251
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French CA, Vinueza Veloz MF, Zhou K, Peter S, Fisher SE, Costa RM, De Zeeuw CI. Differential effects of Foxp2 disruption in distinct motor circuits. Mol Psychiatry 2019; 24:447-462. [PMID: 30108312 PMCID: PMC6514880 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-018-0199-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Disruptions of the FOXP2 gene cause a speech and language disorder involving difficulties in sequencing orofacial movements. FOXP2 is expressed in cortico-striatal and cortico-cerebellar circuits important for fine motor skills, and affected individuals show abnormalities in these brain regions. We selectively disrupted Foxp2 in the cerebellar Purkinje cells, striatum or cortex of mice and assessed the effects on skilled motor behaviour using an operant lever-pressing task. Foxp2 loss in each region impacted behaviour differently, with striatal and Purkinje cell disruptions affecting the variability and the speed of lever-press sequences, respectively. Mice lacking Foxp2 in Purkinje cells showed a prominent phenotype involving slowed lever pressing as well as deficits in skilled locomotion. In vivo recordings from Purkinje cells uncovered an increased simple spike firing rate and decreased modulation of firing during limb movements. This was caused by increased intrinsic excitability rather than changes in excitatory or inhibitory inputs. Our findings show that Foxp2 can modulate different aspects of motor behaviour in distinct brain regions, and uncover an unknown role for Foxp2 in the modulation of Purkinje cell activity that severely impacts skilled movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. French
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - María F. Vinueza Veloz
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,grid.442230.3School of Medicine, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo, Riobamba, Ecuador
| | - Kuikui Zhou
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000000119573309grid.9227.eThe Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Saša Peter
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon E. Fisher
- 0000 0004 0501 3839grid.419550.cLanguage and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands ,0000000122931605grid.5590.9Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Rui M. Costa
- 0000 0004 0453 9636grid.421010.6Champalimaud Research, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Neuroscience, Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Chris I. De Zeeuw
- 000000040459992Xgrid.5645.2Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands ,0000 0001 2153 6865grid.418101.dNetherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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252
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Conner JM, Bain GL, Dulin JN. Intraspinal and Intracortical Delivery of AAV Vectors for Intersectional Circuit Tracing in Non-transgenic Species. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1950:165-176. [PMID: 30783973 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9139-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The mapping of long-range axonal projections is a rapidly growing endeavor in the field of neuroscience. Recent advances in the development of adeno-associated viral vectors that can achieve efficient retrograde transport now enable the characterization and manipulation of specific neuronal subpopulations using Cre-dependent, intersectional approaches. Importantly, these approaches can be applied to non-transgenic animals, making it possible to carry out detailed anatomical studies across a variety of species including nonhuman primates. In this chapter, we demonstrate the utility of such intersectional strategies by describing methods for targeting viral constructs to distinct subsets of corticospinal motor neurons based on their projections to specific spinal cord segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Conner
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Greg L Bain
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer N Dulin
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
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253
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Moorman DE. The role of the orbitofrontal cortex in alcohol use, abuse, and dependence. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:85-107. [PMID: 29355587 PMCID: PMC6072631 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
One of the major functions of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is to promote flexible motivated behavior. It is no surprise, therefore, that recent work has demonstrated a prominent impact of chronic drug use on the OFC and a potential role for OFC disruption in drug abuse and addiction. Among drugs of abuse, the use of alcohol is particularly salient with respect to OFC function. Although a number of studies in humans have implicated OFC dysregulation in alcohol use disorders, animal models investigating the association between OFC and alcohol use are only beginning to be developed, and there is still a great deal to be revealed. The goal of this review is to consider what is currently known regarding the role of the OFC in alcohol use and dependence. I will first provide a brief, general overview of current views of OFC function and its contributions to drug seeking and addiction. I will then discuss research to date related to the OFC and alcohol use, both in human clinical populations and in non-human models. Finally I will consider issues and strategies to guide future study that may identify this brain region as a key player in the transition from moderated to problematic alcohol use and dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E. Moorman
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neuroscience and Behavior Graduate Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst MA 01003 USA
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254
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Zhu Y, Nachtrab G, Keyes PC, Allen WE, Luo L, Chen X. Dynamic salience processing in paraventricular thalamus gates associative learning. Science 2018; 362:423-429. [PMID: 30361366 DOI: 10.1126/science.aat0481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The salience of behaviorally relevant stimuli is dynamic and influenced by internal state and external environment. Monitoring such changes is critical for effective learning and flexible behavior, but the neuronal substrate for tracking the dynamics of stimulus salience is obscure. We found that neurons in the paraventricular thalamus (PVT) are robustly activated by a variety of behaviorally relevant events, including novel ("unfamiliar") stimuli, reinforcing stimuli and their predicting cues, as well as omission of the expected reward. PVT responses are scaled with stimulus intensity and modulated by changes in homeostatic state or behavioral context. Inhibition of the PVT responses suppresses appetitive or aversive associative learning and reward extinction. Our findings demonstrate that the PVT gates associative learning by providing a dynamic representation of stimulus salience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingjie Zhu
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Brain Connectome and Behavior, The Brain Cognition and Brain Disease Institute, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Gregory Nachtrab
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Piper C Keyes
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - William E Allen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Neurosciences Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Xiaoke Chen
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
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255
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Bollu T, Whitehead SC, Prasad N, Walker J, Shyamkumar N, Subramaniam R, Kardon B, Cohen I, Goldberg JH. Automated home cage training of mice in a hold-still center-out reach task. J Neurophysiol 2018; 121:500-512. [PMID: 30540551 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00667.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An obstacle to understanding neural mechanisms of movement is the complex, distributed nature of the mammalian motor system. Here we present a novel behavioral paradigm for high-throughput dissection of neural circuits underlying mouse forelimb control. Custom touch-sensing joysticks were used to quantify mouse forelimb trajectories with micron-millisecond spatiotemporal resolution. Joysticks were integrated into computer-controlled, rack-mountable home cages, enabling batches of mice to be trained in parallel. Closed loop behavioral analysis enabled online control of reward delivery for automated training. We used this system to show that mice can learn, with no human handling, a direction-specific hold-still center-out reach task in which a mouse first held its right forepaw still before reaching out to learned spatial targets. Stabilogram diffusion analysis of submillimeter-scale micromovements produced during the hold demonstrate that an active control process, akin to upright balance, was implemented to maintain forepaw stability. Trajectory decomposition methods, previously used in primates, were used to segment hundreds of thousands of forelimb trajectories into millions of constituent kinematic primitives. This system enables rapid dissection of neural circuits for controlling motion primitives from which forelimb sequences are built. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A novel joystick design resolves mouse forelimb kinematics with micron-millisecond precision. Home cage training is used to train mice in a hold-still center-out reach task. Analytical methods, previously used in primates, are used to decompose mouse forelimb trajectories into kinematic primitives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejapratap Bollu
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | | | - Nikil Prasad
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Jackson Walker
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Nitin Shyamkumar
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Raghav Subramaniam
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Brian Kardon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
| | - Jesse H Goldberg
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York
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256
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Suvrathan A, Raymond JL. Depressed by Learning-Heterogeneity of the Plasticity Rules at Parallel Fiber Synapses onto Purkinje Cells. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:747-755. [PMID: 30069835 PMCID: PMC6550343 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0968-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Climbing fiber-driven long-term depression (LTD) of parallel fiber synapses onto cerebellar Purkinje cells has long been investigated as a putative mechanism of motor learning. We recently discovered that the rules governing the induction of LTD at these synapses vary across different regions of the cerebellum. Here, we discuss the design of LTD induction protocols in light of this heterogeneity in plasticity rules. The analytical advantages of the cerebellum provide an opportunity to develop a deeper understanding of how the specific plasticity rules at synapses support the implementation of learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Suvrathan
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Department of Pediatrics, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, McGill University, Montréal General Hospital, Montréal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Raymond
