251
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Kiziltas S. Toll-like receptors in pathophysiology of liver diseases. World J Hepatol 2016; 8:1354-1369. [PMID: 27917262 PMCID: PMC5114472 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v8.i32.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are pattern recognition receptors that participate in host defense by recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns alongside inflammatory processes by recognizing damage associated molecular patterns. Given constant exposure to pathogens from gut, strict control of TLR-associated signaling pathways is essential in the liver, which otherwise may lead to inappropriate production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferons and may generate a predisposition to several autoimmune and chronic inflammatory diseases. The liver is considered to be a site of tolerance induction rather than immunity induction, with specificity in hepatic cell functions and distribution of TLR. Recent data emphasize significant contribution of TLR signaling in chronic liver diseases via complex immune responses mediating hepatocyte (i.e., hepatocellular injury and regeneration) or hepatic stellate cell (i.e., fibrosis and cirrhosis) inflammatory or immune pathologies. Herein, we review the available data on TLR signaling, hepatic expression of TLRs and associated ligands, as well as the contribution of TLRs to the pathophysiology of hepatic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safak Kiziltas
- Safak Kiziltas, Department of Gastroenterology, Baskent University Istanbul Hospital, 34662 Istanbul, Turkey
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252
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Hayes CN, Chayama K. Interferon stimulated genes and innate immune activation following infection with hepatitis B and C viruses. J Med Virol 2016; 89:388-396. [DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Liver Research Project Center; Hiroshima University; Hiroshima Japan
- Laboratory for Digestive Diseases; Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN; Hiroshima Japan
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253
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Bengsch B, Chang KM. Evolution in Our Understanding of Hepatitis B Virus Virology and Immunology. Clin Liver Dis 2016; 20:629-644. [PMID: 27742004 DOI: 10.1016/j.cld.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global health challenge. HBV can cause significant morbidity and mortality by establishing acute and chronic hepatitis. Approximately 250 million people worldwide are chronically infected, and more than 2 billion people have been exposed to HBV. Since the discovery of HBV, the advances in our understanding of HBV virology and immunology have translated into effective vaccines and therapies for HBV infection. Although current therapies successfully suppress viral replication but rarely succeed in viral eradication, recent discoveries in HBV virology and immunology provide exciting rationales for novel treatment strategies aiming at HBV cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertram Bengsch
- Department of Microbiology and Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 331 Biomedical Research Building II/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kyong-Mi Chang
- Medical Research, Philadelphia Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center (CMC VAMC), A424, University and Woodland Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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254
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Ahn YH, Park S, Choi JJ, Park BK, Rhee KH, Kang E, Ahn S, Lee CH, Lee JS, Inn KS, Cho ML, Park SH, Park K, Park HJ, Lee JH, Park JW, Kwon NH, Shim H, Han BW, Kim P, Lee JY, Jeon Y, Huh JW, Jin M, Kim S. Secreted tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase as a primary defence system against infection. Nat Microbiol 2016; 2:16191. [PMID: 27748732 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The N-terminal truncated form of a protein synthesis enzyme, tryptophanyl-tRNA synthetase (mini-WRS), is secreted as an angiostatic ligand. However, the secretion and function of the full-length WRS (FL-WRS) remain unknown. Here, we report that the FL-WRS, but not mini-WRS, is rapidly secreted upon pathogen infection to prime innate immunity. Blood levels of FL-WRS were increased in sepsis patients, but not in those with sterile inflammation. FL-WRS was secreted from monocytes and directly bound to macrophages via a toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-myeloid differentiation factor 2 (MD2) complex to induce phagocytosis and chemokine production. Administration of FL-WRS into Salmonella typhimurium-infected mice reduced the levels of bacteria and improved mouse survival, whereas its titration with the specific antibody aggravated the infection. The N-terminal 154-amino-acid eukaryote-specific peptide of WRS was sufficient to recapitulate FL-WRS activity and its interaction mode with TLR4-MD2 is now suggested. Based on these results, secretion of FL-WRS appears to work as a primary defence system against infection, acting before full activation of innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Ha Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong June Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyung Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hee Rhee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunjoo Kang
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyeon Ahn
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ho Lee
- Laboratory Animal Resource Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Soo Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Soo Inn
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-La Cho
- Divison of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hwan Park
- The Rheumatism Research Center, Catholic Research Institute of Medical Science, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jung Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hyun Lee
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Won Park
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Institute of Allergy, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Hoon Kwon
- Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunbo Shim
- Departments of Bioinspired Science and Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung Woo Han
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Pilhan Kim
- Graduate School of Nanoscience and Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo-Youn Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngho Jeon
- College of Pharmacy, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Won Huh
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Mirim Jin
- College of Korean Medicine, Daejeon University, Daejeon 34520, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghoon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.,Medicinal Bioconvergence Research Center, Seoul National University, Suwon 16229, Republic of Korea
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255
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Lamb C, Arbuthnot P. Activating the innate immune response to counter chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2016; 16:1517-1527. [PMID: 27603796 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2016.1233962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is endemic to several populous parts of the world, where resulting complicating cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma occur commonly. Licensed drugs to treat the infection have limited curative efficacy, and development of therapies that eliminate all replication intermediates of HBV is a priority. Areas covered: The recent demonstration that the activation of the innate immune response may eradicate HBV from infected hepatocytes has a promising therapeutic application. Small molecule stimulators of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) inhibit replication of woodchuck hepatitis virus in woodchucks and HBV in chimpanzees and mice. Early stage clinical trials using GS-9620, a TLR7 agonist, indicate that this candidate antiviral is well tolerated in humans. Using an alternative approach, triggering the innate immune response with agonists of lymphotoxin-β receptor caused efficient APOBEC-mediated deamination and degradation of viral covalently closed circular DNA. Expert opinion: Eliminating HBV cccDNA from infected individuals would constitute a cure, and has become the focus of intensive research that employs various therapeutic approaches, including gene therapy. Immunomodulation through innate immune activation shows promise for the treatment of chronic infection of HBV (CHB) and, used in combination with other therapeutics, may contribute to the global control of infections and ultimately to the eradication of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Lamb
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
| | - Patrick Arbuthnot
- a Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of the Witwatersrand , Johannesburg , South Africa
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256
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Chang KM, Liu M. Chronic hepatitis B: immune pathogenesis and emerging immunotherapeutics. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 30:93-105. [PMID: 27570126 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) evades, subverts, activates and regulates host immune components, thereby impacting its natural history and disease pathogenesis. Recent advances in our understanding of immune interactions in chronic viral infection and tumor therapy are applicable to chronic hepatitis B (CHB). With recent successes of tumor immunotherapy, there is a renewed interest in exploring immunotherapeutics in achieving sustained and functional cure of chronic hepatitis B. In this review, we discuss aspects of host innate and adaptive immune regulatory and pathogenic responses relevant for HBV infection. We also highlight several immune modulatory approaches in clinical development to treat CHB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Mi Chang
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA; Philadelphia Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, USA.
