251
|
CAF-immune cell crosstalk and its impact in immunotherapy. Semin Immunopathol 2022; 45:203-214. [PMID: 36480035 PMCID: PMC10121542 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-022-00977-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Tumour cells do not exist as isolated entities. Instead, they are surrounded by a variety of cells and extracellular matrix, which form the tumour microenvironment (TME). The interaction between cancer cells and their microenvironment is increasingly acknowledged as essential in dictating the outcome of the patients. The TME includes everything that surrounds tumour cells and is often highjacked by the latter to promote their growth, invasion, and immune escape. Immune cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are essential components of the TME, and there is increasing evidence that their interaction constitutes a major player not only for tumour progression but also for therapy response.Recent work in the field of immuno-oncology resulted in the development of novel therapies that aim at activating immune cells against cancer cells to eliminate them. Despite their unprecedented success, the lack of response from a large portion of patients highlights the need for further progress and improvement. To achieve its ultimate goal, the interaction between cancer cells and the TME needs to be studied in-depth to allow the targeting of mechanisms that are involved in resistance or refractoriness to therapy. Moreover, predictive and prognostic biomarkers for patient stratification are still missing. In this review, we focus on and highlight the complexity of CAFs within the TME and how their interaction, particularly with immune cells, can contribute to treatment failure. We further discuss how this crosstalk can be further dissected and which strategies are currently used to target them.
Collapse
|
252
|
Chen X, Li P, Tian B, Kang X. Serious adverse events and coping strategies of CAR-T cells in the treatment of malignant tumors. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1079181. [PMID: 36569917 PMCID: PMC9772271 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1079181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells technology has been successfully used in the treatment of B cell-derived hematological tumors and multiple myeloma. CAR-T cells are also being studied in a variety of solid tumors. Current clinical reports on CAR-T cells in the treatment of malignant tumors are abundant. The tumor-killing activity of CAR-T cells and the unique adverse effects of CAR-T cells have been confirmed by many studies. There is evidence that serious adverse events can be life-threatening. CAR-T cells therapy is increasingly used in clinical settings, so it is important to pay attention to its serious adverse events. In this review, we summarized the serious adverse events of CAR-T cells in the treatment of malignant tumors by reading literature and searching relevant clinical studies, and discussed the management and treatment of serious adverse events in an effort to provide theoretical support for clinicians who deal with such patients.
Collapse
|
253
|
Abstract
Significance: Immune cell therapy involves the administration of immune cells into patients, and it has emerged as one of the most common type of immunotherapy for cancer treatment. Knowledge on the biology and metabolism of the adoptively transferred immune cells and the metabolic requirements of different cell types in the tumor is fundamental for the development of immune cell therapy with higher efficacy. Recent Advances: Adoptive T cell therapy has been shown to be effective in limited types of cancer. Different types and generations of adoptive T cell therapies have evolved in the recent decade. This review covers the basic principles and development of these therapies in cancer treatment. Critical Issues: Our review provides an overview on the basic concepts on T cell metabolism and highlights the metabolic requirements of T and adoptively transferred T cells. Future Directions: Integrating the knowledge just cited will facilitate the development of strategies to maximize the expansion of adoptively transferred T cells ex vivo and in vivo and to promote their durability and antitumor effects. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 37, 1303-1324.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ge Hui Tan
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Comprehensive Cancer Centre, School of Cancer and Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Chak-Lui Wong
- Department of Pathology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Center for Oncology and Immunology, Hong Kong Science Park, Hong Kong, SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Cao H, Gao S, Jogani R, Sugimura R. The Tumor Microenvironment Reprograms Immune Cells. Cell Reprogram 2022; 24:343-352. [PMID: 36301256 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2022.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor tissue comprises a highly complex network of diverse cell types. The tumor microenvironment (TME) can be mainly subdivided into cancer cells and stromal cell compartments, the latter include different types of immune cells, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and pericytes. Tumor cells reprogram immune cells and other stromal cells in the TME to constrain their antitumor capacity by creating an immunosuppressive milieu and metabolism competition. Moreover, the reprogramming effect on immune cells is localized not only in the tumor but also at the systemic level. With wide application of single-cell sequencing technology, tumor-specific characteristics of immune cells and other stromal cells in the TME have been dissected. In this review, we mainly focus on how tumor cells reprogram immune cells both within the TME and peripheral blood. This information can further help us to improve the efficiency of current immunotherapy as well as bring up new ideas to combat cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Handi Cao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Science Park, Hong Kong
| | - Sanxing Gao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ritika Jogani
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Ryohichi Sugimura
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong.,Centre for Translational Stem Cell Biology, Science Park, Hong Kong
| |
Collapse
|
255
|
Xia Y, Zhang J, Li J, Zhang L, Li J, Fan L, Chen L. Cytopenias following anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy: a systematic analysis for contributing factors. Ann Med 2022; 54:2951-2965. [PMID: 36382675 PMCID: PMC9673810 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2022.2136748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytopenia is one of the most common adverse events following the CAR-T cell infusion, affecting the quality of life and potentially leading to life-threatening bleeding and infection. This study aimed to systematically review the cytopenias following anti-CD19 CAR-T therapy and further analyse the contributing factors. METHODS Databases including PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase and Cochrane were systematically searched on 8 May 2022. A random-effect meta-analysis was used to estimate the incidence of cytopenia, and subgroup analyses were applied to explore heterogeneity. RESULTS A total of 68 studies involving 2950 patients were included in this study. The overall incidence of all grade anaemia, thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, leukopoenia, lymphocytopenia and febrile neutropenia was 65%, 55%, 78%, 62%, 70% and 27%, respectively, and the corresponding cytopenias of grade 3 or worse were 33%, 31%, 61%, 45%, 46%, and 21%, respectively. Subgroup analysis showed increased incidence of cytopenias in subgroups with lower median age, proportion of males (<65%) and proportion of bridging therapy (<80%) and in the subgroup with a median line of prior therapy ≥3. In terms of disease and therapeutic target, cytopenias were more frequent in ALL patients and in dual-target CAR-T therapies (targeting CD19 in combination with other targets). Furthermore, CAR-T products manufactured by lentiviral vectors and those with the costimulatory domain of CD28 were more likely to cause haematological toxicity. No significant differences were observed in cytopenia between patients treated with CAR-T products with murine and humanized scFv. CONCLUSION In conclusion, neutropenia is the most frequent cytopenia after CAR-T therapy, both in all grades or grade ≥3. The incidence of cytopenias following CAR-T therapy is influenced by the age, sex, disease and number of prior therapy lines of the patients, as well as the target and costimulatory domain of CAR-T cells, and viral vectors used for manufacturing.KEY MESSAGESNeutropenia is the most frequent cytopenia after CAR-T therapy.The clinical characteristics of the patients, the design of CAR-T cells and the protocol of CAR-T treatment can influence the occurrence of cytopenias following the CAR-T therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xia
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jue Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lina Zhang
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianyong Li
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- Department of Hematology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu Province Hospital, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Wang D, Gu W, Chen W, Zhou J, Yu L, Kook Kim B, Zhang X, Seung Kim J. Advanced nanovaccines based on engineering nanomaterials for accurately enhanced cancer immunotherapy. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
257
|
Nguyen A, Kumar S, Kulkarni AA. Nanotheranostic Strategies for Cancer Immunotherapy. SMALL METHODS 2022; 6:e2200718. [PMID: 36382571 PMCID: PMC11056828 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202200718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Despite advancements in cancer immunotherapy, heterogeneity in tumor response impose barriers to successful treatments and accurate prognosis. Effective therapy and early outcome detection are critical as toxicity profiles following immunotherapies can severely affect patients' quality of life. Existing imaging techniques, including positron emission tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, or multiplexed imaging, are often used in clinics yet suffer from limitations in the early assessment of immune response. Conventional strategies to validate immune response mainly rely on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST) and the modified iRECIST for immuno-oncology drug trials. However, accurate monitoring of immunotherapy efficacy is challenging since the response does not always follow conventional RECIST criteria due to delayed and variable kinetics in immunotherapy responses. Engineered nanomaterials for immunotherapy applications have significantly contributed to overcoming these challenges by improving drug delivery and dynamic imaging techniques. This review summarizes challenges in recent immune-modulation approaches and traditional imaging tools, followed by emerging developments in three-in-one nanoimmunotheranostic systems co-opting nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and imaging. In addition, a comprehensive overview of imaging modalities in recent cancer immunotherapy research and a brief outlook on how nanotheranostic platforms can potentially advance to clinical translations for the field of immuno-oncology is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Sahana Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| | - Ashish A. Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
- Center for Bioactive Delivery, Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Paixão EA, Barros LRC, Fassoni AC, Almeida RC. Modeling Patient-Specific CAR-T Cell Dynamics: Multiphasic Kinetics via Phenotypic Differentiation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14225576. [PMID: 36428671 PMCID: PMC9688514 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14225576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell immunotherapy revolutionized cancer treatment and consists of the genetic modification of T lymphocytes with a CAR gene, aiming to increase their ability to recognize and kill antigen-specific tumor cells. The dynamics of CAR-T cell responses in patients present multiphasic kinetics with distribution, expansion, contraction, and persistence phases. The characteristics and duration of each phase depend on the tumor type, the infused product, and patient-specific characteristics. We present a mathematical model that describes the multiphasic CAR-T cell dynamics resulting from the interplay between CAR-T and tumor cells, considering patient and product heterogeneities. The CAR-T cell population is divided into functional (distributed and effector), memory, and exhausted CAR-T cell phenotypes. The model is able to describe the diversity of CAR-T cell dynamical behaviors in different patients and hematological cancers as well as their therapy outcomes. Our results indicate that the joint assessment of the area under the concentration-time curve in the first 28 days and the corresponding fraction of non-exhausted CAR-T cells may be considered a potential marker to classify therapy responses. Overall, the analysis of different CAR-T cell phenotypes can be a key aspect for a better understanding of the whole CAR-T cell dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle A. Paixão
- Graduate Program, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil
- Correspondence:
| | - Luciana R. C. Barros
- Center for Translational Research in Oncology, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 01246-000, Brazil
| | - Artur C. Fassoni
- Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, Itajubá 37500-903, Brazil
| | - Regina C. Almeida
- Computational Modeling Department, Laboratório Nacional de Computação Científica, Petrópolis 25651-075, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Zhang J, Du B, Liu M. Let's turn the CAR-T cells ON and OFF precisely. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:1264-1266. [PMID: 36379203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cancer Cell, Li et al. develop novel tunable ON/OFF switch chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) circuits using clinically approved drugs based on the viral NS3 protease system. These platforms not only show superior controllability but also have high performance and compatibility, thereby providing versatile tools for precisely modulating CAR-T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
Current and Future Perspectives for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T Cells Development in Poland. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10112912. [PMID: 36428480 PMCID: PMC9687915 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are genetically modified autologous T cells that have revolutionized the treatment of relapsing and refractory haematological malignancies. In this review we present molecular pathways involved in the activation of CAR-T cells, describe in details the structures of receptors and the biological activity of CAR-T cells currently approved for clinical practice in the European Union, and explain the functional differences between them. Finally, we present the potential for the development of CAR-T cells in Poland, as well as indicate the possible directions of future research in this area, including novel modifications and applications of CAR-T cells and CAR-natural killer (NK) cells.