- Department of Neurobiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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257
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Fu Y, Dong J, Wang J, You M, Wei L, Fu H, Wang Y, Chen J. Developmental Exposure to Di-(2-ethylhexyl) Phthalate Induces Cerebellar Granule Cell Apoptosis via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:472-488. [PMID: 30636900 PMCID: PMC6318557 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.6.472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is an ubiquitous environmental contaminant because of its extensive use in plastics and its persistence. As an environmental endocrine disruptor, it is suspected to interfere with neurodevelopment in people. However, evidence of the effects of maternal DEHP exposure on cerebellar development in offspring is scarce. The objective of this study was to investigate maternal exposure to DEHP and its effect on apoptosis of cerebellar granule cells (CGCs) and related mechanisms. Pregnant Wistar rats were administrated DEHP (0, 30, 300 and 750 mg/kg/d) by gavage from gestational day (GD) 0 to postnatal day (PN) 21. Primary CGCs were also exposed to mono-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), the main metabolite of DEHP, for 24 h with concentrations of 0, 25, 100 and 250 µM. The CGCs of male offspring from 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups showed significantly increased apoptosis. In addition, the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited in the male offspring of the 300 and 750 mg/kg/d DEHP exposure groups. However, effects on female pups were not obvious. Apoptosis was also elevated and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway was inhibited after primary CGCs were exposed to MEHP. Furthermore, apoptosis was reduced after treatment with the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway activator, insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1, and increased after treatment with LY294002, an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. These results suggested that maternal DEHP exposure induced apoptosis in the CGCs of male pups via the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and the apoptosis could be rescued by IGF1 and aggravated by LY294002.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Mingdan You
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Lingling Wei
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Hui Fu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang 110122, China
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258
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Rodríguez AT, Vásquez-Celaya L, Coria-Avila GA, Pérez CA, Aranda-Abreu GE, Carrillo P, Manzo J, García LI. Changes in multiunit activity pattern in cerebellar cortex associated to olfactory cues during sexual learning in male rats. Neurosci Lett 2018; 687:241-247. [PMID: 30287305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is a structure of the central nervous system which has been previously studied with different techniques and animal models and even humans, so it is associated with multiple functions such as cognition, memory, emotional processing, balance, control of movement, among others. Its relationship with sensory systems has already been explored, however, the role it plays in olfactory processing in the cerebellum is unclear. Several hypotheses have been proposed from work done in humans and animal models with neuroimaging and immunohistochemical techniques. Everything seems to indicate that the cerebellar function is of vital importance for the olfactory perception, being able to be controlling not only the olfactory aspect, but also the olfactory processing. In this study we analyzed the multiunit activity in the granular layer of the cerebellar vermis during olfactory stimulation: a session being sexually naive and during four sessions of sexual behavior learning. The amplitude was compared between male naive and sexual experts, as well as between olfactory stimuli. The amplitude of the sexually experienced rats showed the highest values compared to naive ones. Odor of receptive female causes the greatest amplitudes, however, in the control group the amplitude increased when they were sexually experts. The motor, sensory and associative learning generated by the acquisition of sexual experience modifies the activation pattern in the cerebellum by presenting neutral odors or associated with a reward.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lizbeth Vásquez-Celaya
- Doctorado en Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Genaro A Coria-Avila
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - César A Pérez
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | | | - Porfirio Carrillo
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Jorge Manzo
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico
| | - Luis I García
- Centro de Investigaciones Cerebrales, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico.
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259
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Leow LA, Marinovic W, de Rugy A, Carroll TJ. Task errors contribute to implicit aftereffects in sensorimotor adaptation. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:3397-3409. [PMID: 30339299 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Perturbations of sensory feedback evoke sensory prediction errors (discrepancies between predicted and actual sensory outcomes of movements), and reward prediction errors (discrepancies between predicted rewards and actual rewards). When our task is to hit a target, we expect to succeed in hitting the target, and so we experience a reward prediction error if the perturbation causes us to miss it. These discrepancies between intended task outcomes and actual task outcomes, termed "task errors," are thought to drive the use of strategic processes to restore success, although their role is incompletely understood. Here, as participants adapted to a 30° rotation of cursor feedback representing hand position, we investigated the role of task errors in sensorimotor adaptation: during target-reaching, we either removed task errors by moving the target mid-movement to align with cursor feedback of hand position, or enforced task error by moving the target away from the cursor feedback of hand position, by 20-30° randomly (clockwise in half the trials, counterclockwise in half the trials). Removing task errors not only reduced the extent of adaptation during exposure to the perturbation, but also reduced the amount of post-adaptation aftereffects that persisted despite explicit knowledge of the perturbation removal. Hence, task errors contribute to implicit adaptation resulting from sensory prediction errors. This suggests that the system which predicts the sensory consequences of actions via exposure to sensory prediction errors is also sensitive to reward prediction errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | - Aymar de Rugy
- Institut de Neurosciences Cognitives et Intégratives d'Aquitaine, CNRS, UMR 5287, Université de Bordeaux, St Lucia, France
| | - Timothy J Carroll
- Centre for Sensorimotor Performance, School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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260
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Gao Z, Davis C, Thomas AM, Economo MN, Abrego AM, Svoboda K, De Zeeuw CI, Li N. A cortico-cerebellar loop for motor planning. Nature 2018; 563:113-116. [PMID: 30333626 PMCID: PMC6212318 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0633-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Persistent and ramping neural activity in the frontal cortex anticipates specific movements1-6. Preparatory activity is distributed across several brain regions7,8, but it is unclear which brain areas are involved and how this activity is mediated by multi-regional interactions. The cerebellum is thought to be primarily involved in the short-timescale control of movement9-12; however, roles for this structure in cognitive processes have also been proposed13-16. In humans, cerebellar damage can cause defects in planning and working memory13. Here we show that persistent representation of information in the frontal cortex during motor planning is dependent on the cerebellum. Mice performed a sensory discrimination task in which they used short-term memory to plan a future directional movement. A transient perturbation in the medial deep cerebellar nucleus (fastigial nucleus) disrupted subsequent correct responses without hampering movement execution. Preparatory activity was observed in both the frontal cortex and the cerebellar nuclei, seconds before the onset of movement. The silencing of frontal cortex activity abolished preparatory activity in the cerebellar nuclei, and fastigial activity was necessary to maintain cortical preparatory activity. Fastigial output selectively targeted the behaviourally relevant part of the frontal cortex through the thalamus, thus closing a cortico-cerebellar loop. Our results support the view that persistent neural dynamics during motor planning is maintained by neural circuits that span multiple brain regions17, and that cerebellar computations extend beyond online motor control13-15,18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Courtney Davis
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alyse M Thomas
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Amada M Abrego
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nuo Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
- Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA, USA.
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261
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Encoding of Reward and Decoding Movement from the Frontal Eye Field during Smooth Pursuit Eye Movements. J Neurosci 2018; 38:10515-10524. [PMID: 30355635 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1654-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Expectation of reward potentiates sensorimotor transformations to drive vigorous movements. One of the main challenges in studying reward is to determine how representations of reward interact with the computations that drive behavior. We recorded activity in smooth pursuit neurons in the frontal eye field (FEF) of two male rhesus monkeys while controlling the eye speed by manipulating either reward size or target speed. The neurons encoded the different reward conditions more strongly than the different target speed conditions. This pattern could not be explained by differences in the eye speed, since the eye speed sensitivity of the neurons was also larger for the reward conditions. Pooling the responses by the preferred direction of the neurons attenuated the reward modulation and led to a tighter association between neural activity and behavior. Therefore, a plausible decoder such as the population vector could explain how the FEF both drives behavior and encodes reward beyond behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Motor areas combine sensory and reward information to drive movement. To disambiguate these sources, we manipulated the speed of smooth pursuit eye movements by controlling either the size of the reward or the speed of the visual motion signals. We found that the relationship between activity in frontal eye field and eye kinematics varied: the eye speed sensitivity was larger for the different reward conditions than for the different target speed conditions. Decoders that pooled signals by the preferred direction of the neurons attenuated the reward modulations. These decoders may indicate how reward can be both encoded beyond eye kinematics at the single neuron level and drive movement at the population level.
