251
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Benchimol MJ, Bourne D, Moghimi SM, Simberg D. Pharmacokinetic analysis reveals limitations and opportunities for nanomedicine targeting of endothelial and extravascular compartments of tumours. J Drug Target 2019; 27:690-698. [PMID: 30614276 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1566339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Targeting of nanoparticles to tumours can potentially improve the specificity of imaging and treatments. We have developed a multicompartmental pharmacokinetic model in order to analyse some of the factors that control efficiency of targeting to intravascular (endothelium) and extravascular (tumour cells and stroma) compartments. We make the assumption that transport across tumour endothelium is an important step for subsequent nanoparticle accumulation in the tumour (area-under-the-curve, AUC) regardless of entry route (interendothelial and transendothelial routes) and study this through a multicompartmental simulation. Our model reveals that increasing endothelial targeting efficiency has a much stronger effect on the AUC than increasing extravascular targeting efficiency. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that both extravasation and intratumoral diffusion rates need to be increased in order to significantly increase the AUC of extravascular-targeted nanoparticles. Increasing the nanoparticle circulation half-life increases the AUC independently of extravasation and intratumoral diffusion. Targeting the extravascular compartment leads to a buildup in the first layer surrounding blood vessels at the expense of deeper layers (binding site barrier). This model explains some of the limitations of tumour targeting and provides important guidelines for the design of targeted nanomedicines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Bourne
- b The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,c Center for Translational Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacogenomics , The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA
| | - Seyed Moein Moghimi
- d Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety , Aurora , CO , USA.,e School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, King George VI Building , Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK.,f Division of Stratified Medicine, Biomarkers & Therapeutics , Institute of Cellular Medicine, Newcastle University , Newcastle upon Tyne , UK
| | - Dmitri Simberg
- b The Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus , Aurora , CO , USA.,d Colorado Center for Nanomedicine and Nanosafety , Aurora , CO , USA
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252
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Macrophage cell tracking PET imaging using mesoporous silica nanoparticles via in vivo bioorthogonal F-18 labeling. Biomaterials 2019; 199:32-39. [PMID: 30735894 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.01.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We introduce an efficient cell tracking imaging protocol using positron emission tomography (PET). Since macrophages are known to home and accumulate in tumor tissues and atherosclerotic plaque, we design a PET imaging protocol for macrophage cell tracking using aza-dibenzocyclooctyne-tethered PEGylated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (DBCO-MSNs) with the short half-life F-18-labeled azide-radiotracer via an in vivo strain-promoted alkyne azide cycloaddition (SPAAC) covalent labeling reaction inside macrophage cells in vivo. This PET imaging protocol for in vivo cell tracking successfully visualizes the migration of macrophage cells into the tumor site by the bioorthogonal SPAAC reaction of DBCO-MSNs with [18F]fluoropentaethylene glycolic azide ([18F]2) to form 18F-labeled aza-dibenzocycloocta-triazolic MSNs (18F-DBCOT-MSNs) inside RAW 264.7 cells. The tissue radioactivity distribution results were consistent with PET imaging findings. In addition, PET images of atherosclerosis in ApoE-/- mice fed a western diet for 30 weeks were obtained using the devised macrophage cell-tracking protocol.
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253
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Nanomedicines for cancer therapy: current status, challenges and future prospects. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:113-132. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2018-0062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of nanomedicine as an innovative and promising alternative technology shows many advantages over conventional cancer therapies and provides new opportunities for early detection, improved treatment, and diagnosis of cancer. Despite the cancer nanomedicines’ capability of delivering chemotherapeutic agents while providing lower systemic toxicity, it is paramount to consider the cancer complexity and dynamics for bridging the translational bench-to-bedside gap. It is important to conduct appropriate investigations for exploiting the tumor microenvironment, and achieving a more comprehensive understanding of the fundamental biological processes in cancer and their roles in modulating nanoparticle–protein interactions, blood circulation, and tumor penetration. This review provides an overview of the current cancer nanomedicines, the major challenges, and the future opportunities in this research area.
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254
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Wang Y, Lin YX, Qiao SL, Wang J, Wang H. Progress in Tumor-Associated Macrophages: From Bench to Bedside. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800232. [PMID: 32627370 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are of great interest in cancer immunology as they play an important role in the tumor microenvironment as cancer stromal cells recruited from circulating monocytes. TAMs are closely associated with tumor progression, including initiation, trophic growth, metabolism, angiogenesis, and metastasis; moreover, in clinical practice, their quantity can be related to poor prognosis. Fundamental and translational studies imply that TAMs are one of the most promising targets in tumor therapy. Herein, the biological origination and classification of TAMs, which correspond to their functions and differentiations, are reviewed in detail. In addition, recent basic research and clinical preprocess of TAMs in tumor immunotherapy are also discussed. Finally, the advances in the use of nanotechnology and TAMs for tumor therapy are discussed. This review focuses on the background and status of basic research and clinical significance of TAMs, points out the potential of TAMs in tumor immunological therapy, and clarifies the possibility of translation TAM-targeting therapies in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Yao-Xin Lin
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Lin Qiao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Jie Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology (NCNST), No. 11 Beiyitiao, Zhongguancun, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100149, P. R. China
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255
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Leftin A, Ben-Chetrit N, Joyce JA, Koutcher JA. Imaging endogenous macrophage iron deposits reveals a metabolic biomarker of polarized tumor macrophage infiltration and response to CSF1R breast cancer immunotherapy. Sci Rep 2019; 9:857. [PMID: 30696910 PMCID: PMC6351660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37408-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron deposits are a phenotypic trait of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). Histological iron imaging and contrast-agent free magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can detect these deposits, but their presence in human cancer, and correlation with immunotherapeutic response is largely untested. Here, primarily using these iron imaging approaches, we evaluated the spatial distribution of polarized macrophage populations containing high endogenous levels of iron in preclinical murine models and human breast cancer, and used them as metabolic biomarkers to correlate TAM infiltration with response to immunotherapy in preclinical trials. Macrophage-targeted inhibition of the colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) by immunotherapy was confirmed to inhibit macrophage accumulation and slow mammary tumor growth in mouse models while also reducing hemosiderin iron-laden TAM accumulation as measured by both iron histology and in vivo iron MRI (FeMRI). Spatial profiling of TAM iron deposit infiltration defined regions of maximal accumulation and response to the CSF1R inhibitor, and revealed differences between microenvironments of human cancer according to levels of polarized macrophage iron accumulation in stromal margins. We therefore demonstrate that iron deposition serves as an endogenous metabolic imaging biomarker of TAM infiltration in breast cancer that has high translational potential for evaluation of immunotherapeutic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avigdor Leftin
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
| | - Nir Ben-Chetrit
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Weill-Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, 10021, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Oncology, Ludwig Institute of Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jason A Koutcher
- Department of Medical Physics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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256
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A Non-Peptidic S100A9 Specific Ligand for Optical Imaging of Phagocyte Activity In Vivo. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:407-416. [PMID: 29185197 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Non-invasive assessment of inflammatory activity in the course of various diseases is a largely unmet clinical challenge. An early feature of inflammation is local secretion of the alarmin S100A8/A9 by activated phagocytes. We here evaluate a novel S100A9-targeted small molecule tracer Cy5.5-CES271 for in vivo optical imaging of inflammatory activity in exemplary disease models. PROCEDURES Dynamics of Cy5.5-CES271 was characterized in a model of irritant contact dermatitis by sequential fluorescence reflectance imaging (FRI) up to 24 h postinjection (p.i.). Specificity of Cy5.5-CES271 binding to S100A9 in vivo was examined by blocking studies and by employing S100A9-/- mice. Finally, S100A9 secretion in acute lung inflammation was assessed by Cy5.5-CES271 and FRI of explanted lungs. RESULTS In ear inflammation, we were able to non-invasively follow the time course of S100A9 expression using Cy5.5-CES271 and FRI over 24 h p.i. (peak activity at 3 h p.i.). Specificity of imaging could be shown by a significant signal reduction after predosing and using S100A9-/- mice. In acute lung injury, local and systemic S100A8/A9 levels increased over time and correlated significantly with FRI signal levels in explanted lungs. CONCLUSIONS Cy5.5-CES271 shows significant accumulation in models of inflammatory diseases and specific binding to S100A9 in vivo. This study, for the first time, demonstrates the potential of a small molecule non-peptidic tracer enabling imaging of S100A9 as a marker of local phagocyte activity in inflammatory scenarios suggesting this compound class for translational attempts.