Collapse
|
261
|
Dias AMM, Courteau A, Bellaye PS, Kohli E, Oudot A, Doulain PE, Petitot C, Walker PM, Decréau R, Collin B. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Immunotherapy of Cancers through Macrophages and Magnetic Hyperthermia. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2388. [PMID: 36365207 PMCID: PMC9694944 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has tremendous promise, but it has yet to be clinically applied in a wider variety of tumor situations. Many therapeutic combinations are envisaged to improve their effectiveness. In this way, strategies capable of inducing immunogenic cell death (e.g., doxorubicin, radiotherapy, hyperthermia) and the reprogramming of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) (e.g., M2-to-M1-like macrophages repolarization of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs)) are particularly appealing to enhance the efficacy of approved immunotherapies (e.g., immune checkpoint inhibitors, ICIs). Due to their modular construction and versatility, iron oxide-based nanomedicines such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) can combine these different approaches in a single agent. SPIONs have already shown their safety and biocompatibility and possess both drug-delivery (e.g., chemotherapy, ICIs) and magnetic capabilities (e.g., magnetic hyperthermia (MHT), magnetic resonance imaging). In this review, we will discuss the multiple applications of SPIONs in cancer immunotherapy, focusing on their theranostic properties to target TAMs and to generate MHT. The first section of this review will briefly describe immune targets for NPs. The following sections will deal with the overall properties of SPIONs (including MHT). The last section is dedicated to the SPION-induced immune response through its effects on TAMs and MHT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M. M. Dias
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Alan Courteau
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
- ImViA Laboratory, EA 7535, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Pierre-Simon Bellaye
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
- UMR INSERM/uB/AGROSUP 1231, Labex LipSTIC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Evelyne Kohli
- UMR INSERM/uB/AGROSUP 1231, Labex LipSTIC, Faculty of Health Sciences, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France
- University Hospital Centre François Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Alexandra Oudot
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
| | | | - Camille Petitot
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Paul-Michael Walker
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
- ImViA Laboratory, EA 7535, University of Burgundy, 21000 Dijon, France
- University Hospital Centre François Mitterrand, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Richard Decréau
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS/uB 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France
| | - Bertrand Collin
- Centre George-François Leclerc, Service de Médecine Nucléaire, Plateforme d’Imagerie et de Radiothérapie Précliniques, 1 rue du Professeur Marion, 21079 Dijon, France
- Institut de Chimie Moléculaire de l’Université de Bourgogne, UMR CNRS/uB 6302, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21079 Dijon, France
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Wang X, Yang X, Yuan X, Wang W, Wang Y. Chimeric antigen receptor-engineered NK cells: new weapons of cancer immunotherapy with great potential. Exp Hematol Oncol 2022; 11:85. [PMID: 36324149 PMCID: PMC9628181 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-022-00341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T (CAR-T) cells have obtained prominent achievement in the clinical immunotherapy of hematological malignant tumors, leading to a rapid development of cellular immunotherapy in cancer treatment. Scientists are also aware of the prospective advantages of CAR engineering in cellular immunotherapy. Due to various limitations such as the serious side effects of CAR-T therapy, researchers began to investigate other immune cells for CAR modification. Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate immune cells with the characteristic of non-specifically recognizing target cells and with the potential to become "off-the-shelf" products. In recent years, many preclinical studies on CAR-engineered NK (CAR-NK) cells have shown their remarkable efficacy in cancer therapy and their superiority over autologous CAR-T cells. In this review, we summarize the generation, mechanisms of anti-tumor activity and unique advantages of CAR-NK cells, and then analyze some challenges and recent clinical trials about CAR-NK cells therapy. We believe that CAR-NK therapy is a promising prospect for cancer immunotherapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xuejiao Yang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| | - Xiang Yuan
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Department of Thoracic Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041 China
| | - Wenbo Wang
- grid.24516.340000000123704535Department of Oncology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200072 China
| | - Yueying Wang
- grid.16821.3c0000 0004 0368 8293Shanghai Institute of Hematology, State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, National Research Center for Translational Medicine at Shanghai, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025 China
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Murga M, Fernandez‐Capetillo O. Emerging concepts in drug discovery for cancer therapy. Mol Oncol 2022; 16:3757-3760. [PMID: 36321722 PMCID: PMC9627784 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Matilde Murga
- Genomic Instability GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain
| | - Oscar Fernandez‐Capetillo
- Genomic Instability GroupSpanish National Cancer Research Centre (CNIO)MadridSpain,Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Genome Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and BiophysicsKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Wang Y, Qian M, Xie Y, Zhang X, Qin Y, Huang R. Biodegradable Nanoparticles-mediated Targeted Drug Delivery Achieves Trans-spatial Immunotherapy. FUNDAMENTAL RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fmre.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
|
265
|
Abstract
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is an emerging class of therapeutic agent for the prevention and treatment of a wide range of diseases. The recent success of the two highly efficacious mRNA vaccines produced by Moderna and Pfizer-BioNTech to protect against COVID-19 highlights the huge potential of mRNA technology for revolutionizing life science and medical research. Challenges related to mRNA stability and immunogenicity, as well as in vivo delivery and the ability to cross multiple biological barriers, have been largely addressed by recent progress in mRNA engineering and delivery. In this Review, we present the latest advances and innovations in the growing field of mRNA nanomedicine, in the context of ongoing clinical translation and future directions to improve clinical efficacy.