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262
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Gil-Miravet I, Guarque-Chabrera J, Carbo-Gas M, Olucha-Bordonau F, Miquel M. The role of the cerebellum in drug-cue associative memory: functional interactions with the medial prefrontal cortex. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 50:2613-2622. [PMID: 30280439 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced Pavlovian memories are thought to be crucial for drug addiction because they guide behaviour towards environments with drug availability. Drug-related memory depends on persistent changes in dopamine-glutamate interactions in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), basolateral amygdala, nucleus accumbens core and hippocampus. Recent evidence from our laboratory indicated that the cerebellum is also a relevant node for drug-cue associations. In the present study, we tested the role that specific regions of the cerebellum and mPFC play in the acquisition of cocaine-induced preference conditioning. Quinolinic acid was used to manage a permanent deactivation of lobule VIII in the vermis prior to conditioning. Additionally, lidocaine was infused into the prelimbic and infralimbic (IL) cortices for reversible deactivation before every training session. The present findings show, for the first time, that the cerebellum and mPFC might act together in order to acquire drug-cue Pavlovian associations. Either a dorsal lesion in lobule VIII or an IL deactivation encouraged cocaine-induced preference conditioning. Moreover, simultaneous IL-cerebellar deactivation prevented the effect of either of the separate deactivations. Therefore, similar to the IL cortex, neural activity in the cerebellum may be crucial for ensuring inhibitory control of the expression of cocaine-related memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isis Gil-Miravet
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
| | | | - Maria Carbo-Gas
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain.,INSERM U1215, Pathophysiology of Addiction, NeuroCentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Marta Miquel
- Área de Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castellón de la Plana, Spain
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263
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Ni RJ, Huang ZH, Luo PH, Ma XH, Li T, Zhou JN. The tree shrew cerebellum atlas: Systematic nomenclature, neurochemical characterization, and afferent projections. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2744-2775. [PMID: 30155886 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in the control of movement, emotional responses, and reward processing. The tree shrew is the closest living relative of primates. However, little is known not only about the systematic nomenclature for the tree shrew cerebellum but also about the detailed neurochemical characterization and afferent projections. In this study, Nissl staining and acetylcholinesterase histochemistry were used to reveal anatomical features of the cerebellum of tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis). The cerebellar cortex presented a laminar structure. The morphological characteristics of the cerebellum were comprehensively described in the coronal, sagittal, and horizontal sections. Moreover, distributive maps of calbindin-immunoreactive (-ir) cells in the Purkinje cell layer of the cerebellum of tree shrews were depicted using coronal, sagittal, and horizontal schematics. In addition, 5th cerebellar lobule (5Cb)-projecting neurons were present in the pontine nuclei, reticular nucleus, spinal vestibular nucleus, ventral spinocerebellar tract, and inferior olive of the tree shrew brain. The anterior part of the paramedian lobule of the cerebellum (PMa) received mainly strong innervation from the lateral reticular nucleus, inferior olive, pontine reticular nucleus, spinal trigeminal nucleus, pontine nuclei, and reticulotegmental nucleus of the pons. The present results provide the first systematic nomenclature, detailed atlas of the whole cerebellum, and whole-brain mapping of afferent projections to the 5Cb and PMa in tree shrews. Our findings provide morphological support for tree shrews as an alternative model for studies of human cerebellar pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong-Jun Ni
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhao-Huan Huang
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Peng-Hao Luo
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Ma
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tao Li
- Psychiatric Laboratory and Mental Health Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Huaxi Brain Research Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang-Ning Zhou
- Chinese Academy of Science Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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264
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Pati S, Ingram LM, Sun MK, Wagner JJ, Cummings BS. Localization and expression of CTP: Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase in rat brain following cocaine exposure. J Chem Neuroanat 2018; 96:1-6. [PMID: 30366030 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylcholine (PC) is a primary phospholipid and major source of secondary lipid messengers and also serves as a biosynthetic precursor for other membrane phospholipids. Phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is the rate-limiting enzyme responsible for catalyzing the formation of PC. Changes in CCT activity have been associated with lipid dysregulation across various neurological disorders. Additionally, intermediates in PC synthesis, such as CDP-choline, have been suggested to attenuate drug craving during cocaine addiction. Recent work from our group demonstrated that cocaine exposure and conditioning alter the level of PC in the brain, specifically in the cerebellum and hippocampus. The present study examines the role of CCT expression in the brain and determines the effect of cocaine exposure on CCT expression. Immunohistochemical analysis (IHC) was performed to assess region-specific expression of CCT, including both of its isoforms; alpha (CCTα) and beta (CCTβ). IHC did not detect any staining of CCTα throughout the rat brain. In contrast, CCTβ expression was detected in the Purkinje cells of the cerebellum with decreases in expression following cocaine exposure. Collectively, these data demonstrate the region- and cell-specific localization of CCTα and CCTβ in the rat brain, as well as the altered expression of CCTβ in the cerebellum following cocaine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Pati
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 30602, United States
| | - Lishann M Ingram
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 30602, United States
| | - Min K Sun
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 30602, United States
| | - John J Wagner
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 30602, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States
| | - Brian S Cummings
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens GA, 30602, United States; Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, United States.
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265
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Abstract
Most decisions share a common goal: maximize reward and minimize punishment. Achieving this goal requires learning which choices are likely to lead to favorable outcomes. Dopamine is essential for this process, enabling learning by signaling the difference between what we expect to get and what we actually get. Although all animals appear to use this dopamine prediction error circuit, some do so more than others, and this neural heterogeneity correlates with individual variability in behavior. In this issue of PLOS Biology, Lee and colleagues show that manipulating a simple task parameter can bias the animals’ behavioral strategy and modulate dopamine release, implying that how we learn is just as flexible as what we learn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neir Eshel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Elizabeth E. Steinberg
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California, United States of America
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266
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Apps R, Hawkes R, Aoki S, Bengtsson F, Brown AM, Chen G, Ebner TJ, Isope P, Jörntell H, Lackey EP, Lawrenson C, Lumb B, Schonewille M, Sillitoe RV, Spaeth L, Sugihara I, Valera A, Voogd J, Wylie DR, Ruigrok TJH. Cerebellar Modules and Their Role as Operational Cerebellar Processing Units: A Consensus paper [corrected]. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2018; 17:654-682. [PMID: 29876802 PMCID: PMC6132822 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-018-0952-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The compartmentalization of the cerebellum into modules is often used to discuss its function. What, exactly, can be considered a module, how do they operate, can they be subdivided and do they act individually or in concert are only some of the key questions discussed in this consensus paper. Experts studying cerebellar compartmentalization give their insights on the structure and function of cerebellar modules, with the aim of providing an up-to-date review of the extensive literature on this subject. Starting with an historical perspective indicating that the basis of the modular organization is formed by matching olivocorticonuclear connectivity, this is followed by consideration of anatomical and chemical modular boundaries, revealing a relation between anatomical, chemical, and physiological borders. In addition, the question is asked what the smallest operational unit of the cerebellum might be. Furthermore, it has become clear that chemical diversity of Purkinje cells also results in diversity of information processing between cerebellar modules. An additional important consideration is the relation between modular compartmentalization and the organization of the mossy fiber system, resulting in the concept of modular plasticity. Finally, examination of cerebellar output patterns suggesting cooperation between modules and recent work on modular aspects of emotional behavior are discussed. Despite the general consensus that the cerebellum has a modular organization, many questions remain. The authors hope that this joint review will inspire future cerebellar research so that we are better able to understand how this brain structure makes its vital contribution to behavior in its most general form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Apps
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Richard Hawkes
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sho Aoki
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Fredrik Bengtsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Amanda M. Brown
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy J. Ebner
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Philippe Isope
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Henrik Jörntell
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Elizabeth P. Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
| | - Charlotte Lawrenson
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Bridget Lumb
- School of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Martijn Schonewille
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Roy V. Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, TX USA
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Ludovic Spaeth
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Izumi Sugihara
- Department of Systems Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Antoine Valera
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et Intégratives, CNRS, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jan Voogd
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douglas R. Wylie
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB Canada
