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Wang T, Liang Y, Li H, Li H, He Q, Xue Y, Shen C, Zhang C, Xiang J, Ding J, Qiao L, Zheng Q. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Osteoarthritis: An Overview and a Meta-Analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016; 95:e2811. [PMID: 26886631 PMCID: PMC4998631 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000002811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a complex disorder characterized by degenerative articular cartilage and is largely attributed to genetic risk factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are common DNA variants that have shown promising and efficiency, compared with positional cloning, to map candidate genes of complex diseases, including OA. In this study, we aim to provide an overview of multiple SNPs from a number of genes that have recently been linked to OA susceptibility. We also performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to evaluate the association of SNP rs7639618 of double von Willebrand factor A domains (DVWA) gene with OA susceptibility. A systematic search of studies on the association of SNPs with susceptibility to OA was conducted in PubMed and Google scholar. Studies subjected to meta-analysis include human and case-control studies that met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium model and provide sufficient data to calculate an odds ratio (OR). A total of 9500 OA cases and 9365 controls in 7 case-control studies relating to SNP rs7639618 were included in this study and the ORs with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Over 50 SNPs from different genes have been shown to be associated with either hip (23), or knee (20), or both (13) OA. The ORs of these SNPs for OA and the subtypes are not consistent. As to SNP rs7639618 of DVWA, increased knee OA risk was observed in all genetic models analyzed. Specifically, people from Asian with G-allele showed significantly increased risk of knee OA (A versus G: OR = 1.28, 95% CI 1.13-1.46; AA versus GG: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.25-2.05; GA versus GG: OR = 1.31, 95% CI 1.18-1.44; AA versus GA+GG: OR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.12-1.61; AA+GA versus GG: OR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.19-1.64), but not in Caucasians or with hip OA. Our results suggest that multiple SNPs play different roles in the pathogenesis of OA and its subtypes; SNP rs7639618 of DVWA gene is associated with a significantly increased risk of knee OA in Asians. Given the limited sample size, further studies are needed to evaluate this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- From the Center for Reproduction and Genetics (TW, HL, HL, QH, YX, CS, CZ, JX, JD, LQ), Suzhou Hospital affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu; Department of Laboratory Medicine (YL), Shanghai First People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai; Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science (QZ), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China (QZ); and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology (QZ), Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL
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252
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Lee M, Won Y, Shin Y, Kim JH, Chun JS. Reciprocal activation of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis amplifies catabolic signaling in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2016; 24:134-45. [PMID: 26241779 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2015] [Revised: 06/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes serve as catabolic regulators of osteoarthritic cartilage destruction by regulating the expression of catabolic factor genes. We explored possible crosstalk between these signaling pathways and its biological significance in osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS Microarray analysis, various mRNA and protein assays were conducted using primary cultured mouse articular chondrocytes and experimental OA cartilage to reveal molecular mechanisms underlying the crosstalk between HIF-2α and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis. Experimental OA in mice was induced by intra-articular (IA) injection of adenovirus expressing HIF-2α (Ad-Epas1), ZIP8 (Ad-Zip8), or MTF1 (Ad-Mtf1) in wild-type mice or mice with cartilage-specific conditional knockout of HIF-2α (Epas1(fl/fl);Col2a1-Cre), ZIP8 (Zip8(fl/fl);Col2a1-Cre), or MTF1 (Mtf1(fl/fl);Col2a1-Cre). RESULTS HIF-2α activated the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis in chondrocytes by upregulating the Zn(2+) transporter ZIP8, thereby increasing Zn(2+) influx and activating the downstream transcription factor MTF1. The zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, in turn, acted as a novel transcriptional regulator of HIF-2α. HIF-2α-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis amplified HIF-2α regulation of OA cartilage destruction by synergistically promoting expression of matrix-degrading enzymes. Thus, HIF-2α-induced activation of the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis, together with zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 regulation of HIF-2α, acted collectively to synergistically promote expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and OA cartilage destruction. CONCLUSION Our findings identify a reciprocal activation mechanism involving HIF-2α and the zinc-ZIP8-MTF1 axis during OA pathogenesis that amplifies catabolic signaling and cartilage destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lee
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Won
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - Y Shin
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea
| | - J-H Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea; Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea.
| | - J-S Chun
- School of Life Sciences, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Republic of Korea.
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253
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Dudek M, Gossan N, Yang N, Im HJ, Ruckshanthi JP, Yoshitane H, Li X, Jin D, Wang P, Boudiffa M, Bellantuono I, Fukada Y, Boot-Handford RP, Meng QJ. The chondrocyte clock gene Bmal1 controls cartilage homeostasis and integrity. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:365-76. [PMID: 26657859 PMCID: PMC4701559 DOI: 10.1172/jci82755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most prevalent and debilitating joint disease, and there are currently no effective disease-modifying treatments available. Multiple risk factors for OA, such as aging, result in progressive damage and loss of articular cartilage. Autonomous circadian clocks have been identified in mouse cartilage, and environmental disruption of circadian rhythms in mice predisposes animals to OA-like damage. However, the contribution of the cartilage clock mechanisms to the maintenance of tissue homeostasis is still unclear. Here, we have shown that expression of the core clock transcription factor BMAL1 is disrupted in human OA cartilage and in aged mouse cartilage. Furthermore, targeted Bmal1 ablation in mouse chondrocytes abolished their circadian rhythm and caused progressive degeneration of articular cartilage. We determined that BMAL1 directs the circadian expression of many genes implicated in cartilage homeostasis, including those involved in catabolic, anabolic, and apoptotic pathways. Loss of BMAL1 reduced the levels of phosphorylated SMAD2/3 (p-SMAD2/3) and NFATC2 and decreased expression of the major matrix-related genes Sox9, Acan, and Col2a1, but increased p-SMAD1/5 levels. Together, these results define a regulatory mechanism that links chondrocyte BMAL1 to the maintenance and repair of cartilage and suggest that circadian rhythm disruption is a risk factor for joint diseases such as OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Dudek
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole Gossan
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Nan Yang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hee-Jeong Im
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Hikari Yoshitane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ding Jin
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Ping Wang
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Maya Boudiffa
- The Mellanby Centre, Department of Human Metabolism, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Ilaria Bellantuono
- The Mellanby Centre, Department of Human Metabolism, The Medical School, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Yoshitaka Fukada
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ray P. Boot-Handford
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Qing-Jun Meng
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell Matrix Research, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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254
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Cheng S, Xing W, Pourteymoor S, Schulte J, Mohan S. Conditional Deletion of Prolyl Hydroxylase Domain-Containing Protein 2 (Phd2) Gene Reveals Its Essential Role in Chondrocyte Function and Endochondral Bone Formation. Endocrinology 2016; 157:127-40. [PMID: 26562260 PMCID: PMC4701886 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic growth plate cartilage requires hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-mediated pathways to maintain chondrocyte survival and differentiation. HIF proteins are tightly regulated by prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein 2 (Phd2)-mediated proteosomal degradation. We conditionally disrupted the Phd2 gene in chondrocytes by crossing Phd2 floxed mice with type 2 collagen-α1-Cre transgenic mice and found massive increases (>50%) in the trabecular bone mass of long bones and lumbar vertebra of the Phd2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice caused by significant increases in trabecular number and thickness and reductions in trabecular separation. Cortical thickness and tissue mineral density at the femoral middiaphysis of the cKO mice were also significantly increased. Dynamic histomorphometric analyses revealed increased longitudinal length and osteoid surface per bone surface in the primary spongiosa of the cKO mice, suggesting elevated conversion rate from hypertrophic chondrocytes to mineralized bone matrix as well as increased bone formation in the primary spongiosa. In the secondary spongiosa, bone formation measured by mineralizing surface per bone surface and mineral apposition rate were not changed, but resorption was slightly reduced. Increases in the mRNA levels of SRY (sex determining region Y)-box 9, osterix (Osx), type 2 collagen, aggrecan, alkaline phosphatase, bone sialoprotein, vascular endothelial growth factor, erythropoietin, and glycolytic enzymes in the growth plate of cKO mice were detected by quantitative RT-PCR. Immunohistochemistry revealed an increased HIF-1α protein level in the hypertrophic chondrocytes of cKO mice. Infection of chondrocytes isolated from Phd2 floxed mice with adenoviral Cre resulted in similar gene expression patterns as observed in the cKO growth plate chondrocytes. Our findings indicate that Phd2 suppresses endochondral bone formation, in part, via HIF-dependent mechanisms in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Cheng
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Weirong Xing
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Sheila Pourteymoor
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Jan Schulte
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
| | - Subburaman Mohan
- Musculoskeletal Disease Center (S.C., W.X., S.P., J.S., S.M.), Jerry L. Pettis Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92357; and Department of Medicine (W.X., S.M.), Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California 92354
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255
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Akkiraju H, Nohe A. Role of Chondrocytes in Cartilage Formation, Progression of Osteoarthritis and Cartilage Regeneration. J Dev Biol 2015; 3:177-192. [PMID: 27347486 PMCID: PMC4916494 DOI: 10.3390/jdb3040177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage (AC) covers the diarthrodial joints and is responsible for the mechanical distribution of loads across the joints. The majority of its structure and function is controlled by chondrocytes that regulate Extracellular Matrix (ECM) turnover and maintain tissue homeostasis. Imbalance in their function leads to degenerative diseases like Osteoarthritis (OA). OA is characterized by cartilage degradation, osteophyte formation and stiffening of joints. Cartilage degeneration is a consequence of chondrocyte hypertrophy along with the expression of proteolytic enzymes. Matrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) and A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase with Thrombospondin Motifs (ADAMTS) are an example of these enzymes that degrade the ECM. Signaling cascades involved in limb patterning and cartilage repair play a role in OA progression. However, the regulation of these remains to be elucidated. Further the role of stem cells and mature chondrocytes in OA progression is unclear. The progress in cell based therapies that utilize Mesenchymal Stem Cell (MSC) infusion for cartilage repair may lead to new therapeutics in the long term. However, many questions are unanswered such as the efficacy of MSCs usage in therapy. This review focuses on the role of chondrocytes in cartilage formation and the progression of OA. Moreover, it summarizes possible alternative therapeutic approaches using MSC infusion for cartilage restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja Nohe
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-302-831-2959; Fax: +1-302-831-2281
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256