Collapse
|
266
|
Zeller T, Lutz S, Münnich IA, Windisch R, Hilger P, Herold T, Tahiri N, Banck JC, Weigert O, Moosmann A, von Bergwelt-Baildon M, Flamann C, Bruns H, Wichmann C, Baumann N, Valerius T, Schewe DM, Peipp M, Rösner T, Humpe A, Kellner C. Dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and LILRB1 enhances CD20 antibody-dependent phagocytosis of lymphoma cells by macrophages. Front Immunol 2022; 13:929339. [PMID: 36389667 PMCID: PMC9647079 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.929339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP) by macrophages, an important effector function of tumor targeting antibodies, is hampered by ‘Don´t Eat Me!’ signals such as CD47 expressed by cancer cells. Yet, human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I expression may also impair ADCP by engaging leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor subfamily B (LILRB) member 1 (LILRB1) or LILRB2. Analysis of different lymphoma cell lines revealed that the ratio of CD20 to HLA class I cell surface molecules determined the sensitivity to ADCP by the combination of rituximab and an Fc-silent variant of the CD47 antibody magrolimab (CD47-IgGσ). To boost ADCP, Fc-silent antibodies against LILRB1 and LILRB2 were generated (LILRB1-IgGσ and LILRB2-IgGσ, respectively). While LILRB2-IgGσ was not effective, LILRB1-IgGσ significantly enhanced ADCP of lymphoma cell lines when combined with both rituximab and CD47-IgGσ. LILRB1-IgGσ promoted serial engulfment of lymphoma cells and potentiated ADCP by non-polarized M0 as well as polarized M1 and M2 macrophages, but required CD47 co-blockade and the presence of the CD20 antibody. Importantly, complementing rituximab and CD47-IgGσ, LILRB1-IgGσ increased ADCP of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or lymphoma cells isolated from patients. Thus, dual checkpoint blockade of CD47 and LILRB1 may be promising to improve antibody therapy of CLL and lymphomas through enhancing ADCP by macrophages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Zeller
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lutz
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ira A. Münnich
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland Windisch
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Patricia Hilger
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Herold
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Natyra Tahiri
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jan C. Banck
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver Weigert
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Moosmann
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- DZIF – German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael von Bergwelt-Baildon
- Department of Medicine III, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Cindy Flamann
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Heiko Bruns
- Department of Internal Medicine 5, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Wichmann
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Niklas Baumann
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Valerius
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Denis M. Schewe
- Department of Pediatrics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Peipp
- Division of Antibody-Based Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thies Rösner
- Division of Stem Cell Transplantation and Immunotherapy, Department of Internal Medicine II, Christian Albrechts University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Humpe
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Kellner
- Division of Transfusion Medicine, Cell Therapeutics and Haemostaseology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christian Kellner,
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Farina M, Chiarini M, Almici C, Accorsi Buttini E, Zuccalà F, Piva S, Volonghi I, Poli L, Bernardi S, Colnaghi F, Re F, Leoni A, Polverelli N, Turra A, Morello E, Galvagni A, Moratto D, Brugnoni D, Cattaneo C, Ferrari E, Bianchetti A, Malagola M, Re A, Russo D. Timely Leukapheresis May Interfere with the "Fitness" of Lymphocytes Collected for CAR-T Treatment in High Risk DLBCL Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5276. [PMID: 36358694 PMCID: PMC9655620 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14215276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematological diseases. However, approximately 60% of patients relapse after CAR-T cell therapy, and no clear cause for this failure has been identified. The objective of the Bio-CAR-T BS study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05366569) is to improve our understanding of the lymphocyte harvest to maximize the quality of the CAR-T cell product. Of the 14 patients enrolled, 11 were diagnosed with DLBCL, 2 with PMBCL, and 1 with ALL. Five of 11 DLBCL patients met the criteria for "pre-emptive" Lymphocytes-apheresis (being at high risk of second relapse), and 6 were included in the standard-of-care Lymphocytes-apheresis group. Previous autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) and age were significantly different between the two groups. At the time of Lymphocyte-apheresis, patients in the "pre-emptive" group had more "fit" lymphocytes (higher CD4+/CD8+ ratio; higher naïve T cells levels) compared with standard group, probably due to the impact of ASCT. At the same time, also being older than 60 years results in a more "exhausted" lymphocyte profile. Overall, "pre-emptive" Ly-apheresis in DLBCL patients at high risk of relapse appears to be feasible and may allow the timely collection of "fit" lymphocytes for CAR-T cell manufacturing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirko Farina
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Chiarini
- Diagnostics Department, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Section, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Camillo Almici
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Eugenia Accorsi Buttini
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Zuccalà
- First Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Piva
- University Division of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Irene Volonghi
- U.O.C. Neurology Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Loris Poli
- U.O.C. Neurology Center for Neuromuscular Diseases, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Simona Bernardi
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology-Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Colnaghi
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Federica Re
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
- Research Center Ail (CREA), Chair of Hematology-Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Unit of Blood Diseases and Stem Cell Transplantation, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Leoni
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Nicola Polverelli
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Turra
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Enrico Morello
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Anna Galvagni
- Diagnostics Department, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Section, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Daniele Moratto
- Diagnostics Department, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Section, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Duilio Brugnoni
- Diagnostics Department, Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Flow Cytometry Section, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Chiara Cattaneo
- U.O.C. Hematology, Department of Clinical Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Emilio Ferrari
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Bianchetti
- Laboratory for Stem Cells Manipulation and Cryopreservation, Department of Transfusion Medicine, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Michele Malagola
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandro Re
- U.O.C. Hematology, Department of Clinical Oncology, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Unit of Blood Diseases and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Cell Therapies and Hematology Research Program, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, ASST Spedali Civili di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Dos Santos MH, Machado MP, Kumaresan PR, da Silva TA. Modification of Hinge/Transmembrane and Signal Transduction Domains Improves the Expression and Signaling Threshold of GXMR-CAR Specific to Cryptococcus spp. Cells 2022; 11:3386. [PMID: 36359781 PMCID: PMC9653562 DOI: 10.3390/cells11213386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) redirect T cells to recognize a specific target. CAR components play a pivotal role in antigen specificity, structure stability, expression on cell surface, and induction of cellular activation, which together determine the success of CAR T-cell therapy. CAR products targeting B-cell lymphoma encouraged the development of new CAR applications beyond cancer. For example, our group developed a CAR to specifically target glucuronoxylomannan (GXM) in the capsule of Cryptococcus species, called GXMR-CAR or GXMR-IgG4-28ζ. Cryptococcus are fungi that cause the life-threatening disease cryptococcosis, and GXMR-IgG4-28ζ redirected T cells to target yeast and titan cell forms of Cryptococcus spp. Here, we replaced the IgG4-hinge and CD28-transmembrane domains from GXMR-CAR with a CD8α molecule as the hinge/transmembrane and used CD28 or 4-1BB molecules as co-stimulatory domains, creating GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ, respectively. Jurkat cells expressing GXMR-CAR containing CD8α as the hinge/transmembrane improved the CAR expression and induced a tonic signaling. GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ induced high levels of IL-2 and up-regulation of CD69 expression in the presence of reference strains of C. neoformans and C. gattii. Moreover, GXMR-8-28ζ and GXMR-8-BBζ showed increased strength in response to incubation with clinical isolates of Cryptococcuss spp., and 4-1BB co-stimulatory domain triggered a more pronounced cellular activation. Dasatinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, attenuated the GXMR-CAR signaling cascade's engagement in the presence or absence of its ligand. This study optimized novel second-generation GXMR-CARs containing the CD8-hinge/transmembrane domain that improved CAR expression, antigen recognition, and signal strength in T-cell activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus Henrique Dos Santos
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Michele Procópio Machado
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Pappanaicken R Kumaresan
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Thiago Aparecido da Silva
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology and Pathogenic Bioagents, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 140490-900, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Chiriaco C, Donini C, Cortese M, Ughetto S, Modica C, Martinelli I, Proment A, Vitali L, Fontani L, Casucci M, Comoglio PM, Giordano S, Sangiolo D, Leuci V, Vigna E. Efficacy of CAR-T immunotherapy in MET overexpressing tumors not eligible for anti-MET targeted therapy. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2022; 41:309. [PMID: 36271379 PMCID: PMC9585715 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-022-02479-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Background Aberrant activation of the MET receptor in cancer is sustained by genetic alterations or, more frequently, by transcriptional upregulations. A fraction of MET-amplified or mutated tumors are sensible to MET targeting agents, but their responsiveness is typically short-lasting, as secondary resistance eventually occurs. Since in the absence of genetic alterations MET is usually not a tumor driver, MET overexpressing tumors are not/poorly responsive to MET targeted therapies. Consequently, the vast majority of tumors exhibiting MET activation still represent an unmet medical need. Methods Here we propose an immunotherapy strategy based on T lymphocytes expressing a Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) targeting MET overexpressing tumors of different histotypes. We engineered two different MET-CAR constructs and tested MET-CAR-T cell cytotoxic activity against different MET overexpressing models, including tumor cell lines, primary cancer cells, organoids, and xenografts in immune-deficient mice. Results We proved that MET-CAR-T exerted a specific cytotoxic activity against MET expressing cells. Cell killing was proportional to the level of MET expressed on the cell surface. While CAR-T cytotoxicity was minimal versus cells carrying MET at physiological levels, essentially sparing normal cells, the activity versus MET overexpressing tumors was robust, significantly controlling tumor cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Notably, MET-CAR-T cells were also able to brake acquired resistance to MET targeting agents in MET amplified cancer cells carrying secondary mutations in downstream signal transducers. Conclusions We set and validated at the pre-clinical level a MET-CAR immunotherapy strategy potentially beneficial for cancers not eligible for MET targeted therapy with inhibitory molecules, including those exhibiting primary or secondary resistance. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-022-02479-y.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Chiriaco