| | - Tom J. H. Ruigrok
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
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267
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Badura A, Verpeut JL, Metzger JW, Pereira TD, Pisano TJ, Deverett B, Bakshinskaya DE, Wang SSH. Normal cognitive and social development require posterior cerebellar activity. eLife 2018; 7:36401. [PMID: 30226467 PMCID: PMC6195348 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive and social capacities require postnatal experience, yet the pathways by which experience guides development are unknown. Here we show that the normal development of motor and nonmotor capacities requires cerebellar activity. Using chemogenetic perturbation of molecular layer interneurons to attenuate cerebellar output in mice, we found that activity of posterior regions in juvenile life modulates adult expression of eyeblink conditioning (paravermal lobule VI, crus I), reversal learning (lobule VI), persistive behavior and novelty-seeking (lobule VII), and social preference (crus I/II). Perturbation in adult life altered only a subset of phenotypes. Both adult and juvenile disruption left gait metrics largely unaffected. Contributions to phenotypes increased with the amount of lobule inactivated. Using an anterograde transsynaptic tracer, we found that posterior cerebellum made strong connections with prelimbic, orbitofrontal, and anterior cingulate cortex. These findings provide anatomical substrates for the clinical observation that cerebellar injury increases the risk of autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Badura
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica L Verpeut
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Julia W Metzger
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Talmo D Pereira
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Thomas J Pisano
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Ben Deverett
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, United States
| | - Dariya E Bakshinskaya
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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268
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Locke TM, Soden ME, Miller SM, Hunker A, Knakal C, Licholai JA, Dhillon KS, Keene CD, Zweifel LS, Carlson ES. Dopamine D 1 Receptor-Positive Neurons in the Lateral Nucleus of the Cerebellum Contribute to Cognitive Behavior. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 84:401-412. [PMID: 29478701 PMCID: PMC6072628 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies in humans and nonhuman primates have identified a region of the dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, or the lateral cerebellar nucleus (LCN) in rodents, activated during performance of cognitive tasks involving complex spatial and sequential planning. Whether such a subdivision exists in rodents is not known. Dopamine and its receptors, which are implicated in cognitive function, are present in the cerebellar nuclei, but their function is unknown. METHODS Using viral and genetic strategies in mice, we examined cellular phenotypes of dopamine D1 receptor-positive (D1R+) cells in the LCN with whole-cell patch clamp recordings, messenger RNA profiling, and immunohistochemistry to examine D1R expression in mouse LCN and human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum. We used chemogenetics to inhibit D1R+ neurons and examined behaviors including spatial navigation, social recognition memory, prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex, response inhibition, and working memory to test the necessity of these neurons in these behaviors. RESULTS We identified a population of D1R+ neurons that are localized to an anatomically distinct region of the LCN. We also observed D1R+ neurons in human dentate nucleus of the cerebellum, which suggests an evolutionarily conserved population of dopamine-receptive neurons in this region. The genetic, electrophysiological, and anatomical profile of mouse D1R neurons is consistent with a heterogeneous population of gamma-aminobutyric acidergic, and to a lesser extent glutamatergic, cell types. Selective inhibition of D1R+ LCN neurons impairs spatial navigation memory, response inhibition, working memory, and prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex. CONCLUSIONS Collectively, these data demonstrate a functional link between genetically distinct neurons in the LCN and cognitive behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Locke
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
| | | | | | - Avery Hunker
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Cerise Knakal
- University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | | | - Karn S. Dhillon
- University of Washington, Department of Biological Chemistry
| | | | - Larry S. Zweifel
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,University of Washington, Department of Pharmacology
| | - Erik S. Carlson
- University of Washington, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences,Correspondence: Erik Sean Carlson M.D., Ph.D. Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences University of Washington 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 356560 Seattle, WA, 98195-6560 Telephone: 612-387-7304 Fax: 206-543-9520
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269
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Ahmed RM, Goldberg ZL, Kaizik C, Kiernan MC, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Irish M. Neural correlates of changes in sexual function in frontotemporal dementia: implications for reward and physiological functioning. J Neurol 2018; 265:2562-2572. [DOI: 10.1007/s00415-018-9024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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270
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Deverett B, Koay SA, Oostland M, Wang SSH. Cerebellar involvement in an evidence-accumulation decision-making task. eLife 2018; 7:36781. [PMID: 30102151 PMCID: PMC6105309 DOI: 10.7554/elife.36781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To make successful evidence-based decisions, the brain must rapidly and accurately transform sensory inputs into specific goal-directed behaviors. Most experimental work on this subject has focused on forebrain mechanisms. Using a novel evidence-accumulation task for mice, we performed recording and perturbation studies of crus I of the lateral posterior cerebellum, which communicates bidirectionally with numerous forebrain regions. Cerebellar inactivation led to a reduction in the fraction of correct trials. Using two-photon fluorescence imaging of calcium, we found that Purkinje cell somatic activity contained choice/evidence-related information. Decision errors were represented by dendritic calcium spikes, which in other contexts are known to drive cerebellar plasticity. We propose that cerebellar circuitry may contribute to computations that support accurate performance in this perceptual decision-making task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Deverett
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, United States
| | - Sue Ann Koay
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Marlies Oostland
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
| | - Samuel S-H Wang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, United States.,Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, United States
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271
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Bayin NS, Wojcinski A, Mourton A, Saito H, Suzuki N, Joyner AL. Age-dependent dormant resident progenitors are stimulated by injury to regenerate Purkinje neurons. eLife 2018; 7:39879. [PMID: 30091706 PMCID: PMC6115187 DOI: 10.7554/elife.39879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Outside of the neurogenic niches of the brain, postmitotic neurons have not been found to undergo efficient regeneration. We demonstrate that mouse Purkinje cells (PCs), which are born at midgestation and are crucial for development and function of cerebellar circuits, are rapidly and fully regenerated following their ablation at birth. New PCs are produced from immature FOXP2+ Purkinje cell precursors (iPCs) that are able to enter the cell cycle and support normal cerebellum development. The number of iPCs and their regenerative capacity, however, diminish soon after birth and consequently PCs are poorly replenished when ablated at postnatal day five. Nevertheless, the PC-depleted cerebella reach a normal size by increasing cell size, but scaling of neuron types is disrupted and cerebellar function is impaired. Our findings provide a new paradigm in the field of neuron regeneration by identifying a population of immature neurons that buffers against perinatal brain injury in a stage-dependent process.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sumru Bayin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Alexandre Wojcinski
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Aurelien Mourton
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States
| | - Hiromitsu Saito
- Department of Animal Functional Genomics of Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Organization for the Promotion of Regional Innovation, Mie University, Tsu, JAPAN
| | - Noboru Suzuki
- Department of Animal Functional Genomics of Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Organization for the Promotion of Regional Innovation, Mie University, Tsu, JAPAN
| | - Alexandra L Joyner
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, New York, United States.,Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Cornell Graduate School of Medical Sciences, New York, United States
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272
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Lupo M, Olivito G, Iacobacci C, Clausi S, Romano S, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Cercignani M, Bozzali M, Leggio M. The cerebellar topography of attention sub-components in spinocerebellar ataxia type 2. Cortex 2018; 108:35-49. [PMID: 30121445 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Spinocerebellar ataxia type 2 (SCA2) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disease characterized by a progressive cerebellar syndrome and multiple-domain cognitive impairments. The cerebellum is known to contribute to distinct functional networks related to higher-level functions. The aims of the present study were to investigate the different sub-components of attention and to analyse possible correlations between attention deficits and specific cerebellar regions in SCA2 patients. To this purpose, 11 SCA2 patients underwent an exhaustive attention battery that evaluated several attention sub-components. The SCA2 group performed below the normal range in tasks assessing selective attention, divided attention, and sustained attention, obtaining negative Z-scores. These results were confirmed by non-parametric Mann-Whitney U tests that showed significant differences between SCA2 and control subjects in the same sub-components of the attention battery, allowing us to speculate on cerebellar involvement when a high cognitive demand is required (i.e., multisensory integration, sequencing, prediction of events, and inhibition of inappropriate response behaviours). The voxel-based morphometry analysis showed a pattern of significantly reduced grey matter volume in specific cerebellar lobules. In particular, the SCA2 patients showed significant grey matter loss in bilateral regions of the anterior cerebellar hemisphere (IV) and in the posterior lobe (VI-IX) and posterior vermis (VI-IX). Statistical analysis found significant correlations between grey matter reductions in the VIIb/VIIIa cerebellar lobules and impairments in Sustained and Divided Attention tasks and between grey matter reduction in the vermal VI lobule and impairment in the Go/NoGo task. For the first time, the study demonstrated the involvement of specific cerebellar lobules in different sub-components of the attention domain, giving further support to the inclusion of the cerebellum within the attention network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Lupo