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257
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Wahsner J, Gale EM, Rodríguez-Rodríguez A, Caravan P. Chemistry of MRI Contrast Agents: Current Challenges and New Frontiers. Chem Rev 2019; 119:957-1057. [PMID: 30350585 PMCID: PMC6516866 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 832] [Impact Index Per Article: 166.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tens of millions of contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) exams are performed annually around the world. The contrast agents, which improve diagnostic accuracy, are almost exclusively small, hydrophilic gadolinium(III) based chelates. In recent years concerns have arisen surrounding the long-term safety of these compounds, and this has spurred research into alternatives. There has also been a push to develop new molecularly targeted contrast agents or agents that can sense pathological changes in the local environment. This comprehensive review describes the state of the art of clinically approved contrast agents, their mechanism of action, and factors influencing their safety. From there we describe different mechanisms of generating MR image contrast such as relaxation, chemical exchange saturation transfer, and direct detection and the types of molecules that are effective for these purposes. Next we describe efforts to make safer contrast agents either by increasing relaxivity, increasing resistance to metal ion release, or by moving to gadolinium(III)-free alternatives. Finally we survey approaches to make contrast agents more specific for pathology either by direct biochemical targeting or by the design of responsive or activatable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahsner
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Eric M. Gale
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Aurora Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Peter Caravan
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging and the Institute for Innovation in Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
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258
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Tang W, Dong Z, Zhang R, Yi X, Yang K, Jin M, Yuan C, Xiao Z, Liu Z, Cheng L. Multifunctional Two-Dimensional Core-Shell MXene@Gold Nanocomposites for Enhanced Photo-Radio Combined Therapy in the Second Biological Window. ACS NANO 2019; 13:284-294. [PMID: 30543399 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b05982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional nanoplatforms with special advantages in the diagnosis and treatment of cancer have been widely explored in nanomedicine. Herein, we synthesize two-dimensional core-shell nanocomposites (Ti3C2@Au) via a seed-growth method starting from the titanium carbide (Ti3C2) nanosheets, a classical type of MXene nanostructure. After growing gold on the surface of Ti3C2 nanosheets, the stability and biocompatibility of the nanocomposites are greatly improved by the thiol modification. Also importantly, the optical absorption in the near-infrared region is enhanced. Utilizing the ability of the high optical absorbance and strong X-ray attenuation, the synthesized Ti3C2@Au nanocomposites are used for photoacoustic and computed tomography dual-modal imaging. Importantly, the mild photothermal effect of the Ti3C2@Au nanocomposites could improve the tumor oxygenation, which significantly enhances the radiotherapy. No obvious long-term toxicity of the nanocomposites is found at the injected dose. This work highlights the promise of special properties of MXene-based multifunctional nanostructures for cancer theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wantao Tang
- College of Science, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Ziliang Dong
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Xuan Yi
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Kai Yang
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection , Soochow University , Suzhou , Jiangsu 215123 , China
| | - Meilin Jin
- College of Science, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Chao Yuan
- College of Science, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zhidong Xiao
- College of Science, State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology , Huazhong Agricultural University , Wuhan 430070 , China
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Liang Cheng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices , Soochow University Suzhou 215123 , China
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259
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Ahmed MS, Rodell CB, Hulsmans M, Kohler RH, Aguirre AD, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R. A Supramolecular Nanocarrier for Delivery of Amiodarone Anti-Arrhythmic Therapy to the Heart. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:733-740. [PMID: 30615425 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.8b00882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Amiodarone is an effective antiarrhythmic drug used to treat and prevent different types of cardiac arrhythmias. However, amiodarone can have considerable side effects resulting from accumulation in off-target tissues. Cardiac macrophages are highly prevalent tissue-resident immune cells with importance in homeostatic functions, including immune response and modulation of cardiac conduction. We hypothesized that amiodarone could be more efficiently delivered to the heart via cardiac macrophages, an important step toward reducing overall dose and off-target tissue accumulation. Toward this goal, we synthesized a nanoparticle drug carrier composed of l-lysine cross-linked succinyl-β-cyclodextrin that demonstrates amiodarone binding through supramolecular host-guest interaction as well as a high macrophage affinity. Biodistribution analyses at the organ and single-cell level demonstrate accumulation of nanoparticles in the heart resulting from rapid uptake by cardiac macrophages. Nanoparticle assisted delivery of amiodarone resulted in a 250% enhancement in the selective delivery of the drug to cardiac tissue in part due to a concomitant decrease of pulmonary accumulation, the main source of off-target toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaz S Ahmed
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Christopher B Rodell
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Maarten Hulsmans
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Aaron D Aguirre
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States.,Cardiology Division , Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit St , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States.,Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit St , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 185 Cambridge St , CPZN 5206, Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States.,Department of Radiology , Massachusetts General Hospital , 55 Fruit St , Boston , Massachusetts 02114 , United States.,Department of Systems Biology , Harvard Medical School , 200 Longwood Ave , Boston , Massachusetts 02115 , United States
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260
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Tian R, Ma H, Yang Q, Wan H, Zhu S, Chandra S, Sun H, Kiesewetter DO, Niu G, Liang Y, Chen X. Rational design of a super-contrast NIR-II fluorophore affords high-performance NIR-II molecular imaging guided microsurgery. Chem Sci 2019; 10:326-332. [PMID: 30713641 PMCID: PMC6333232 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc03751e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In vivo molecular imaging in the "transparent" near-infrared II (NIR-II) window has demonstrated impressive benefits in reaching millimeter penetration depths with high specificity and imaging quality. Previous NIR-II molecular imaging generally relied on high hepatic uptake fluorophores with an unclear mechanism and antibody-derived conjugates, suffering from inevitable nonspecific retention in the main organs/skin with a relatively low signal-to-background ratio. It is still challenging to synthesize a NIR-II fluorophore with both high quantum yield and minimal liver-retention feature. Herein, we identified the structural design and excretion mechanism of novel NIR-II fluorophores for NIR-II molecular imaging with an extremely clean background. With the optimized renally excreted fluorophore-peptide conjugates, superior NIR-II targeting imaging was accompanied by the improved signal-to-background ratio during tumor detection with reducing off-target tissue exposure. An unprecedented NIR-II imaging-guided microsurgery was achieved using such an imaging platform, which provides us with a great preclinical example to accelerate the potential clinical translation of NIR-II imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Tian
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Huilong Ma
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Qinglai Yang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
- Research Center for Advanced Materials and Biotechnology , Research Institute of Tsinghua University in Shenzhen , Shenzhen 518057 , China
| | - Hao Wan
- Department of Chemistry , Stanford University , Stanford , CA 94305 , USA
| | - Shoujun Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Swati Chandra
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Haitao Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy , School of Physics and Materials Science , East China Normal University , Shanghai 200062 , China
| | - Dale O Kiesewetter
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Gang Niu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
| | - Yongye Liang
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering , Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Printed Organic Electronics , South University of Science & Technology of China , Shenzhen 518055 , China .
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine , National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) , National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda , Maryland 20892 , USA . ;
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261
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Abstract
Research during the last decade has generated numerous insights on the presence, phenotype, and function of myeloid cells in cardiovascular organs. Newer tools with improved detection sensitivities revealed sizable populations of tissue-resident macrophages in all major healthy tissues. The heart and blood vessels contain robust numbers of these cells; for instance, 8% of noncardiomyocytes in the heart are macrophages. This number and the cell's phenotype change dramatically in disease conditions. While steady-state macrophages are mostly monocyte independent, macrophages residing in the inflamed vascular wall and the diseased heart derive from hematopoietic organs. In this review, we will highlight signals that regulate macrophage supply and function, imaging applications that can detect changes in cell numbers and phenotype, and opportunities to modulate cardiovascular inflammation by targeting macrophage biology. We strive to provide a systems-wide picture, i.e., to focus not only on cardiovascular organs but also on tissues involved in regulating cell supply and phenotype, as well as comorbidities that promote cardiovascular disease. We will summarize current developments at the intersection of immunology, detection technology, and cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Frodermann
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts ; and Cardiovascular Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
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262
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Sun Q, Barz M, De Geest BG, Diken M, Hennink WE, Kiessling F, Lammers T, Shi Y. Nanomedicine and macroscale materials in immuno-oncology. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:351-381. [PMID: 30465669 PMCID: PMC7115880 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00473k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is revolutionizing the treatment of cancer. It can achieve unprecedented responses in advanced-stage patients, including complete cures and long-term survival. However, immunotherapy also has limitations, such as its relatively low response rates and the development of severe side effects. These drawbacks are gradually being overcome by improving our understanding of the immune system, as well as by establishing combination regimens in which immunotherapy is combined with other treatment modalities. In addition to this, in recent years, progress made in chemistry, nanotechnology and materials science has started to impact immuno-oncology, resulting in more effective and less toxic immunotherapy interventions. In this context, multiple different nanomedicine formulations and macroscale materials have been shown to be able to boost anti-cancer immunity and the efficacy of immunomodulatory drugs. We here review nanotechnological and materials chemistry efforts related to endogenous and exogenous vaccination, to the engineering of antigen-presenting cells and T cells, and to the modulation of the tumor microenvironment. We also discuss limitations, current trends and future directions. Together, the insights provided and the evidence obtained indicate that there is a bright future ahead for engineering nanomedicines and macroscale materials for immuno-oncology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxue Sun
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Barz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55099 Mainz, Germany
| | - Bruno G. De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Mustafa Diken
- TRON - Translational Oncology at the University Medical Center of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz gGmbH, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Wim E. Hennink
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Fraunhofer MEVIS, Institute for Medical Image Computing, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CG Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Targeted Therapeutics, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Nanomedicines and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, Uniklinik RWTH Aachen and Helmholtz Institute for Biomedical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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263
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Wan X, Zhang S, Wang F, Fan W, Wu C, Mao K, Wang H, Hu Z, Yang YG, Sun T. Red blood cell-derived nanovesicles for safe and efficient macrophage-targeted drug delivery in vivo. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:187-195. [PMID: 30421747 DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01258j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RBC-derived nanovesicles are effective hydrophilic drug carriers and can effectively deliver drugs into macrophages both in vitro and in vivo.
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264
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Xu X, An H, Zhang D, Tao H, Dou Y, Li X, Huang J, Zhang J. A self-illuminating nanoparticle for inflammation imaging and cancer therapy. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaat2953. [PMID: 30662940 PMCID: PMC6326751 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat2953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have been extensively used for inflammation imaging and photodynamic therapy of cancer. However, the major translational barriers to most nanoparticle-based imaging and therapy applications are the limited depth of tissue penetration, inevitable requirement of external irradiation, and poor biocompatibility of the nanoparticles. To overcome these critical limitations, we synthesized a sensitive, specific, biodegradable luminescent nanoparticle that is self-assembled from an amphiphilic polymeric conjugate with a luminescent donor (luminol) and a fluorescent acceptor [chlorin e6 (Ce6)] for in vivo luminescence imaging and photodynamic therapy in deep tissues. Mechanistically, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and myeloperoxidase generated in inflammatory sites or the tumor microenvironment trigger bioluminescence resonance energy transfer and the production of singlet oxygen (1O2) from the nanoparticle, enabling in vivo imaging and cancer therapy, respectively. This self-illuminating nanoparticle shows an excellent in vivo imaging capability with suitable tissue penetration and resolution in diverse animal models of inflammation. It is also proven to be a selective, potent, and safe antitumor nanomedicine that specifically kills cancer cells via in situ 1O2 produced in the tumor microenvironment, which contains a high level of ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiu Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Huijie An
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Dinglin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Basic Medicine, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Hui Tao
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Yin Dou
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jun Huang
- Institute for Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jianxiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China
- Corresponding author.