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,Present address: Anemocyte S.r.l., 21040 Gerenzano, VA Italy
| | - Chiara Donini
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marco Cortese
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefano Ughetto
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy ,Present address: Bios-Therapy, Physiological System for Health S.p.A, 52037 Sansepolcro, AR Italy
| | - Chiara Modica
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.10776.370000 0004 1762 5517Present address: Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Sciences (DICHIRONS), University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Ilaria Martinelli
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Alessia Proment
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Letizia Vitali
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lara Fontani
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Monica Casucci
- grid.18887.3e0000000417581884Innovative Immunotherapies Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Maria Comoglio
- grid.7678.e0000 0004 1757 7797IFOM-FIRC Institute of Molecular Oncology, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordano
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Dario Sangiolo
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Leuci
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy
| | - Elisa Vigna
- grid.419555.90000 0004 1759 7675Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo, TO Italy ,grid.7605.40000 0001 2336 6580Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
270
|
Wang H, Jiang D, Liu L, Zhang Y, Qin M, Qu Y, Wang L, Wu S, Zhou H, Xu T, Xu G. Spermidine Promotes Nb CAR-T Mediated Cytotoxicity to Lymphoma Cells Through Elevating Proliferation and Memory. Onco Targets Ther 2022; 15:1229-1243. [PMID: 36267609 PMCID: PMC9577380 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s382540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Due to the natural advantages of spermidine in immunity, we investigated the effects of spermidine pretreatment on nanobody-based CAR-T cells (Nb CAR-T) mediated cytotoxicity and potential mechanism. Patients and Methods The optimal concentration of spermidine was determined by detecting its impact on viability and proliferation of T cells. The phenotypic characteristic of CAR-T cells, which were treated with spermidine for 4 days, was examined by flow cytometry. The expansion ability of CAR-T cells was monitored in being cocultured with tumor cells. Additionally, CAR-T cells were stimulated by lymphoma cells to test its cytotoxicity in vitro, and the supernatant in co-culture models were collected to test the cytokine production. Furthermore, xenograft models were constructed to detect the anti-tumor activity of CAR-T cells in vivo. Results The optimal concentration of spermidine acting on T cells was 5μM. The antigen-dependent proliferation of spermidine pretreatment CD19 CAR-T cells or Nb CAR-T cells was increased compared to control. Central memory T cells(TCM) dominated the CAR-T cell population in the presence of spermidine. When spermidine pretreatment CAR-T cells were stimulated with Daudi cells, the secretion of IL-2 and IFN-γ has been significantly enhanced. The ability of CAR-T cells to lysis Daudi cells was enhanced with the help of spermidine, even at higher tumor loads. Pre-treated Nb CAR-T cells with spermidine were able to control tumor cells in vivo, and therefore prolong mice survival. Conclusion Our results revealed that spermidine could promote Nb CAR-T mediated cytotoxicity to lymphomas cells through enhancing memory and proliferation, and provided a meaningful approach to strengthen the anti-tumor effect of CAR-T cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongxia Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Liu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanting Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Miao Qin
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yuliang Qu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyan Wang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shan Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haijin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangxian Xu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, People’s Republic of China,School of Clinical Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, People’s Republic of China,Correspondence: Guangxian Xu, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Diagnostics, School of Medical Technology, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, 523808, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13995414482, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
271
|
Mao R, Kong W, He Y. The affinity of antigen-binding domain on the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells: Moderate is better. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032403. [PMID: 36325345 PMCID: PMC9618871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CARTs) remain limited in solid tumors despite intensive studies that aim at targeting multiple antigens, enhancing migration, reducing tonic signaling, and improving tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, how the affinity and engaging kinetics of antigen-binding domain (ABD) affects the CART's efficacy has not been carefully investigated. In this article, we first analyzed 38 published solid tumor CART trials and correlated the response rate to their ABD affinity. Not surprisingly, majority (25 trials) of the CARTs utilized high-affinity ABDs, but generated merely 5.7% response rate. In contrast, 35% of the patients treated with the CARTs built from moderate-affinity ABDs had clinical responses. Thus, CARTs with moderate-affinity ABDs not only have less off-target toxicity, but also are more effective. We then reviewed the effects of ABD affinity on the biology and function of CARTs, providing further evidence that moderate-affinity ABDs may be better in CART development. In the end, we propose that a fast-on/fast-off (high Kon and Koff ) kinetics of CART-target engagement in solid tumor allow CARTs to generate sufficient signaling to kill tumor cells without being driven to exhaustion. We believe that studying the ABD affinity and the kinetics of CART-tumor interaction may hold a key to designing effective CARTs for solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wanqing Kong
- South Carolina Governors School for Science and Math, Hartsville, SC, United States
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
GU T, ZHU M, HUANG H, HU Y. Relapse after CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell malignancies: challenges and future approaches. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2022; 23:793-811. [PMID: 36226535 PMCID: PMC9561408 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2200256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor-T (CAR-T) cell therapy, as a novel cellular immunotherapy, has dramatically reshaped the landscape of cancer treatment, especially in hematological malignancies. However, relapse is still one of the most troublesome obstacles to achieving broad clinical application. The intrinsic factors and superior adaptability of tumor cells mark a fundamental aspect of relapse. The unique biological function of CAR-T cells governed by their special CAR construction also affects treatment efficacy. Moreover, complex cross-interactions among CAR-T cells, tumor cells, and the tumor microenvironment (TME) profoundly influence clinical outcomes concerning CAR-T cell function and persistence. Therefore, in this review, based on the most recent discoveries, we focus on the challenges of relapse after CAR-T cell therapy in B-cell malignancies from the perspective of tumor cells, CAR-T cells, and the TME. We also discuss the corresponding basic and clinical approaches that may overcome the problem in the future. We aim to provide a comprehensive understanding for scientists and physicians that will help improve research and clinical practice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianning GU
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - Meng ZHU
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou310058, China
| | - He HUANG
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou310058, China,He HUANG,
| | - Yongxian HU
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou310003, China,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou311121, China,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou310058, China,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou310058, China,Yongxian HU,
| |
Collapse
|
273
|
Li Y, Ming Y, Fu R, Li C, Wu Y, Jiang T, Li Z, Ni R, Li L, Su H, Liu Y. The pathogenesis, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of CAR-T cell therapy-related adverse reactions. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:950923. [PMID: 36313336 PMCID: PMC9616161 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.950923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy is effective in the treatment of refractory/relapsed (r/r) hematological malignancies (r/r B-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, B-cell lymphoma, and multiple myeloma). In addition, it is being explored as a treatment option for solid tumors. As of 31 March 2022, seven CAR-T therapies for hematological malignancies have been approved worldwide. Although CAR-T therapy is an effective treatment for many malignancies, it also causes adverse effects. The incidence of cytokine release syndrome (CRS), the most common adverse reaction after infusion of CAR-T cells, is as high as 93%.CRS, is the leading risk factor of immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), as well as cardiovascular, hematological, hepatorenal, skin, pulmonary, and gastrointestinal toxicity. Severe adverse reactions complicated by CRS severely impede the widespread application of CAR-T therapy. The CAR-T product was initially approved in 2017; however, only limited studies have investigated the adverse reactions owing to CAR-T therapy compared to that of clinically approved drugs. Thus, we aimed to elucidate the mechanisms, risk factors, diagnostic criteria, and treatment of toxicities concurrent with CRS, thereby providing a valuable reference for the safe, effective, and widespread application of CAR-T therapy.
Collapse
|
274
|
Choi SI, Yin J. Prospective approaches to enhancing CAR T cell therapy for glioblastoma. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008751. [PMID: 36275671 PMCID: PMC9582117 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor. The poor clinical outcome and overall ineffectiveness of current standard treatments, including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, highlight the urgent need for alternative tumor-specific therapies for GBM. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy is a revolutionary therapeutic strategy for hematological malignancies, but the optimal potency of CAR T cell therapy for solid tumors, especially GBM, has not been achieved. Although CAR T cell therapeutic strategies for GBM have been assessed in clinical trials, the current antitumor activity of CAR T cells remains insufficient. In this review, we present our perspective on genetically modifying CAR constructs, overcoming T cell dysfunctions, and developing additional treatments that can improve CAR T cell effectiveness, such as functionality, persistence, and infiltration into tumor sites. Effectively improved CAR T cells may offer patients with GBM new treatment opportunities, and this review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview for researchers to develop potent CAR T cells using genetic engineering or combinatorial preparations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun Il Choi
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- Henan Key Laboratory of Brain Targeted Bio-Nanomedicine, School of Life Sciences & School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- Henan-Macquarie University Joint Centre for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
- *Correspondence: Jinlong Yin,
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Importance of CAR-T cell therapy monitoring using high-throughput assays. Drug Discov Today 2022; 27:103310. [PMID: 35760281 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2022.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the development of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cells have undermined the paramount importance of this technology for the success of adoptive T-cell immunotherapy. The bespoke production of autologous CAR-T cells is a lengthy and costly process. Thus, the development of more cost-effective allogeneic 'off-the-shelf' CAR-T cells provides a more readily available treatment option. The exploration of methods to reduce costs and to determine which CAR-T cells are the most effective is key for providing this breakthrough treatment to most patients. The process from the design and development of CAR-T cells, through pre-clinical and clinical testing and manufacturing, to patient monitoring involves a variety of high-throughput tools that enable the monitoring of all processes to ensure the safety and efficacy of the treatment.