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Okuma T, Hirata M, Yano F, Mori D, Kawaguchi H, Chung UI, Tanaka S, Saito T. Regulation of mouse chondrocyte differentiation by CCAAT/enhancer-binding proteins. Biomed Res 2015; 36:21-9. [PMID: 25749148 DOI: 10.2220/biomedres.36.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) β regulates chondrocyte differentiaion and proliferation during endochondral ossification. However, expression and function of other C/EBP family members in chondrocytes have not been fully understood. To understand the comprehensive regulation of chondrocyte differentiation by C/EBPs, we initially examined their expression levels. Among four members (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ and C/EBPε) with transactivation domain, expression of Cebpb and Cebpd was abundant compared to Cebpa, while Cebpe was hardly expressed in mouse isolated chondrocytes. Doxycycline (DOX)-inducible overexpression of each of the three C/EBPs (C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ) in ATDC5 cells suppressed expressions of early differentiation markers including Col2a1, aggrecan and Sox9, enhanced those of late differentiation markers including Mmp13, Vegfa and Col10a1, and decelerated cell proliferation, indicating their overlapped functions in chondrocytes. In contrast, DOX-inducible overexpression of A-CEBP, which exerts a dominant-negative effect against all C/EBPs, increased expressions of early differentiation markers and decreased those of late differentiation markers. Finally, microarray and gene ontology analyses showed that A-CEBP altered many genes related with various events or tissues such as skeletal development, cartilage, cell cycle, inflammation and apoptosis. In conclusion, C/EBPα, C/EBPβ and C/EBPδ regulate proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes and possibly is involved with apoptosis and inflammation. C/EBPs may play a variety of roles in the homeostasis of joint cartilage under physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomotake Okuma
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tokyo
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257
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Markway BD, Cho H, Zilberman-Rudenko J, Holden P, McAlinden A, Johnstone B. Hypoxia-inducible factor 3-alpha expression is associated with the stable chondrocyte phenotype. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1561-70. [PMID: 26174816 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factors HIF-1α and HIF-2α are important regulators of the chondrocyte phenotype but little is known about HIF-3α in cartilage. The objective of this study was to characterize HIF-3α (HIF3A) expression during chondrocyte differentiation in vitro and in native cartilage tissues. HIF3A, COL10A1, and MMP13 were quantified in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and articular chondrocytes from healthy and osteoarthritic (OA) tissue in three-dimensional cultures and in human embryonic epiphyses and adult articular cartilage. HIF3A was found to have an inverse association with hypertrophic markers COL10A1 and MMP13 in chondrogenic cells and tissues. In healthy chondrocytes, HIF3A was induced by dexamethasone and increased during redifferentiation. By comparison, HIF3A expression was extremely low in chondrogenically differentiated MSCs expressing high levels of COL10A1 and MMP13. HIF3A was also lower in redifferentiated OA chondrocytes than in healthy chondrocytes. In human embryonic epiphyseal tissue, HIF3A expression was lowest in the hypertrophic zone. Distinct splice patterns were also found in embryonic cartilage when compared with adult articular cartilage and redifferentiated chondrocytes. These in vitro and in vivo findings suggest that HIF3A levels are indicative of the hypertrophic state of chondrogenic cells and one or more splice variants may be important regulators of the chondrocyte phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon D Markway
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Holly Cho
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | | | - Paul Holden
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Audrey McAlinden
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Musculoskeletal Research Center, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Brian Johnstone
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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258
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Wang W, Zhang H, Chen J, Su P, Liu L, Li W. Naringin Protects Against Cartilage Destruction in Osteoarthritis Through Repression of NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Inflammation 2015; 39:385-392. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-015-0260-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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259
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Thysen S, Luyten FP, Lories RJU. Targets, models and challenges in osteoarthritis research. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:17-30. [PMID: 25561745 PMCID: PMC4283647 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.016881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis is a chronic degenerative disorder of the joint and represents one of the most common diseases worldwide. Its prevalence and severity are increasing owing to aging of the population, but treatment options remain largely limited to painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs, which only provide symptomatic relief. In the late stages of the disease, surgical interventions are often necessary to partially restore joint function. Although the focus of osteoarthritis research has been originally on the articular cartilage, novel findings are now pointing to osteoarthritis as a disease of the whole joint, in which failure of different joint components can occur. In this Review, we summarize recent progress in the field, including data from novel ‘omics’ technologies and from a number of preclinical and clinical trials. We describe different in vitro and in vivo systems that can be used to study molecules, pathways and cells that are involved in osteoarthritis. We illustrate that a comprehensive and multisystem approach is necessary to understand the complexity and heterogeneity of the disease and to better guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Thysen
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank P Luyten
- Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Rik J U Lories
- Laboratory of Tissue Homeostasis and Disease, Skeletal Biology and Engineering Research Center, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium. Division of Rheumatology, University Hospitals Leuven, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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260
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Hypoxia Inducible Factor Pathway and Physiological Adaptation: A Cell Survival Pathway? Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:584758. [PMID: 26491231 PMCID: PMC4600544 DOI: 10.1155/2015/584758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxygen homeostasis reflects the constant body requirement to generate energy. Hypoxia (0.1–1% O2), physioxia or physoxia (∼1–13%), and normoxia (∼20%) are terms used to define oxygen concentration in the cellular environment. A decrease in oxygen (hypoxia) or excess oxygen (hyperoxia) could be deleterious for cellular adaptation and survival. Hypoxia can occur under both physiological (e.g., exercise, embryonic development, underwater diving, or high altitude) and pathological conditions (e.g., inflammation, solid tumor formation, lung disease, or myocardial infarction). Hypoxia plays a key role in the pathophysiology of heart disease, cancers, stroke, and other causes of mortality. Hypoxia inducible factor(s) (HIFs) are key oxygen sensors that mediate the ability of the cell to cope with decreased oxygen tension. These transcription factors regulate cellular adaptation to hypoxia and protect cells by responding acutely and inducing production of endogenous metabolites and proteins to promptly regulate metabolic pathways. Here, we review the role of the HIF pathway as a metabolic adaptation pathway and how this pathway plays a role in cell survival. We emphasize the roles of the HIF pathway in physiological adaptation, cell death, pH regulation, and adaptation during exercise.
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261
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Appleton CTG, Usmani SE, Pest MA, Pitelka V, Mort JS, Beier F. Reduction in Disease Progression by Inhibition of Transforming Growth Factor α-CCL2 Signaling in Experimental Posttraumatic Osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:2691-701. [DOI: 10.1002/art.39255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Shirine E. Usmani
- Western University Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; London Ontario Canada
| | - Michael A. Pest
- Western University Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; London Ontario Canada
| | - Vasek Pitelka
- Western University Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry; London Ontario Canada
| | - John S. Mort
- Shriners Hospitals for Children-Canada and McGill University; Montreal Quebec Canada
| | - Frank Beier
- Western University Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry and Children's Health Research Institute; London Ontario Canada
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262
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Olivotto E, Otero M, Marcu KB, Goldring MB. Pathophysiology of osteoarthritis: canonical NF-κB/IKKβ-dependent and kinase-independent effects of IKKα in cartilage degradation and chondrocyte differentiation. RMD Open 2015; 1:e000061. [PMID: 26557379 PMCID: PMC4632142 DOI: 10.1136/rmdopen-2015-000061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), a whole-joint disease driven by abnormal biomechanics and attendant cell-derived and tissue-derived factors, is a rheumatic disease with the highest prevalence, representing a severe health burden with a tremendous economic impact. Members of the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) family orchestrate mechanical, inflammatory and oxidative stress-activated processes, thus representing a potential therapeutic target in OA disease. The two pivotal kinases, IκB kinase (IKK) α and IKKβ, activate NF-κB dimers that might translocate to the nucleus and regulate the expression of specific target genes involved in extracellular matrix remodelling and terminal differentiation of chondrocytes. IKKα, required for the activation of the so-called non-canonical pathway, has a number of NF-κB-independent and kinase-independent functions in vivo and in vitro, including controlling chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation and collagenase activity. In this short review, we will discuss the role of NF-κB signalling in OA pathology, with emphasis on the functional effects of IKKα that are independent of its kinase activity and NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Olivotto
- Laboratory RAMSES-Research, Innovation & Technology Department , Rizzoli Orthopedic Research Institute , Bologna , Italy
| | - Miguel Otero
- Research Division , Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , USA
| | - Kenneth B Marcu
- Biochemistry and Cell Biology Department , Stony Brook University , Stony Brook , USA
| | - Mary B Goldring
- Research Division , Hospital for Special Surgery and Weill Cornell Medical College , New York , USA
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263
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Zhong L, Huang X, Karperien M, Post JN. The Regulatory Role of Signaling Crosstalk in Hypertrophy of MSCs and Human Articular Chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:19225-47. [PMID: 26287176 PMCID: PMC4581295 DOI: 10.3390/ijms160819225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes is a main barrier in application of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cartilage repair. In addition, hypertrophy occurs occasionally in osteoarthritis (OA). Here we provide a comprehensive review on recent literature describing signal pathways in the hypertrophy of MSCs-derived in vitro differentiated chondrocytes and chondrocytes, with an emphasis on the crosstalk between these pathways. Insight into the exact regulation of hypertrophy by the signaling network is necessary for the efficient application of MSCs for articular cartilage repair and for developing novel strategies for curing OA. We focus on articles describing the role of the main signaling pathways in regulating chondrocyte hypertrophy-like changes. Most studies report hypertrophic differentiation in chondrogenesis of MSCs, in both human OA and experimental OA. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is not under the strict control of a single pathway but appears to be regulated by an intricately regulated network of multiple signaling pathways, such as WNT, Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)/Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), Parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP), Indian hedgehog (IHH), Fibroblast growth factor (FGF), Insulin like growth factor (IGF) and Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF). This comprehensive review describes how this intricate signaling network influences tissue-engineering applications of MSCs in articular cartilage (AC) repair, and improves understanding of the disease stages and cellular responses within an OA articular joint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilei Zhong
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Xiaobin Huang
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
- School of Life Sciences, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
| | - Janine N Post
- Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands.