| | - Mengfei Liu
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, USA
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257
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Kouwaki T, Fukushima Y, Daito T, Sanada T, Yamamoto N, Mifsud EJ, Leong CR, Tsukiyama-Kohara K, Kohara M, Matsumoto M, Seya T, Oshiumi H. Extracellular Vesicles Including Exosomes Regulate Innate Immune Responses to Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2016; 7:335. [PMID: 27630638 PMCID: PMC5005343 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is essential for controlling viral infection. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) persistently infects human hepatocytes and causes hepatocellular carcinoma. However, the innate immune response to HBV infection in vivo remains unclear. Using a tree shrew animal model, we showed that HBV infection induced hepatic interferon (IFN)-γ expression during early infection. Our in vitro study demonstrated that hepatic NK cells produced IFN-γ in response to HBV only in the presence of hepatic F4/80+ cells. Moreover, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from HBV-infected hepatocytes contained viral nucleic acids and induced NKG2D ligand expression in macrophages by stimulating MyD88, TICAM-1, and MAVS-dependent pathways. In addition, depletion of exosomes from EVs markedly reduced NKG2D ligand expression, suggesting the importance of exosomes for NK cell activation. In contrast, infection of hepatocytes with HBV increased immunoregulatory microRNA levels in EVs and exosomes, which were transferred to macrophages, thereby suppressing IL-12p35 mRNA expression in macrophages to counteract the host innate immune response. IFN-γ increased the hepatic expression of DDX60 and augmented the DDX60-dependent degradation of cytoplasmic HBV RNA. Our results elucidated the crucial role of exosomes in antiviral innate immune response against HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahisa Kouwaki
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Yoshimi Fukushima
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University , Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto , Japan
| | - Takuji Daito
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Kita-Ku, Sapporo , Japan
| | - Takahiro Sanada
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Edin J Mifsud
- Laboratory for Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University , Kita-Ku, Sapporo , Japan
| | - Chean Ring Leong
- Section of Bioengineering Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur (UniKL) MICET , Melaka , Malaysia
| | - Kyoko Tsukiyama-Kohara
- Joint Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Transboundary Animal Diseases Center, Kagoshima University , Korimoto, Kagoshima , Japan
| | - Michinori Kohara
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science , Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo , Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-Ku, Sapporo , Japan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University , Kita-Ku, Sapporo , Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Oshiumi
- Department of Immunology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan; Laboratory for Biologics Development, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, GI-CoRE Global Station for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, Japan; JST, PREST, Honjo, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, Japan
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258
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Korolowicz KE, Iyer RP, Czerwinski S, Suresh M, Yang J, Padmanabhan S, Sheri A, Pandey RK, Skell J, Marquis JK, Kallakury BV, Tucker RD, Menne S. Antiviral Efficacy and Host Innate Immunity Associated with SB 9200 Treatment in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161313. [PMID: 27552102 PMCID: PMC4995001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
SB 9200, an oral prodrug of the dinucleotide SB 9000, is being developed for the treatment of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and represents a novel class of antivirals. SB 9200 is thought to activate the viral sensor proteins, retinoic acid-inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-containing protein 2 (NOD2) resulting in interferon (IFN) mediated antiviral immune responses in virus-infected cells. Additionally, the binding of SB 9200 to these sensor proteins could also sterically block the ability of the viral polymerase to access pre-genomic RNA for nucleic acid synthesis. The immune stimulating and direct antiviral properties of SB 9200 were evaluated in woodchucks chronically infected with woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) by daily, oral dosing at 15 and 30 mg/kg for 12 weeks. Prolonged treatment resulted in 2.2 and 3.7 log10 reductions in serum WHV DNA and in 0.5 and 1.6 log10 declines in serum WHV surface antigen from pretreatment level with the lower or higher dose of SB 9200, respectively. SB 9200 treatment also resulted in lower hepatic levels of WHV nucleic acids and antigen and reduced liver inflammation. Following treatment cessation, recrudescence of viral replication was observed but with dose-dependent delays in viral relapse. The antiviral effects were associated with dose-dependent and long-lasting induction of IFN-α, IFN-β and IFN-stimulated genes in blood and liver, which correlated with the prolonged activation of the RIG-I/NOD2 pathway and hepatic presence of elevated RIG-I protein levels. These results suggest that in addition to a direct antiviral activity, SB 9200 induces antiviral immunity during chronic hepadnaviral infection via activation of the viral sensor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle E. Korolowicz
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Radhakrishnan P. Iyer
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Stefanie Czerwinski
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Manasa Suresh
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Junming Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Seetharamaiyer Padmanabhan
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Anjaneyulu Sheri
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Rajendra K. Pandey
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Skell
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Judith K. Marquis
- Spring Bank Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Suite S-7, 113 Cedar Street, Milford, MA, 01757, United States of America
| | - Bhaskar V. Kallakury
- Department of Pathology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Robin D. Tucker
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, United States of America
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259
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Liver Gene Expression Profiles Correlate with Virus Infection and Response to Interferon Therapy in Chronic Hepatitis B Patients. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31349. [PMID: 27546197 PMCID: PMC4992874 DOI: 10.1038/srep31349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The natural course of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection and treatment response are determined mainly by the genomic characteristics of the individual. We investigated liver gene expression profiles to reveal the molecular basis associated with chronic hepatitis B and IFN-alpha (IFNα) treatment response in CHB patients. Expression profiles were compared between seven paired liver biopsy samples taken before and 6 months after successful IFNα treatment or between pretreatment biopsy samples of 11 IFNα responders and 11 non-responders. A total of 132 differentially up-regulated and 39 down-regulated genes were identified in the pretreated livers of CHB patients. The up-regulated genes were mainly related to cell proliferation and immune response, with IFNγ and B cell signatures significantly enriched. Lower intrahepatic HBV pregenomic RNA levels and 25 predictive genes were identified in IFNα responders. The predictive gene set in responders significantly overlapped with the up-regulated genes associated with the pretreated livers of CHB patients. The mechanisms responsible for IFNα treatment responses are different between HBV and HCV patients. HBV infection evokes significant immune responses even in chronic infection. The up-regulated genes are predictive of responsiveness to IFNα therapy, as are lower intrahepatic levels of HBV pregenomic RNA and pre-activated host immune responses.
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260
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Hepatocarcinogenesis associated with hepatitis B, delta and C viruses. Curr Opin Virol 2016; 20:1-10. [PMID: 27504999 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globally, over half a billion people are persistently infected with hepatitis B (HBV) and/or hepatitis C viruses. Chronic HBV and HCV infection frequently lead to fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Co-infections with hepatitis delta virus (HDV), a subviral satellite requiring HBV for its propagation, accelerates the progression of liver disease toward HCC. The mechanisms by which these viruses cause malignant transformation, culminating in HCC, remain incompletely understood, partially due to the lack of adequate experimental models for dissecting these complex disease processes in vivo.
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261
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Levrero M, Testoni B, Zoulim F. HBV cure: why, how, when? Curr Opin Virol 2016; 18:135-43. [PMID: 27447092 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Current HBV treatments control replication and liver disease progression in the vast majority of treated patients. However, HBV patients often require lifelong therapies due to the persistence of transcriptionally active viral cccDNA mini-chromosome in the nucleus, which is not directly targeted by current antiviral therapies. A true complete cure of HBV would require clearance of intranuclear cccDNA from all infected hepatocytes. An intermediate but still relevant step forward that would allow treatment cessation would be reaching a functional cure, equivalent to resolved acute infection, with a durable HBsAg loss±anti-HBs seroconversion, undetectable serum DNA and persistence of cccDNA in a transcriptionally inactive status. Recent advances in technologies and pharmaceutical sciences, including the cloning of the mayor HBV receptor (i.e. the NTCP transporter) and the development in vitro HBV infection models, have heralded a new horizon of innovative antiviral and immune-therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Levrero
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; INSERM, U1052, Lyon 69003, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69002 Lyon, France; Department of Internal Medicine - DMISM, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy; CLNS@SAPIENZA, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Barbara Testoni
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; INSERM, U1052, Lyon 69003, France
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; INSERM, U1052, Lyon 69003, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69002 Lyon, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France
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262
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Abstract
Hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are responsible for most cases of viral hepatitis. Infection by each type of virus results in a different typical natural disease course and clinical outcome that are determined by virological and immunological factors. HCV tends to establish a chronic persistent infection, whereas HAV does not. HBV is effectively controlled in adults, although it persists for a lifetime after neonatal infection. In this Review, we discuss the similarities and differences in immune responses to and immunopathogenesis of HAV, HBV and HCV infections, which may explain the distinct courses and outcomes of each hepatitis virus infection.