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265
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Tang S, Guo Y, Yang Y, Li Y, Gao Y, Zhang C, Xiong L. High resolution tracking of macrophage cells in deep organs and lymphatics using fluorescent polymer dots. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10966-10975. [PMID: 35515275 PMCID: PMC9062640 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00954j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluorescent polymer dots for tracking macrophage cells in deep organs using probe-based confocal laser endomicroscopy (pCLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyi Tang
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Guo
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
| | - Yidian Yang
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
| | - Yao Li
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
| | - Yanhong Gao
- Department of Geriatrics
- Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- School of Medicine
- Shanghai 200092
- P. R. China
| | - Chunfu Zhang
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
| | - Liqin Xiong
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University
- Shanghai 200030
- P. R. China
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266
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Roca AG, Gutiérrez L, Gavilán H, Fortes Brollo ME, Veintemillas-Verdaguer S, Morales MDP. Design strategies for shape-controlled magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:68-104. [PMID: 30553951 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2018.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ferrimagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (magnetite or maghemite) have been the subject of an intense research, not only for fundamental research but also for their potentiality in a widespread number of practical applications. Most of these studies were focused on nanoparticles with spherical morphology but recently there is an emerging interest on anisometric nanoparticles. This review is focused on the synthesis routes for the production of uniform anisometric magnetite/maghemite nanoparticles with different morphologies like cubes, rods, disks, flowers and many others, such as hollow spheres, worms, stars or tetrapods. We critically analyzed those procedures, detected the key parameters governing the production of these nanoparticles with particular emphasis in the role of the ligands in the final nanoparticle morphology. The main structural and magnetic features as well as the nanotoxicity as a function of the nanoparticle morphology are also described. Finally, the impact of each morphology on the different biomedical applications (hyperthermia, magnetic resonance imaging and drug delivery) are analysed in detail. We would like to dedicate this work to Professor Carlos J. Serna, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, ICMM/CSIC, for his outstanding contribution in the field of monodispersed colloids and iron oxide nanoparticles. We would like to express our gratitude for all these years of support and inspiration on the occasion of his retirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro G Roca
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and BIST, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, E-08193 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Lucía Gutiérrez
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Dept. Química Analítica, Instituto de Nanociencia de Aragón, Universidad de Zaragoza and CIBER-BBN, E-50018 Zaragoza, Spain.
| | - Helena Gavilán
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Maria Eugênia Fortes Brollo
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sabino Veintemillas-Verdaguer
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Del Puerto Morales
- Dept. Energía, Medio Ambiente y Salud, Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, CSIC, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain.
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267
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Duivenvoorden R, Senders ML, van Leent MMT, Pérez-Medina C, Nahrendorf M, Fayad ZA, Mulder WJM. Nanoimmunotherapy to treat ischaemic heart disease. Nat Rev Cardiol 2019; 16:21-32. [PMID: 30209355 PMCID: PMC10621601 DOI: 10.1038/s41569-018-0073-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic disease of the large arteries and the underlying cause of myocardial infarction and stroke. Atherosclerosis is driven by cholesterol accumulation and subsequent inflammation in the vessel wall. Despite the clinical successes of lipid-lowering treatments, atherosclerosis remains one of the major threats to human health worldwide. Over the past 20 years, insights into cardiovascular immunopathology have provided a plethora of new potential therapeutic targets to reduce the risk of atherosclerosis and have shifted the therapeutic focus from lipids to inflammation. In 2017, the CANTOS trial demonstrated for the first time the beneficial effects of targeting inflammation to treat cardiovascular disease by showing that IL-1β inhibition can reduce the recurrence rate of cardiovascular events in a large cohort of patients. At the same time, preclinical studies have highlighted nanotechnology approaches that facilitate the specific targeting of innate immune cells, which could potentially generate more effective immunomodulatory treatments to induce disease regression and prevent the recurrence of cardiovascular events. The clinical translation of such nanoimmunotherapies and their application to treat patients with ischaemic heart disease are challenges that lie ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Duivenvoorden
- Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Center, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Cente, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Max L Senders
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mandy M T van Leent
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Pérez-Medina
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zahi A Fayad
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Willem J M Mulder
- Translational and Molecular Imaging Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, location Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, The Immunology Institute, Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, Netherlands.
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268
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Dadfar SM, Roemhild K, Drude NI, von Stillfried S, Knüchel R, Kiessling F, Lammers T. Iron oxide nanoparticles: Diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic applications. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 138:302-325. [PMID: 30639256 PMCID: PMC7115878 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many different iron oxide nanoparticles have been evaluated over the years, for a wide variety of biomedical applications. We here summarize the synthesis, surface functionalization and characterization of iron oxide nanoparticles, as well as their (pre-) clinical use in diagnostic, therapeutic and theranostic settings. Diagnostic applications include liver, lymph node, inflammation and vascular imaging, employing mostly magnetic resonance imaging but recently also magnetic particle imaging. Therapeutic applications encompass iron supplementation in anemia and advanced cancer treatments, such as modulation of macrophage polarization, magnetic fluid hyperthermia and magnetic drug targeting. Because of their properties, iron oxide nanoparticles are particularly useful for theranostic purposes. Examples of such setups, in which diagnosis and therapy are intimately combined and in which iron oxide nanoparticles are used, are image-guided drug delivery, image-guided and microbubble-mediated opening of the blood-brain barrier, and theranostic tissue engineering. Together, these directions highlight the versatility and the broad applicability of iron oxide nanoparticles, and indicate the integration in future medical practice of multiple iron oxide nanoparticle-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammadali Dadfar
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Karolin Roemhild
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Natascha I Drude
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Department of Nuclear Medicine, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials - DWI, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saskia von Stillfried
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ruth Knüchel
- Institute of Pathology, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany
| | - Twan Lammers
- Department of Nanomedicine and Theranostics, Institute for Experimental Molecular Imaging, RWTH Aachen University Clinic, Aachen, Germany; Department of Pharmaceutics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Targeted Therapeutics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands.
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269
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Kim HY, Li R, Ng TS, Courties G, Rodell CB, Prytyskach M, Kohler RH, Pittet MJ, Nahrendorf M, Weissleder R, Miller MA. Quantitative Imaging of Tumor-Associated Macrophages and Their Response to Therapy Using 64Cu-Labeled Macrin. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12015-12029. [PMID: 30508377 PMCID: PMC6482841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are widely implicated in cancer progression, and TAM levels can influence drug responses, particularly to immunotherapy and nanomedicines. However, it has been difficult to quantify total TAM numbers and their dynamic spatiotemporal distribution in a non-invasive and translationally relevant manner. Here, we address this need by developing a pharmacokinetically optimized, 64Cu-labeled polyglucose nanoparticle (Macrin) for quantitative positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of macrophages in tumors. By combining PET with high-resolution in vivo confocal microscopy and ex vivo imaging of optically cleared tissue, we found that Macrin was taken up by macrophages with >90% selectivity. Uptake correlated with the content of macrophages in both healthy tissue and tumors ( R2 > 0.9) and showed striking heterogeneity in the TAM content of an orthotopic and immunocompetent mouse model of lung carcinoma. In a proof-of-principle application, we imaged Macrin to monitor the macrophage response to neo-adjuvant therapy, using a panel of chemotherapeutic and γ-irradiation regimens. Multiple treatments elicited 180-650% increase in TAMs. Imaging identified especially TAM-rich tumors thought to exhibit enhanced permeability and retention of nanotherapeutics. Indeed, these TAM-rich tumors accumulated >700% higher amounts of a model poly(d,l-lactic- co-glycolic acid)- b-polyethylene glycol (PLGA-PEG) therapeutic nanoparticle compared to TAM-deficient tumors, suggesting that imaging may guide patient selection into nanomedicine trials. In an orthotopic breast cancer model, chemoradiation enhanced TAM and Macrin accumulation in tumors, which corresponded to the improved delivery and efficacy of two model nanotherapies, PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin and a TAM-targeted nanoformulation of the toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist resiquimod (R848). Thus, Macrin imaging offers a selective and translational means to quantify TAMs and inform therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Yeong Kim
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ran Li
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Thomas S.C. Ng
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Gabriel Courties
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Christopher B. Rodell
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mark Prytyskach
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Rainer H. Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Mikael J. Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Matthias Nahrendorf
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Miles A. Miller
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital Research Institute, Boston, MA 02114
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114
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270