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Schipani E, Mangiavini L, Merceron C. HIF-1α and growth plate development: what we really know. BONEKEY REPORTS 2015; 4:730. [PMID: 26331009 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 05/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptation to low oxygen tension or hypoxia is a critical event in development and tissue homeostasis. Studies by us and others have shown that the fetal growth plate is an avascular tissue with a gradient of oxygenation, and the transcription factor hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) is essential for its development. In this brief review, we will summarize our current understanding of the role of HIF-1α in fetal growth plate development, and we will discuss yet unanswered questions in the field of hypoxia and endochondral bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Bldg , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Laura Mangiavini
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Bldg , Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christophe Merceron
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Medical School, A. Alfred Taubman Biomedical Science Research Bldg , Ann Arbor, MI, USA ; Inserm, UMRS 791-LIOAD, Centre for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering, Group STEP 'Skeletal Tissue Engineering and Physiopathology' , Nantes, France ; LUNAM, Nantes University, Faculty of Dental Surgery , Nantes, France
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265
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The A Allele at rs13419896 of EPAS1 Is Associated with Enhanced Expression and Poor Prognosis for Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134496. [PMID: 26263511 PMCID: PMC4532412 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α, or EPAS1) is important for cancer progression, and is a putative biomarker for poor prognosis for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, molecular mechanisms underlying the EPAS1 overexpression are not still fully understood. We explored a role of a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs13419896 located within intron 1 of the EPAS1 gene in regulation of its expression. Bioinformatic analyses suggested that a region including the rs13419896 SNP plays a role in regulation of the EPAS1 gene expression and the SNP alters the binding activity of transcription factors. In vitro analyses demonstrated that a fragment containing the SNP locus function as a regulatory region and that a fragment with A allele showed higher transactivation activity than one with G, especially in the presence of overexpressed c-Fos or c-Jun. Moreover, NSCLC patients with the A allele showed poorer prognosis than those with G at the SNP even after adjustment with various variables. In conclusion, the genetic polymorphism of the EPAS1 gene may lead to variation of its gene expression levels to drive progression of the cancer and serve as a prognostic marker for NSCLC.
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266
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Caramés B, Olmer M, Kiosses WB, Lotz MK. The relationship of autophagy defects to cartilage damage during joint aging in a mouse model. Arthritis Rheumatol 2015; 67:1568-76. [PMID: 25708836 DOI: 10.1002/art.39073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aging is a main risk factor for osteo arthritis (OA), the most prevalent musculoskeletal disorder. Defects in autophagy, an essential cellular homeostasis mechanism, have recently been observed in OA articular cartilage. The objectives of this study were to establish the constitutive level of autophagy activation in normal cartilage and to monitor the temporal relationship between changes in autophagy and aging-related degradation of cartilage in a mouse model. METHODS In GFP-LC3-transgenic mice, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-light chain 3 (LC3) is ubiquitously expressed, and the accumulation of GFP puncta, representing autophagosomes, was quantified by confocal microscopy as a measure of autophagy activation. Expression of the autophagy proteins autophagy-related protein 5 (ATG-5) and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3) was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Cartilage cellularity, apoptotic cell death, and cartilage structural damage and changes in synovium and bone were examined by histology and immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Basal autophagy activation was detected in liver and knee articular cartilage from young (6-month-old) mice, with higher levels in cartilage than in liver in the same animals. In 28-month-old mice, there was a statistically significant reduction in the total number of autophagic vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) and in the total area of vesicles per cell (P < 0.01) in the articular cartilage as compared to that from young 6-month-old mice. With increasing age, the expression of ATG-5 and LC3 decreased, and this was followed by a reduction in cartilage cellularity and an increase in the apoptosis marker poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase p85. Cartilage structural damage progressed in an age-dependent manner subsequent to the autophagy changes. CONCLUSION Autophagy is constitutively activated in normal cartilage. This is compromised with aging and precedes cartilage cell death and structural damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Caramés
- The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla California and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de A Coruña Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de A Coruña SERGAS and Universidade da Coruña, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Merissa Olmer
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | | | - Martin K Lotz
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
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267
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Kim H, Kang D, Cho Y, Kim JH. Epigenetic Regulation of Chondrocyte Catabolism and Anabolism in Osteoarthritis. Mol Cells 2015; 38:677-84. [PMID: 26242192 PMCID: PMC4546939 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2015.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most prevalent forms of joint disorder, associated with a tremendous socioeconomic burden worldwide. Various non-genetic and lifestyle-related factors such as aging and obesity have been recognized as major risk factors for OA, underscoring the potential role for epigenetic regulation in the pathogenesis of the disease. OA-associated epigenetic aberrations have been noted at the level of DNA methylation and histone modification in chondrocytes. These epigenetic regulations are implicated in driving an imbalance between the expression of catabolic and anabolic factors, leading eventually to osteoarthritic cartilage destruction. Cellular senescence and metabolic abnormalities driven by OA-associated risk factors appear to accompany epigenetic drifts in chondrocytes. Notably, molecular events associated with metabolic disorders influence epigenetic regulation in chondrocytes, supporting the notion that OA is a metabolic disease. Here, we review accumulating evidence supporting a role for epigenetics in the regulation of cartilage homeostasis and OA pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonkyeong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
| | - Donghyun Kang
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
| | - Yongsik Cho
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
| | - Jin-Hong Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747,
Korea
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268
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Bomer N, den Hollander W, Ramos YFM, Bos SD, van der Breggen R, Lakenberg N, Pepers BA, van Eeden AE, Darvishan A, Tobi EW, Duijnisveld BJ, van den Akker EB, Heijmans BT, van Roon-Mom WMC, Verbeek FJ, van Osch GJVM, Nelissen RGHH, Slagboom PE, Meulenbelt I. Underlying molecular mechanisms of DIO2 susceptibility in symptomatic osteoarthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 2015; 74:1571-9. [PMID: 24695009 PMCID: PMC4516000 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate how the genetic susceptibility gene DIO2 confers risk to osteoarthritis (OA) onset in humans and to explore whether counteracting the deleterious effect could contribute to novel therapeutic approaches. METHODS Epigenetically regulated expression of DIO2 was explored by assessing methylation of positional CpG-dinucleotides and the respective DIO2 expression in OA-affected and macroscopically preserved articular cartilage from end-stage OA patients. In a human in vitro chondrogenesis model, we measured the effects when thyroid signalling during culturing was either enhanced (excess T3 or lentiviral induced DIO2 overexpression) or decreased (iopanoic acid). RESULTS OA-related changes in methylation at a specific CpG dinucleotide upstream of DIO2 caused significant upregulation of its expression (β=4.96; p=0.0016). This effect was enhanced and appeared driven specifically by DIO2 rs225014 risk allele carriers (β=5.58, p=0.0006). During in vitro chondrogenesis, DIO2 overexpression resulted in a significant reduced capacity of chondrocytes to deposit extracellular matrix (ECM) components, concurrent with significant induction of ECM degrading enzymes (ADAMTS5, MMP13) and markers of mineralisation (ALPL, COL1A1). Given their concurrent and significant upregulation of expression, this process is likely mediated via HIF-2α/RUNX2 signalling. In contrast, we showed that inhibiting deiodinases during in vitro chondrogenesis contributed to prolonged cartilage homeostasis as reflected by significant increased deposition of ECM components and attenuated upregulation of matrix degrading enzymes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings show how genetic variation at DIO2 could confer risk to OA and raised the possibility that counteracting thyroid signalling may be a novel therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nils Bomer
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- IDEAL, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Steffan D Bos
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Genomics Initiative, sponsored by the NCHA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nico Lakenberg
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Barry A Pepers
- Department of Human Genetics, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arash Darvishan
- Department of Imaging & BioInformatics, LIACS, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elmar W Tobi
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- IDEAL, The Netherlands
| | | | - Erik B van den Akker
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- The Delft Bioinformatics Lab, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Bastiaan T Heijmans
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Genomics Initiative, sponsored by the NCHA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fons J Verbeek
- Department of Imaging & BioInformatics, LIACS, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerjo J V M van Osch
- Department of Orthopaedics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Deptartment of Otorhinolaryngology, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- IDEAL, The Netherlands
- Genomics Initiative, sponsored by the NCHA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Meulenbelt
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, LUMC, Leiden, The Netherlands
- Genomics Initiative, sponsored by the NCHA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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269
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Torrero JI, Martínez C. New developments in the treatment of osteoarthritis - focus on biologic agents. Open Access Rheumatol 2015; 7:33-43. [PMID: 27790043 PMCID: PMC5045124 DOI: 10.2147/oarrr.s50058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common diseases around the world. Medical, social, and financial consequences oblige clinicians, surgeons, and researchers to focus on finding the best treatment option, to eradicate and stop this degenerative joint disease, in order to avoid surgical options which in many instances are over-indicated. Noninvasive treatments, such as anti-inflammatory drugs, physiotherapy, orthotic devices, dietary supplements, have demonstrated lack of effectiveness. The possibility to perform intra-articular injections with hyaluronic acid, corticosteroids, or the newest but criticized treatment based on platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has changed the management of OA disease. The use of PRP has led to many differences in treatment since there is a lack of consensus about protocols, indications, number of doses, cost-effectiveness, and duration of the treatment. Many publications have suggested efficacy in tendon injuries, but when PRP has been indicated to treat cartilage injuries, things are more inconsistent. Some authors have reported their experience treating OA with PRP, and it seems that, if well indicated, it is an option as a supplementary therapy. Therefore, we need to understand that OA is a mechanical disease which not only produces changes in radiographs, but also affects the quality of life. Pathogenesis of OA has been well explained, providing us new knowledge and future possibilities to improve the clinical approach. From basic science to surgery, there is a great field we all need to contribute to, because the general population is aging and total joint replacements should not be the only solution for OA. So herein is an actual review of the developments for treating OA with biologics, intended to be useful for the population inside orthopedics who could be called bio-orthopedists, since OA is a molecular homeostasis disbalance between catabolism and anabolism triggered by mechanical stress.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carlos Martínez