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263
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Lamontagne RJ, Bagga S, Bouchard MJ. Hepatitis B virus molecular biology and pathogenesis. HEPATOMA RESEARCH 2016; 2:163-186. [PMID: 28042609 PMCID: PMC5198785 DOI: 10.20517/2394-5079.2016.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As obligate intracellular parasites, viruses need a host cell to provide a milieu favorable to viral replication. Consequently, viruses often adopt mechanisms to subvert host cellular signaling processes. While beneficial for the viral replication cycle, virus-induced deregulation of host cellular signaling processes can be detrimental to host cell physiology and can lead to virus-associated pathogenesis, including, for oncogenic viruses, cell transformation and cancer progression. Included among these oncogenic viruses is the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Despite the availability of an HBV vaccine, 350-500 million people worldwide are chronically infected with HBV, and a significant number of these chronically infected individuals will develop hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Epidemiological studies indicate that chronic infection with HBV is the leading risk factor for the development of HCC. Globally, HCC is the second highest cause of cancer-associated deaths, underscoring the need for understanding mechanisms that regulate HBV replication and the development of HBV-associated HCC. HBV is the prototype member of the Hepadnaviridae family; members of this family of viruses have a narrow host range and predominately infect hepatocytes in their respective hosts. The extremely small and compact hepadnaviral genome, the unique arrangement of open reading frames, and a replication strategy utilizing reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate to generate the DNA genome are distinguishing features of the Hepadnaviridae. In this review, we provide a comprehensive description of HBV biology, summarize the model systems used for studying HBV infections, and highlight potential mechanisms that link a chronic HBV-infection to the development of HCC. For example, the HBV X protein (HBx), a key regulatory HBV protein that is important for HBV replication, is thought to play a cofactor role in the development of HBV-induced HCC, and we highlight the functions of HBx that may contribute to the development of HBV-associated HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Jason Lamontagne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Sumedha Bagga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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264
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Ghasemi F, Rostami S, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Meshkat Z. Current progress in the development of therapeutic vaccines for chronic hepatitis B virus infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:692-704. [PMID: 27635192 PMCID: PMC5010840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B is still a major public health issue despite the successful prophylactic vaccination attempts. Chronicity of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is mainly due to its ability to debilitate host's immune system. Therefore, major measures have been taken to stop this process and help patients with chronic hepatitis B infection recover from their illness. While satisfactory results have been achieved using preventive HBV vaccines, a reliable and effective therapeutic treatment is still in need of extensive studies. Current treatments for chronic hepatitis B include direct antiviral agents and nucleoside/nucleotide analogs, which are not always effective and are also costly. In addition, due to the fact that chronic HBV is responsible for debilitation of the immune system, studies have focused on developing therapeutic vaccines to help host's immune system recover and limit the infection. Several approaches including but not restricted to recombinant peptide-based, DNA-based, viral vector-based, and cell-based approaches are currently in use to develop therapeutic vaccines against the chronic form of HBV infection. In the current review, the authors will first discuss the role of the immune system in chronic hepatitis B infection and will then focus on latest advancements in therapeutic vaccination of HBV especially the clinical trials that have been carried out so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Ghasemi
- Department of New Sciences and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Sina Rostami
- The Influenza Centre, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, N-5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Biochemistry of Nutrition Research Center; School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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265
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Qu H, Li J, Yang L, Sun L, Liu W, He H. Influenza A Virus-induced expression of ISG20 inhibits viral replication by interacting with nucleoprotein. Virus Genes 2016; 52:759-767. [PMID: 27342813 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1366-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Influenza A virus (IAV) is an important pathogen that has a wide range of hosts and represents a threat to the health of humans and several animal species. IAV infection can induce the transcription of many genes in the host. In the present study, we demonstrated for the first time that three different strains of H1N1 IAV induce the expression of an IFN-stimulated gene, ISG20. We determined the antiviral activity of ISG20 against IAV because ISG20 inhibited viral protein expression and reduced the progeny viral titer dependent upon its exonuclease activity. To elucidate the detailed mechanism of ISG20, we further demonstrated that ISG20 impairs the polymerase activity and inhibits both the replication and transcription levels of the M1 and NP genes. Notably, we identified that ISG20 colocalizes and interacts with NP during IAV infection, while exonuclease-inactive mutant ISG20 lacked association with NP, indicating that ISG20 inhibits IAV replication by interacting with NP. Together, these data provide a detailed explanation for the specific antiviral action of ISG20 and suggest that ISG20 may act as a promising antiviral drug candidate against IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongren Qu
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjun Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
| | - Hongxuan He
- National Research Center for Wildlife-Borne Diseases, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.
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266
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Yoneda M, Hyun J, Jakubski S, Saito S, Nakajima A, Schiff ER, Thomas E. Hepatitis B Virus and DNA Stimulation Trigger a Rapid Innate Immune Response through NF-κB. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:630-43. [PMID: 27288535 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell-intrinsic innate immunity provides a rapid first line of defense to thwart invading viral pathogens through the production of antiviral and inflammatory genes. However, the presence of many of these signaling pathways in the liver and their role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) pathogenesis is unknown. Recent identification of intracellular DNA-sensing pathways and involvement in numerous diverse disease processes including viral pathogenesis and carcinogenesis suggest a role for these processes in HBV infection. To characterize HBV-intrinsic innate immune responses and the role of DNA- and RNA-sensing pathways in the liver, we used in vivo and in vitro models including analysis of gene expression in liver biopsies from HBV-infected patients. In addition, mRNA and protein expression were measured in HBV-stimulated and DNA-treated hepatoma cell lines and primary human hepatocytes. In this article, we report that HBV and foreign DNA stimulation results in innate immune responses characterized by the production of inflammatory chemokines in hepatocytes. Analysis of liver biopsies from HBV-infected patients supported a correlation among hepatic expression of specific chemokines. In addition, HBV elicits a much broader range of gene expression alterations. The induction of chemokines, including CXCL10, is mediated by melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 and NF-κB-dependent pathways after HBV stimulation. In conclusion, HBV-stimulated pathways predominantly activate an inflammatory response that would promote the development of hepatitis. Understanding the mechanism underlying these virus-host interactions may provide new strategies to trigger noncytopathic clearance of covalently closed circular DNA to ultimately cure patients with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Yoneda
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Jinhee Hyun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Silvia Jakubski
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; and
| | - Satoru Saito
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 226-0004, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nakajima
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yokohama City University Graduate School of Medicine, Yokohama 226-0004, Japan
| | - Eugene R Schiff
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136
| | - Emmanuel Thomas
- Schiff Center for Liver Diseases, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136; Sylvester Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136;
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267