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Garris CS, Arlauckas SP, Kohler RH, Trefny MP, Garren S, Piot C, Engblom C, Pfirschke C, Siwicki M, Gungabeesoon J, Freeman GJ, Warren SE, Ong S, Browning E, Twitty CG, Pierce RH, Le MH, Algazi AP, Daud AI, Pai SI, Zippelius A, Weissleder R, Pittet MJ. Successful Anti-PD-1 Cancer Immunotherapy Requires T Cell-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk Involving the Cytokines IFN-γ and IL-12. Immunity 2018; 49:1148-1161.e7. [PMID: 30552023 PMCID: PMC6301092 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 608] [Impact Index Per Article: 101.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anti-PD-1 immune checkpoint blockers can induce sustained clinical responses in cancer but how they function in vivo remains incompletely understood. Here, we combined intravital real-time imaging with single-cell RNA sequencing analysis and mouse models to uncover anti-PD-1 pharmacodynamics directly within tumors. We showed that effective antitumor responses required a subset of tumor-infiltrating dendritic cells (DCs), which produced interleukin 12 (IL-12). These DCs did not bind anti-PD-1 but produced IL-12 upon sensing interferon γ (IFN-γ) that was released from neighboring T cells. In turn, DC-derived IL-12 stimulated antitumor T cell immunity. These findings suggest that full-fledged activation of antitumor T cells by anti-PD-1 is not direct, but rather involves T cell:DC crosstalk and is licensed by IFN-γ and IL-12. Furthermore, we found that activating the non-canonical NF-κB transcription factor pathway amplified IL-12-producing DCs and sensitized tumors to anti-PD-1 treatment, suggesting a therapeutic strategy to improve responses to checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Garris
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean P Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rainer H Kohler
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marcel P Trefny
- Medical Oncology, Universitätsspital Basel, Basel, Switzerland; Cancer Immunology, Department of Biomedicine and Medical Oncology, University Hospital Basel, Switzerland
| | - Seth Garren
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Cécile Piot
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Camilla Engblom
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christina Pfirschke
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Marie Siwicki
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jeremy Gungabeesoon
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sarah E Warren
- NanoString Technologies, 500 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - SuFey Ong
- NanoString Technologies, 500 Fairview Ave N, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Erica Browning
- Oncosec Inc, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | | | - Robert H Pierce
- Oncosec Inc, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Mai H Le
- Oncosec Inc, 5820 Nancy Ridge Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA
| | - Alain P Algazi
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center-Mt. Zion, 1600 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Adil I Daud
- University of California, San Francisco Medical Center-Mt. Zion, 1600 Divisadero St, San Francisco, CA 94115, USA
| | - Sara I Pai
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Ave, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge St, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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271
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Hoffmann A, Pfeil J, Mueller AK, Jin J, Deumelandt K, Helluy X, Wang C, Heiland S, Platten M, Chen JW, Bendszus M, Breckwoldt MO. MRI of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Myeloperoxidase Activity Links Inflammation to Brain Edema in Experimental Cerebral Malaria. Radiology 2018; 290:359-367. [PMID: 30615566 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2018181051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the association of inflammation and brain edema in a cerebral malaria (CM) mouse model with a combination of bis-5-hydroxy-tryptamide-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate gadolinium, referred to as MPO-Gd, and cross-linked iron oxide nanoparticle (CLIO-NP) imaging. Materials and Methods Female wild-type (n = 23) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) knock-out (n = 5) mice were infected with the Plasmodium berghei ANKA strain from May 2016 to July 2018. Seven healthy mice served as control animals. At a Rapid Murine Coma and Behavioral Scale (RMCBS) score of less than 15, mice underwent MRI at 9.4 T and received gadodiamide, MPO-Gd, or CLIO-NPs. T1-weighted MRI was used to assess MPO activity, and T2*-weighted MRI was used to track CLIO-NPs. Immunofluorescent staining and flow cytometric analyses characterized CLIO-NPs, MPO, endothelial cells, and leukocytes. An unpaired, two-tailed Student t test was used to compare groups; Spearman correlation analysis was used to determine the relationship of imaging parameters to clinical severity. Results MPO-Gd enhancement occurred in inflammatory CM hotspots (olfactory bulb > rostral migratory stream > brainstem > cortex, P < .05 for all regions compared with control mice; mean olfactory bulb signal intensity ratio: 1.40 ± 0.07 vs 0.96 ± 0.01, P < .01). The enhancement was reduced in MPO knockout mice (mean signal intensity ratio at 60 minutes: 1.13 ± 0.04 vs 1.40 ± 0.07 in CM, P < .05). Blood-brain barrier compromise was suggested by parenchymal gadolinium enhancement, leukocyte recruitment, and endothelial activation. CLIO-NPs accumulated mainly intravascularly and at the vascular endothelium. CLIO-NPs were also found in the choroid plexus, indicating inflammation of the ventricular system. Blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier breakdown showed correlation with brain swelling (r2: 0.55, P < .01) and RMCBS score (r2: 0.75, P < .001). Conclusion Iron oxide nanoparticle imaging showed strong inflammatory involvement of the microvasculature in a murine model of cerebral malaria. Furthermore, bis-5-hydroxy-tryptamide-diethylenetriaminepentaacetate gadolinium imaging depicted parenchymal and intraventricular inflammation. This combined molecular imaging approach links vascular inflammation to breakdown of the blood-brain barrier and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier that correlate with global brain edema and disease severity. © RSNA, 2018 Online supplemental material is available for this article. See also the editorial by Kiessling in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Hoffmann
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Johannes Pfeil
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Ann-Kristin Mueller
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Jessica Jin
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Katrin Deumelandt
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Xavier Helluy
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Cuihua Wang
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Sabine Heiland
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Michael Platten
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - John W Chen
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Martin Bendszus
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
| | - Michael O Breckwoldt
- From the Department of Neuroradiology (A.H., J.J., X.H., S.H., M.B., M.O.B.), Centre for Infectious Diseases, Parasitology Unit (J.P., A.K.M.), and Center for Childhood and Adolescent Medicine, General Pediatrics (J.P.), University Hospital Heidelberg, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 400, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Heidelberg, Germany (J.P., A.K.M.); DKTK Clinical Cooperation Unit Neuroimmunology and Brain Tumor Immunology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany (K.D., M.P., M.O.B.); NeuroImaging Centre Research, Department of Neuroscience, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany (X.H.); Center for Systems Biology and Institute for Innovation in Imaging (C.W., J.W.C.) and Division of Neuroradiology, Department of Radiology (J.W.C.), Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; and Neurology Clinic, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany (M.P.)
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272
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Jeong S, Jung Y, Bok S, Ryu YM, Lee S, Kim YE, Song J, Kim M, Kim SY, Ahn GO, Kim S. Multiplexed In Vivo Imaging Using Size-Controlled Quantum Dots in the Second Near-Infrared Window. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7:e1800695. [PMID: 30450820 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201800695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
PbS/CdS core/shell quantum dots (QDs) that emit at the second near-infrared (NIR-II, 1000-1700 nm) window are synthesized. The PbS seed size and CdS shell thicknesses are carefully controlled to produce bright and narrow fluorescence that are suitable for multiplexing. A polymer encapsulation yields polymer-encapsulated NIR-II QDs (PQDs), which provides the QDs with long-term fluorescence stability over a week in biological media. Exploiting the simple bioconjugation capability of PQDs, folic acids are conjugated to PQDs that can efficiently label folate receptor overexpressing cell lines. The PQDs afford multiplexed and nearly real-time longitudinal whole-body in vivo imaging. Two NIR-II QD probes are prepared: folic acid-conjugated PQDs (FA-PQDs) emitting at 1280 nm and unconjugated PQDs emitting at 1080 nm. The two PQDs are engineered to have compact and similar hydrodynamic sizes. A mixture of the folic acid-conjugated PQD and unconjugated PQDs is injected intravenously into a tumor-xenografted mouse, and the signals from them are monitored. This NIR-II whole-body imaging with the two PQDs provides precise evaluation of the active ligand-assisted tumor-targeting capability of the FA-PQD probe because the hydrodynamic size control of the two PQDs effectively eliminates effects from the size-dependent accumulations by permeations and retentions in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghwa Jeong
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yebin Jung
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Seoyeon Bok
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Yeon-Mi Ryu
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Lee
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Eun Kim
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Jaejung Song
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Miyeon Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Yeob Kim
- Asan Institute for Life Sciences; Asan Medical Center; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
- Department of Convergence Medicine; University of Ulsan College of Medicine; 88 Olympic-ro, 43-gil Songpa-gu Seoul 05505 Republic of Korea
| | - G-One Ahn
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjee Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH); 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
- School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering; POSTECH; 77 Cheongam-Ro, Nam-Gu Pohang Gyeongbuk 37673 Republic of Korea
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273
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Thurner GC, Debbage P. Molecular imaging with nanoparticles: the dwarf actors revisited 10 years later. Histochem Cell Biol 2018; 150:733-794. [PMID: 30443735 PMCID: PMC6267421 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-018-1753-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
We explore present-day trends and challenges in nanomedicine. Creativity in the laboratories continues: the published literature on novel nanoparticles is now vast. Nanoagents are discussed here which are composed entirely of strongly photoluminescent materials, tunable to desired optical properties and of inherently low toxicity. We focus on "quantum nanoparticles" prepared from allotropes of carbon. The principles behind strong, tunable photoluminescence are quantum mechanical: we present them in simple outline. The major industries racing to develop these materials can offer significant technical guidance to nanomedicine, which could help to custom-design strongly signalling nanoagents specifically for stated clinical applications. Since such agents are small, they can be targeted easily, making active targeting possible. We consider it timely now to study the interactions nanoparticles undergo with tissue components in living animals and to learn to understand and overcome the numerous barriers the organism interposes between the blood and targets in or on parenchymal cells. As the near infra-red spectrum opens up, detection of glowing nanoparticles several centimeters deep in a living human subject becomes calculable and we present a simple way to do this. Finally, we discuss the slow-fuse and resource-inefficient entry of nanoparticles into clinical application. A first possible reason is failure to target across the body's barriers, see above. Second, in the sparse translational landscape funding and support gaps yawn widely between academic research and subsequent development. We consider the agendas of the numerous "stakeholders" participating in this sad landscape and point to some faint glimmers of hope for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gudrun C Thurner
- Department of Radiology, Innsbruck Medical University, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Paul Debbage
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Muellerstrasse 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria.