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giusy Olivito
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Iacobacci
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; PhD Program in Behavioral Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Clausi
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Romano
- Department of Neurosciences, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), "Sapienza" University of Rome, Sant'Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Marco Molinari
- Neurorehabilitation 1 and Spinal Center, Robotic Neurorehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mara Cercignani
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Clinical Imaging Science Center, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Marco Bozzali
- Neuroimaging Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Clinical Imaging Science Center, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Brighton, UK
| | - Maria Leggio
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy; Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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273
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Lackey EP, Heck DH, Sillitoe RV. Recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of cerebellar granule cell development and function and their contribution to behavior. F1000Res 2018; 7. [PMID: 30109024 PMCID: PMC6069759 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15021.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum is the focus of an emergent series of debates because its circuitry is now thought to encode an unexpected level of functional diversity. The flexibility that is built into the cerebellar circuit allows it to participate not only in motor behaviors involving coordination, learning, and balance but also in non-motor behaviors such as cognition, emotion, and spatial navigation. In accordance with the cerebellum’s diverse functional roles, when these circuits are altered because of disease or injury, the behavioral outcomes range from neurological conditions such as ataxia, dystonia, and tremor to neuropsychiatric conditions, including autism spectrum disorders, schizophrenia, and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Two major questions arise: what types of cells mediate these normal and abnormal processes, and how might they accomplish these seemingly disparate functions? The tiny but numerous cerebellar granule cells may hold answers to these questions. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding how the granule cell lineage arises in the embryo and how a stem cell niche that replenishes granule cells influences wiring when the postnatal cerebellum is injured. We discuss how precisely coordinated developmental programs, gene expression patterns, and epigenetic mechanisms determine the formation of synapses that integrate multi-modal inputs onto single granule cells. These data lead us to consider how granule cell synaptic heterogeneity promotes sensorimotor and non-sensorimotor signals in behaving animals. We discuss evidence that granule cells use ultrafast neurotransmission that can operate at kilohertz frequencies. Together, these data inspire an emerging view for how granule cells contribute to the shaping of complex animal behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth P Lackey
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Avenue, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology & Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.,Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute at Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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274
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Kisiswa L, Fernández-Suárez D, Sergaki MC, Ibáñez CF. RIP2 Gates TRAF6 Interaction with Death Receptor p75 NTR to Regulate Cerebellar Granule Neuron Survival. Cell Rep 2018; 24:1013-1024. [PMID: 30044969 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) undergo programmed cell death during the first postnatal week of mouse development, coincident with sustained expression of the death receptor p75NTR. Although ablation of p75NTR does not affect CGN cell death, deletion of the downstream effector RIP2 significantly increases CGN apoptosis, resulting in reduced adult CGN number and impaired behaviors associated with cerebellar function. Remarkably, CGN death is restored to basal levels when p75NTR is deleted in RIP2-deficient mice. We find that RIP2 gates the signaling output of p75NTR by competing with TRAF6 for binding to the receptor intracellular domain. In CGNs lacking RIP2, more TRAF6 is associated with p75NTR, leading to increased JNK-dependent apoptosis. In agreement with this, pharmacological inhibition or genetic ablation of TRAF6 restores cell death levels in CGNs lacking RIP2. These results reveal an unexpected mechanism controlling CGN number and highlight how competitive interactions govern the logic of death receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilian Kisiswa
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | | | | | - Carlos F Ibáñez
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden; Department of Physiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore; Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore.
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275
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Moreno-Rius J. The cerebellum in fear and anxiety-related disorders. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 85:23-32. [PMID: 29627508 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fear and anxiety-related disorders are highly prevalent psychiatric conditions characterized by avoidant and fearful reactions towards specific stimuli or situations, which are disproportionate given the real threat such stimuli entail. These conditions comprise the most common mental disorder group. There are a high proportion of patients who fail to achieve remission and the presence of high relapse rates indicate the therapeutic options available are far from being fully efficient. Despite an increased understanding the neural circuits underlying fear and anxiety-related behaviors in the last decades, a factor that could be partially contributing to the lack of adequate therapies may be an insufficient understanding of the core features of the disorders and their associated neurobiology. Interestingly, the cerebellum shows connections with fear and anxiety-related brain areas and functional involvement in such processes, but explanations for its role in anxiety disorders are lacking. Therefore, the aims of this review are to provide an overview of the neural circuitry of fear and anxiety and its connections to the cerebellum, and of the animal studies that directly assess an involvement of the cerebellum in these processes. Then, the studies performed in patients suffering from anxiety disorders that explore the cerebellum will be discussed. Finally, we'll propose a function for the cerebellum in these disorders, which could guide future experimental approaches to the topic and lead to a better understanding of the neurobiology of anxiety-related disorders, ultimately helping to develop more effective treatments for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Moreno-Rius
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria.
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276
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Bedbrook CN, Deverman BE, Gradinaru V. Viral Strategies for Targeting the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems. Annu Rev Neurosci 2018; 41:323-348. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-062048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant viruses allow for targeted transgene expression in specific cell populations throughout the nervous system. The adeno-associated virus (AAV) is among the most commonly used viruses for neuroscience research. Recombinant AAVs (rAAVs) are highly versatile and can package most cargo composed of desired genes within the capsid's ∼5-kb carrying capacity. Numerous regulatory elements and intersectional strategies have been validated in rAAVs to enable cell type–specific expression. rAAVs can be delivered to specific neuronal populations or globally throughout the animal. The AAV capsids have natural cell type or tissue tropism and trafficking that can be modified for increased specificity. Here, we describe recently engineered AAV capsids and associated cargo that have extended the utility of AAVs in targeting molecularly defined neurons throughout the nervous system, which will further facilitate neuronal circuit interrogation and discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire N. Bedbrook
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Benjamin E. Deverman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Viviana Gradinaru
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
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277
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Anier K, Urb M, Kipper K, Herodes K, Timmusk T, Zharkovsky A, Kalda A. Cocaine-induced epigenetic DNA modification in mouse addiction-specific and non-specific tissues. Neuropharmacology 2018; 139:13-25. [PMID: 29964092 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cocaine-related DNA methylation studies have primarily focused on the specific brain regions associated with drug addiction (e.g., the nucleus accumbens, NAc). To date, no studies have focused on the complex role of both DNA methylation and demethylation in the mechanisms of psychostimulant-induced addiction in the brain and peripheral tissues. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated cocaine treatment and withdrawal (animals were withdrawn from seven days of repeated injections of cocaine that caused behavioral sensitization) effects on epigenetic DNA modifiers (i.e., DNA methyltransferases, [DNMTs] and ten-eleven translocation enzymes [TETs]) in an addiction-specific brain region (NAc), a structure outside the mesolimbic dopaminergic system (cerebellum, Cer), and in peripheral blood cells (PBCs). Using a mouse behavioral sensitization model, we demonstrated that acute cocaine (AC; 0.5 h) treatment significantly decreased Dnmt1, Dnmt3a, Tet1, and Tet2 mRNA levels in the NAc and PBC, whereas at 24 h after AC treatment, Dnmt mRNA expression and enzyme activity levels were significantly increased. Acute procaine treatment caused the opposite effect on the Dnmt3a mRNA level in PBCs; this outcome suggests that the inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels may be the mechanism that alters Dnmt expression in PBCs. Cocaine withdrawal is associated with increased expression of Dnmts in the NAc, Cer and PBCs and the decreased expression of Tet1 and Tet3 in the NAc. Additionally, cocaine withdrawal increased DNMT but decreased TET activity levels, and these changes were associated with enhanced global and selected candidate gene promoter-region DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation levels in the NAc and PBCs. Together, these data indicate that cocaine treatment and withdrawal affect the expression of epigenetic DNA modifiers in both addiction-specific brain structures and structures outside of the mesolimbic dopaminergic system and PBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaili Anier
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Mari Urb
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Karin Kipper
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Koit Herodes
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Tartu, Ravila 14a, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Tõnis Timmusk
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Akadeemia tee 15, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Alexander Zharkovsky
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Anti Kalda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, Ravila 19, Tartu 50411, Estonia.