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Aly HH, Suzuki J, Watashi K, Chayama K, Hoshino SI, Hijikata M, Kato T, Wakita T. RNA Exosome Complex Regulates Stability of the Hepatitis B Virus X-mRNA Transcript in a Non-stop-mediated (NSD) RNA Quality Control Mechanism. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:15958-74. [PMID: 27281821 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.724641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a stealth virus, minimally inducing the interferon system required for efficient induction of both innate and adaptive immune responses. However, 90% of acutely infected adults can clear the virus, suggesting the presence of other, interferon-independent pathways leading to viral clearance. Given the known ability of helicases to bind viral nucleic acids, we performed a functional screening assay to identify helicases that regulate HBV replication. We identified the superkiller viralicidic activity 2-like (SKIV2L) RNA helicase (a homolog of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Ski2 protein) on the basis of its direct and preferential interaction with HBV X-mRNA. This interaction was essential for HBV X-mRNA degradation at the RNA exosome. The degradation of HBV X-mRNA at the RNA exosome was also mediated by HBS1L (HBS1-like translational GTPase) protein, a known component of the host RNA quality control system. We found that the redundant HBV-precore translation initiation site present at the 3'-end of HBV X-mRNA (3' precore) is translationally active. The initiation of translation from this site without a proper stop codon was identified by the non-stop-mediated RNA decay mechanism leading to its degradation. Although 3' precore is present in the five main HBV-RNA transcripts, only X-mRNA lacks the presence of an upstream start codons for large, middle, and small (L, M, and S) HBV surface proteins. These upstream codons are in-frame with 3' precore translation initiation site, blocking its translation from the other HBV-mRNA transcripts. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of the anti-viral function of the non-stop-mediated RNA decay mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hussein H Aly
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
| | - Junya Suzuki
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Koichi Watashi
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan, Department of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Science, Noda 278-8510, Japan, Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8551, Japan
| | - Shin-Ichi Hoshino
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya 467-8603, Japan, and
| | - Makoto Hijikata
- Laboratory of Human Tumor Viruses, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
| | - Takanobu Kato
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
| | - Takaji Wakita
- From the Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 162-8640, Japan,
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268
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Exosomes: multitask cargo carriers modulating innate immunity to viruses. Cell Mol Immunol 2016; 14:476-477. [PMID: 27264688 DOI: 10.1038/cmi.2016.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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269
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Bitton Alaluf M, Shlomai A. New therapies for chronic hepatitis B. Liver Int 2016; 36:775-82. [PMID: 26854115 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Approximately 350 million people worldwide are chronically infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), representing a significant public health challenge. Nucleos/tide analogues (NUCs) and interferon alpha (IFNα), the current standard of care for chronic infection, aim at preventing progression of the disease to cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and death. However, in contrast to the case of hepatitis C virus infection, in which novel antiviral drugs cure the vast majority of treated patients, in regard to HBV, cure is rare due to the unusual persistence of viral DNA in the form of covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) within the nucleus of infected cells. Available therapies for HBV require lifelong treatment and surveillance, as reactivation frequently occurs following medication cessation and the occurrence of HCC is decreased but not eliminated, even after years of successful viral suppression. Progress has been made in the development of new therapeutics, and it is likely that only a combination of immune modulators, inhibitors of gene expression and replication and cccDNA-targeting drugs will eradicate chronic infection. This review aims to summarize the state of the art in HBV drug research highlighting those agents with the greatest potential for success based on in vitro as well as on data from clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Bitton Alaluf
- Department of Medicine D, Beilinson Hospital Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel
| | - Amir Shlomai
- Department of Medicine D, Beilinson Hospital Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,The Liver Institute, Beilinson Hospital Rabin Medical Center, Petah Tikva, Israel.,The Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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270
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Hou Z, Zhang J, Han Q, Su C, Qu J, Xu D, Zhang C, Tian Z. Hepatitis B virus inhibits intrinsic RIG-I and RIG-G immune signaling via inducing miR146a. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26150. [PMID: 27210312 PMCID: PMC4876503 DOI: 10.1038/srep26150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed that hepatitis B virus (HBV), as a latency invader, attenuated host anti-viral immune responses. miRNAs were shown to be involved in HBV infection and HBV-related diseases, however, the precise role of miRNAs in HBV-mediated immunosuppression remains unclear. Here, we observed that down-regulated RIG-I like receptors might be one critical mechanism of HBV-induced suppression of type I IFN transcription in both HBV(+) hepatoma cell lines and liver cancer tissues. Then, miR146a was demonstrated to negatively regulate the expression of RIG-I-like receptors by directly targeting both RIG-I and RIG-G. Further investigation showed that antagonizing miR146a by anti-sense inhibitors or sponge approach accelerated HBV clearance and reduced HBV load both in vitro and in a HBV-carrying mouse model. Therefore, our findings indicated that HBV-induced miR146a attenuates cell-intrinsic anti-viral innate immunity through targeting RIG-I and RIG-G, and silencing miR146a might be an effective target to reverse HBV-induced immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohua Hou
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Qiuju Han
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Chenhe Su
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Jing Qu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Dongqing Xu
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Institute of Immunopharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
- Institute of Immunology and The CAS Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
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271
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Woo HR, Koo HJ, Kim J, Jeong H, Yang JO, Lee IH, Jun JH, Choi SH, Park SJ, Kang B, Kim YW, Phee BK, Kim JH, Seo C, Park C, Kim SC, Park S, Lee B, Lee S, Hwang D, Nam HG, Lim PO. Programming of Plant Leaf Senescence with Temporal and Inter-Organellar Coordination of Transcriptome in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 171:452-67. [PMID: 26966169 PMCID: PMC4854694 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant leaves, harvesting light energy and fixing CO2, are a major source of foods on the earth. Leaves undergo developmental and physiological shifts during their lifespan, ending with senescence and death. We characterized the key regulatory features of the leaf transcriptome during aging by analyzing total- and small-RNA transcriptomes throughout the lifespan of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaves at multidimensions, including age, RNA-type, and organelle. Intriguingly, senescing leaves showed more coordinated temporal changes in transcriptomes than growing leaves, with sophisticated regulatory networks comprising transcription factors and diverse small regulatory RNAs. The chloroplast transcriptome, but not the mitochondrial transcriptome, showed major changes during leaf aging, with a strongly shared expression pattern of nuclear transcripts encoding chloroplast-targeted proteins. Thus, unlike animal aging, leaf senescence proceeds with tight temporal and distinct interorganellar coordination of various transcriptomes that would be critical for the highly regulated degeneration and nutrient recycling contributing to plant fitness and productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Ryun Woo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Hee Jung Koo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Jeongsik Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Hyobin Jeong
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Jin Ok Yang
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Il Hwan Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Ji Hyung Jun
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Seung Hee Choi
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Su Jin Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Byeongsoo Kang
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - You Wang Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Bong-Kwan Phee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Chaehwa Seo
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Charny Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Sang Cheol Kim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Seongjin Park
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Byungwook Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Sanghyuk Lee
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Daehee Hwang
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Hong Gil Nam
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
| | - Pyung Ok Lim
- Department of New Biology, DGIST, Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.R.W., D.H., H.G.N., P.O.L.);Center for Plant Aging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daegu, Republic of Korea (H.J.K., J.K., H.J., I.H.L., S.H.C., S.J.P., B.K., Y.W.K., B.-K.P., J.H.K., D.H., H.G.N.);School of Interdisciplinary Bioscience and Bioengineering, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (H.J.K.);Korean Bioinformation Center, KRIBB, Daejeon, Republic of Korea (J.O.Y., S.C.K., S.P., B.L.);Division of Molecular Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (I.H.L., J.H.J., S.H.C.);Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnologies, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea (S.J.P.);DNA Link Inc., Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.S.); andEwha Research Center for Systems Biology and Department of Life Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.P., S.L.)
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272
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Yoshio S, Kanto T. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 51:409-20. [PMID: 26894594 DOI: 10.1007/s00535-016-1183-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, 1-7-1 Kohnodai, Ichikawa, 272-8516, Japan.