- University of Illinois Hospital and Health Sciences System, Chicago, IL, USA
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270
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Pap T, Korb-Pap A. Cartilage damage in osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis—two unequal siblings. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2015.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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271
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Matrix cross-linking-mediated mechanotransduction promotes posttraumatic osteoarthritis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:9424-9. [PMID: 26170306 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1505700112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is characterized by impairment of the load-bearing function of articular cartilage. OA cartilage matrix undergoes extensive biophysical remodeling characterized by decreased compliance. In this study, we elucidate the mechanistic origin of matrix remodeling and the downstream mechanotransduction pathway and further demonstrate an active role of this mechanism in OA pathogenesis. Aging and mechanical stress, the two major risk factors of OA, promote cartilage matrix stiffening through the accumulation of advanced glycation end-products and up-regulation of the collagen cross-linking enzyme lysyl oxidase, respectively. Increasing matrix stiffness substantially disrupts the homeostatic balance between chondrocyte catabolism and anabolism via the Rho-Rho kinase-myosin light chain axis, consequently eliciting OA pathogenesis in mice. Experimental enhancement of nonenzymatic or enzymatic matrix cross-linking augments surgically induced OA pathogenesis in mice, and suppressing these events effectively inhibits OA with concomitant modulation of matrix degrading enzymes. Based on these findings, we propose a central role of matrix-mediated mechanotransduction in OA pathogenesis.
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272
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Eichaker LR, Cho H, Duvall CL, Werfel TA, Hasty KA. Future nanomedicine for the diagnosis and treatment of osteoarthritis. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2015; 9:2203-15. [PMID: 25405797 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.14.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments for osteoarthritis (OA) are largely palliative until the joints become totally dysfunctional and prosthetic replacement becomes necessary. Effective methods are needed for diagnosing OA and monitoring its progression during its early stages, when the effects of therapeutic drugs or biological agents are most likely to be effective. Theranostic nanosomes and nanoparticles have the potential to noninvasively detect, track and treat the early stages of OA. As articular cartilage does not regenerate once it is degraded, cell-based treatments aided by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle tracking are attractive future treatment modalities for the later stages of OA progression, when significant cartilage replacement is needed. This article will describe the current and future translational approaches for the detection and noninvasive treatment of degenerative OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren R Eichaker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering & Orthopaedic Surgery/Campbell Clinic, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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273
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Li W, Cai L, Zhang Y, Cui L, Shen G. Intra-articular resveratrol injection prevents osteoarthritis progression in a mouse model by activating SIRT1 and thereby silencing HIF-2α. J Orthop Res 2015; 33:1061-70. [PMID: 25737402 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the feasibility of the intra-articular injection of resveratrol for preventing the progression of existing cartilage degeneration in a mouse model of osteoarthritis (OA). The effects of resveratrol on the expression of silent information regulator 2 type 1 (SIRT1), hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) and catabolic factors in OA cartilage was explored. OA was induced in the mouse knee via destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM). Resveratrol was injected weekly into the operated knee beginning 4 weeks after surgery. The OA phenotype was evaluated via histological and immunohistochemical analyses at 8 weeks after DMM. Western blot analysis was performed to identify whether resveratrol modulated the interleukin (IL)-1β-induced expression of HIF-2α in human chondrocytes. Histologically, resveratrol treatment preserved the structural homeostasis of the articular cartilage and the subchondral bone. Following resveratrol injection, the expression of collagen type II was retained, but the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase and matrix metalloproteinase-13 was reduced in OA cartilage. Moreover, the administration of resveratrol significantly induced the activation of SIRT1 and the inhibition of HIF-2α expression in mouse OA cartilage and in IL-1β-treated human chondrocytes. These findings indicate that the intra-articular injection of resveratrol significantly prevents the destruction of OA cartilage by activating SIRT1 and thereby suppressing the expression of HIF-2α and catabolic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuyin Li
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Henan, PR, China
| | - Litao Cai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Luoyang Orthopedic-Traumatological Hospital, Henan, PR, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- Institute of Arthritis Research, Shanghai Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences and Guanghua Integrative Medicine Hospital, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Lei Cui
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PR, China
| | - Gan Shen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, PR, China
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274
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Le BQ, Fernandes H, Bouten CV, Karperien M, van Blitterswijk C, de Boer J. High-Throughput Screening Assay for the Identification of Compounds Enhancing Collagenous Extracellular Matrix Production by ATDC5 Cells. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2015; 21:726-36. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2014.0088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Bach q. Le
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo Fernandes
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn V.C. Bouten
- Laboratory for Cell and Tissue Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Clemens van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jan de Boer
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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276
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Tsang KY, Tsang SW, Chan D, Cheah KSE. The chondrocytic journey in endochondral bone growth and skeletal dysplasia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:52-73. [PMID: 24677723 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The endochondral bones of the skeleton develop from a cartilage template and grow via a process involving a cascade of chondrocyte differentiation steps culminating in formation of a growth plate and the replacement of cartilage by bone. This process of endochondral ossification, driven by the generation of chondrocytes and their subsequent proliferation, differentiation, and production of extracellular matrix constitute a journey, deviation from which inevitably disrupts bone growth and development, and is the basis of human skeletal dysplasias with a wide range of phenotypic severity, from perinatal lethality to progressively deforming. This highly coordinated journey of chondrocyte specification and fate determination is controlled by a myriad of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. SOX9 is the master transcription factor that, in concert with varying partners along the way, directs the different phases of the journey from mesenchymal condensation, chondrogenesis, differentiation, proliferation, and maturation. Extracellular signals, including bone morphogenetic proteins, wingless-related MMTV integration site (WNT), fibroblast growth factor, Indian hedgehog, and parathyroid hormone-related peptide, are all indispensable for growth plate chondrocytes to align and organize into the appropriate columnar architecture and controls their maturation and transition to hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy, marked by dramatic volume increase in phases, is controlled by transcription factors SOX9, Runt-related transcription factor, and FOXA2. Hypertrophic chondrocytes mediate the cartilage to bone transition and concomitantly face a live-or-die situation, a subject of much debate. We review recent insights into the coordination of the phases of the chondrocyte journey, and highlight the need for a systems level understanding of the regulatory networks that will facilitate the development of therapeutic approaches for skeletal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwok Yeung Tsang
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
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277
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Sun MMG, Beier F. Chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal development, growth, and disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 102:74-82. [PMID: 24677724 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Most of our bones form through the process of endochondral ossification, which is tightly regulated by the activity of the cartilage growth plate. Chondrocyte maturation through the various stages of growth plate physiology ultimately results in hypertrophy. Chondrocyte hypertrophy is an essential contributor to longitudinal bone growth, but recent data suggest that these cells also play fundamental roles in signaling to other skeletal cells, thus coordinating endochondral ossification. On the other hand, ectopic hypertrophy of articular chondrocytes has been implicated in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. Thus, a better understanding of the processes that control chondrocyte hypertrophy in the growth plate as well as in articular cartilage is required for improved management of both skeletal growth disorders and osteoarthritis. This review summarizes recent findings on the regulation of hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation, the cellular mechanisms involved in hypertrophy, and the role of chondrocyte hypertrophy in skeletal physiology and pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Man-Ger Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Western University, and Children's Health Research Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
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278
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Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) signalling is intricately involved in coupling angiogenesis and osteogenesis during bone development and repair. Activation of HIFs in response to a hypoxic bone micro-environment stimulates the transcription of multiple genes with effects on angiogenesis, precursor cell recruitment and differentiation. Substantial progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms by which oxygen content regulates the levels and activity of HIFs. In particular, the discovery of the role of oxygen-dependent hydroxylase enzymes in modulating the activity of HIF-1α has sparked interest in potentially promising therapeutic strategies in multiple clinical fields and most recently bone healing. Several small molecules, termed hypoxia mimics, have been identified as activators of the HIF pathway and have demonstrated augmentation of both bone vascularity and bone regeneration in vivo. In this review we discuss key elements of the hypoxic signalling pathway and its role in bone regeneration. Current strategies for the manipulation of this pathway for enhancing bone repair are presented with an emphasis on recent pre-clinical in vivo investigations. These findings suggest promising approaches for the development of therapies to improve bone repair and tissue engineering strategies.