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274
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Cervadoro A, Palomba R, Vergaro G, Cecchi R, Menichetti L, Decuzzi P, Emdin M, Luin S. Targeting Inflammation With Nanosized Drug Delivery Platforms in Cardiovascular Diseases: Immune Cell Modulation in Atherosclerosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:177. [PMID: 30542650 PMCID: PMC6277804 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis (AS) is a disorder of large and medium-sized arteries; it consists in the formation of lipid-rich plaques in the intima and inner media, whose pathophysiology is mostly driven by inflammation. Currently available interventions and therapies for treating atherosclerosis are not always completely effective; side effects associated with treatments, mainly caused by immunodepression for anti-inflammatory molecules, limit the systemic administration of these and other drugs. Given the high degree of freedom in the design of nanoconstructs, in the last decades researchers have put high effort in the development of nanoparticles (NPs) formulations specifically designed for either drug delivery, visualization of atherosclerotic plaques, or possibly the combination of both these and other functionalities. Here we will present the state of the art of these subjects, the knowledge of which is necessary to rationally address the use of NPs for prevention, diagnosis, and/or treatment of AS. We will analyse the work that has been done on: (a) understanding the role of the immune system and inflammation in cardiovascular diseases, (b) the pathological and biochemical principles in atherosclerotic plaque formation, (c) the latest advances in the use of NPs for the recognition and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, (d) the cellular and animal models useful to study the interactions of NPs with the immune system cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roberto Palomba
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Vergaro
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Roberta Cecchi
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,Center for Nanotechnology Innovation (CNI@NEST), Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology for Precision Medicine, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Michele Emdin
- Division of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine, Fondazione Toscana Gabriele Monasterio, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Life Sciences, Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Luin
- NEST Laboratory, Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, Italy.,NEST Laboratory, Istituto Nanoscienze, CNR, Pisa, Italy
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275
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Evrard D, Szturz P, Tijeras-Raballand A, Astorgues-Xerri L, Abitbol C, Paradis V, Raymond E, Albert S, Barry B, Faivre S. Macrophages in the microenvironment of head and neck cancer: potential targets for cancer therapy. Oral Oncol 2018; 88:29-38. [PMID: 30616794 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The microenvironment of solid tumors has become a promising target for future therapies modulating immune cells. Patients with advanced head and neck cancer, which still portends a poor outcome, are particularly in need of innovative approaches. In oral squamous cell carcinoma, high density of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) appears consistently associated with poor prognosis, whereas data are currently limited for other head and neck sites. Several approaches to block TAMs have been investigated, including TAMs inactivation by means of the colony stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1)/CSF-1 receptor (CSF-1R) inhibitors or strategies to reprogram TAMs from M2 protumoral phenotype toward M1 antitumoral phenotype. This review focuses on both prognostic and therapeutic aspects related to TAMs in head and neck carcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Evrard
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Petr Szturz
- Oncology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Chloé Abitbol
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | | | - Eric Raymond
- Medical Oncology Department, Groupe Hospitalier Paris---St Joseph, Paris, France
| | | | - Béatrix Barry
- Head and Neck Surgery Department, Hôpital Bichat, Paris, France
| | - Sandrine Faivre
- Medical Oncology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Nord Val de Seine (HUPVNS) & Université Paris 7, Paris, France.
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276
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Yu M, Ortega CA, Si K, Molinaro R, Schoen FJ, Leitao RFC, Xu X, Mahmoudi M, Ahn S, Liu J, Saw PE, Lee IH, Brayner MMB, Lotfi A, Shi J, Libby P, Jon S, Farokhzad OC. Nanoparticles targeting extra domain B of fibronectin-specific to the atherosclerotic lesion types III, IV, and V-enhance plaque detection and cargo delivery. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8:6008-6024. [PMID: 30613278 PMCID: PMC6299428 DOI: 10.7150/thno.24365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extra domain B of fibronectin (FN-EDB) is upregulated in the extracellular matrix during tissue remodeling and has been postulated as a potential biomarker for atherosclerosis, yet no systematic test for FN-EDB in plaques has been reported. We hypothesized that FN-EDB expression would intensify in advanced plaques. Furthermore, engineering of FN-EDB-targeted nanoparticles (NPs) could enable imaging/diagnosis and local delivery of payloads to plaques. Methods: The amount of FN-EDB in human atherosclerotic and normal arteries (ages: 40 to 85 years) was assessed by histological staining and quantification using an FN-EDB-specific aptide (APTFN-EDB). FN-EDB-specific NPs that could serve as MRI beacons were constructed by immobilizing APTFN-EDB on the NP surface containing DTPA[Gd]. MRI visualized APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs administered to atherosclerotic apolipoprotein E-deficient mice in the brachiocephalic arteries. Analysis of the ascending-to-descending thoracic aortas and the aortic roots of the mice permitted quantitation of Gd, FN-EDB, and APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs. Cyanine, a model small molecule drug, was used to study the biodistribution and pharmacokinetics of APTFN-EDB-NPs to evaluate their utility for drug delivery. Results: Atherosclerotic tissues had significantly greater FN-EDB-positive areas than normal arteries (P < 0.001). This signal pertained particularly to Type III (P < 0.01), IV (P < 0.01), and V lesions (P < 0.001) rather than Type I and II lesions (AHA classification). FN-EDB expression was positively correlated with macrophage accumulation and neoangiogenesis. Quantitative analysis of T1-weighted images of atherosclerotic mice revealed substantial APTFN-EDB-[Gd]NPs accumulation in plaques compared to control NPs, conventional MRI contrast agent (Gd-DTPA) or accumulation in wild-type C57BL/6J mice. Additionally, the APTFN-EDB-NPs significantly prolonged the blood-circulation time (t1/2: ~ 6 h) of a model drug and increased its accumulation in plaques (6.9-fold higher accumulation vs. free drug). Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate augmented FN-EDB expression in Type III, IV, and V atheromata and that APTFN-EDB-NPs could serve as a platform for identifying and/or delivering agents locally to a subset of atherosclerotic plaques.
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277
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Localising functionalised gold-nanoparticles in murine spinal cords by X-ray fluorescence imaging and background-reduction through spatial filtering for human-sized objects. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16561. [PMID: 30410002 PMCID: PMC6224495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34925-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate in vivo localisation of minimal amounts of functionalised gold-nanoparticles, enabling e.g. early-tumour diagnostics and pharmacokinetic tracking studies, requires a precision imaging system offering very high sensitivity, temporal and spatial resolution, large depth penetration, and arbitrarily long serial measurements. X-ray fluorescence imaging could offer such capabilities; however, its utilisation for human-sized scales is hampered by a high intrinsic background level. Here we measure and model this anisotropic background and present a spatial filtering scheme for background reduction enabling the localisation of nanoparticle-amounts as reported from small-animal tumour models. As a basic application study towards precision pharmacokinetics, we demonstrate specific localisation to sites of disease by adapting gold-nanoparticles with small targeting ligands in murine spinal cord injury models, at record sensitivity levels using sub-mm resolution. Both studies contribute to the future use of molecularly-targeted gold-nanoparticles as next-generation clinical diagnostic and pharmacokinetic tools.
