pain 2003; 104:333-41. [PMID: 12855343 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00039-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Human experimental visceral pain models using chemical stimulation are needed for the study of visceral hyperexcitability. Our aim was to stimulate the human gut with chemical activators (capsaicin, glycerol) and measure quantitatively the induced hyperexcitability to painful mechanical gut distension. Ten otherwise healthy subjects with an ileostoma participated. Increasing volumes of capsaicin 50 microg/ml (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 3 ml), glycerol (2.5, 5, and 10 ml) or saline (2.5, 5, and 10 ml) intermingled with sham stimuli were randomly applied to the ileum via the stomal opening at three occasions separated by a week. After each application, pain intensity, qualities, and referred pain area were assessed together with the pain threshold to distension of the proximal gut. 'Boring' and 'hot' pain were evoked in all subjects by low doses (median 0.5 ml) of capsaicin. The median pain onset, peak pain, and pain duration were 55, 85, and 420 s, respectively. Referred somatic pain developed around the stomal opening with a correlation between the pain area and pain intensity. After application of capsaicin, significant hyperalgesia was found to distension of the gut (a 28% reduction pressure in pain threshold). No significant manifestations were found after application of glycerol and saline. Application of capsaicin to the human ileum induces pain and mechanical hyperalgesia. Specific activation of nociceptors in the gut mucosa provides new possibilities to study clinical relevant visceral pain mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asbjørn Mohr Drewes
- Laboratory for Visceral Pain and Biomechanics, Department of Medical and Surgical Gastroenterology, Aalborg Hospital, 9000 Aalborg, Denmark.
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273
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Kamp EH, Jones RCW, Tillman SR, Gebhart GF. Quantitative assessment and characterization of visceral nociception and hyperalgesia in mice. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 284:G434-44. [PMID: 12444012 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00324.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal distension (CRD) is a well-characterized model of visceral nociception, which we adapted to the mouse. CRD reproducibly evoked contractions of the abdominal musculature [visceromotor response (VMR)], which was graded to stimulus intensity. The magnitude of VMR was greater in male C57BL6 and female 129S6 mice than in male 129S6 and B6.129 mice. In 129S6, C57BL6, and B6.129 mice strains, VMR was reduced dose dependently by morphine (1-10 mg/kg) and by the kappa-opioid agonist U-69593 (0.2-2 mg/kg), although U-69593 was significantly less potent in C57BL6 mice. In additional experiments, the VMR was recorded from adult male 129S6 mice before and after intracolonic administration of various irritants. Only 30% ethanol significantly enhanced responses to CRD. The colon hyperalgesia persisted for 14 days and was associated with a significant shift of the morphine dose-response function to the left. We believe this will be a useful model for study of visceral nociception and hyperalgesia, including studies of transgenic mice with mutations relevant to pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth H Kamp
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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274
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Vera-Portocarrero LP, Lu Y, Westlund KN. Nociception in persistent pancreatitis in rats: effects of morphine and neuropeptide alterations. Anesthesiology 2003; 98:474-84. [PMID: 12552208 PMCID: PMC4654116 DOI: 10.1097/00000542-200302000-00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most animal models of pancreatitis are short-lived or very invasive. A noninvasive animal model of pancreatitis developed in highly inbred rats by Merkord with symptoms persisting for 3 weeks was adopted in the current study to test its validity as a model of visceral pain in commercially available rats. METHODS The persistent pancreatitis model was established by tail vein injection of dibutyltin dichloride. Animals were given 10% alcohol in their drinking water to enhance the pancreatitis attack. Blood serum pancreatic enzymes and nociceptive state were monitored for 3 weeks after dibutyltin dichloride or vehicle. Behavioral testing included reflexive withdrawal to mechanical and thermal stimulation of the abdominal area. The effect of morphine on nociceptive behaviors was tested. Histologic analysis of the pancreas and immunohistochemical analysis of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide in the spinal cord are included in the study. RESULTS Compared with naïve and vehicle-only injected control groups, rats receiving dibutyltin dichloride demonstrated an increase in withdrawal events after von Frey stimulation and decreased withdrawal latency after thermal stimulation, signaling a sensitized nociceptive state through 7 days. These pain-related measures were abrogated by morphine. Blood serum concentrations of amylase and lipase as well as tissue inflammatory changes and substance P were also significantly elevated during this same time period. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that animals with the dibutyltin dichloride-induced experimental pancreatitis expressed serum, histologic, and behavioral characteristics similar in duration to those present during acute attacks experienced by patients with chronic pancreatitis. These findings and responsivity to morphine suggest the utility of this model developed in a commercially available strain of rats for study of persistent visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis P Vera-Portocarrero
- Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, 77555, USA
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275
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Abstract
This paper is the twenty-fourth installment of the annual review of research concerning the opiate system. It summarizes papers published during 2001 that studied the behavioral effects of the opiate peptides and antagonists. The particular topics covered this year include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors (Section 2), and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia (Section 3); stress and social status (Section 4); tolerance and dependence (Section 5); learning and memory (Section 6); eating and drinking (Section 7); alcohol and drugs of abuse (Section 8); sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology(Section 9); mental illness and mood (Section 10); seizures and neurologic disorders (Section 11); electrical-related activity and neurophysiology (Section 12); general activity and locomotion (Section 13); gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions (Section 14); cardiovascular responses (Section 15); respiration and thermoregulation (Section 16); and immunological responses (Section 17).