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278
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Sheintuch L, Rubin A, Brande-Eilat N, Geva N, Sadeh N, Pinchasof O, Ziv Y. Tracking the Same Neurons across Multiple Days in Ca 2+ Imaging Data. Cell Rep 2018; 21:1102-1115. [PMID: 29069591 PMCID: PMC5670033 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ imaging techniques permit time-lapse recordings of neuronal activity from large populations over weeks. However, without identifying the same neurons across imaging sessions (cell registration), longitudinal analysis of the neural code is restricted to population-level statistics. Accurate cell registration becomes challenging with increased numbers of cells, sessions, and inter-session intervals. Current cell registration practices, whether manual or automatic, do not quantitatively evaluate registration accuracy, possibly leading to data misinterpretation. We developed a probabilistic method that automatically registers cells across multiple sessions and estimates the registration confidence for each registered cell. Using large-scale Ca2+ imaging data recorded over weeks from the hippocampus and cortex of freely behaving mice, we show that our method performs more accurate registration than previously used routines, yielding estimated error rates <5%, and that the registration is scalable for many sessions. Thus, our method allows reliable longitudinal analysis of the same neurons over long time periods. A method for tracking neurons across days (cell registration) in Ca2+ imaging data The method is probabilistic and quantitatively evaluates registration accuracy The method is applicable to various imaging techniques and cell detection algorithms Registration accuracy remains high with an increased number of registered sessions
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Affiliation(s)
- Liron Sheintuch
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Alon Rubin
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noa Brande-Eilat
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Nitzan Geva
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Noa Sadeh
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Or Pinchasof
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yaniv Ziv
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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279
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Wang R, Chow BKC, Zhang L. Distribution and Functional Implication of Secretin in Multiple Brain Regions. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 68:485-493. [PMID: 29882022 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1089-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Secretin is a polypeptide hormone initially identified for its gastrointestinal functions. However, emerging evidences show wide distribution of secretin and secretin receptor across various brain regions from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, hypothalamus to cerebellum. In this mini review, we will firstly describe the region-specific expression pattern of secretin and secretin receptor in the brain, followed by a summary of central physiological and neurological functions mediated by secretin. Using genetic manipulation and pharmaceutical approaches, one can elucidate the role of secretin in mediating various neurological functions from simple behaviors, such as water and food intake, to more complex functions including emotion, motor, and learning or memory. At last, current weakness and future perspectives of secretin in the central nervous system will be discussed, aiming to provide the potency of using secretin or its analog for treating various neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruanna Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Billy K C Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of CNS Regeneration, GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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280
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281
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Khan AG, Hofer SB. Contextual signals in visual cortex. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 52:131-138. [PMID: 29883940 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2018.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Vision is an active process. What we perceive strongly depends on our actions, intentions and expectations. During visual processing, these internal signals therefore need to be integrated with the visual information from the retina. The mechanisms of how this is achieved by the visual system are still poorly understood. Advances in recording and manipulating neuronal activity in specific cell types and axonal projections together with tools for circuit tracing are beginning to shed light on the neuronal circuit mechanisms of how internal, contextual signals shape sensory representations. Here we review recent work, primarily in mice, that has advanced our understanding of these processes, focusing on contextual signals related to locomotion, behavioural relevance and predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil G Khan
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Sonja B Hofer
- Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, University College London, London, UK.
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282
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Psychosocial stress affects the acquisition of cerebellar-dependent sensorimotor adaptation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2018; 92:41-49. [PMID: 29625374 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite being overlooked in theoretical models of stress-related disorders, differences in cerebellar structure and function are consistently reported in studies of individuals exposed to current and early-life stressors. However, the mediating processes through which stress impacts upon cerebellar function are currently unknown. The aim of the current experiment was to test the effects of experimentally-induced acute stress on cerebellar functioning, using a classic, forward saccadic adaptation paradigm in healthy, young men and women. Stress induction was achieved by employing the Montreal Imaging Stress Task (MIST), a task employing mental arithmetic and negative social feedback to generate significant physiological and endocrine stress responses. Saccadic adaptation was elicited using the double-step target paradigm. In the experiment, 48 participants matched for gender and age were exposed to either a stress (n = 25) or a control (n = 23) condition. Saliva for cortisol analysis was collected before, immediately after, and 10, and 30 min after the MIST. Saccadic adaptation was assessed approximately 10 min after stress induction, when cortisol levels peaked. Participants in the stress group reported significantly more stress symptoms and exhibited greater total cortisol output compared to controls. The stress manipulation was associated with slower learning rates in the stress group, while control participants acquired adaptation faster. Learning rates were negatively associated with cortisol output and mood disturbance. Results suggest that experimentally-induced stress slowed acquisition of cerebellar-dependent saccadic adaptation, related to increases in cortisol output. These 'proof-of-principle' data demonstrate that stress modulates cerebellar-related functions.
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283
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Shim HG, Lee YS, Kim SJ. The Emerging Concept of Intrinsic Plasticity: Activity-dependent Modulation of Intrinsic Excitability in Cerebellar Purkinje Cells and Motor Learning. Exp Neurobiol 2018; 27:139-154. [PMID: 30022866 PMCID: PMC6050419 DOI: 10.5607/en.2018.27.3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
What is memory? How does the brain process the sensory information and modify an organism's behavior? Many neuroscientists have focused on the activity- and experience-dependent modifications of synaptic functions in order to solve these fundamental questions in neuroscience. Recently, the plasticity of intrinsic excitability (called intrinsic plasticity) has emerged as an important element for information processing and storage in the brain. As the cerebellar Purkinje cells are the sole output neurons in the cerebellar cortex and the information is conveyed from a neuron to its relay neurons by forms of action potential firing, the modulation of the intrinsic firing activity may play a critical role in the cerebellar learning. Many voltage-gated and/or Ca2+-activated ion channels are involved in shaping the spiking output as well as integrating synaptic inputs to finely tune the cerebellar output. Recent studies suggested that the modulation of the intrinsic excitability and its plasticity in the cerebellar Purkinje cells might function as an integrator for information processing and memory formation. Moreover, the intrinsic plasticity might also determine the strength of connectivity to the sub-cortical areas such as deep cerebellar nuclei and vestibular nuclei to trigger the consolidation of the cerebellar-dependent memory by transferring the information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Geun Shim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Yong-Seok Lee
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
| | - Sang Jeong Kim
- Department of Physiology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
- Neuroscience Research Institute, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 03080, Korea
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284
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Wang H, Li R, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Cui J, Nguchu BA, Qiu B, Wang X, Li H. Altered cerebro-cerebellum resting-state functional connectivity in HIV-infected male patients. J Neurovirol 2018; 24:587-596. [PMID: 29785582 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-018-0649-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In addition to the role of planning and executing movement, the cerebellum greatly contributes to cognitive process. Numerous studies have reported structural and functional abnormalities in the cerebellum for HIV-infected patients, but little is known about the altered functional connectivity of particular cerebellar subregions and the cerebrum. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) changes of the cerebellum and further analyze the relationship between the rsFC changes and the neuropsychological evaluation. The experiment involved 26 HIV-infected men with asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (ANI) and 28 healthy controls (HC). We selected bilateral hemispheric lobule VI and lobule IX as seed regions and mapped the whole-brain rsFC for each subregion. Results revealed that right lobule VI showed significant increased rsFC with the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) in HIV-infected subjects. In addition, the correlation analysis on HIV-infected subjects illustrated the increased rsFC was negatively correlated with the attention/working memory score. Moreover, significantly increased cerebellar rsFCs were also observed in HIV-infected patients related to right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and right superior medial gyrus (SMG) while decreased rsFC was just found between right lobule VI and the left hippocampus (HIP). These findings suggested that, abnormalities of cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity might be associated with cognitive dysfunction in HIV-infected men, particularly working memory impairment. It could also be the underlying mechanism of ANI, providing further evidence for early injury in the neural substrate of HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijuan Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Ruili Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8, Xi Tou Tiao, Youanmen Wai, Feng Tai District, Beijing, 10069, China
| | - Yawen Zhou
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yanming Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Jin Cui
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Benedictor Alexander Nguchu
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Bensheng Qiu
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Wang
- Centers for Biomedical Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China.
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, No.8, Xi Tou Tiao, Youanmen Wai, Feng Tai District, Beijing, 10069, China.
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285
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Li H, Shuster SA, Li J, Luo L. Linking neuronal lineage and wiring specificity. Neural Dev 2018; 13:5. [PMID: 29653548 PMCID: PMC5899351 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-018-0102-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain function requires precise neural circuit assembly during development. Establishing a functional circuit involves multiple coordinated steps ranging from neural cell fate specification to proper matching between pre- and post-synaptic partners. How neuronal lineage and birth timing influence wiring specificity remains an open question. Recent findings suggest that the relationships between lineage, birth timing, and wiring specificity vary in different neuronal circuits. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the cellular, molecular, and developmental mechanisms linking neuronal lineage and birth timing to wiring specificity in a few specific systems in Drosophila and mice, and review different methods employed to explore these mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - S. Andrew Shuster
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Neurosciences Graduate Program, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Jiefu Li
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Liqun Luo
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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286
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Ma S, Hsieh YP, Ma J, Lu C. Low-input and multiplexed microfluidic assay reveals epigenomic variation across cerebellum and prefrontal cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2018; 4:eaar8187. [PMID: 29675472 PMCID: PMC5906078 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar8187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Extensive effort is under way to survey the epigenomic landscape of primary ex vivo tissues to establish normal reference data and to discern variation associated with disease. The low abundance of some tissue types and the isolation procedure required to generate a homogenous cell population often yield a small quantity of cells for examination. This difficulty is further compounded by the need to profile a myriad of epigenetic marks. Thus, technologies that permit both ultralow input and high throughput are desired. We demonstrate a simple microfluidic technology, SurfaceChIP-seq, for profiling genome-wide histone modifications using as few as 30 to 100 cells per assay and with up to eight assays running in parallel. We applied the technology to profile epigenomes using nuclei isolated from prefrontal cortex and cerebellum of mouse brain. Our cell type-specific data revealed that neuronal and glial fractions exhibited profound epigenomic differences across the two functionally distinct brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Mechanics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Yuan-Pang Hsieh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Jian Ma
- Computational Biology Department, School of Computer Science, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Chang Lu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
- Corresponding author.