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278
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Sandanaraj BS, Reddy MM, Bhandari PJ, Kumar S, Aswal VK. Rational Design of Supramolecular Dynamic Protein Assemblies by Using a Micelle-Assisted Activity-Based Protein-Labeling Technology. Chemistry 2018; 24:16085-16096. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britto S. Sandanaraj
- Department of Chemistry & Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411 008 India
| | - Mullapudi Mohan Reddy
- Department of Chemistry & Biology; Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER); Pune 411 008 India
| | | | - Sugam Kumar
- Solid State Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC); Mumbai 400085 India
| | - Vinod K. Aswal
- Solid State Physics Division; Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC); Mumbai 400085 India
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279
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Fruhwirth GO, Kneilling M, de Vries IJM, Weigelin B, Srinivas M, Aarntzen EHJG. The Potential of In Vivo Imaging for Optimization of Molecular and Cellular Anti-cancer Immunotherapies. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 20:696-704. [PMID: 30030697 PMCID: PMC6153672 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1254-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to emphasize the potential of in vivo imaging to optimize current and upcoming anti-cancer immunotherapies: spanning from preclinical to clinical applications. Immunotherapies are an emerging class of treatments for a variety of diseases. The agents include molecular and cellular therapeutics, which aim to treat the disease through re-education of the host immune system, often via complex mechanisms of action. In vivo imaging has the potential to contribute in several different ways: (1) as a drug development tool to improve our understanding of their complex mechanisms of action, (2) as a tool to predict efficacy, for example, to stratify patients into probable responders and likely non-responders, and (3) as a non-invasive treatment response biomarker to guide efficient immunotherapy use and to recognize early signs of potential loss of efficacy or resistance in patients. Areas where in vivo imaging is already successfully implemented in onco-immunology research will be discussed and domains where its use offers great potential will be highlighted. The focus of this article is on anti-cancer immunotherapy as it currently is the most advanced immunotherapy area. However, the described concepts can also be paralleled in other immune-mediated disorders and for conditions requiring immunotherapeutic intervention. Importantly, we introduce a new study group within the European Society of Molecular Imaging with the goal to facilitate and enhance immunotherapy development through the use of in vivo imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilbert O Fruhwirth
- Department of Imaging Chemistry and Biology, School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, Kings' College London, London, UK
| | - Manfred Kneilling
- Department of Preclinical Imaging and Radiopharmacy, Werner Siemens Imaging Center, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - I Jolanda M de Vries
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Weigelin
- Genitourinary Medical Oncology and Koch Center, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Mangala Srinivas
- Department of Tumor Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Erik H J G Aarntzen
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein 10, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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280
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Kwon HJ, Shin K, Soh M, Chang H, Kim J, Lee J, Ko G, Kim BH, Kim D, Hyeon T. Large-Scale Synthesis and Medical Applications of Uniform-Sized Metal Oxide Nanoparticles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1704290. [PMID: 29573296 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201704290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Thanks to recent advances in the synthesis of high-quality inorganic nanoparticles, more and more types of nanoparticles are becoming available for medical applications. Especially, metal oxide nanoparticles have drawn much attention due to their unique physicochemical properties and relatively inexpensive production costs. To further promote the development and clinical translation of these nanoparticle-based agents, however, it is highly desirable to reduce unwanted interbatch variations of the nanoparticles because characterizing and refining each batch are costly, take a lot of effort, and, thus, are not productive. Large-scale synthesis is a straightforward and economic pathway to minimize this issue. Here, the recent achievements in the large-scale synthesis of uniform-sized metal oxide nanoparticles and their biomedical applications are summarized, with a focus on nanoparticles of transition metal oxides and lanthanide oxides, and clarifying the underlying mechanism for the synthesis of uniform-sized nanoparticles. Surface modification steps to endow hydrophobic nanoparticles with water dispersibility and biocompatibility are also briefly described. Finally, various medical applications of metal oxide nanoparticles, such as bioimaging, drug delivery, and therapy, are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyek Jin Kwon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwangsoo Shin
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Soh
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogeun Chang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jisoo Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Giho Ko
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Hyo Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Dokyoon Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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281
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Eickelmann S, Danglad-Flores J, Chen G, Miettinen MS, Riegler H. Meniscus Shape around Nanoparticles Embedded in Molecularly Thin Liquid Films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:11364-11373. [PMID: 30156419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Individual nanoparticles embedded in molecularly thin films at planar substrates and the resulting film surface distortion (meniscus) adjacent to the nanoparticles are investigated by conventional optical reflection microscopy. Even for nanoparticles much smaller than the Rayleigh diffraction limit, the meniscus creates such a pronounced optical footprint that the location of the nanoparticles can be identified. This is because the decay length (lateral extension) of the meniscus exceeds the size of the nanoparticle by orders of magnitude. Therefore, for the first time, the exact shape of the meniscus of the liquid adjacent to a nanosize object could be measured and analyzed. The meniscus has a zero curvature shape (cosine hyperbolic). The liquid in the meniscus is in pressure equilibrium with the far-field planar film. The decay length decreases with the decreasing nanoparticle size. However, it is independent of the far-field film thickness. Supposedly, the decay length is determined by van der Waals interactions although it is unknown what determines its (unexpectedly large) absolute value. The presented technical approach may be used to investigate biological systems (for instance, surface distortions in supported membranes caused by proteins or protein aggregates).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Danglad-Flores
- Technical University Berlin , Strasse des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
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282
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Melgar-Lesmes P, Luquero A, Parra-Robert M, Mora A, Ribera J, Edelman ER, Jiménez W. Graphene-Dendrimer Nanostars for Targeted Macrophage Overexpression of Metalloproteinase 9 and Hepatic Fibrosis Precision Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5839-5845. [PMID: 30096241 PMCID: PMC6377857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fibrosis contributes to ∼45% of all deaths in industrialized nations, but no direct antifibrotic therapeutic interventions exist to date. Graphene-based nanomaterials exhibit excellent versatility in electronics, and emerging trends exploit their properties for biomedical applications, especially for drug and gene delivery. We designed constructs of graphene nanostars linked to PAMAM-G5 dendrimer for the selective targeting and delivery of a plasmid expressing the collagenase metalloproteinase 9 under the CD11b promoter into inflammatory macrophages in cirrhotic livers. Graphene nanostars preferentially accumulated in inflammatory macrophages M1 in less than 3 h in a manner unaffected by covalent linkage to dendrimers. Dendrimer-graphene nanostars efficiently delivered the plasmid encoding for metalloproteinase 9 into macrophages, allowing the synthesis and secretion of the metalloproteinase to digest adjacent collagen fibers. In turn, metalloproteinase 9 overexpression promoted the macrophage switch from inflammatory M1 to pro-regenerative M2 in 3 days. This targeted gene therapy reduced selectively and locally the presence of collagen fibers in fibrotic tracts where inflammatory macrophages accumulated in cirrhotic mice without affecting the activation state of hepatic stellate cells. Overall, this treatment significantly reduced hepatic injury and improved liver restoration in mice with liver cirrhosis treated for 10 days. Graphene-dendrimer nanostars targeted the macrophage overexpression of metalloproteinase 9, selectively reducing hepatic fibrosis, and might be a good treatment for diseases associated with fibrosis and inflammatory macrophage accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Melgar-Lesmes
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 143 Casanova, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Clínic per a la Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Clínic Universitari, IDIBAPS, 149 Rosselló, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Aureli Luquero
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 143 Casanova, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Parra-Robert
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, 170 Villarroel, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Mora
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 143 Casanova, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Ribera
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, 170 Villarroel, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elazer R. Edelman
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
- Cardiovascular Division, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis St, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wladimiro Jiménez
- Department of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, 143 Casanova, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Service, Hospital Clínic Universitari, IDIBAPS, CIBERehd, 170 Villarroel, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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283
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Bejerano T, Etzion S, Elyagon S, Etzion Y, Cohen S. Nanoparticle Delivery of miRNA-21 Mimic to Cardiac Macrophages Improves Myocardial Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5885-5891. [PMID: 30141949 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-based therapy that targets cardiac macrophages holds great potential for treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we explored whether boosting the miRNA-21 transcript level in macrophage-enriched areas of the infarcted heart could switch their phenotype from pro-inflammatory to reparative, thus promoting resolution of inflammation and improving cardiac healing. We employed laser capture microdissection (LCM) to spatially monitor the response to this treatment in the macrophage-enriched zones. MiRNA-21 mimic was delivered to cardiac macrophages post MI by nanoparticles (NPs), spontaneously assembled due to the complexation of hyaluronan-sulfate with the nucleic acid mediated by calcium ion bridges, yielding slightly anionic NPs with a mean diameter of 130 nm. Following intravenous administration, the miRNA-21 NPs were targeted to cardiac macrophages at the infarct zone, elicited their phenotype switch from pro-inflammatory to reparative, promoted angiogenesis, and reduced hypertrophy, fibrosis and cell apoptosis in the remote myocardium. Our work thus presents a new therapeutic strategy to manipulate macrophage phenotype using nanoparticle delivery of miRNA-21 with a potential for use to attenuate post-MI remodeling and heart failure.
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284
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Guo S, Liu G, Frazer DM, Liu T, You L, Xu J, Wang Y, Anderson GJ, Nie G. Polymeric Nanoparticles Enhance the Ability of Deferoxamine To Deplete Hepatic and Systemic Iron. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:5782-5790. [PMID: 30085676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chelators are commonly used to remove excess iron in iron-loading disorders. Deferoxamine (DFO) is an effective and safe iron chelator but an onerous parenteral administration regimen limits its routine use. To develop more effective methods for delivering iron chelators, we examined whether amphiphilic copolymer nanoparticles (NPs) could deliver DFO more efficiently. Physical characterization showed a uniform and stable preparation of DFO nanoparticles (DFO-NPs) with an average diameter of 105.3 nm. In macrophage (RAW264.7) and hepatoma (HepG2) cell lines, DFO-NPs proved more effective at depleting iron than free DFO. In wild-type mice previously loaded with iron dextran, as well as Hbb th3 /+ and Hfe -/- mice, which are predisposed to iron loading, DFO-NPs (40 mg/kg DFO; alternate days; 4 weeks) reduced hepatic iron levels by 71, 46, and 37%, respectively, whereas the equivalent values for free DFO were 53, 7, and 15%. Staining for tissue iron and urinary iron excretion confirmed these findings. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed that NP-encapsulated DFO had a much longer elimination half-life than free DFO (48.63 ± 28.80 vs 1.46 ± 0.59 h), and that DFO-NPs could be readily taken up by tissues and in particular by hepatic Kupffer cells. In vitro, DFO-NPs were less toxic to several cell lines than free DFO, and in vivo they did not elicit any specific inflammatory responses or histological changes. Our results suggest that using a nanoformulation of DFO is a valuable strategy for improving its efficiency as an iron chelator and that this could broaden its clinical use for the treatment of human iron overload disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Guo
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - David M Frazer
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Linhao You
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- Iron Metabolism Laboratory , QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , Brisbane , Queensland 4006 , Australia