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279
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Cheng C, Zhang FJ, Tian J, Tu M, Xiong YL, Luo W, Li YS, Song BB, Gao SG, Lei GH. Osteopontin inhibits HIF-2α mRNA expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes. Exp Ther Med 2015; 9:2415-2419. [PMID: 26136997 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2015.2434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the in vitro effect of osteopontin (OPN) on the expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) in chondrocytes and the role of OPN in osteoarthritis (OA). Cartilage was purified from the tibial surfaces of patients with OA of the knee and cultured in vitro to obtain chondrocytes. Recombinant human OPN (rhOPN) and OPN small interfering RNA (siRNA) were used to treat the chondrocytes, and the changes in the expression levels of the HIF-2α gene were measured. An anti-CD44 blocking monoclonal antibody (mAb) was used to determine the probable ligand-receptor interactions. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were designed and validated with SYBR® Green dyes for the simultaneous quantification of the mRNA expression levels of OPN and HIF-2α. The mRNA expression level of HIF-2α was markedly decreased in the rhOPN-treated group compared with that in the control group; by contrast, OPN siRNA increased HIF-2α gene expression. CD44 blocking mAb suppressed the inhibitory effect of OPN on HIF-2α mRNA expression. The results of the present study suggest that OPN may play a protective role in OA by inhibiting HIF-2α gene expression in osteoarthritic chondrocytes through CD44 interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Cheng
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jian Tian
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Min Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Lin Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Sheng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China
| | - Bing-Bing Song
- Hunan Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Changsha, Hunan 410019, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Guang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China ; Orthopaedics Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hua Lei
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, P.R. China ; Orthopaedics Institute of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, P.R. China
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Pi Y, Zhang X, Shao Z, Zhao F, Hu X, Ao Y. Intra-articular delivery of anti-Hif-2α siRNA by chondrocyte-homing nanoparticles to prevent cartilage degeneration in arthritic mice. Gene Ther 2015; 22:439-48. [PMID: 25876463 DOI: 10.1038/gt.2015.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2013] [Revised: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (Hif-2α) is a potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis (OA), but the application of this target in the delivery of therapeutic agents to chondrocytes remains a challenge. A chondrocyte-targeting vector was constructed in a previous study to enhance transfection efficiency and specificity of chondrocytes in vivo. This study used vectors to deliver small-interfering RNA (siRNA) and silenced Hif-2α expression to prevent cartilage degeneration in OA-affected mice. After siRNA transfection was conducted by cartilage-targeting nanoparticles, the protein levels of Hif-2α, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-13, -9), a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs (ADAMTS-4, -5), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), type X collagen and nuclear factor (NF)-κB in interleukin-1-beta (IL-1β)-stimulated chondrocytes were determined. Chondrocyte-targeting ability was also determined by fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled siRNA tracking under a confocal microscope. OA model was established by surgically destabilizing the knee joints of a mouse. Hif-2α siRNA was then delivered intra-articularly with nanoparticles in vivo. Cartilage degeneration and synovium inflammation in the knee joints were analyzed by histomorphometry. IL-1β levels in the synovial fluid were also measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In vitro assay results showed that catabolic factors, including Hif-2α, MMP-13 and -9, ADAMTS-4, VEGF, collagen type X and NF-κB, were downregulated after Hif-2α-siRNA transfection by chondrocyte-targeting nanoparticles. In vivo assay results with FITC-labeled siRNA tracking also confirmed that nanoparticles promoted the local concentration and prolonged the retention time of siRNA in the cartilage. Histological analysis results confirmed that nanoparticle-mediated siRNA maintained cartilage integrity and alleviated synovium inflammation. IL-1β levels decreased after siRNA was silenced by nanoparticles. Thus, chondrocyte-targeting nanoparticles could deliver Hif-2α siRNA to cartilage and specifically inhibit the expression of catabolic proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Pi
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - X Zhang
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Z Shao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - F Zhao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - X Hu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
| | - Y Ao
- Department of Sports Medicine, Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injury, Institute of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, PR China
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281
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Rahman MS, Akhtar N, Jamil HM, Banik RS, Asaduzzaman SM. TGF-β/BMP signaling and other molecular events: regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation. Bone Res 2015; 3:15005. [PMID: 26273537 PMCID: PMC4472151 DOI: 10.1038/boneres.2015.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) plays a fundamental role in the regulation of bone organogenesis through the activation of receptor serine/threonine kinases. Perturbations of TGF-β/BMP activity are almost invariably linked to a wide variety of clinical outcomes, i.e., skeletal, extra skeletal anomalies, autoimmune, cancer, and cardiovascular diseases. Phosphorylation of TGF-β (I/II) or BMP receptors activates intracellular downstream Smads, the transducer of TGF-β/BMP signals. This signaling is modulated by various factors and pathways, including transcription factor Runx2. The signaling network in skeletal development and bone formation is overwhelmingly complex and highly time and space specific. Additive, positive, negative, or synergistic effects are observed when TGF-β/BMP interacts with the pathways of MAPK, Wnt, Hedgehog (Hh), Notch, Akt/mTOR, and miRNA to regulate the effects of BMP-induced signaling in bone dynamics. Accumulating evidence indicates that Runx2 is the key integrator, whereas Hh is a possible modulator, miRNAs are regulators, and β-catenin is a mediator/regulator within the extensive intracellular network. This review focuses on the activation of BMP signaling and interaction with other regulatory components and pathways highlighting the molecular mechanisms regarding TGF-β/BMP function and regulation that could allow understanding the complexity of bone tissue dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Shaifur Rahman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Naznin Akhtar
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Hossen Mohammad Jamil
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - Rajat Suvra Banik
- Lab of Network Biology, Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering Discipline, Khulna University , Khulna 9208, Bangladesh
| | - Sikder M Asaduzzaman
- Tissue Banking and Biomaterial Research Unit, Atomic Energy Research Establishment , Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
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282
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Emerging targets in osteoarthritis therapy. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2015; 22:51-63. [PMID: 25863583 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a destructive joint disease in which the initiation may be attributed to direct injury and mechanical disruption of joint tissues, but the progressive changes are dependent on active cell-mediated processes that can be observed or inferred during the generally long time-course of the disease. Based on clinical observations and experimental studies, it is now recognized a that it is possible for individual patients to exhibit common sets of symptoms and structural abnormalities due to distinct pathophysiological pathways that act independently or in combination. Recent research that has focused on the underlying mechanisms involving biochemical cross talk among the cartilage, synovium, bone, and other joint tissues within a background of poorly characterized genetic factors will be addressed in this review.