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287
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Modulation of sensory prediction error in Purkinje cells during visual feedback manipulations. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1099. [PMID: 29545572 PMCID: PMC5854574 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
It is hypothesized that the cerebellum implements a forward internal model that transforms motor commands into predictions about upcoming movements. The predictions are compared with sensory feedback to generate sensory prediction errors critical to controlling movements. The simple spike firing of cerebellar Purkinje cells both lead and lag movement consistent with representations of motor predictions and sensory feedback. This study tests whether this leading and lagging modulation provides the prediction and sensory feedback necessary to compute sensory prediction errors. Two manipulations of the visual feedback are used in rhesus monkeys performing pseudo-random tracking. Consistent with a forward model, delaying the visual feedback demonstrates that the leading simple spike modulation with position error is time-locked to the hand movement. Reducing the feedback shows that the lagged modulation is directly driven by visual inputs. Therefore, Purkinje cell discharge carries both the motor predictions and sensory feedback required of a forward internal model.
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288
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The effects of acrobatic exercise on brain plasticity: a systematic review of animal studies. Brain Struct Funct 2018; 223:2055-2071. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1631-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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289
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White MD, Zhao ZW, Plachta N. In Vivo Imaging of Single Mammalian Cells in Development and Disease. Trends Mol Med 2018; 24:278-293. [PMID: 29439932 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Live imaging has transformed biomedical sciences by enabling visualization and analysis of dynamic cellular processes as they occur in their native contexts. Here, we review key recent efforts applying in vivo optical imaging with single-cell resolution to mammalian systems ranging from embryos to adult tissues and organs. We highlight insights into active processes regulating cell fate and morphogenesis during embryonic development, how neuronal circuitry and non-neuronal cell types contribute to neurological functions, and how novel imaging-based approaches enable the dissection of neurological disorders and cancer with high spatio-temporal resolution. The convergence of technical advancements in accessing, visualizing, and manipulating individual cells provides an unprecedented lens to probe mammalian cellular dynamics in vivo in both physiological and pathological states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie D White
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Ziqing W Zhao
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore.
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290
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Damaging de novo mutations diminish motor skills in children on the autism spectrum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E1859-E1866. [PMID: 29434036 PMCID: PMC5828599 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1715427115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetics is a major determining factor in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). To date, only the most severe class of de novo mutation, likely gene disruptive (LGD), has been correlated with IQ, a phenotypic characteristic associated with ASD, but not a core feature. A less severe class of de novo mutation, missense, while enriched in individuals with ASD, has been refractory to correlation with any ASD phenotypic feature. In this report, we demonstrate that de novo LGD and missense mutations scored by target gene vulnerability both show significant associations with diminished motor skills. In individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), de novo mutations have previously been shown to be significantly correlated with lower IQ but not with the core characteristics of ASD: deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted interests and repetitive patterns of behavior. We extend these findings by demonstrating in the Simons Simplex Collection that damaging de novo mutations in ASD individuals are also significantly and convincingly correlated with measures of impaired motor skills. This correlation is not explained by a correlation between IQ and motor skills. We find that IQ and motor skills are distinctly associated with damaging mutations and, in particular, that motor skills are a more sensitive indicator of mutational severity than is IQ, as judged by mutational type and target gene. We use this finding to propose a combined classification of phenotypic severity: mild (little impairment of either), moderate (impairment mainly to motor skills), and severe (impairment of both IQ and motor skills).
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291
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A cerebellar mechanism for learning prior distributions of time intervals. Nat Commun 2018; 9:469. [PMID: 29391392 PMCID: PMC5794805 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02516-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge about the statistical regularities of the world is essential for cognitive and sensorimotor function. In the domain of timing, prior statistics are crucial for optimal prediction, adaptation and planning. Where and how the nervous system encodes temporal statistics is, however, not known. Based on physiological and anatomical evidence for cerebellar learning, we develop a computational model that demonstrates how the cerebellum could learn prior distributions of time intervals and support Bayesian temporal estimation. The model shows that salient features observed in human Bayesian time interval estimates can be readily captured by learning in the cerebellar cortex and circuit level computations in the cerebellar deep nuclei. We test human behavior in two cerebellar timing tasks and find prior-dependent biases in timing that are consistent with the predictions of the cerebellar model. Human timing behavior is biased towards previously encountered intervals and is predicted by Bayesian models. Here, the authors develop a computational model based in properties of the cerebellum to show how we might encode time estimates based on prior experience.
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292
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Xiao L, Scheiffele P. Local and long-range circuit elements for cerebellar function. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2018; 48:146-152. [PMID: 29316490 DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The view of cerebellar functions has been extended from controlling sensorimotor processes to processing 'contextual' information and generating predictions for a diverse range of behaviors. These functions rely on the computation of the local cerebellar microcircuits and long-range connectivity that relays cerebellar output to various brain areas. In this review, we discuss recent work on two of the circuit elements, which are thought to be fundamental for a wide range of non-sensorimotor behaviors: The role for cerebellar granule cells in multimodal integration in the cerebellar cortex and the long-range connectivity between the deep cerebellar nuclei and the basal ganglia. Lastly, we discuss how studies on synapses and circuits of the cerebellum in rodent models of autism-spectrum disorders might contribute to our understanding of the pathophysiology of this class of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Xiao
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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293
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Wagner MJ. Cognitive Signaling in Cerebellar Granule Cells. Neuropsychopharmacology 2018; 43:222-223. [PMID: 29192666 PMCID: PMC5719097 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2017.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Wagner
- Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA,E-mail:
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294
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The Cerebellar GABA AR System as a Potential Target for Treating Alcohol Use Disorder. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2018; 248:113-156. [PMID: 29736774 DOI: 10.1007/164_2018_109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In the brain, fast inhibitory neurotransmission is mediated primarily by the ionotropic subtype of the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor subtype A (GABAAR). It is well established that the brain's GABAAR system mediates many aspects of neurobehavioral responses to alcohol (ethanol; EtOH). Accordingly, in both preclinical studies and some clinical scenarios, pharmacologically targeting the GABAAR system can alter neurobehavioral responses to acute and chronic EtOH consumption. However, many of the well-established interactions of EtOH and the GABAAR system have been identified at concentrations of EtOH ([EtOH]) that would only occur during abusive consumption of EtOH (≥40 mM), and there are still inadequate treatment options for prevention of or recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD, including abuse and dependence). Accordingly, there is a general acknowledgement that more research is needed to identify and characterize: (1) neurobehavioral targets of lower [EtOH] and (2) associated brain structures that would involve such targets in a manner that may influence the development and maintenance of AUDs.Nearly 15 years ago it was discovered that the GABAAR system of the cerebellum is highly sensitive to EtOH, responding to concentrations as low as 10 mM (as would occur in the blood of a typical adult human after consuming 1-2 standard units of EtOH). This high sensitivity to EtOH, which likely mediates the well-known motor impairing effects of EtOH, combined with recent advances in our understanding of the role of the cerebellum in non-motor, cognitive/emotive/reward processes has renewed interest in this system in the specific context of AUD. In this chapter we will describe recent advances in our understanding of cerebellar processing, actions of EtOH on the cerebellar GABAAR system, and the potential relationship of such actions to the development of AUD. We will finish with speculation about how cerebellar specific GABAAR ligands might be effective pharmacological agents for treating aspects of AUD.