| | - Guangjun Nie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biological Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience , National Center for Nanoscience and Technology , Beijing 100190 , People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , People's Republic of China
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285
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Pittet MJ, Garris CS, Arlauckas SP, Weissleder R. Recording the wild lives of immune cells. Sci Immunol 2018; 3:eaaq0491. [PMID: 30194240 PMCID: PMC6771424 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aaq0491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Intravital microscopic imaging can uncover fundamental aspects of immune cell behavior in real time in both healthy and pathological states. Here, we discuss approaches for single-cell imaging of adaptive and innate immune cells to explore how they migrate, communicate, and mediate regulatory or effector functions in various tissues throughout the body. We further review how intravital single-cell imaging can be used to study drug effects on immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael J Pittet
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Christopher S Garris
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Sean P Arlauckas
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ralph Weissleder
- Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, 185 Cambridge Street, CPZN 5206, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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286
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Chen L, Glass JJ, De Rose R, Sperling C, Kent SJ, Houston ZH, Fletcher NL, Rolfe BE, Thurecht KJ. Influence of Charge on Hemocompatibility and Immunoreactivity of Polymeric Nanoparticles. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2018; 1:756-767. [DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.8b00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joshua J. Glass
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Robert De Rose
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent BioNano Science and Technology, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Claudia Sperling
- Institute Biofunctional Polymer Materials, Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials, Leibniz-Institut für Polymerforschung Dresden e.V., Dresden D-01069, Germany
| | - Stephen J. Kent
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia
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287
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Siegrist S, Cörek E, Detampel P, Sandström J, Wick P, Huwyler J. Preclinical hazard evaluation strategy for nanomedicines. Nanotoxicology 2018; 13:73-99. [PMID: 30182784 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2018.1505000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The increasing nanomedicine usage has raised concerns about their possible impact on human health. Present evaluation strategies for nanomaterials rely on a case-by-case hazard assessment. They take into account material properties, biological interactions, and toxicological responses. Authorities have also emphasized that exposure route and intended use should be considered in the safety assessment of nanotherapeutics. In contrast to an individual assessment of nanomaterial hazards, we propose in the present work a novel and unique evaluation strategy designed to uncover potential adverse effects of such materials. We specifically focus on spherical engineered nanoparticles used as parenterally administered nanomedicines. Standardized assay protocols from the US Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory as well as the EU Nanomedicine Characterisation Laboratory can be used for experimental data generation. We focus on both cellular uptake and intracellular persistence as main indicators for nanoparticle hazard potentials. Based on existing regulatory specifications defined by authorities such as the European Medicines Agency and the United States Food and Drug Administration, we provide a robust framework for application-oriented classification paired with intuitive decision making. The Hazard Evaluation Strategy (HES) for injectable nanoparticles is a three-tiered concept covering physicochemical characterization, nanoparticle (bio)interactions, and hazard assessment. It is cost-effective and can assist in the design and optimization of nanoparticles intended for therapeutic use. Furthermore, this concept is designed to be adaptable for alternative exposure and application scenarios. To the knowledge of the authors, the HES is unique in its methodology based on exclusion criteria. It is the first hazard evaluation strategy designed for nanotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Siegrist
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Emre Cörek
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Pascal Detampel
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Jenny Sandström
- b Swiss Centre for Applied Human Toxicology , Basel , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- c Laboratory for Patricles-Biology Interactions , Empa Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Jörg Huwyler
- a Division of Pharmaceutical Technology , Pharmacenter, University of Basel , Basel , Switzerland
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288
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Mauri E, Negri A, Rebellato E, Masi M, Perale G, Rossi F. Hydrogel-Nanoparticles Composite System for Controlled Drug Delivery. Gels 2018; 4:E74. [PMID: 30674850 PMCID: PMC6209253 DOI: 10.3390/gels4030074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(-lactic acid) (PEG-b-PLA) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by nanoprecipitation with controlled dimension and with different electric charges, as monitored by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Then NPs were loaded within hydrogels (HG) developed for biomedical applications in the central nervous system, with different pore sizes (30 and 90 nm). The characteristics of the resulting composite hydrogel-NPs system were firstly studied in terms of ability to control the release of small steric hindrance drug mimetic. Then, diffusion-controlled release of different charged NPs from different entangled hydrogels was studied in vitro and correlated with NPs electric charges and hydrogel mean mesh size. These studies showed different trends, that depend on NPs superficial charge and HG mesh size. Release experiments and diffusion studies, then rationalized by mathematical modeling, allowed us to build different drug delivery devices that can satisfy different medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuele Mauri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Negri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
| | - Erica Rebellato
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
| | - Maurizio Masi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Perale
- Biomaterials Laboratory, Institute for Mechanical Engineering and Materials Technology, SUPSI-University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, via Cantonale 2C, Galleria 2, 6928 Manno, Switzerland.
| | - Filippo Rossi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, via Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy.
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289
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Stapleton S, Dunne M, Milosevic M, Tran CW, Gold MJ, Vedadi A, Mckee TD, Ohashi PS, Allen C, Jaffray DA. Radiation and Heat Improve the Delivery and Efficacy of Nanotherapeutics by Modulating Intratumoral Fluid Dynamics. ACS NANO 2018; 12:7583-7600. [PMID: 30004666 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanomedicine drug delivery systems are capable of transporting significant payloads to solid tumors. However, only a modest increase in antitumor efficacy relative to the standard of care has been observed. In this study, we demonstrate that a single dose of radiation or mild hyperthermia can substantially improve tumor uptake and distribution of nanotherapeutics, resulting in improved treatment efficacy. The delivery of nanomedicine was driven by a reduction in interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) and small perturbation of steady-state fluid flow. The transient effects on fluid dynamics in tumors with high IFP was also shown to dominate over immune cell endocytic capacity, another mechanism suspected of improving drug delivery. Furthermore, we demonstrate the specificity of this mechanism by showing that delivery of nanotherapeutics to low IFP tumors with high leukocyte infiltration does not benefit from pretreatment with radiation or heat. These results demonstrate that focusing on small perturbations to steady-state fluid dynamics, rather than large sustained effects or uncertain immune cell recruitment strategies, can impart a vulnerability to tumors with high IFP and enhance nanotherapeutic drug delivery and treatment efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn Stapleton
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
| | - Michael Dunne
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3M2 , Canada
| | - Michael Milosevic
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E2 , Canada
| | - Charles W Tran
- Department of Immunology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A1 , Canada
| | | | | | | | - Pamela S Ohashi
- Department of Immunology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christine Allen
- Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3M2 , Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Department of Medical Biophysics , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5G 1L7 , Canada
- Department of Radiation Oncology , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON M5S 3E2 , Canada
- Techna Institute , University Health Network , Toronto , ON M5G 1L5 , Canada
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290
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Engineered nanomaterials and human health: Part 1. Preparation, functionalization and characterization (IUPAC Technical Report). PURE APPL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Nanotechnology is a rapidly evolving field, as evidenced by the large number of publications on the synthesis, characterization, and biological/environmental effects of new nano-sized materials. The unique, size-dependent properties of nanomaterials have been exploited in a diverse range of applications and in many examples of nano-enabled consumer products. In this account we focus on Engineered Nanomaterials (ENM), a class of deliberately designed and constructed nano-sized materials. Due to the large volume of publications, we separated the preparation and characterisation of ENM from applications and toxicity into two interconnected documents. Part 1 summarizes nanomaterial terminology and provides an overview of the best practices for their preparation, surface functionalization, and analytical characterization. Part 2 (this issue, Pure Appl. Chem. 2018; 90(8): 1325–1356) focuses on ENM that are used in products that are expected to come in close contact with consumers. It reviews nanomaterials used in therapeutics, diagnostics, and consumer goods and summarizes current nanotoxicology challenges and the current state of nanomaterial regulation, providing insight on the growing public debate on whether the environmental and social costs of nanotechnology outweigh its potential benefits.
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291
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Joshi BP, Hardie J, Mingroni MA, Farkas ME. Surface-Modified Macrophages Facilitate Tracking of Breast Cancer-Immune Interactions. ACS Chem Biol 2018; 13:2339-2346. [PMID: 29856604 PMCID: PMC6201758 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune system has been found to play key roles in cancer development and progression. Macrophages are typically considered to be pro-inflammatory cells but can also facilitate pro-oncogenic activities via associations with tumors and metastases. The study of macrophages and their interactions within the context of cancer microenvironments is stymied by the lack of a system to track them. We present a cell-based strategy for studying cancer-immune cell interactions by chemically modifying the surfaces of macrophages with fluorophores. Two widely used methods are employed, affecting cell surface proteins and glycans via NHS-ester and Staudinger ligation reactions, respectively. We show that these modifications do not interfere with macrophage responses to chemoattractants and that interactions with cancer cells can be readily monitored. This work describes the development of macrophage-based imaging agents for tumor detection and assessment of interactions between immune cells and cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu P. Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Joseph Hardie
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michael A. Mingroni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Michelle E. Farkas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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292
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Ye S, Wheeler MC, McLaughlan JR, Tamang A, Diggle CP, Cespedes O, Markham AF, Coletta PL, Evans SD. Developing Hollow-Channel Gold Nanoflowers as Trimodal Intracellular Nanoprobes. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082327. [PMID: 30096801 PMCID: PMC6121537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles-enabled intracellular surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) provides a sensitive and promising technique for single cell analysis. Compared with spherical gold nanoparticles, gold nanoflowers, i.e., flower-shaped gold nanostructures, can produce a stronger SERS signal. Current exploration of gold nanoflowers for intracellular SERS has been considerably limited by the difficulties in preparation, as well as background signal and cytotoxicity arising from the surfactant capping layer. Recently, we have developed a facile and surfactant-free method for fabricating hollow-channel gold nanoflowers (HAuNFs) with great single-particle SERS activity. In this paper, we investigate the cellular uptake and cytotoxicity of our HAuNFs using a RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line, and have observed effective cellular internalization and low cytotoxicity. We have further engineered our HAuNFs into SERS-active tags, and demonstrated the functionality of the obtained tags as trimodal nanoprobes for dark-field and fluorescence microscopy imaging, together with intracellular SERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunjie Ye
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - May C Wheeler
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - James R McLaughlan
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Abiral Tamang
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Christine P Diggle
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Alex F Markham
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - P Louise Coletta
- Leeds Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK.