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283
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Mitochondrial respiration and redox coupling in articular chondrocytes. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:54. [PMID: 25889867 PMCID: PMC4384316 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0566-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Chondrocytes rely primarily on glycolysis to meet cellular energy needs, but recent studies implicate impaired mitochondrial function in osteoarthritis (OA) pathogenesis. Our objectives were to investigate the ability of chondrocytes to upregulate mitochondrial respiration when challenged with a nutrient stress and determine the effect on mediators of chondrocyte oxidative homeostasis. Methods Primary bovine chondrocytes were isolated and cultured in alginate beads. Mitochondrial respiration was stimulated by culturing cells with galactose-supplemented media for a period of 1 or 5 days. Metabolic flexibility was assessed by measuring metabolite and enzymatic biomarkers of glycolytic and mitochondrial metabolism. Oxidative homeostasis was assessed by measuring (1) cellular glutathione content and redox homeostasis, (2) rates of nitric oxide and superoxide production, and (3) the abundance and activity of cellular anti-oxidant proteins, especially the mitochondrial isoform of superoxide dismutase (SOD2). The regulatory role of hypoxia-inducible factor 2α (HIF-2α) in mediating the metabolic and redox responses was evaluated by chemical stabilization with cobalt chloride (CoCl2). Results After 5 days of galactose culture, lactate production and lactate dehydrogenase activity were reduced by 92% (P <0.0001) and 28% (P = 0.051), respectively. Conversely, basal oxygen consumption increased 35% (P = 0.042) without increasing mitochondrial content. Glutathione redox homeostasis was unaffected by galactose culture. However, the production of nitric oxide and superoxide and the expression and activity of SOD2 were significantly reduced after 5 days in galactose culture. Nuclear protein expression and gene expression of HIF-2α, a transcription factor for SOD2, were significantly downregulated (more than twofold; P <0.05) with galactose culture. CoCl2-mediated stabilization of HIF-2α during the initial galactose response phase attenuated the reduction in SOD2 (P = 0.028) and increased cell death (P = 0.003). Conclusions Chondrocyte metabolic flexibility promotes cell survival during a nutrient stress by upregulating mitochondrial respiration and reducing the rate of reactive nitrogen and oxygen species production. These changes are coupled to a substantial reduction in the expression and activity of the mitochondrial anti-oxidant SOD2 and its pro-catabolic transcription factor HIF-2α, suggesting that an improved understanding of physiologic triggers of chondrocyte metabolic flexibility may provide new insight into the etiology of OA. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-015-0566-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Transcription factor Hes1 modulates osteoarthritis development in cooperation with calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:3080-5. [PMID: 25733872 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1419699112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling modulates skeletal formation and pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA) through induction of catabolic factors. Here we examined roles of Hes1, a transcription factor and important target of Notch signaling, in these processes. SRY-box containing gene 9 (Sox9)-Cre mice were mated with Hes1(fl/fl) mice to generate tissue-specific deletion of Hes1 from chondroprogenitor cells; this deletion caused no obvious abnormality in the perinatal period. Notably, OA development was suppressed when Hes1 was deleted from articular cartilage after skeletal growth in type II collagen (Col2a1)-Cre(ERT);Hes1(fl/fl) mice. In cultured chondrocytes, Hes1 induced metallopeptidase with thrombospondin type 1 motif, 5 (Adamts5) and matrix metalloproteinase-13 (Mmp13), which are catabolic enzymes that break down cartilage matrix. ChIP-seq and luciferase assays identified Hes1-responsive regions in intronic sites of both genes; the region in the ADAMTS5 gene contained a typical consensus sequence for Hes1 binding, whereas that in the MMP13 gene did not. Additionally, microarray analysis, together with the ChIP-seq, revealed novel Hes1 target genes, including Il6 and Il1rl1, coding a receptor for IL-33. We further identified calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2δ (CaMK2δ) as a cofactor of Hes1; CaMK2δ was activated during OA development, formed a protein complex with Hes1, and switched it from a transcriptional repressor to a transcriptional activator to induce cartilage catabolic factors. Therefore, Hes1 cooperated with CaMK2δ to modulate OA pathogenesis through induction of catabolic factors, including Adamts5, Mmp13, Il6, and Il1rl1. Our findings have contributed to further understanding of the molecular pathophysiology of OA, and may provide the basis for development of novel treatments for joint disorders.
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285
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Abstract
Due to a blood supply shortage, articular cartilage has a limited capacity for self-healing once damaged. Articular chondrocytes, cartilage progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells are candidate cells for cartilage regeneration. Significant current attention is paid to improving chondrogenic differentiation capacity; unfortunately, the potential chondrogenic hypertrophy of differentiated cells is largely overlooked. Consequently, the engineered tissue is actually a transient cartilage rather than a permanent one. The development of hypertrophic cartilage ends with the onset of endochondral bone formation which has inferior mechanical properties. In this review, current strategies for inhibition of chondrogenic hypertrophy are comprehensively summarized; the impact of cell source options is discussed; and potential mechanisms underlying these strategies are also categorized. This paper aims to provide guidelines for the prevention of hypertrophy in the regeneration of cartilage tissue. This knowledge may also facilitate the retardation of osteophytes in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Peiliang Fu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ruijun Cong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The 10th People's Hospital of Shanghai, Affiliated with Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, China
| | - HaiShan Wu
- Department of Joint Surgery, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200003, China
| | - Ming Pei
- Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Exercise Physiology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
- Corresponding author. Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedics, West Virginia University, PO Box 9196, One Medical Center Drive, Morgantown, WV 26506-9196, USA. Tel.: +1 304 293 1072; fax: +1 304 293 7070.
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286
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Johnson RW, Schipani E, Giaccia AJ. HIF targets in bone remodeling and metastatic disease. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:169-77. [PMID: 25681658 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The bone marrow is a hypoxic microenvironment that is rich in growth factors and blood vessels and is readily colonized by tumor cells disseminated from numerous cancers including tumors of the breast, prostate, lung, and skin. The origin of metastatic growth promoting factors for tumor cells disseminated to the bone marrow is derived from multiple sources: the bone matrix, which is a reservoir for growth factors, and cells residing in the marrow and along bone surfaces, such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, macrophages, and T cells, which secrete cytokines and chemokines. Low oxygen levels within the bone marrow induce hypoxia signaling pathways such as hypoxia inducible factor (HIF), which is regulated by oxygen requiring prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) and von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor. These hypoxia signaling pathways have profound effects on bone development and homeostasis. Likewise, hypoxic conditions observed in local breast and prostate tumors point to a role for hypoxia-inducible genes in metastasis to and colonization of the bone marrow. This review will explore the role of hypoxia-regulated factors in bone development and remodeling, and how these elements may contribute to solid tumor metastasis to the bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachelle W Johnson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Ernestina Schipani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States; Department of Medicine and Endocrinology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Amato J Giaccia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.
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287
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Sheu SY, Ho SR, Sun JS, Chen CY, Ke CJ. Arthropod steroid hormone (20-Hydroxyecdysone) suppresses IL-1β-induced catabolic gene expression in cartilage. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 15:1. [PMID: 25617057 PMCID: PMC4310028 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0520-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background In osteoarthritis (OA), the imbalance of chondrocytes’ anabolic and catabolic factors can induce cartilage destruction. Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine that is capable of inducing chondrocytes and synovial cells to synthesize MMPs. The hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha, encoded by Epas1) is the catabolic transcription factor in the osteoarthritic process. The purpose of this study is to validate the effects of ecdysteroids (Ecd) on IL-1β- induced cartilage catabolism and the possible role of Ecd in treatment or prevention of early OA. Methods Chondrocytes and articular cartilage was harvested from newborn ICR mice. Ecd effect on chondrocytes viability was tested and the optimal concentration was determined by MTT assay. The effect of HIF-2α (EPAS1) in cartilage catabolism simulated by IL-1β (5 ng/ml) was evaluated by articular cartilage explants culture. The effects of Ecd on IL-1β-induced inflammatory conditions and their related catabolic genes expression were analyzed. Results Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) treatment on primary mouse articular cartilage explants enhanced their Epas1, matrix metalloproteinases (MMP-3, MMP-13) and ADAMTS-5 genes expression and down-regulated collagen type II (Col2a1) gene expression. With the pre-treatment of 10−8M Ecd, the catabolic effects of IL-1β on articular cartilage were scavenged. Conclusion In conclusions, Ecd can reduce the IL-1β-induced inflammatory effect of the cartilage. Ecd may suppress IL-1β- induced cartilage catabolism via HIF-2α pathway.
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288
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Chan CKF, Seo EY, Chen JY, Lo D, McArdle A, Sinha R, Tevlin R, Seita J, Vincent-Tompkins J, Wearda T, Lu WJ, Senarath-Yapa K, Chung MT, Marecic O, Tran M, Yan KS, Upton R, Walmsley GG, Lee AS, Sahoo D, Kuo CJ, Weissman IL, Longaker MT. Identification and specification of the mouse skeletal stem cell. Cell 2015; 160:285-98. [PMID: 25594184 PMCID: PMC4297645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
How are skeletal tissues derived from skeletal stem cells? Here, we map bone, cartilage, and stromal development from a population of highly pure, postnatal skeletal stem cells (mouse skeletal stem cells, mSSCs) to their downstream progenitors of bone, cartilage, and stromal tissue. We then investigated the transcriptome of the stem/progenitor cells for unique gene-expression patterns that would indicate potential regulators of mSSC lineage commitment. We demonstrate that mSSC niche factors can be potent inducers of osteogenesis, and several specific combinations of recombinant mSSC niche factors can activate mSSC genetic programs in situ, even in nonskeletal tissues, resulting in de novo formation of cartilage or bone and bone marrow stroma. Inducing mSSC formation with soluble factors and subsequently regulating the mSSC niche to specify its differentiation toward bone, cartilage, or stromal cells could represent a paradigm shift in the therapeutic regeneration of skeletal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles K F Chan
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Eun Young Seo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - James Y Chen
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - David Lo
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Adrian McArdle
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rahul Sinha
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ruth Tevlin
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jun Seita
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Justin Vincent-Tompkins
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Taylor Wearda
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Wan-Jin Lu
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | | | - Michael T Chung
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Owen Marecic
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Misha Tran
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Kelley S Yan
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Rosalynd Upton
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham G Walmsley
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Andrew S Lee
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Debashis Sahoo
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Calvin J Kuo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Departments of Pathology and Developmental Biology, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael T Longaker
- Department of Surgery, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA; Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, 450 Serra Mall, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA.