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273
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Broering R, Trippler M, Werner M, Real CI, Megger DA, Bracht T, Schweinsberg V, Sitek B, Eisenacher M, Meyer HE, Baba HA, Weber F, Hoffmann AC, Gerken G, Schlaak JF. Hepatic expression of proteasome subunit alpha type-6 is upregulated during viral hepatitis and putatively regulates the expression of ISG15 ubiquitin-like modifier, a proviral host gene in hepatitis C virus infection. J Viral Hepat 2016; 23:375-86. [PMID: 26833585 DOI: 10.1111/jvh.12508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The interferon-stimulated gene 15 (ISG15) plays an important role in the pathogenesis of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. ISG15-regulated proteins have previously been identified that putatively affect this proviral interaction. The present observational study aimed to elucidate the relation between ISG15 and these host factors during HCV infection. Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses were performed using liver samples of HCV-infected (n = 54) and uninfected (n = 10) or HBV-infected controls (n = 23). Primary human hepatocytes (PHH) were treated with Toll-like receptor ligands, interferons and kinase inhibitors. Expression of ISG15 and proteasome subunit alpha type-6 (PSMA6) was suppressed in subgenomic HCV replicon cell lines using specific siRNAs. Comparison of hepatic expression patterns revealed significantly increased signals for ISG15, IFIT1, HNRNPK and PSMA6 on the protein level as well as ISG15, IFIT1 and PSMA6 on the mRNA level in HCV-infected patients. In contrast to interferon-stimulated genes, PSMA6 expression occurred independent of HCV load and genotype. In PHH, the expression of ISG15 and PSMA6 was distinctly induced by poly(I:C), depending on IRF3 activation or PI3K/AKT signalling, respectively. Suppression of PSMA6 in HCV replicon cells led to significant induction of ISG15 expression, thus combined knock-down of both genes abrogated the antiviral effect induced by the separate suppression of ISG15. These data indicate that hepatic expression of PSMA6, which is upregulated during viral hepatitis, likely depends on TLR3 activation. PSMA6 affects the expression of immunoregulatory ISG15, a proviral factor in the pathogenesis of HCV infection. Therefore, the proteasome might be involved in the enigmatic interaction between ISG15 and HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - M Werner
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - C I Real
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - D A Megger
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Bracht
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - V Schweinsberg
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Sitek
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - M Eisenacher
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - H E Meyer
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Analytical Sciences - ISAS, Dortmund, Germany
| | - H A Baba
- Department of Pathology and Neuropathology, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - F Weber
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - A-C Hoffmann
- Department of Medicine (Cancer Research), Molecular Oncology Risk-Profile Evaluation, University Hospital of Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - G Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - J F Schlaak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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274
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Real CI, Lu M, Liu J, Huang X, Trippler M, Hossbach M, Deckert J, Jahn-Hofmann K, Ickenstein LM, John MJ, Gibbert K, Dittmer U, Vornlocher HP, Schirmbeck R, Gerken G, Schlaak JF, Broering R. Hepatitis B virus genome replication triggers toll-like receptor 3-dependent interferon responses in the absence of hepatitis B surface antigen. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24865. [PMID: 27121087 PMCID: PMC4848479 DOI: 10.1038/srep24865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis B virus (HBV) has been described as stealth virus subverting immune responses initially upon infection. Impaired toll-like receptor signaling by the HBV surface antigen (HBsAg) attenuates immune responses to facilitate chronic infection. This implies that HBV replication may trigger host innate immune responses in the absence of HBsAg. Here we tested this hypothesis, using highly replicative transgenic mouse models. An HBV replication-dependent expression of antiviral genes was exclusively induced in HBsAg-deficient mice. These interferon responses attributed to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-activated Kupffer and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and further controlled the HBV genome replication. However, activation of TLR3 with exogenous ligands indicated additional HBs-independent immune evasion events. Our data demonstrate that in the absence of HBsAg, hepatic HBV replication leads to Tlr3-dependent interferon responses in non-parenchymal liver cells. We hypothesize that HBsAg is a major HBV-mediated evasion mechanism controlling endogenous antiviral responses in the liver. Eradication of HBsAg as a therapeutic goal might facilitate the induction of endogenous antiviral immune responses in patients chronically infected with HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Isabell Real
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Department of Infectious Disease, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Huang
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Martin Trippler
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Markus Hossbach
- Roche Kulmbach GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany.,Axolabs GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Jochen Deckert
- Roche Kulmbach GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany.,Axolabs GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Kerstin Jahn-Hofmann
- Roche Kulmbach GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany.,Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH, Nucleic Acid Therapeutics Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ludger Markus Ickenstein
- Roche Kulmbach GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany.,Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH Biberach, Biberach an der Riß, Germany
| | - Matthias Johannes John
- Roche Kulmbach GmbH, Kulmbach, Germany.,Moderna Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kathrin Gibbert
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Reinhold Schirmbeck
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital at the University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Guido Gerken
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Joerg Friedrich Schlaak
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Evangelisches Klinikum Niederrhein gGmbH, Duisburg, Germany
| | - Ruth Broering
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University Hospital at the University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
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275
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Zheng M, Sun R, Wei H, Tian Z. NK Cells Help Induce Anti-Hepatitis B Virus CD8+ T Cell Immunity in Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:4122-31. [PMID: 27183639 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although recent clinical studies demonstrate that NK cell function is impaired in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-persistent patients, whether or how NK cells play a role in anti-HBV adaptive immunity remains to be explored. Using a mouse model mimicking acute HBV infection by hydrodynamic injection of an HBV plasmid, we observed that although serum hepatitis B surface Ag and hepatitis B envelope Ag were eliminated within 3 to 4 wk, HBV might persist for >8 wk in CD8(-/-) mice and that adoptive transfer of anti-HBV CD8(+) T cells restored the ability to clear HBV in HBV-carrier Rag1(-/-) mice. These results indicate that CD8(+) T cells are critical in HBV elimination. Furthermore, NK cells increased IFN-γ production after HBV plasmid injection, and NK cell depletion led to significantly increased HBV persistence along with reduced frequency of hepatitis B core Ag-specific CD8(+) T cells. Adoptive transfer of IFN-γ-sufficient NK cells restored donor CD8(+) T cell function, indicating that NK cells positively regulated CD8(+) T cells via secreting IFN-γ. We also observed that NK cell depletion correlated with decreased effector memory CD8(+) T cell frequencies. Importantly, adoptive transfer experiments showed that NK cells were involved in anti-HBV CD8(+) T cell recall responses. Moreover, DX5(+)CD49a(-) conventional, but not DX5(-)CD49a(+) liver-resident, NK cells were involved in improving CD8(+) T cell responses against HBV. Overall, the current study reveals that NK cells, especially DX5(+)CD49a(-) conventional NK cells, promote the antiviral activity of CD8(+) T cell responses via secreting IFN-γ in a mouse model mimicking acute HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijuan Zheng
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, China; and
| | - Rui Sun
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China;
| | - Haiming Wei
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Zhigang Tian
- Institute of Immunology, Key Laboratory of Innate Immunity and Chronic Disease of Chinese Academy of Science, School of Life Sciences and Medical Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, China
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276
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Abstract
Chronic HBV infection results in >1 million deaths per year from cirrhosis and liver cancer. No known cure for chronic HBV exists, due in part to the continued presence of transcriptionally active DNA in the nucleus that is not directly targeted by current antiviral therapies. A coordinated approach is urgently needed to advance an HBV cure worldwide, such as those established in the HIV field. We propose the establishment of an International Coalition to Eliminate Hepatitis B Virus (ICE-HBV) to facilitate the formation of international working groups on HBV virology, immunology, innovative tools and clinical trials: to promote awareness and education as well as to drive changes in government policy and ensure funds are channelled to HBV cure research and drug development. With the ICE-HBV in place, it should be possible to enable a HBV cure within the next decade.
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277
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Experimental in vitro and in vivo models for the study of human hepatitis B virus infection. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S17-S31. [PMID: 27084033 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infection with the hepatitis B virus (HBV) affects an estimate of 240 million people worldwide despite the availability of a preventive vaccine. Medication to repress viral replication is available but a cure is rarely achieved. The narrow species and tissue tropism of the virus and the lack of reliable in vitro models and laboratory animals susceptible to HBV infection, have limited research progress in the past. As a result, several aspects of the HBV life cycle as well as the network of virus host interactions occurring during the infection are not yet understood. Only recently, the identification of the functional cellular receptor enabling HBV entry has opened new possibilities to establish innovative infection systems. Regarding the in vivo models of HBV infection, the classical reference was the chimpanzee. However, because of the strongly restricted use of great apes for HBV research, major efforts have focused on the development of mouse models of HBV replication and infection such as the generation of humanized mice. This review summarizes the animal and cell culture based models currently available for the study of HBV biology. We will discuss the benefits and caveats of each model and present a selection of the most important findings that have been retrieved from the respective systems.