Collapse
|
276
|
Stefanov BA, Mansouri M, Charpin-El Hamri G, Fussenegger M. Sunlight-Controllable Biopharmaceutical Production for Remote Emergency Supply of Directly Injectable Therapeutic Proteins. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2022; 18:e2202566. [PMID: 36084222 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202202566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biopharmaceutical manufacturing requires specialized facilities and a long-range cold supply chain for the delivery of the therapeutics to patients. In order to produce biopharmaceuticals in locations lacking such infrastructure, a production process is designed that utilizes the trigger-inducible release of large quantities of a stored therapeutic protein from engineered endocrine cells within minutes to generate a directly injectable saline solution of the protein. To illustrate the versatility of this approach, it is shown that not only insulin, but also glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), nanoluciferase (NLuc), and the model biopharmaceutical erythropoietin (EPO) can be trigger-inducibly released, even when using biologically inactive insulin as a carrier. The facilitating beta cells are engineered with a controllable TRPV1-mediated Ca2+ influx that induces the fusion of cytoplasmic storage vesicles with the membrane, leading to the release of the stored protein. When required, the growth medium is exchanged for saline solution, and the system is stimulated with the small molecule capsaicin, with a hand-warming pack, or simply by using sunlight. Injection of insulin saline solution obtained in this way into a type-1 diabetes mouse model results in the regulation of blood glucose levels. It is believed that this system will be readily adaptable to deliver various biopharmaceutical proteins at remote locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bozhidar-Adrian Stefanov
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Maysam Mansouri
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| | - Ghislaine Charpin-El Hamri
- Département Génie Biologique, Institut Universitaire de Technologie, Villeurbanne, Cedex F-69622, France
| | - Martin Fussenegger
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zürich, Mattenstrasse 26, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
- Faculty of Life Science, University of Basel, Basel, 4058, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Lane IC, Jan M. SEAKER cells coordinate cellular immunotherapy with localized chemotherapy. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2022; 43:804-805. [PMID: 35491262 PMCID: PMC9883698 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Tumor antigen escape and T cell dysfunction limit the effectiveness of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies. To overcome these challenges, Gardner et al. engineered synthetic enzyme-armed killer (SEAKER) cells to coexpress a CAR and a prodrug-activating enzyme to orchestrate a dual immunologic and pharmacologic attack at the tumor site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel C Lane
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Max Jan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Center for Cancer Research, Boston, MA, USA; Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Pathology, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
278
|
Lattanzi A, Maddalo D. The CRISPR Revolution in the Drug Discovery Workflow: An Industry Perspective. CRISPR J 2022; 5:634-641. [PMID: 35917561 DOI: 10.1089/crispr.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In a relatively short time, the pharmaceutical industry has witnessed a rapid integration of the CRISPR technology in multiple areas of research, development, therapy, and diagnostics. A unique feature to this system compared with other technologies is the exceptional versatility in adapting to the broad range of needs across the drug discovery pipeline, such as target identification, cell engineering, and in vivo modeling. As a consequence, the CRISPR toolbox has been evolving to address key questions around preclinical and clinical drug development. In this review, we provide a high-level perspective of how CRISPR has impacted several aspects of the drug discovery workflow and the future ahead for this exciting technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Lattanzi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Danilo Maddalo
- Department of Translational Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California, USA
| |
Collapse
|
279
|
Joseph A, Lafarge A, Mabrouki A, Abdel-Nabey M, Binois Y, Younan R, Azoulay E. Severe infections in recipients of cancer immunotherapy: what intensivists need to know. Curr Opin Crit Care 2022; 28:540-550. [PMID: 35950720 DOI: 10.1097/mcc.0000000000000978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Given the increased number of cancer patients admitted in the ICU and the growing importance of immunotherapy in their therapeutic arsenal, intensivists will be increasingly confronted to patients treated with immunotherapies who will present with complications, infectious and immunologic. RECENT FINDINGS Apart from their specific immunologic toxicities, cancer immunotherapy recipients also have specific immune dysfunction and face increased infectious risks that may lead to intensive care unit admission. SUMMARY Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy is associated with profound immunosuppression and the risks of bacterial, fungal and viral infections vary according to the time since infusion.Immune checkpoint blockers are associated with an overall favorable safety profile but associations of checkpoint blockers and corticosteroids and immunosuppressive drugs prescribed to treat immune-related adverse events are associated with increased risks of bacterial and fungal infections.The T-cell engaging bispecific therapy blinatumomab causes profound B-cell aplasia, hypogammaglobulinemia and neutropenia, but seems to be associated with fewer infectious adverse events compared with standard intensive chemotherapy.Lastly, intravesical administration of Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) can lead to disseminated BCGitis and severe sepsis requiring a specific antibiotherapy, often associated with corticosteroid treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrien Joseph
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Saint-Louis Teaching Hospital, Public Assistance Hospitals of Paris, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
280
|
He JZ, Wang H, Lim K, Ren S, Rollins F, Vallaster M, Wong R, Stebbings R, Standifer N, Keefe R, Phipps A, Gibbs M. A Consideration of Fixed Dosing Versus Body Size-Based Dosing Strategies for Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapies. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2022; 11:1130-1135. [PMID: 36094760 PMCID: PMC9826131 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Zhijian He
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Hechuan Wang
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - KyoungSoo Lim
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Song Ren
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Fred Rollins
- Competitive Intelligence and AnalysisOncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Markus Vallaster
- Clinical DevelopmentCell Therapies and Immuno‐Oncology, AstraZenecaWalthamMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ryan Wong
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Richard Stebbings
- Clinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Nathan Standifer
- Integrated BioanalysisClinical Pharmacology and Safety SciencesBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaSouth San FranciscoCaliforniaUSA
| | - Robert Keefe
- CMC DevelopmentCell Therapy, Oncology R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| | - Alex Phipps
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaCambridgeUK
| | - Megan Gibbs
- Clinical Pharmacology and Quantitative PharmacologyBiopharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZenecaGaithersburgMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
281
|
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells comprise a unique population of innate lymphoid cells endowed with intrinsic abilities to identify and eliminate virally infected cells and tumour cells. Possessing multiple cytotoxicity mechanisms and the ability to modulate the immune response through cytokine production, NK cells play a pivotal role in anticancer immunity. This role was elucidated nearly two decades ago, when NK cells, used as immunotherapeutic agents, showed safety and efficacy in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage leukaemia. In recent years, following the paradigm-shifting successes of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered adoptive T cell therapy and the advancement in technologies that can turn cells into powerful antitumour weapons, the interest in NK cells as a candidate for immunotherapy has grown exponentially. Strategies for the development of NK cell-based therapies focus on enhancing NK cell potency and persistence through co-stimulatory signalling, checkpoint inhibition and cytokine armouring, and aim to redirect NK cell specificity to the tumour through expression of CAR or the use of engager molecules. In the clinic, the first generation of NK cell therapies have delivered promising results, showing encouraging efficacy and remarkable safety, thus driving great enthusiasm for continued innovation. In this Review, we describe the various approaches to augment NK cell cytotoxicity and longevity, evaluate challenges and opportunities, and reflect on how lessons learned from the clinic will guide the design of next-generation NK cell products that will address the unique complexities of each cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara J Laskowski
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Alexander Biederstädt
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Medicine III: Hematology and Oncology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katayoun Rezvani
- Department of Stem Cell Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
282
|
Ding M, Lin J, Qin C, Wei P, Tian J, Lin T, Xu T. Application of synthetic biology in bladder cancer. Chin Med J (Engl) 2022; 135:2178-2187. [PMID: 36209735 PMCID: PMC9771244 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000002344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Bladder cancer (BC) is the most common malignant tumor of the genitourinary system. The age of individuals diagnosed with BC tends to decrease in recent years. A variety of standard therapeutic options are available for the clinical management of BC, but limitations exist. It is difficult to surgically eliminate small lesions, while radiation and chemotherapy damage normal tissues, leading to severe side effects. Therefore, new approaches are required to improve the efficacy and specificity of BC treatment. Synthetic biology is a field emerging in the last decade that refers to biological elements, devices, and materials that are artificially synthesized according to users' needs. In this review, we discuss how to utilize genetic elements to regulate BC-related gene expression periodically and quantitatively to inhibit the initiation and progression of BC. In addition, the design and construction of gene circuits to distinguish cancer cells from normal cells to kill the former but spare the latter are elaborated. Then, we introduce the development of genetically modified T cells for targeted attacks on BC. Finally, synthetic nanomaterials specializing in detecting and killing BC cells are detailed. This review aims to describe the innovative details of the clinical diagnosis and treatment of BC from the perspective of synthetic biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengting Ding
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Jiaxing Lin
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Caipeng Qin
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| | - Ping Wei
- Center for Cell and Gene Circuit Design, CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Jiahe Tian
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Tianxin Lin
- Department of Urology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 528403, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Urology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing 100044, China
| |
Collapse
|
283
|
Espie D, Donnadieu E. New insights into CAR T cell-mediated killing of tumor cells. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1016208. [PMID: 36189315 PMCID: PMC9521365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1016208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adoptive transfer of T cells genetically engineered to express chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) has demonstrated striking efficacy for the treatment of several hematological malignancies, including B-cell lymphoma, leukemia, and multiple myeloma. However, CAR T-cell efficacy has been very limited in most solid tumors. In this context, it is of paramount importance to understand the determinants that condition CAR T-cell success versus failure. To control tumor growth, CAR T cells need to form conjugates with their targets via the assembly of an immunological synapse. Here, we review recent advances showing that the adhesion between CAR T cells and cancer cells from solid tumors strengthens over time in an IFNγ- and ICAM-1-dependent manner, resulting in CAR T cell-mediated killing. We discuss how these findings can be exploited to increase the efficacy of the CAR T-cell strategy against solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Espie