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289
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Dell'Accio
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Sherwood
- Institute for Experimental Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Münster, Germany
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290
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Inoue H, Arai Y, Kishida T, Terauchi R, Honjo K, Nakagawa S, Tsuchida S, Matsuki T, Ueshima K, Fujiwara H, Mazda O, Kubo T. Hydrostatic pressure influences HIF-2 alpha expression in chondrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:1043-50. [PMID: 25569085 PMCID: PMC4307289 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16011043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-2α is considered to play a major role in the progression of osteoarthritis. Recently, it was reported that pressure amplitude influences HIF-2α expression in murine endothelial cells. We examined whether hydrostatic pressure is involved in expression of HIF-2α in articular chondrocytes. Chondrocytes were cultured and stimulated by inflammation or hydrostatic pressure of 0, 5, 10, or 50 MPa. After stimulation, heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HIF-2α, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13, MMP-3, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) gene expression were evaluated. The levels of all gene expression were increased by inflammatory stress. When chondrocytes were exposed to a hydrostatic pressure of 5 MPa, HIF-2α, MMP-13, and MMP-3 gene expression increased significantly although those of HSP70 and NF-κB were not significantly different from the control group. In contrast, HIF-2α gene expression did not increase under a hydrostatic pressure of 50 MPa although HSP70 and NF-κB expression increased significantly compared to control. We considered that hydrostatic pressure of 5 MPa could regulate HIF-2α independent of NF-κB, because the level of HIF-2α gene expression increased significantly without upregulation of NF-κB expression at 5 MPa. Hydrostatic pressure may influence cartilage degeneration, inducing MMP-13 and MMP-3 expression through HIF-2α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Inoue
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Yuji Arai
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tsunao Kishida
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Ryu Terauchi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Kuniaki Honjo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Shuji Nakagawa
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Shinji Tsuchida
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Matsuki
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Keiichirou Ueshima
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Hiroyoshi Fujiwara
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Osam Mazda
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.
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291
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Abstract
Chronic, low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis (OA) contributes to symptoms and disease progression. Effective disease-modifying OA therapies are lacking, but better understanding inflammatory pathophysiology in OA could lead to transformative therapy. Networks of diverse innate inflammatory danger signals, including complement and alarmins, are activated in OA. Through inflammatory mediators, biomechanical injury and oxidative stress compromise the viability of chondrocytes, reprogramming them to hypertrophic differentiation and proinflammatory and pro-catabolic responses. Integral to this reprogramming are 'switching' pathways in transcriptional networks, other than the well-characterized effects of NFκB and mitogen-activated protein kinase signalling; HIF-2α transcriptional signalling and ZIP8-mediated Zn(2+) uptake, with downstream MTF1 transcriptional signalling, have been implicated but further validation is required. Permissive factors, including impaired bioenergetics via altered mitochondrial function and decreased activity of bioenergy sensors, interact with molecular inflammatory responses and proteostasis mechanisms such as the unfolded protein response and autophagy. Bioenergy-sensing by AMPK and SIRT1 provides 'stop signals' for oxidative stress, inflammatory, and matrix catabolic processes in chondrocytes. The complexity of molecular inflammatory processes in OA and the involvement of multiple inflammatory mediators in tissue repair responses, raises daunting questions about how to therapeutically target inflammatory processes and macroscopic inflammation in OA. Bioenergy sensing might provide a pragmatic 'entry point'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ru Liu-Bryan
- San Diego VA Healthcare System and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - Robert Terkeltaub
- San Diego VA Healthcare System and Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 111K, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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292
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Zhang FJ, Luo W, Lei GH. Role of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in osteoarthritis. Joint Bone Spine 2014; 82:144-7. [PMID: 25553838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbspin.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The hallmark of OA is cartilage destruction, several factors such as catabolic enzymes and chondrocyte death include apoptosis and/or autophagy are considered for the pathogenesis. Articular cartilage is maintained in a low oxygen environment throughout life. Chondrocytes are therefore adapted to these hypoxic conditions. The increased HIF-1α and HIF-2α mediate the response of chondrocytes to hypoxia. HIF-1α regulates chondrogenesis by regulating SOX9 expression in the genetic level, HIF-1 also serves to regulate both autophagy and apoptosis. Therefore, HIF-1α may protect articular cartilage by promoting the chondrocyte phenotype, maintaining chondrocyte viability, and supporting metabolic adaptation to a hypoxic environment. In contrast with HIF-1α, HIF-2α is a catabolic factor in the osteoarthritic process. Although HIF-2α is essential for hypoxic induction of the human articular chondrocyte phenotype, HIF-2α directly induces the expression of catabolic factors in chondrocytes, and HIF-2α enhances Fas expression to mediate chondrocyte apoptosis and regulates autophagy in maturing chondrocytes. Taken together, manipulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α could represent a promising approach to the treatment of OA. Further study should elucidate the exact machnism of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in cartilage and determine which is predominant in osteoarthritic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang-Jie Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China
| | - Guang-Hua Lei
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, No. 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha, 410008 Hunan, China.
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293
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Okada K, Fukai A, Mori D, Hosaka Y, Yano F, Chung UI, Kawaguchi H, Tanaka S, Ikeda T, Saito T. Identification of SCAN domain zinc-finger gene ZNF449 as a novel factor of chondrogenesis. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115169. [PMID: 25546433 PMCID: PMC4278888 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors SOX9, SOX5 and SOX6 are indispensable for generation and differentiation of chondrocytes. However, molecular mechanisms to induce the SOX genes are poorly understood. To address this issue, we previously determined the human embryonic enhancer of SOX6 by 5′RACE analysis, and identified the 46-bp core enhancer region (CES6). We initially performed yeast one-hybrid assay for screening other chondrogenic factors using CES6 as bait, and identified a zinc finger protein ZNF449. ZNF449 and Zfp449, a counterpart in mouse, transactivated enhancers or promoters of SOX6, SOX9 and COL2A1. Zfp449 was expressed in mesenchyme-derived tissues including cartilage, calvaria, muscle and tendon, as well as in other tissues including brain, lung and kidney. In limb cartilage of mouse embryo, Zfp449 protein was abundantly located in periarticular chondrocytes, and decreased in accordance with the differentiation. Zfp449 protein was also detected in articular cartilage of an adult mouse. During chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells, ZNF449 was increased at an early stage, and its overexpression enhanced SOX9 and SOX6 only at the initial stage of the differentiation. We further generated Zfp449 knockout mice to examine the in vivo roles; however, no obvious abnormality was observed in skeletal development or articular cartilage homeostasis. ZNF449 may regulate chondrogenic differentiation from mesenchymal progenitor cells, although the underlying mechanisms are still unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keita Okada
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukai
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Sports Medicine and Orthopedics, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Daisuke Mori
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Hosaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Orthopedic Surgery, Tokyo Metropolitan Bokutoh Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Yano
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ung-il Chung
- Center for Disease Biology and Integrative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kawaguchi
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Spine Center, Tokyo Shinjuku Medical Center, Japan Community Health care Organization, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sakae Tanaka
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Ikeda
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Taku Saito
- Sensory & Motor System Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Bone and Cartilage Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Sacchetti C, Liu-Bryan R, Magrini A, Rosato N, Bottini N, Bottini M. Polyethylene-glycol-modified single-walled carbon nanotubes for intra-articular delivery to chondrocytes. ACS NANO 2014; 8:12280-91. [PMID: 25415768 PMCID: PMC4373402 DOI: 10.1021/nn504537b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common and debilitating degenerative disease of articular joints for which no disease-modifying medical therapy is currently available. Inefficient delivery of pharmacologic agents into cartilage-resident chondrocytes after systemic administration has been a limitation to the development of anti-OA medications. Direct intra-articular injection enables delivery of high concentrations of agents in close proximity to chondrocytes; however, the efficacy of this approach is limited by the fast clearance of small molecules and biomacromolecules after injection into the synovial cavity. Coupling of pharmacologic agents with drug delivery systems able to enhance their residence time and cartilage penetration can enhance the effectiveness of intra-articularly injected anti-OA medications. Herein we describe an efficient intra-articular delivery nanosystem based on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) modified with polyethylene glycol (PEG) chains (PEG-SWCNTs). We show that PEG-SWCNTs are capable to persist in the joint cavity for a prolonged time, enter the cartilage matrix, and deliver gene inhibitors into chondrocytes of both healthy and OA mice. PEG-SWCNT nanoparticles did not elicit systemic or local side effects. Our data suggest that PEG-SWCNTs represent a biocompatible and effective nanocarrier for intra-articular delivery of agents to chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Sacchetti
- Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ru Liu-Bryan
- Department of Medicine, VA Medical Center, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California 92093, United States, an
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy
| | - Nicola Rosato
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy
| | - Nunzio Bottini
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Address correspondence to ,
| | - Massimo Bottini
- Inflammatory and Infectious Disease Center, Sanford Burnham Medical Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Division of Cellular Biology, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome 00173, Italy
- Address correspondence to ,
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295
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Lu J, Sun Y, Ge Q, Teng H, Jiang Q. Histone deacetylase 4 alters cartilage homeostasis in human osteoarthritis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2014; 15:438. [PMID: 25515592 PMCID: PMC4300609 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common degenerative joint disorder, and a major cause of pain and disability among the elderly. Histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) has been shown to be a key regulator of chondrocyte hypertrophy during skeletogenesis. The aims of present study were to investigate the expression of HDAC4 in normal and OA cartilage and its potential roles during OA pathogenesis. METHODS The knee cartilage specimen (a total of 18, 12 female and 6 male) were obtained from primary OA patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and normal donors. By using immunohistochemistry staining, we detected the expression patterns of HDAC4 in OA cartilage and normal cartilage respectively. To assess the potential roles of HDAC4, HDAC4 expression in human chondrosarcoma cells (SW1353) was down-regulated by transfecting small interference RNA (siRNA), thereafter, cells were treated with IL-1β or TNF-α, and the expressions of several matrix-degrading enzymes and anabolic factors were examined by using quantitative PCR. RESULTS The expression of HDAC4 was observed in the OA cartilage, whereas it was barely detected in the normal cartilage. The extent of HDAC4 expression had a statistically negative correlation with OA severity. We further explored that the reduction of HDAC4 level led to a significant repression of proinflammation cytokines induced up-regulated expressions of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP1 (Matrix metalloproteinase 1), MMP3 (Matrix metalloproteinase 3) , MMP13 (Matrix metalloproteinase 13), ADAMTS4 (aggrecanase 1) and ADAMTS5 (aggrecanase 2)) in SW1353 in vitro. Moreover, knockdown of HDAC4 inhibited the expression of some anabolic genes (such as aggrecan). CONCLUSIONS In this study, our findings suggest that the abnormal expression of HDAC4 in osteoarthritic cartilage might be implicated in promoting catabolic activity of chondrocyte, which is associated with OA pathogenesis. Thus, our findings give a new insight into the mechanism of articular cartilage damage, and indicate that HDAC4 might be a potential target for the therapeutic interventions of OA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Huajian Teng
- Model Animal Research Center of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210061, China.