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278
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Maini MK, Gehring AJ. The role of innate immunity in the immunopathology and treatment of HBV infection. J Hepatol 2016; 64:S60-S70. [PMID: 27084038 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2016.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this review we give a brief update on sensors recently determined to be capable of detecting HBV, and examine how the virus represses the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines like type I interferons. We overview cellular components of innate immunity that are present at high frequencies in the liver, and discuss their roles in HBV control and/or pathogenesis. We argue that many innate effectors have adaptive-like features or can exert specific effects on HBV through immunoregulation of T cells. Finally we consider current and possible future strategies to manipulate innate immunity as novel approaches towards a functional cure for HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mala K Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity and Institute of Immunity and Transplantation, UCL, United Kingdom.
| | - Adam J Gehring
- Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Department, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, United States
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279
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Faure-Dupuy S, Lucifora J. [gMDSCs act as metabolic regulators of hepatitis B virus immunopathology]. Med Sci (Paris) 2016; 32:238-41. [PMID: 27011239 DOI: 10.1051/medsci/20163203004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151, cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France - université de Lyon, université Claude Bernard (UCBL), UMR_S1052, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Julie Lucifora
- Inserm U1052, CNRS UMR_5286, centre de recherche en cancérologie de Lyon (CRCL), 151, cours Albert Thomas, 69003 Lyon, France - université de Lyon, université Claude Bernard (UCBL), UMR_S1052, 69008 Lyon, France
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281
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de Niet A, Stelma F, Jansen L, Sinnige MJ, Remmerswaal EBM, Takkenberg RB, Kootstra NA, Reesink HW, van Lier RAW, van Leeuwen EMM. Restoration of T cell function in chronic hepatitis B patients upon treatment with interferon based combination therapy. J Hepatol 2016; 64:539-46. [PMID: 26505119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is characterized by functional impairment of HBV-specific T cells. Understanding the mechanisms behind T cell dysfunction and restoration is important for the development of optimal treatment strategies. METHODS In this study we have first analysed the phenotype and function of HBV-specific T cells in patients with low viral load (HBV DNA <20,000IU/ml) and spontaneous control over the virus. Subsequently, we assessed HBV-specific T cells in patients with high viral load (HBV DNA >17,182IU/ml) treated with peginterferon/adefovir combination therapy who had various treatment outcomes. RESULTS HBV-specific T cells could be detected directly ex vivo in 7/22 patients with low viral load. These showed an early differentiated memory phenotype with reduced ability to produce IL-2 and cytotoxic molecules such as granzyme B and perforin, but with strong proliferative potential. In a cohort of 28 chronic hepatitis B patients with high viral load treated with peginterferon and adefovir, HBV-specific T cells could not be detected directly ex vivo. However, HBV-specific T cells could be selectively expanded in vitro in patients with therapy-induced HBsAg clearance (HBsAg loss n=7), but not in patients without HBsAg clearance (n=21). Further analysis of HBV-specific T cell function with peptide pools showed broad and efficient antiviral responses after therapy. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that peginterferon based combination therapy can induce HBV-specific T cell restoration. These findings may help to develop novel therapeutic strategies to reconstitute antiviral functions and enhance viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annikki de Niet
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Femke Stelma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Louis Jansen
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marjan J Sinnige
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ester B M Remmerswaal
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - R Bart Takkenberg
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hendrik W Reesink
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
| | - Rene A W van Lier
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands; Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ester M M van Leeuwen
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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282
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Apweiler R, Bairoch A, Wu CH, Barker WC, Boeckmann B, Ferro S, Gasteiger E, Huang H, Lopez R, Magrane M, Martin MJ, Natale DA, O'Donovan C, Redaschi N, Yeh LSL. Host-virus interactions in hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection. J Gastroenterol 2016; 32:D115-9. [PMID: 14681372 PMCID: PMC308865 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkh131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2261] [Impact Index Per Article: 282.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are among the most endemic pathogens worldwide, with more than 500 million people globally currently infected with these viruses. These pathogens can cause acute and chronic hepatitis that progress to liver cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. Both viruses utilize multifaceted strategies to evade the host surveillance system and fall below the immunological radar. HBV has developed specific strategies to evade recognition by the innate immune system and is acknowledged to be a stealth virus. However, extensive research has revealed that HBV is recognized by dendritic cells (DCs) and natural killer (NK) cells. Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase is an enforcer of sequential immune reactions in acute hepatitis B, and this molecule has been shown to be induced by the interaction of HBV-infected hepatocytes, DCs, and NK cells. The interleukin-28B genotype has been reported to influence HCV eradication either therapeutically or spontaneously, but the biological function of its gene product, a type-III interferon (IFN-λ3), remains to be elucidated. Human BDCA3(+)DCs have also been shown to be a potent producer of IFN-λ3 in HCV infection, suggesting the possibility that BDCA3(+)DCs could play a key role in developing therapeutic HCV vaccine. Here we review the current state of research on immune responses against HBV and HCV infection, with a specific focus on innate immunity. A comprehensive study based on clinical samples is urgently needed to improve our understanding of the immune mechanisms associated with viral control and thus to develop novel immune modulatory therapies to cure chronic HBV and HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf Apweiler
- The EMBL Outstation--European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK.
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283
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Lamontagne J, Mell JC, Bouchard MJ. Transcriptome-Wide Analysis of Hepatitis B Virus-Mediated Changes to Normal Hepatocyte Gene Expression. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005438. [PMID: 26891448 PMCID: PMC4758756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, a chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains the leading cause of primary liver cancer. The mechanisms leading to the development of HBV-associated liver cancer remain incompletely understood. In part, this is because studies have been limited by the lack of effective model systems that are both readily available and mimic the cellular environment of a normal hepatocyte. Additionally, many studies have focused on single, specific factors or pathways that may be affected by HBV, without addressing cell physiology as a whole. Here, we apply RNA-seq technology to investigate transcriptome-wide, HBV-mediated changes in gene expression to identify single factors and pathways as well as networks of genes and pathways that are affected in the context of HBV replication. Importantly, these studies were conducted in an ex vivo model of cultured primary hepatocytes, allowing for the transcriptomic characterization of this model system and an investigation of early HBV-mediated effects in a biologically relevant context. We analyzed differential gene expression within the context of time-mediated gene-expression changes and show that in the context of HBV replication a number of genes and cellular pathways are altered, including those associated with metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and lipid biosynthesis. Multiple analysis pipelines, as well as qRT-PCR and an independent, replicate RNA-seq analysis, were used to identify and confirm differentially expressed genes. HBV-mediated alterations to the transcriptome that we identified likely represent early changes to hepatocytes following an HBV infection, suggesting potential targets for early therapeutic intervention. Overall, these studies have produced a valuable resource that can be used to expand our understanding of the complex network of host-virus interactions and the impact of HBV-mediated changes to normal hepatocyte physiology on viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Lamontagne
- Graduate Program in Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences and Professional Studies, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Joshua C. Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Michael J. Bouchard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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284
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Hayes CN, Zhang Y, Makokha GN, Hasan MZ, Omokoko MD, Chayama K. Early events in hepatitis B virus infection: From the cell surface to the nucleus. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016; 31:302-9. [PMID: 26414381 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.13175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
While most adults are able to clear acute hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic HBV infection is recalcitrant to current therapy because of the persistence of covalently closed circular DNA in the nucleus. Complete clearance of the virus in these patients is rare, and long-term therapy with interferon and/or nucleoside analogues may be required in an attempt to suppress viral replication and prevent progressive liver damage. The difficulty of establishing HBV infection in cell culture and experimental organisms has hindered efforts to elucidate details of the HBV life cycle, but it has also revealed the importance of the cellular microenvironment required for HBV binding and entry. Recent studies have demonstrated an essential role of sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide as a functional receptor in HBV infection, which has facilitated the development of novel infection systems and opened the way for more detailed understanding of the early steps of HBV infection as well as a potential new therapeutic target. However, many gaps remain in understanding of how HBV recognizes and attaches to hepatocytes prior to binding to sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide, as well as events that are triggered after binding, including entry into the cell, intracellular transport, and passage through the nuclear pore complex. This review summarizes current knowledge of the initial stages of HBV infection leading to the establishment of covalently closed circular DNA in the nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Nelson Hayes
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yizhou Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Grace Naswa Makokha
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Md Zobaer Hasan
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Magot D Omokoko
- Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Chayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Applied Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan.,Laboratory for Digestive Diseases, Center for Genomic Medicine, RIKEN, Hiroshima, Japan.,Liver Research Project Center, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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285
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Witt-Kehati D, Bitton Alaluf M, Shlomai A. Advances and Challenges in Studying Hepatitis B Virus In Vitro. Viruses 2016; 8:v8010021. [PMID: 26784218 PMCID: PMC4728581 DOI: 10.3390/v8010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a small DNA virus that infects the liver. Current anti-HBV drugs efficiently suppress viral replication but do not eradicate the virus due to the persistence of its episomal DNA. Efforts to develop reliable in vitro systems to model HBV infection, an imperative tool for studying HBV biology and its interactions with the host, have been hampered by major limitations at the level of the virus, the host and infection readouts. This review summarizes major milestones in the development of in vitro systems to study HBV. Recent advances in our understanding of HBV biology, such as the discovery of the bile-acid pump sodium-taurocholate cotransporting polypeptide (NTCP) as a receptor for HBV, enabled the establishment of NTCP expressing hepatoma cell lines permissive for HBV infection. Furthermore, advanced tissue engineering techniques facilitate now the establishment of HBV infection systems based on primary human hepatocytes that maintain their phenotype and permissiveness for infection over time. The ability to differentiate inducible pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells opens the door for studying HBV in a more isogenic background, as well. Thus, the recent advances in in vitro models for HBV infection holds promise for a better understanding of virus-host interactions and for future development of more definitive anti-viral drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dvora Witt-Kehati
- The Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
| | - Maya Bitton Alaluf
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
| | - Amir Shlomai
- The Liver Institute, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel.