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CAR-T Preclinical Development Department, Invectys, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Donnadieu
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, INSERM, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Emmanuel Donnadieu,
| |
Collapse
|
284
|
Gubin MM, Vesely MD. Cancer Immunoediting in the Era of Immuno-oncology. Clin Cancer Res 2022; 28:3917-3928. [PMID: 35594163 PMCID: PMC9481657 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-21-1804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Basic science breakthroughs in T-cell biology and immune-tumor cell interactions ushered in a new era of cancer immunotherapy. Twenty years ago, cancer immunoediting was proposed as a framework to understand the dynamic process by which the immune system can both control and shape cancer and in its most complex form occurs through three phases termed elimination, equilibrium, and escape. During cancer progression through these phases, tumors undergo immunoediting, rendering them less immunogenic and more capable of establishing an immunosuppressive microenvironment. Therefore, cancer immunoediting integrates the complex immune-tumor cell interactions occurring in the tumor microenvironment and sculpts immunogenicity beyond shaping antigenicity. However, with the success of cancer immunotherapy resulting in durable clinical responses in the last decade and subsequent emergence of immuno-oncology as a clinical subspecialty, the phrase "cancer immunoediting" has recently, at times, been inappropriately restricted to describing neoantigen loss by immunoselection. This focus has obscured other mechanisms by which cancer immunoediting modifies tumor immunogenicity. Although establishment of the concept of cancer immunoediting and definitive experimental evidence supporting its existence was initially obtained from preclinical models in the absence of immunotherapy, cancer immunoediting is a continual process that also occurs during immunotherapy in human patients with cancer. Herein, we discuss the known mechanisms of cancer immunoediting obtained from preclinical and clinical data with an emphasis on how a greater understanding of cancer immunoediting may provide insights into immunotherapy resistance and how this resistance can be overcome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M. Gubin
- Department of Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
- The Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
285
|
Li C, Cui Z, Deng S, Chen P, Li X, Yang H. The potential of plant extracts in cell therapy. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:472. [PMID: 36104798 PMCID: PMC9476258 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03152-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy is the frontier technology of biotechnology innovation and the most promising method for the treatment of refractory diseases such as tumours. However, cell therapy has disadvantages, such as toxicity and poor therapeutic effects. Plant extracts are natural, widely available, and contain active small molecule ingredients that are widely used in the treatment of various diseases. By studying the effect of plant extracts on cell therapy, active plant extracts that have positive significance in cell therapy can be discovered, and certain contributions to solving the current problems of attenuation and adjuvant therapy in cell therapy can be made. Therefore, this article reviews the currently reported effects of plant extracts in stem cell therapy and immune cell therapy, especially the effects of plant extracts on the proliferation and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and nerve stem cells and the potential role of plant extracts in chimeric antigen receptor T-cell immunotherapy (CAR-T) and T-cell receptor modified T-cell immunotherapy (TCR-T), in the hope of encouraging further research and clinical application of plant extracts in cell therapy.
Collapse
|
286
|
Nanotechnology-based chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy in treating solid tumor. Pharmacol Res 2022; 184:106454. [PMID: 36115525 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR) T cells have changed the therapeutic landscape of hematological malignancies with overwhelming success. The clinical success of CAR T-cell therapy in hematologic malignancies has fueled interest in exploring the technology in solid tumors. However, the treatment of solid tumors presents a unique set of challenges compared to hematological tumors. The biggest impediments to the success of CAR T cell treatment are the paucity of tumor-specific antigens that are produced selectively and uniformly and the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To overcome these significant challenges, nanotechnology has been involved to improve the efficacy of CAR-T cells. In this review, we systematically introduced the components of different generations of CARs and summarized recent innovations in nano-based CAR-T cell therapy to conquer therapeutically resistant non-hematologic malignancies, including mRNA and hydrogel-based CAR T cells delivery, photothermal-remodeling, and tumor microenvironment-based CAR T cell therapy. These nanotechnologies remarkably facilitate in vivo generation of CAR T cells and hold promise as a therapeutic platform to treat solid tumors and even other diseases.
Collapse
|
287
|
Gennigens C, Jerusalem G, Lapaille L, De Cuypere M, Streel S, Kridelka F, Ray-Coquard I. Recurrent or primary metastatic cervical cancer: current and future treatments. ESMO Open 2022; 7:100579. [PMID: 36108558 PMCID: PMC9588874 DOI: 10.1016/j.esmoop.2022.100579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite screening programs for early detection and the approval of human papillomavirus vaccines, around 6% of women with cervical cancer (CC) are discovered with primary metastatic disease. Moreover, one-third of the patients receiving chemoradiation followed by brachytherapy for locally advanced disease will have a recurrence. At the end, the vast majority of recurrent or metastatic CC not amenable to locoregional treatments are considered incurable disease with very poor prognosis. Historically, cisplatin monotherapy, then a combination of cisplatin and paclitaxel were considered the standard of care. Ten years ago, the addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy demonstrated favorable data in terms of response rate and overall survival. Even with this improvement, novel therapies are needed for the treatment of recurrent CC in first as well as later lines. In the last decades, a better understanding of the interactions between human papillomavirus infection and the host immune system response has focused interest on the use of immunotherapeutic drugs in CC patients. Indeed, immune checkpoint inhibitors (pembrolizumab, cemiplimab, and others) have recently emerged as novel therapeutic pillars that could provide durable responses with impact on overall survival in patients in the primary (in addition to chemotherapy) or recurrent (monotherapy) settings. Tisotumab vedotin, an antibody–drug conjugate targeting the tissue factor, is another emerging drug. Several trials in monotherapy or in combination with immunotherapy, chemotherapy, or bevacizumab showed very promising results. There is a high need for more potent biomarkers to better accurately determine which patients would receive the greatest benefit from all these aforementioned drugs, but also to identify patients with specific molecular characteristics that could benefit from other targeted therapies. The Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network identified several genes significantly mutated, potentially targetable. These molecular data have highlighted the molecular heterogeneity of CC. The majority of recurrent or metastatic CCs are considered incurable disease. Combination of chemotherapy with bevacizumab and pembrolizumab (PD-L1 CPS ≥1) is the new standard of care in first line. Tisotumab vedotin, an antibody–drug conjugate targeting the tissue factor, is another emerging drug. Need for more potent biomarkers to accurately determine which patients would receive the greatest benefit from these drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Gennigens
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium.
| | - G Jerusalem
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - L Lapaille
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - M De Cuypere
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - S Streel
- Department of Medical Oncology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - F Kridelka
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, CHU Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - I Ray-Coquard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Centre Léon Bérard, Lyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
288
|
Akhoundova D, Rubin MA. Clinical application of advanced multi-omics tumor profiling: Shaping precision oncology of the future. Cancer Cell 2022; 40:920-938. [PMID: 36055231 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2022.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Next-generation DNA sequencing technology has dramatically advanced clinical oncology through the identification of therapeutic targets and molecular biomarkers, leading to the personalization of cancer treatment with significantly improved outcomes for many common and rare tumor entities. More recent developments in advanced tumor profiling now enable dissection of tumor molecular architecture and the functional phenotype at cellular and subcellular resolution. Clinical translation of high-resolution tumor profiling and integration of multi-omics data into precision treatment, however, pose significant challenges at the level of prospective validation and clinical implementation. In this review, we summarize the latest advances in multi-omics tumor profiling, focusing on spatial genomics and chromatin organization, spatial transcriptomics and proteomics, liquid biopsy, and ex vivo modeling of drug response. We analyze the current stages of translational validation of these technologies and discuss future perspectives for their integration into precision treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dilara Akhoundova
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mark A Rubin
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, Inselspital, University Hospital of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
289
|
Zhang C, Wang H. Accurate treatment of small cell lung cancer: Current progress, new challenges and expectations. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2022; 1877:188798. [PMID: 36096336 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2022.188798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a deadly disease with poor prognosis. Fast growing speed, inclination to metastasis, enrichment in cancer stem cells altogether constitute its aggressive nature. In stark contrast to non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) that strides vigorously on the road to precision oncology, SCLC has been on the embryonic path to achieve effective personalized treatments. The survival of patients with SCLC have not been improved greatly, which could be possibly due to our inadequate understanding of genetic alterations of SCLC. Recently, encouraging effects have been observed in patients with SCLC undergoing immunotherapy. However, exciting results have only been observed in a small fraction of patients with SCLC, warranting biomarkers predictive of responses as well as novel therapeutic strategies. In addition, SCLC has previously been viewed to be homogeneous. However, perspectives have been changed thanks to the advances in sequencing techniques and platforms, which unfolds the complex heterogeneity of SCLC both genetically and non-genetically, rendering the treatment of SCLC a further step forward into the precision era. To outline the road of SCLC towards precision oncology, we summarize the progresses and achievements made in precision treatment in SCLC in genomic, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic and metabolic dimensions. Moreover, we conclude relevant therapeutic vulnerabilities in SCLC. Clinically tested drugs and clinical trials have also been demonstrated. Ultimately, we look into the opportunities and challenges ahead to advance the individualized treatment in pursuit of improved survival for patients with SCLC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyue Zhang
- Department of Integrated Therapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Haiyong Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine-Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China.