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, CUNY, 65-30 Kissena Blvd., Flushing, NY 11367, USA.
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276
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Andrews KA, Desai D, Dhillon HK, Wilcox DT, Fitzgerald M. Abdominal sensitivity in the first year of life: comparison of infants with and without prenatally diagnosed unilateral hydronephrosis. Pain 2002; 100:35-46. [PMID: 12435457 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(02)00288-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies on visceral pain in infants, despite its clinical importance. We have used the abdominal skin reflex (ASR) to measure changes in abdominal sensitivity in the presence of visceral pathology in infants. The reflex was elicited by applying calibrated von Frey hairs to each side of the abdomen and the mechanical threshold and the degree of reflex radiation as denoted by hip flexion were measured. The developmental progression of ASR properties during the first year of life was studied in a cross-sectional sample of healthy infants ranging from 30 to 95 weeks postconceptional age (PCA). These properties were compared to those in infants with unilateral hydronephrosis (UH) using a blinded protocol. Infants with UH were studied at their first outpatient appointment after birth, and postoperatively following surgery if this was indicated. The investigators were blinded to laterality and severity of hydronephrosis until data were analysed, or until surgery. A total of 30 patients with UH and 77 healthy infants were included in the study. In 21 (70%) patients, the side of hydronephrosis had a significantly lower ASR threshold than the contralateral side of the abdomen. There was a significant increase in reflex threshold and decrease in reflex radiation with increasing PCA in control infants. However, in UH infants, this relationship did not exist, even on the unaffected side of the abdomen.Our results show that infants with prenatally diagnosed UH demonstrate increased abdominal sensitivity compared with control infants. Using the ASR, we have provided the first evidence of referred visceral hypersensitivity in infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Andrews
- Children Nationwide Paediatric Pain Research Centre, Department of Anatomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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277
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Abstract
The tetrodotoxin-resistant sodium channel alpha subunit Nav1.8 is expressed exclusively in primary sensory neurons and is proposed to play an important role in sensitization of nociceptors. Here we compared visceral pain and referred hyperalgesia in Nav1.8-null mice and their wild-type littermates in five tests that differ in the degree to which behavior depends on spontaneous, ongoing firing in sensitized nociceptors. Nav1.8-null mice showed normal nociceptive behavior provoked by acute noxious stimulation of abdominal viscera (intracolonic saline or intraperitoneal acetylcholine). However, Nav1.8-null mutants showed weak pain and no referred hyperalgesia to intracolonic capsaicin, a model in which behavior is sustained by ongoing activity in nociceptors sensitized by the initial application. Nav1.8-null mice also showed blunted pain and hyperalgesia to intracolonic mustard oil, which sensitizes nociceptors but also provokes tissue damage. To distinguish between a possible role for Nav1.8 in ongoing activity per se and ongoing activity after sensitization in the absence of additional stimuli, we tried a visceral model of tonic noxious chemical stimulation, cyclophosphamide cystitis. Cyclophosphamide produces cystitis by gradual accumulation of toxic metabolites in the bladder. In this model, Nav1.8-null mice showed normal responses. There were no differences between null mutants and their normal littermates in tissue damage and inflammation evoked by any of the stimuli tested, suggesting that the behavioral differences are not secondary to impairment of inflammatory responses. We conclude that there is an essential role for Nav1.8 in mediating spontaneous activity in sensitized nociceptors.
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278
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279
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Palecek J, Paleckova V, Willis WD. The roles of pathways in the spinal cord lateral and dorsal funiculi in signaling nociceptive somatic and visceral stimuli in rats. Pain 2002; 96:297-307. [PMID: 11973002 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(01)00459-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The spinothalamic tract (STT) is a major ascending nociceptive pathway, interruption of which by cordotomy is used for pain relief, whereas the dorsal column (DC) pathway is usually not considered to be involved in pain transmission. However, recent clinical studies showed good relief of visceral pain in cancer patients after a DC lesion. Electrophysiological recordings in animals suggest that the analgesic effect is due to interruption of axons ascending from postsynaptic dorsal column (PSDC) neurons located in the vicinity of the central canal. In this behavioral study, we used a decrease in exploratory activity in rats after a noxious stimulus as an indicator of perceived pain, independent of withdrawal reflexes. Intradermal capsaicin injection almost abolished exploratory activity in naïve animals or in rats after a DC lesion, but did not change it in rats after ipsilateral dorsal rhizotomy or a lesion of the lateral funiculus on the side opposite to the injection. In contrast, a bilateral DC lesion counteracted the decrease in exploratory activity induced by noxious visceral stimuli for at least 180 days after the surgery. Although neurons projecting in both the STT and the PSDC path can be activated by noxious stimuli of cutaneous or visceral origin, our results suggest that the STT plays a crucial role in the perception of acute cutaneous pain and that the DC pathway is important for transmission of visceral pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Palecek
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, Marine Biomedical Institute, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555-1069, USA
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280
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie D Al-Chaer
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Anatomy and Neurosciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555-0632, USA Department of Oral and Craniofacial Biological Sciences, Dental School, Program in Neurosciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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