- Department of Medicine D, Rabin Medical Center Beilinson Hospital, Petah-Tikva, Israel.
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286
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Yoshio S, Sugiyama M, Shoji H, Mano Y, Mita E, Okamoto T, Matsuura Y, Okuno A, Takikawa O, Mizokami M, Kanto T. Indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase as an effector and an indicator of protective immune responses in patients with acute hepatitis B. Hepatology 2016; 63:83-94. [PMID: 26458241 DOI: 10.1002/hep.28282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Indoleamine-2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO), an interferon-γ-inducible enzyme catalyzing tryptophan into kynurenine, exerts dual functions in infectious diseases, acting as a suppressor of intracellular pathogens and as an immune regulator. We explored the roles of IDO in hepatitis B virus (HBV) clearance from infected patients. We examined IDO activity, serum chemokines, and cytokines in 53 HBV-positive patients (25 acute hepatitis, 14 chronic hepatitis, and 14 hepatic flare) and 14 healthy volunteers. In order to clarify the mechanisms of IDO induction and its impact on HBV replication, we used a culture model consisting of human natural killer cells, plasmacytoid dendritic cells, and HBV-transfected Huh7 cells in which IDO expression is controlled. A robust activation of IDO with an inverse correlation of alanine aminotransferase at the peak was observed in patients with acute hepatitis B but not in patients with hepatic flare. In acute hepatitis patients who eventually cleared HBV, IDO activity, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 9 (CXCL9), CXCL10, and CXCL11 increased at the peak of alanine aminotransferase. In contrast, in patients with hepatic flare, IDO activity remained at lower levels during the observation period, regardless of the surge of CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11 at the alanine aminotransferase peak. Natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells synergistically produced interferon-γ and interferon-α, thereby enhancing IDO activity and HBV suppression in Huh7 cells. Such suppressor capacity of IDO on HBV was abrogated in IDO-knockout cells and recovered by the reinduction of IDO in the cells. CONCLUSION IDO is an anti-HBV effector and an indicator of subsequent immune responses operative during the early phase of infection; its activity is boosted by coexisting natural killer cells and plasmacytoid dendritic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sachiyo Yoshio
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Masaya Sugiyama
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Shoji
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Yohei Mano
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Eiji Mita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, National Hospital Organization, Osaka National Hospital, Chuo-ku, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Alato Okuno
- The National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Osamu Takikawa
- The National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masashi Mizokami
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Kanto
- The Research Center for Hepatitis and Immunology, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Ichikawa, Japan
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287
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Graumann F, Churin Y, Tschuschner A, Reifenberg K, Glebe D, Roderfeld M, Roeb E. Genomic Methylation Inhibits Expression of Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Protein in Transgenic Mice: A Non-Infectious Mouse Model to Study Silencing of HBV Surface Antigen Genes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0146099. [PMID: 26717563 PMCID: PMC4696744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The Hepatitis B virus genome persists in the nucleus of virus infected hepatocytes where it serves as template for viral mRNA synthesis. Epigenetic modifications, including methylation of the CpG islands contribute to the regulation of viral gene expression. The present study investigates the effects of spontaneous age dependent loss of hepatitis B surface protein- (HBs) expression due to HBV-genome specific methylation as well as its proximate positive effects in HBs transgenic mice. Methods Liver and serum of HBs transgenic mice aged 5–33 weeks were analyzed by Western blot, immunohistochemistry, serum analysis, PCR, and qRT-PCR. Results From the third month of age hepatic loss of HBs was observed in 20% of transgenic mice. The size of HBs-free area and the relative number of animals with these effects increased with age and struck about 55% of animals aged 33 weeks. Loss of HBs-expression was strongly correlated with amelioration of serum parameters ALT and AST. In addition lower HBs-expression went on with decreased ER-stress. The loss of surface protein expression started on transcriptional level and appeared to be regulated epigenetically by DNA methylation. The amount of the HBs-expression correlated negatively with methylation of HBV DNA in the mouse genome. Conclusions Our data suggest that methylation of specific CpG sites controls gene expression even in HBs-transgenic mice with truncated HBV genome. More important, the loss of HBs expression and intracellular aggregation ameliorated cell stress and liver integrity. Thus, targeted modulation of HBs expression may offer new therapeutic approaches. Furthermore, HBs-transgenic mice depict a non-infectious mouse model to study one possible mechanism of HBs gene silencing by hypermethylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Graumann
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Yuri Churin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | | | - Kurt Reifenberg
- Central Laboratory Animal Facility, Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dieter Glebe
- Institute of Medical Virology, National Reference Centre for Hepatitis B and D Viruses, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin Roderfeld
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Elke Roeb
- Department of Gastroenterology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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288
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A Molecular Host Response Assay to Discriminate Between Sepsis and Infection-Negative Systemic Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients: Discovery and Validation in Independent Cohorts. PLoS Med 2015; 12:e1001916. [PMID: 26645559 PMCID: PMC4672921 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Systemic inflammation is a whole body reaction having an infection-positive (i.e., sepsis) or infection-negative origin. It is important to distinguish between these two etiologies early and accurately because this has significant therapeutic implications for critically ill patients. We hypothesized that a molecular classifier based on peripheral blood RNAs could be discovered that would (1) determine which patients with systemic inflammation had sepsis, (2) be robust across independent patient cohorts, (3) be insensitive to disease severity, and (4) provide diagnostic utility. The goal of this study was to identify and validate such a molecular classifier. METHODS AND FINDINGS We conducted an observational, non-interventional study of adult patients recruited from tertiary intensive care units (ICUs). Biomarker discovery utilized an Australian cohort (n = 105) consisting of 74 cases (sepsis patients) and 31 controls (post-surgical patients with infection-negative systemic inflammation) recruited at five tertiary care settings in Brisbane, Australia, from June 3, 2008, to December 22, 2011. A four-gene classifier combining CEACAM4, LAMP1, PLA2G7, and PLAC8 RNA biomarkers was identified. This classifier, designated SeptiCyte Lab, was validated using reverse transcription quantitative PCR and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis in five cohorts (n = 345) from the Netherlands. Patients for validation were selected from the Molecular Diagnosis and Risk Stratification of Sepsis study (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT01905033), which recruited ICU patients from the Academic Medical Center in Amsterdam and the University Medical Center Utrecht. Patients recruited from November 30, 2012, to August 5, 2013, were eligible for inclusion in the present study. Validation cohort 1 (n = 59) consisted entirely of unambiguous cases and controls; SeptiCyte Lab gave an area under curve (AUC) of 0.95 (95% CI 0.91-1.00) in this cohort. ROC curve analysis of an independent, more heterogeneous group of patients (validation cohorts 2-5; 249 patients after excluding 37 patients with an infection likelihood of "possible") gave an AUC of 0.89 (95% CI 0.85-0.93). Disease severity, as measured by Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score or Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) IV score, was not a significant confounding variable. The diagnostic utility of SeptiCyte Lab was evaluated by comparison to various clinical and laboratory parameters available to a clinician within 24 h of ICU admission. SeptiCyte Lab was significantly better at differentiating cases from controls than all tested parameters, both singly and in various logistic combinations, and more than halved the diagnostic error rate compared to procalcitonin in all tested cohorts and cohort combinations. Limitations of this study relate to (1) cohort compositions that do not perfectly reflect the composition of the intended use population, (2) potential biases that could be introduced as a result of the current lack of a gold standard for diagnosing sepsis, and (3) lack of a complete, unbiased comparison to C-reactive protein. CONCLUSIONS SeptiCyte Lab is a rapid molecular assay that may be clinically useful in managing ICU patients with systemic inflammation. Further study in population-based cohorts is needed to validate this assay for clinical use.