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296
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Xu XH, Huang XW, Qun L, Li YN, Wang Y, Liu C, Ma Y, Liu QM, Sun K, Qian F, Jin L, Wang J. Two functional loci in the promoter of EPAS1 gene involved in high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans. Sci Rep 2014; 4:7465. [PMID: 25501874 PMCID: PMC4264014 DOI: 10.1038/srep07465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
EPAS1 involves in the hypoxic response and is suggested to be responsible for the genetic adaptation of high-altitude hypoxia in Tibetans. However, the detailed molecular mechanism remains unknown. In this study, a single nucleotide polymorphism rs56721780:G>C and an insertion/deletion (indel) polymorphism -742 indel in the promoter region showed divergence between Tibetans and non-Tibetan lowlanders. rs56721780:G>C regulated the transcription of EPAS1 by IKAROS family zinc finger 1 (IKZF1), which was identified as a new transcriptional repressor for EPAS1 gene. It demonstrated that the C allele of rs56721780:G>C decreased the binding of IKZF1, leading to the attenuated transcriptional repression of EPAS1 gene. The insertion at -742 indel provided a new binding site for Sp1 and was related to the activation of EPAS1 promoter. Further functional analysis revealed that lysyl oxidase (LOX) gene, which was reported to be responsible for extracellular matrix protein cross-linking of amnion previously, was a direct target of EPAS1. The CC genotype at rs56721780:G>C and the insertion genotype at -742 indel were found associated with higher EPAS1 and LOX expression levels in amnion, as well as higher birth weight of Tibetan newborns, suggesting that EPAS1 gene might play important roles in the development of amnion, fetus growth and high-altitude adaptation of Tibetans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Xue-Wen Huang
- 1] Clinical laboratory of Huadong Sanatorium, Dajishan, Meiyuan Garden, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214065, P.R. China [2] Public Health Bureau for Shigatse District, 5 Keji Road, Shigatse District, Tibet 857000, P.R. China
| | - Li Qun
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of Shigatse District, 28 Shanghai Middle Road, Shigatse District, Tibet 857000, P.R. China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Chao Liu
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Yanyun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Mei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Kang Sun
- 1] School of Life Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China [2] Center for Reproductive Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200135, P.R. China
| | - Feng Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
| | - Jiucun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering and Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Fudan University Jiangwan Campus, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, P.R. China
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297
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Xia B, Di Chen, Zhang J, Hu S, Jin H, Tong P. Osteoarthritis pathogenesis: a review of molecular mechanisms. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 95:495-505. [PMID: 25311420 PMCID: PMC4747051 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-014-9917-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA), the most prevalent chronic joint disease, increases in prevalence with age, and affects majority of individuals over the age of 65 and is a leading musculoskeletal cause of impaired mobility in the elderly. Because the precise molecular mechanisms which are involved in the degradation of cartilage matrix and development of OA are poorly understood and there are currently no effective interventions to decelerate the progression of OA or retard the irreversible degradation of cartilage except for total joint replacement surgery. In this paper, the important molecular mechanisms related to OA pathogenesis will be summarized and new insights into potential molecular targets for the prevention and treatment of OA will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingjiang Xia
- Shaoxing Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shaoxing, 312000, Zhejiang, China
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298
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Georgi N, Landman EBM, Klein TJ, van Blitterswijk CA, Karperien M. O-Phenanthroline as modulator of the hypoxic and catabolic response in cartilage tissue-engineering models. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2014; 11:724-732. [PMID: 25414128 DOI: 10.1002/term.1969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia has been shown to be important for maintaining cartilage homeostasis as well as for inducing chondrogenic differentiation. Ensuring low oxygen levels during in vitro culture is difficult, therefore we assessed the chondro-inductive capabilities of the hypoxia-mimicking agent O-phenanthroline, which is also known as a non-specific matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) inhibitor. We found that O-phenanthroline reduced the expression of MMP3 and MMP13 mRNA levels during chondrogenic differentiation of human chondrocytes (hChs), as well as after TNFα/IL-1β exposure in an explant model. Interestingly, O-phenanthroline significantly inhibited matrix degradation in a TNFα/IL-1β-dependent model of cartilage degeneration when compared to control and natural hypoxia (2.5% O2 ). O-Phenanthroline had limited ability to improve the chondrogenic differentiation or matrix deposition in the chondrogenic pellet model. Additionally, O-phenanthroline alleviated MMP-induced cartilage degradation without affecting chondrogenesis in the explant culture. The data presented in this study indicate that the inhibitory effect of O-phenanthroline on MMP expression is dominant over the hypoxia-mimicking effect. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Georgi
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Ellie B M Landman
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Travis J Klein
- Cartilage Regeneration Laboratory, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Australia
| | - Clemens A van Blitterswijk
- Department of Tissue Regeneration, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Karperien
- Department of Developmental BioEngineering, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
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299
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Gu J, Lu Y, Li F, Qiao L, Wang Q, Li N, Borgia JA, Deng Y, Lei G, Zheng Q. Identification and characterization of the novel Col10a1 regulatory mechanism during chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1469. [PMID: 25321476 PMCID: PMC4649528 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The majority of human skeleton develops through the endochondral pathway, in which cartilage-forming chondrocytes proliferate and enlarge into hypertrophic chondrocytes that eventually undergo apoptosis and are replaced by bone. Although at a terminal differentiation stage, hypertrophic chondrocytes have been implicated as the principal engine of bone growth. Abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy has been seen in many skeletal dysplasia and osteoarthritis. Meanwhile, as a specific marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes, the type X collagen gene (COL10A1) is also critical for endochondral bone formation, as mutation and altered COL10A1 expression are often accompanied by abnormal chondrocyte hypertrophy in many skeletal diseases. However, how the type X collagen gene is regulated during chondrocyte hypertrophy has not been fully elucidated. We have recently demonstrated that Runx2 interaction with a 150-bp mouse Col10a1 cis-enhancer is required but not sufficient for its hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific reporter expression in transgenic mice, suggesting requirement of additional Col10a1 regulators. In this study, we report in silico sequence analysis of this 150-bp enhancer and identification of its multiple binding factors, including AP1, MEF2, NFAT, Runx1 and TBX5. Using this enhancer as bait, we performed yeast one-hybrid assay and identified multiple candidate Col10a1-interacting genes, including cyclooxygenase 1 (Cox-1) and Cox-2. We have also performed mass spectrometry analysis and detected EF1-alpha, Fus, GdF7 and Runx3 as components of the specific complex formed by the cis-enhancer and nuclear extracts from hypertrophic MCT (mouse chondrocytes immortalized with large T antigen) cells that express Col10a1 abundantly. Notably, some of the candidate genes are differentially expressed in hypertrophic MCT cells and have been associated with chondrocyte hypertrophy and Runx2, an indispensible Col10a1 regulator. Intriguingly, we detected high-level Cox-2 expression in hypertrophic MCT cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays confirmed the interaction between Cox-2 and Col10a1 cis-enhancer, supporting its role as a candidate Col10a1 regulator. Together, our data support a Cox-2-containing, Runx2-centered Col10a1 regulatory mechanism, during chondrocyte hypertrophic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Gu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Y Lu
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - F Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - L Qiao
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Q Wang
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - N Li
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - J A Borgia
- Department of Pathology and Department of Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Y Deng
- Department of Internal Medicine and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - G Lei
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Q Zheng
- Department of Hematology and Hematological Laboratory Science, School of Medical Science and Laboratory Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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300
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Takarada T. Analysis of the signaling cascade of transcription factors in joint tissue with the aim of drug discovery. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2014; 144:178-84. [PMID: 25312287 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.144.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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