| |
Collapse
|
290
|
Blache U, Popp G, Dünkel A, Koehl U, Fricke S. Potential solutions for manufacture of CAR T cells in cancer immunotherapy. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5225. [PMID: 36064867 PMCID: PMC9445013 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32866-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Blache
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany. .,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Disease, Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Georg Popp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Dünkel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Koehl
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Disease, Frankfurt, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stephan Fricke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology (IZI), Leipzig, Germany.,Fraunhofer Cluster of Excellence for Immune-Mediated Disease, Frankfurt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
291
|
Nie D, Guo T, Yue M, Li W, Zong X, Zhu Y, Huang J, Lin M. Research Progress on Nanoparticles-Based CRISPR/Cas9 System for Targeted Therapy of Tumors. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091239. [PMID: 36139078 PMCID: PMC9496048 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a genetic mutation disease that seriously endangers the health and life of all human beings. As one of the most amazing academic achievements in the past decade, CRISPR/Cas9 technology has been sought after by many researchers due to its powerful gene editing capability. CRISPR/Cas9 technology shows great potential in oncology, and has become one of the most promising technologies for cancer genome-editing therapeutics. However, its efficiency and the safety issues of in vivo gene editing severely limit its widespread application. Therefore, developing a suitable delivery method for the CRISPR/Cas9 system is an urgent problem to be solved at present. Rapid advances in nanomedicine suggest nanoparticles could be a viable option. In this review, we summarize the latest research on the potential use of nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas9 systems in cancer therapeutics, in order to further their clinical application. We hope that this review will provide a novel insight into the CRISPR/Cas9 system and offer guidance for nanocarrier designs that will enable its use in cancer clinical applications.
Collapse
|
292
|
Distinct cellular dynamics associated with response to CAR-T therapy for refractory B cell lymphoma. Nat Med 2022; 28:1848-1859. [PMID: 36097221 PMCID: PMC9509487 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-022-01959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has revolutionized the treatment of hematologic malignancies. Approximately half of patients with refractory large B cell lymphomas achieve durable responses from CD19-targeting CAR-T treatment; however, failure mechanisms are identified in only a fraction of cases. To gain new insights into the basis of clinical response, we performed single-cell transcriptome sequencing of 105 pretreatment and post-treatment peripheral blood mononuclear cell samples, and infusion products collected from 32 individuals with large B cell lymphoma treated with either of two CD19 CAR-T products: axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel) or tisagenlecleucel (tisa-cel). Expansion of proliferative memory-like CD8 clones was a hallmark of tisa-cel response, whereas axi-cel responders displayed more heterogeneous populations. Elevations in CAR-T regulatory cells among nonresponders to axi-cel were detected, and these populations were capable of suppressing conventional CAR-T cell expansion and driving late relapses in an in vivo model. Our analyses reveal the temporal dynamics of effective responses to CAR-T therapy, the distinct molecular phenotypes of CAR-T cells with differing designs, and the capacity for even small increases in CAR-T regulatory cells to drive relapse.
Collapse
|
293
|
Bister A, Ibach T, Haist C, Gerhorst G, Smorra D, Soldierer M, Roellecke K, Wagenmann M, Scheckenbach K, Gattermann N, Wiek C, Hanenberg H. Optimized NGFR-derived hinges for rapid and efficient enrichment and detection of CAR T cells in vitro and in vivo. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 26:120-134. [PMID: 35795096 PMCID: PMC9240717 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapy has demonstrated unprecedented success with high remission rates for heavily pretreated patients with hematological malignancies. The hinge connecting the extracellular antigen recognition unit to the transmembrane domain provides the length and flexibility of the CAR constructs and ensures that the CAR can reach the target antigen and mediate recognition and killing of target cells. The hinge can also include specific amino acid sequences to improve CAR expression, influence T cell proliferation, and facilitate CAR T cell detection, enrichment, and even elimination. Here, we report the generation of two novel hinge domains derived from the low-affinity p75 chain of the human nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR), termed N3 and N4, which, when incorporated into the CAR backbone, allow detection as well as high-grade enrichment of CAR T cells with GMP-compatible immunomagnetic reagents. After optimizing the MACS protocol for excellent CAR T cell purity and yield, we demonstrated that N3- and N4-hinged CAR T cells are as efficacious as their CD8-hinged counterparts in vitro against hematological blasts and also in vivo in the control of acute monocytic leukemia in an immunodeficient mouse xenograft model. Thus, both hinges could potentially be an integral part of future CAR designs and universally applicable in clinical applications.
Collapse
|
294
|
Lock D, Monjezi R, Brandes C, Bates S, Lennartz S, Teppert K, Gehrke L, Karasakalidou-Seidt R, Lukic T, Schmeer M, Schleef M, Werchau N, Eyrich M, Assenmacher M, Kaiser A, Prommersberger S, Schaser T, Hudecek M. Automated, scaled, transposon-based production of CAR T cells. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005189. [PMID: 36096530 PMCID: PMC9472140 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is an increasing demand for chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell products from patients and care givers. Here, we established an automated manufacturing process for CAR T cells on the CliniMACS Prodigy platform that is scaled to provide therapeutic doses and achieves gene-transfer with virus-free Sleeping Beauty (SB) transposition. METHODS We used an advanced CliniMACS Prodigy that is connected to an electroporator unit and performed a series of small-scale development and large-scale confirmation runs with primary human T cells. Transposition was accomplished with minicircle (MC) DNA-encoded SB100X transposase and pT2 transposon encoding a CD19 CAR. RESULTS We defined a bi-pulse electroporation shock with bi-directional and unidirectional electric field, respectively, that permitted efficient MC insertion and maintained a high frequency of viable T cells. In three large scale runs, 2E8 T cells were enriched from leukapheresis product, activated, gene-engineered and expanded to yield up to 3.5E9 total T cells/1.4E9 CAR-modified T cells within 12 days (CAR-modified T cells: 28.8%±12.3%). The resulting cell product contained highly pure T cells (97.3±1.6%) with balanced CD4/CD8 ratio and a high frequency of T cells with central memory phenotype (87.5%±10.4%). The transposon copy number was 7.0, 9.4 and 6.8 in runs #1-3, respectively, and gene analyses showed a balanced expression of activation/exhaustion markers. The CD19 CAR T cell product conferred potent anti-lymphoma reactivity in pre-clinical models. Notably, the operator hands-on-time was substantially reduced compared with conventional non-automated CAR T cell manufacturing campaigns. CONCLUSIONS We report on the first automated transposon-based manufacturing process for CAR T cells that is ready for formal validation and use in clinical manufacturing campaigns. This process and platform have the potential to facilitate access of patients to CAR T cell therapy and to accelerate scaled, multiplexed manufacturing both in the academic and industry setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Lock
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Razieh Monjezi
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Stephan Bates
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Karin Teppert
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Leon Gehrke
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Teodora Lukic
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | - Niels Werchau
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | - Matthias Eyrich
- Universitätskinderklinik, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew Kaiser
- Miltenyi Biotec BV & Co KG, Bergisch Gladbach, Germany
| | | | | | - Michael Hudecek
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik II, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
295
|
Zhang J, Hu Y, Yang J, Li W, Zhang M, Wang Q, Zhang L, Wei G, Tian Y, Zhao K, Chen A, Tan B, Cui J, Li D, Li Y, Qi Y, Wang D, Wu Y, Li D, Du B, Liu M, Huang H. Non-viral, specifically targeted CAR-T cells achieve high safety and efficacy in B-NHL. Nature 2022; 609:369-374. [PMID: 36045296 PMCID: PMC9452296 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05140-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Recently, chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy has shown great promise in treating haematological malignancies1–7. However, CAR-T cell therapy currently has several limitations8–12. Here we successfully developed a two-in-one approach to generate non-viral, gene-specific targeted CAR-T cells through CRISPR–Cas9. Using the optimized protocol, we demonstrated feasibility in a preclinical study by inserting an anti-CD19 CAR cassette into the AAVS1 safe-harbour locus. Furthermore, an innovative type of anti-CD19 CAR-T cell with PD1 integration was developed and showed superior ability to eradicate tumour cells in xenograft models. In adoptive therapy for relapsed/refractory aggressive B cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04213469), we observed a high rate (87.5%) of complete remission and durable responses without serious adverse events in eight patients. Notably, these enhanced CAR-T cells were effective even at a low infusion dose and with a low percentage of CAR+ cells. Single-cell analysis showed that the electroporation method resulted in a high percentage of memory T cells in infusion products, and PD1 interference enhanced anti-tumour immune functions, further validating the advantages of non-viral, PD1-integrated CAR-T cells. Collectively, our results demonstrate the high safety and efficacy of non-viral, gene-specific integrated CAR-T cells, thus providing an innovative technology for CAR-T cell therapy. Non-viral CAR-T cells with gene-specific targeted integration are safe and effective in patients with lymphoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiqin Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yongxian Hu
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Yang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | | | - Linjie Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoqing Wei
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yue Tian
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kui Zhao
- PETCT Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ang Chen
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Binghe Tan
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Jiazhen Cui
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Deqi Li
- BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Li
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalei Qi
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China.,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuxuan Wu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China.,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China
| | - Dali Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China.