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295
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McElvain LE, Friedman B, Karten HJ, Svoboda K, Wang F, Deschênes M, Kleinfeld D. Circuits in the rodent brainstem that control whisking in concert with other orofacial motor actions. Neuroscience 2018; 368:152-170. [PMID: 28843993 PMCID: PMC5849401 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The world view of rodents is largely determined by sensation on two length scales. One is within the animal's peri-personal space; sensorimotor control on this scale involves active movements of the nose, tongue, head, and vibrissa, along with sniffing to determine olfactory clues. The second scale involves the detection of more distant space through vision and audition; these detection processes also impact repositioning of the head, eyes, and ears. Here we focus on orofacial motor actions, primarily vibrissa-based touch but including nose twitching, head bobbing, and licking, that control sensation at short, peri-personal distances. The orofacial nuclei for control of the motor plants, as well as primary and secondary sensory nuclei associated with these motor actions, lie within the hindbrain. The current data support three themes: First, the position of the sensors is determined by the summation of two drive signals, i.e., a fast rhythmic component and an evolving orienting component. Second, the rhythmic component is coordinated across all orofacial motor actions and is phase-locked to sniffing as the animal explores. Reverse engineering reveals that the preBötzinger inspiratory complex provides the reset to the relevant premotor oscillators. Third, direct feedback from somatosensory trigeminal nuclei can rapidly alter motion of the sensors. This feedback is disynaptic and can be tuned by high-level inputs. A holistic model for the coordination of orofacial motor actions into behaviors will encompass feedback pathways through the midbrain and forebrain, as well as hindbrain areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E McElvain
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Beth Friedman
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Harvey J Karten
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California at San Diego School of Medicine, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Karel Svoboda
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Janelia Research Campus, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Laval University, Québec City, G1J 2G3, Canada
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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296
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Babayan BM, Watilliaux A, Viejo G, Paradis AL, Girard B, Rondi-Reig L. A hippocampo-cerebellar centred network for the learning and execution of sequence-based navigation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:17812. [PMID: 29259243 PMCID: PMC5736633 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
How do we translate self-motion into goal-directed actions? Here we investigate the cognitive architecture underlying self-motion processing during exploration and goal-directed behaviour. The task, performed in an environment with limited and ambiguous external landmarks, constrained mice to use self-motion based information for sequence-based navigation. The post-behavioural analysis combined brain network characterization based on c-Fos imaging and graph theory analysis as well as computational modelling of the learning process. The study revealed a widespread network centred around the cerebral cortex and basal ganglia during the exploration phase, while a network dominated by hippocampal and cerebellar activity appeared to sustain sequence-based navigation. The learning process could be modelled by an algorithm combining memory of past actions and model-free reinforcement learning, which parameters pointed toward a central role of hippocampal and cerebellar structures for learning to translate self-motion into a sequence of goal-directed actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte M Babayan
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Aurélie Watilliaux
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Guillaume Viejo
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS UMR 7222, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Lise Paradis
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), 75005, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Girard
- Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), CNRS UMR 7222, Institut des Systèmes Intelligents et de Robotique (ISIR), F-75005, Paris, France
| | - Laure Rondi-Reig
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, CNRS, Neurosciences Paris Seine - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (NPS - IBPS), Cerebellum Navigation and Memory team (CeZaMe), 75005, Paris, France.
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297
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Wijayatunge R, Liu F, Shpargel KB, Wayne NJ, Chan U, Boua JV, Magnuson T, West AE. The histone demethylase Kdm6b regulates a mature gene expression program in differentiating cerebellar granule neurons. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 87:4-17. [PMID: 29254825 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 10/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The histone H3 lysine 27 (H3K27) demethylase Kdm6b (Jmjd3) can promote cellular differentiation, however its physiological functions in neurons remain to be fully determined. We studied the expression and function of Kdm6b in differentiating granule neurons of the developing postnatal mouse cerebellum. At postnatal day 7, Kdm6b is expressed throughout the layers of the developing cerebellar cortex, but its expression is upregulated in newborn cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs). Atoh1-Cre mediated conditional knockout of Kdm6b in CGN precursors either alone or in combination with Kdm6a did not disturb the gross morphological development of the cerebellum. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of Kdm6b in cultured CGN precursors did not alter the induced expression of early neuronal marker genes upon cell cycle exit. By contrast, knockdown of Kdm6b significantly impaired the induction of a mature neuronal gene expression program, which includes gene products required for functional synapse maturation. Loss of Kdm6b also impaired the ability of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) to induce expression of Grin2c and Tiam1 in maturing CGNs. Taken together, these data reveal a previously unknown role for Kdm6b in the postmitotic stages of CGN maturation and suggest that Kdm6b may work, at least in part, by a transcriptional mechanism that promotes gene sensitivity to regulation by BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjula Wijayatunge
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Fang Liu
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Karl B Shpargel
- Dept. of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Nicole J Wayne
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Urann Chan
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Jane-Valeriane Boua
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States
| | - Terry Magnuson
- Dept. of Genetics and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Anne E West
- Dept. of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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298
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Ten Brinke MM, Heiney SA, Wang X, Proietti-Onori M, Boele HJ, Bakermans J, Medina JF, Gao Z, De Zeeuw CI. Dynamic modulation of activity in cerebellar nuclei neurons during pavlovian eyeblink conditioning in mice. eLife 2017; 6:28132. [PMID: 29243588 PMCID: PMC5760204 DOI: 10.7554/elife.28132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
While research on the cerebellar cortex is crystallizing our understanding of its function in learning behavior, many questions surrounding its downstream targets remain. Here, we evaluate the dynamics of cerebellar interpositus nucleus (IpN) neurons over the course of Pavlovian eyeblink conditioning. A diverse range of learning-induced neuronal responses was observed, including increases and decreases in activity during the generation of conditioned blinks. Trial-by-trial correlational analysis and optogenetic manipulation demonstrate that facilitation in the IpN drives the eyelid movements. Adaptive facilitatory responses are often preceded by acquired transient inhibition of IpN activity that, based on latency and effect, appear to be driven by complex spikes in cerebellar cortical Purkinje cells. Likewise, during reflexive blinks to periocular stimulation, IpN cells show excitation-suppression patterns that suggest a contribution of climbing fibers and their collaterals. These findings highlight the integrative properties of subcortical neurons at the cerebellar output stage mediating conditioned behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shane A Heiney
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Xiaolu Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Henk-Jan Boele
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jacob Bakermans
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Javier F Medina
- Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, United States
| | - Zhenyu Gao
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands.,Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, Netherlands
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299
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Wang L, Zhang L, Chow BKC. Secretin Modulates the Postnatal Development of Mouse Cerebellar Cortex Via PKA- and ERK-dependent Pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:382. [PMID: 29249942 PMCID: PMC5714926 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postnatal development of the cerebellum is critical for its intact function such as motor coordination and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders. We previously reported that deprivation of secretin (SCT) from cerebellar Purkinje neurons impaired motor coordination and motor learning function, while leaving the potential role of SCT in cerebellar development to be determined. SCT and its receptor (SCTR) were constitutively expressed in the postnatal cerebellum in a temporal and cell-specific manner. Using a SCT knockout mouse model, we provided direct evidence showing altered developmental patterns of Purkinje cells (PCs) and granular cells (GCs). SCT deprivation reduced the PC density, impaired the PC dendritic formation, induced accelerated GC migration and potentiated cerebellar apoptosis. Furthermore, our results indicated the involvement of protein kinase A (PKA) and extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways in SCT-mediated protective effects against neuronal apoptosis. Results of this study illustrated a novel function of SCT in the postnatal development of cerebellum, emphasizing the necessary role of SCT in cerebellar-related functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Li Zhang
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
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300
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Population-scale organization of cerebellar granule neuron signaling during a visuomotor behavior. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16240. [PMID: 29176570 PMCID: PMC5701187 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-15938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Granule cells at the input layer of the cerebellum comprise over half the neurons in the human brain and are thought to be critical for learning. However, little is known about granule neuron signaling at the population scale during behavior. We used calcium imaging in awake zebrafish during optokinetic behavior to record transgenically identified granule neurons throughout a cerebellar population. A significant fraction of the population was responsive at any given time. In contrast to core precerebellar populations, granule neuron responses were relatively heterogeneous, with variation in the degree of rectification and the balance of positive versus negative changes in activity. Functional correlations were strongest for nearby cells, with weak spatial gradients in the degree of rectification and the average sign of response. These data open a new window upon cerebellar function and suggest granule layer signals represent elementary building blocks under-represented in core sensorimotor pathways, thereby enabling the construction of novel patterns of activity for learning.
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