| | - Stephen D Evans
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
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293
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Vakili‐Ghartavol R, Mombeiny R, Salmaninejad A, Sorkhabadi SMR, Faridi‐Majidi R, Jaafari MR, Mirzaei H. Tumor‐associated macrophages and epithelial–mesenchymal transition in cancer: Nanotechnology comes into view. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9223-9236. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roghayyeh Vakili‐Ghartavol
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Mombeiny
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Arash Salmaninejad
- Drug Applied Research Center, Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science Tabriz Iran
- Department of Medical Genetics Faculty of Medicine, Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat Sorkhabadi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Toxicology–Pharmacology Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Science Branch, Islamic Azad University (IAUPS) Tehran Iran
| | - Reza Faridi‐Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences Mashhad Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Department of Biomaterials Tissue Engineering and Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Isfahan Iran
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294
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Spyridopoulou K, Aindelis G, Lampri E, Giorgalli M, Lamprianidou E, Kotsianidis I, Tsingotjidou A, Pappa A, Kalogirou O, Chlichlia K. Improving the Subcutaneous Mouse Tumor Model by Effective Manipulation of Magnetic Nanoparticles-Treated Implanted Cancer Cells. Ann Biomed Eng 2018; 46:1975-1987. [PMID: 30076502 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-018-2107-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Murine tumor models have played a fundamental role in the development of novel therapeutic interventions and are currently widely used in translational research. Specifically, strategies that aim at reducing inter-animal variability of tumor size in transplantable mouse tumor models are of particular importance. In our approach, we used magnetic nanoparticles to label and manipulate colon cancer cells for the improvement of the standard syngeneic subcutaneous mouse tumor model. Following subcutaneous injection on the scruff of the neck, magnetically-tagged implanted cancer cells were manipulated by applying an external magnetic field towards localized tumor formation. Our data provide evidence that this approach can facilitate the formation of localized tumors of similar shape, reducing thereby the tumor size's variability. For validating the proof-of-principle, a low-dose of 5-FU was administered in small animal groups as a representative anticancer therapy. Under these experimental conditions, the 5-FU-induced tumor growth inhibition was statistically significant only after the implementation of the proposed method. The presented approach is a promising strategy for studying accurately therapeutic interventions in subcutaneous experimental solid tumor models allowing for the detection of statistically significant differences between smaller experimental groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Spyridopoulou
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Georgios Aindelis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Evangeli Lampri
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Maria Giorgalli
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Lamprianidou
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Ioannis Kotsianidis
- Department of Hematology, School of Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Anastasia Tsingotjidou
- Laboratory of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Aglaia Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - Orestis Kalogirou
- Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Katerina Chlichlia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus-Dragana, 68100, Alexandroupolis, Greece.
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295
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Jiang X, Du B, Huang Y, Zheng J. Ultrasmall Noble Metal Nanoparticles: Breakthroughs and Biomedical Implications. NANO TODAY 2018; 21:106-125. [PMID: 31327979 PMCID: PMC6640873 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2018.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As a bridge between individual atoms and large plasmonic nanoparticles, ultrasmall (core size <3 nm) noble metal nanoparticles (UNMNPs) have been serving as model for us to fundamentally understand many unique properties of noble metals that can only be observed at an extremely small size scale. With decades'efforts, many significant breakthroughs in the synthesis, characterization and functionalization of UNMNPs have laid down a solid foundation for their future applications in the healthcare. In this review, we aim to tightly correlate these breakthroughs with their biomedical applications and illustrate how to utilize these breakthroughs to address long-standing challenges in the clinical translation of nanomedicines. In the end, we offer our perspective on the remaining challenges and opportunities at the frontier of biomedical-related UNMNPs research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingya Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Bujie Du
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Yingyu Huang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jie Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
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296
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Yan X, Remond M, Zheng Z, Hoibian E, Soulage C, Chambert S, Andraud C, Van der Sanden B, Ganachaud F, Bretonnière Y, Bernard J. General and Scalable Approach to Bright, Stable, and Functional AIE Fluorogen Colloidal Nanocrystals for in Vivo Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:25154-25165. [PMID: 29979019 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescent nanoparticles built from aggregation-induced emission-active organic molecules (AIE-FONs) have emerged as powerful tools in life science research for in vivo bioimaging of organs, biosensing, and therapy. However, the practical use of such biotracers has been hindered owing to the difficulty of designing bright nanoparticles with controlled dimensions (typically below 200 nm), narrow size dispersity and long shelf stability. In this article, we present a very simple yet effective approach to produce monodisperse sub-200 nm AIE fluorescent organic solid dispersions with excellent redispersibility and colloidal stability in aqueous medium by combination of nanoprecipitation and freeze-drying procedures. By selecting polymer additives that simultaneously act as stabilizers, promoters of amorphous-crystalline transition, and functionalization/cross-linking platforms, we demonstrate a straightforward access to stable nanocrystalline FONs that exhibit significantly higher brightness than their amorphous precursors and constitute efficient probes for in vivo imaging of the normal and tumor vasculature. FONs design principles reported here are universal, applicable to a range of fluorophores with different chemical structures and crystallization abilities, and are suitable for high-throughput production and manufacturing of functional imaging probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xibo Yan
- Université de Lyon , F-69003 Lyon , France
- INSA-Lyon, IMP , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Maxime Remond
- Laboratoire de Chimie , Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1 , F-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Laboratoire de Chimie , Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1 , F-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Elsa Hoibian
- CarMeN Laboratory , Univ-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INSA Lyon, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Christophe Soulage
- CarMeN Laboratory , Univ-Lyon, INSERM U1060, INSA Lyon, INRA U1397, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Stéphane Chambert
- Univ Lyon, INSA-Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, ICBMS, UMR 5246 , Bâtiment Jules Verne, 20 Avenue Albert Einstein , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Chantal Andraud
- Laboratoire de Chimie , Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1 , F-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Boudewijn Van der Sanden
- Intravital Microscopy Plateform, France Life Imaging, Unit Biomedical Radio-Pharmaceutics, Medical Faculty , INSERM U1039 and University Grenoble Alpes , 38706 La Tronche , France
| | - François Ganachaud
- Université de Lyon , F-69003 Lyon , France
- INSA-Lyon, IMP , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Yann Bretonnière
- Laboratoire de Chimie , Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5182, Université Lyon 1 , F-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Julien Bernard
- Université de Lyon , F-69003 Lyon , France
- INSA-Lyon, IMP , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
- CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
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297
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Neto LMM, Zufelato N, de Sousa-Júnior AA, Trentini MM, da Costa AC, Bakuzis AF, Kipnis A, Junqueira-Kipnis AP. Specific T cell induction using iron oxide based nanoparticles as subunit vaccine adjuvant. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2018; 14:2786-2801. [PMID: 29913109 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Metal-based nanoparticles (NPs) stimulate innate immunity; however, they have never been demonstrated to be capable of aiding the generation of specific cellular immune responses. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether iron oxide-based NPs have adjuvant properties in generating cellular Th1, Th17 and TCD8 (Tc1) immune responses. For this purpose, a fusion protein (CMX) composed of Mycobacterium tuberculosis antigens was used as a subunit vaccine. Citrate-coated MnFe2O4 NPs were synthesized by co-precipitation and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. The vaccine was formulated by homogenizing NPs with the recombinant protein, and protein corona formation was determined by dynamic light scattering and field-emission scanning electron microscopy. The vaccine was evaluated for the best immunization route and strategy using subcutaneous and intranasal routes with 21-day intervals between immunizations. When administered subcutaneously, the vaccine generated specific CD4+IFN-γ+ (Th1) and CD8+IFN-γ+ responses. Intranasal vaccination induced specific Th1, Th17 (CD4+IL-17+) and Tc1 responses, mainly in the lungs. Finally, a mixed vaccination strategy (2 subcutaneous injections followed by one intranasal vaccination) induced a Th1 (in the spleen and lungs) and splenic Tc1 response but was not capable of inducing a Th17 response in the lungs. This study shows for the first time a subunit vaccine with iron oxide based NPs as an adjuvant that generated cellular immune responses (Th1, Th17 and TCD8), thereby exhibiting good adjuvant qualities. Additionally, the immune response generated by the subcutaneous administration of the vaccine diminished the bacterial load of Mtb challenged animals, showing the potential for further improvement as a vaccine against tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Zufelato
- b Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás (IF-UFG) , Brasil
| | | | - Monalisa Martins Trentini
- a Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás (IPTSP-UFG) , Brasil
| | - Adeliane Castro da Costa
- a Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás (IPTSP-UFG) , Brasil
| | | | - André Kipnis
- a Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás (IPTSP-UFG) , Brasil
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298
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Xia F, Hou W, Liu Y, Wang W, Han Y, Yang M, Zhi X, Li C, Qi D, Li T, Martinez de la Fuente J, Zhang C, Song J, Cui D. Cytokine induced killer cells-assisted delivery of chlorin e6 mediated self-assembled gold nanoclusters to tumors for imaging and immuno-photodynamic therapy. Biomaterials 2018; 170:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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299
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Bright quantum dots emitting at ∼1,600 nm in the NIR-IIb window for deep tissue fluorescence imaging. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:6590-6595. [PMID: 29891702 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1806153115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
With suppressed photon scattering and diminished autofluorescence, in vivo fluorescence imaging in the 1,500- to 1,700-nm range of the near-IR (NIR) spectrum (NIR-IIb window) can afford high clarity and deep tissue penetration. However, there has been a lack of NIR-IIb fluorescent probes with sufficient brightness and aqueous stability. Here, we present a bright fluorescent probe emitting at ∼1,600 nm based on core/shell lead sulfide/cadmium sulfide (CdS) quantum dots (CSQDs) synthesized in organic phase. The CdS shell plays a critical role of protecting the lead sulfide (PbS) core from oxidation and retaining its bright fluorescence through the process of amphiphilic polymer coating and transferring to water needed for imparting aqueous stability and compatibility. The resulting CSQDs with a branched PEG outer layer exhibited a long blood circulation half-life of 7 hours and enabled through-skin, real-time imaging of blood flows in mouse vasculatures at an unprecedented 60 frames per second (fps) speed by detecting ∼1,600-nm fluorescence under 808-nm excitation. It also allowed through-skin in vivo confocal 3D imaging of tumor vasculatures in mice with an imaging depth of ∼1.2 mm. The PEG-CSQDs accumulated in tumor effectively through the enhanced permeation and retention effect, affording a high tumor-to-normal tissue ratio up to ∼32 owing to the bright ∼1,600-nm emission and nearly zero autofluorescence background resulting from a large ∼800-nm Stoke's shift. The aqueous-compatible CSQDs are excreted through the biliary pathway without causing obvious toxicity effects, suggesting a useful class of ∼1,600-nm emitting probes for biomedical research.
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300
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