| | - Bing Du
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China.
| | - Mingyao Liu
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center of Genome Editing and Cell Therapy, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Regulatory Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences and School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China. .,BRL Medicine, Inc., Shanghai, China.
| | - He Huang
- Bone Marrow Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Liangzhu Laboratory, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Hematology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Zhejiang Province Engineering Laboratory for Stem Cell and Immunity Therapy, Hangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
296
|
Minghan Q, Shan W, Xinrui C, Huaqing W. Update on diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: highlights from the 2022 ASCO Annual Meeting. Cancer Biol Med 2022; 19:j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0403. [PMID: 36069539 PMCID: PMC9425190 DOI: 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2022.0403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu Minghan
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300191, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Wu Shan
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300191, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Chen Xinrui
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300191, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| | - Wang Huaqing
- Department of Oncology, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300191, China.,The Institute of Translational Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Nankai University, Tianjin 300121, China
| |
Collapse
|
297
|
Füchsl F, Krackhardt AM. Paving the Way to Solid Tumors: Challenges and Strategies for Adoptively Transferred Transgenic T Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:4192. [PMID: 36077730 PMCID: PMC9454442 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14174192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
T cells are important players in the antitumor immune response. Over the past few years, the adoptive transfer of genetically modified, autologous T cells-specifically redirected toward the tumor by expressing either a T cell receptor (TCR) or a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-has been adopted for use in the clinic. At the moment, the therapeutic application of CD19- and, increasingly, BCMA-targeting-engineered CAR-T cells have been approved and have yielded partly impressive results in hematologic malignancies. However, employing transgenic T cells for the treatment of solid tumors remains more troublesome, and numerous hurdles within the highly immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME) need to be overcome to achieve tumor control. In this review, we focused on the challenges that these therapies must face on three different levels: infiltrating the tumor, exerting efficient antitumor activity, and overcoming T cell exhaustion and dysfunction. We aimed to discuss different options to pave the way for potent transgenic T cell-mediated tumor rejection by engineering either the TME or the transgenic T cell itself, which responds to the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Füchsl
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Angela M. Krackhardt
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Innere Medizin III, School of Medicine, Technische Universität München, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Ismaningerstr. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
- German Cancer Consortium of Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Translational Cancer Research (TranslaTUM), School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
298
|
Chen L, Xie T, Wei B, Di DL. Current progress in CAR‑T cell therapy for tumor treatment (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:358. [PMID: 36168313 PMCID: PMC9478623 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor T (CAR-T) cells are a type of tumor immunotherapy that is a breakthrough technology in the clinical treatment of tumors. The basic principle of this method is to extract the patient's T cells and equip them with targeting recognition receptors of tumor cells and return them to the patient's body to recognize and kill tumor cells specifically. Most CAR-T cell therapies treat hematological diseases such as leukemia or lymphoma and achieved encouraging results. The safety and effectiveness of CAR-T cell technology in solid tumor treatment require to be improved, although it has demonstrated promising efficacy in treating hematological malignancies. It is worth noting that certain patients may experience fatal adverse reactions after receiving CAR-T cell therapy. At present, the difficulty of this therapy mainly lies in how to reduce adverse reactions and target escape effects during the course of treatment. The improvement of CAR-T cell therapy mainly focuses on improving CAR-T structure, finding suitable tumor targets and combining them with immune checkpoint inhibitors to the enhance efficacy and safety of treatment. The problems in the rapid development of CAR-T cell therapy provide both obstacles and opportunities. The present review elaborates on the clinical application of CAR-T cell technology to provide a reference for clinical practice and research on tumor treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Chen
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, P.R. China
| | - Ting Xie
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261031, P.R. China
| | - Bing Wei
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| | - Da-Lin Di
- Department of Immunology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, Shandong 261053, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
299
|
Chen Y, Qin Y, Wu Y, Wei H, Wei Y, Zhang Z, Duan T, Jiang H, Song B. Preoperative prediction of glypican-3 positive expression in solitary hepatocellular carcinoma on gadoxetate-disodium enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Front Immunol 2022; 13:973153. [PMID: 36091074 PMCID: PMC9453305 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose As a coreceptor in Wnt and HGF signaling, glypican-3 (GPC-3) promotes the progression of tumor and is associated with a poor prognosis in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). GPC-3 has evolved as a target molecule in various immunotherapies, including chimeric antigen receptor T cell. However, its evaluation still relies on invasive histopathologic examination. Therefore, we aimed to develop an easy-to-use and noninvasive risk score integrating preoperative gadoxetic acid–enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (EOB-MRI) and clinical indicators to predict positive GPC-3 expression in HCC. Methods and materials Consecutive patients with surgically-confirmed solitary HCC who underwent preoperative EOB-MRI between January 2016 and November 2021 were retrospectively included. EOB-MRI features were independently evaluated by two masked abdominal radiologists and the expression of GPC-3 was determined by two liver pathologists. On the training dataset, a predictive scoring system for GPC-3 was developed against pathology via logistical regression analysis. Model performances were characterized by computing areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs). Results A total of 278 patients (training set, n=156; internal validation set, n=39; external validation set, n=83) with solitary HCC (208 [75%] with positive GPC-3 expression) were included. Serum alpha-fetoprotein >10 ng/ml (AFP, odds ratio [OR]=2.3, four points) and five EOB-MR imaging features, including tumor size >3.0cm (OR=0.5, -3 points), nonperipheral “washout” (OR=3.0, five points), infiltrative appearance (OR=9.3, 10 points), marked diffusion restriction (OR=3.3, five points), and iron sparing in solid mass (OR=0.2, -7 points) were significantly associated with positive GPC-3 expression. The optimal threshold of scoring system for predicting GPC-3 positive expression was 5.5 points, with AUC 0.726 and 0.681 on the internal and external validation sets, respectively. Conclusion Based on serum AFP and five EOB-MRI features, we developed an easy-to-use and noninvasive risk score which could accurately predict positive GPC-3 HCC, which may help identify potential responders for GPC-3-targeted immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yidi Chen
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yun Qin
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuanan Wu
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hong Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Wei
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Duan
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hanyu Jiang
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Hanyu Jiang, ; Bin Song,
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Department of Radiology, Sanya People’s Hospital, Sanya, China
- *Correspondence: Hanyu Jiang, ; Bin Song,
| |
Collapse
|
300
|
Su JY, Li WH, Li YM. New opportunities for immunomodulation of the tumour microenvironment using chemical tools. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:7944-7970. [PMID: 35996977 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00486k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapy is recognised as an attractive method for the treatment of cancer, and numerous treatment strategies have emerged over recent years. Investigations of the tumour microenvironment (TME) have led to the identification of many potential therapeutic targets and methods. However, many recently applied immunotherapies are based on previously identified strategies, such as boosting the immune response by combining commonly used stimulators, and the release of drugs through changes in pH. Although methodological improvements such as structural optimisation and combining strategies can be undertaken, applying those novel targets and methods in immunotherapy remains an important goal. In this review, we summarise the latest research on the TME, and discuss how small molecules, immune cells, and their interactions with tumour cells can be regulated in the TME. Additionally, the techniques currently employed for delivery of these agents to the TME are also mentioned. Strategies to modulate cell phenotypes and interactions between immune cells and tumours are mainly discussed. We consider both modulatory and targeting methods aiming to bridge the gap between the TME and chemical modulation thereof.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Yun Su
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Wen-Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.
| | - Yan-Mei Li
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China. .,Center for Synthetic and Systems Biology, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, 100069 Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|