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289
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Luangsay S, Gruffaz M, Isorce N, Testoni B, Michelet M, Faure-Dupuy S, Maadadi S, Ait-Goughoulte M, Parent R, Rivoire M, Javanbakht H, Lucifora J, Durantel D, Zoulim F. Early inhibition of hepatocyte innate responses by hepatitis B virus. J Hepatol 2015. [PMID: 26216533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The outcome of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may be influenced by early interactions between the virus and hepatocyte innate immune responses. To date, the study of such interactions during the very early step of infection has not been adequately investigated. METHODS We used the HepaRG cell line, as well as primary human hepatocytes to analyze, within 24h of exposure to HBV, either delivered by a physiologic route or baculovirus vector (Bac-HBV), the early modulation of the expression of selected antiviral/pro-inflammatory cytokines and interferon stimulated genes. Experiments were also performed in the presence or absence of innate receptor agonists to investigate early HBV-induced blockade of innate responses. RESULTS We show that hepatocytes themselves could detect HBV, and express innate genes when exposed to either HBV virions or Bac-HBV. Whereas Bac-HBV triggered a strong antiviral cytokine secretion followed by the clearance of replicative intermediates, a physiologic HBV exposure led to an abortive response. The early inhibition of innate response by HBV was mainly evidenced on Toll-like receptor 3 and RIG-I/MDA5 signaling pathways upon engagement with exogenous agonist, leading to a decreased expression of several pro-inflammatory and antiviral cytokine genes. Finally, we demonstrate that this early inhibition of dsRNA-mediated response is due to factor(s) present in the HBV inoculum, but not being HBsAg or HBeAg themselves, and does not require de novo viral protein synthesis and replication. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide strong evidence that HBV viral particles themselves can readily inhibit host innate immune responses upon virion/cell interactions, and may explain, at least partially, the "stealthy" character of HBV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souphalone Luangsay
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Marion Gruffaz
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Nathalie Isorce
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Barbara Testoni
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Maud Michelet
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Suzanne Faure-Dupuy
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Sarah Maadadi
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Malika Ait-Goughoulte
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Romain Parent
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - Michel Rivoire
- Centre Léon Bérard (CLB), Lyon 69008, France; INSERM U1032, 69003 Lyon, France
| | - Hassan Javanbakht
- Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd, Roche Pharmaceutical Research and Early Development, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Julie Lucifora
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France
| | - David Durantel
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France.
| | - Fabien Zoulim
- INSERM U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69008, France; University of Lyon, UMR_S1052, UCBL, 69008 Lyon, France; Hospices Civils de Lyon (HCL), 69002 Lyon, France; Institut Universitaire de France (IUF), 75005 Paris, France.
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290
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Ndeboko B, Lemamy GJ, Nielsen PE, Cova L. Therapeutic Potential of Cell Penetrating Peptides (CPPs) and Cationic Polymers for Chronic Hepatitis B. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:28230-41. [PMID: 26633356 PMCID: PMC4691041 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major health problem worldwide. Because current anti-HBV treatments are only virostatic, there is an urgent need for development of alternative antiviral approaches. In this context, cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) and cationic polymers, such as chitosan (CS), appear of particular interest as nonviral vectors due to their capacity to facilitate cellular delivery of bioactive cargoes including peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) or DNA vaccines. We have investigated the ability of a PNA conjugated to different CPPs to inhibit the replication of duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), a reference model for human HBV infection. The in vivo administration of PNA-CPP conjugates to neonatal ducklings showed that they reached the liver and inhibited DHBV replication. Interestingly, our results indicated also that a modified CPP (CatLip) alone, in the absence of its PNA cargo, was able to drastically inhibit late stages of DHBV replication. In the mouse model, conjugation of HBV DNA vaccine to modified CS (Man-CS-Phe) improved cellular and humoral responses to plasmid-encoded antigen. Moreover, other systems for gene delivery were investigated including CPP-modified CS and cationic nanoparticles. The results showed that these nonviral vectors considerably increased plasmid DNA uptake and expression. Collectively promising results obtained in preclinical studies suggest the usefulness of these safe delivery systems for the development of novel therapeutics against chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Ndeboko
- Institut National de la Sante et Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69003, France.
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Moléculaire-Génétique, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville 241, Gabon.
| | - Guy Joseph Lemamy
- Département de Biologie Cellulaire and Moléculaire-Génétique, Faculté de Médecine, Université des Sciences de la Santé, Libreville 241, Gabon.
| | - Peter E Nielsen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Departement of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, the Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen DK 2200N, Denmark.
| | - Lucyna Cova
- Institut National de la Sante et Recherche Medicale (INSERM) U1052, Cancer Research Center of Lyon (CRCL), Lyon 69003, France.
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291
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Abstract
Chronic viral infections represent a unique challenge to the infected host. Persistently replicating viruses outcompete or subvert the initial antiviral response, allowing the establishment of chronic infections that result in continuous stimulation of both the innate and adaptive immune compartments. This causes a profound reprogramming of the host immune system, including attenuation and persistent low levels of type I interferons, progressive loss (or exhaustion) of CD8(+) T cell functions, and specialization of CD4(+) T cells to produce interleukin-21 and promote antibody-mediated immunity and immune regulation. Epigenetic, transcriptional, posttranscriptional, and metabolic changes underlie this adaptation or recalibration of immune cells to the emerging new environment in order to strike an often imperfect balance between the host and the infectious pathogen. In this review we discuss the common immunological hallmarks observed across a range of different persistently replicating viruses and host species, the underlying molecular mechanisms, and the biological and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina I Zuniga
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Monica Macal
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - Gavin M Lewis
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093;
| | - James A Harker
- Section of Inflammation, Repair and Development, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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292
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Lampertico P, Maini M, Papatheodoridis G. Optimal management of hepatitis B virus infection - EASL Special Conference. J Hepatol 2015; 63:1238-53. [PMID: 26150256 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There have been great strides in the management of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, but considerable challenges remain. The European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) convened a special conference focusing on all clinical aspects of the management of this disease. Immigration patterns are having a huge effect on the incidence, prevalence and genotype predominance of HBV in many European countries. In recent years there has been significant progress in our understanding of the virology and immunopathology of HBV, particularly the identification of the entry receptor for HBV conferring its hepatotropism, sodium taurocholate co-transporting polypeptide, and a better understanding of the regulation of the covalently closed circular DNA form of HBV - the major barrier to cure. However, more fundamental scientific research is needed. Serum biomarkers and transient elastography offer equivalent performance in the grading of disease stage and progression and monitoring of treatment. Occult HBV infection is often overlooked, but has many important implications for e.g., immuno-suppression, liver transplantation and the progression and severity of liver diseases from other causes. Hepatitis B e antigen positive immunotolerant patients, who are a significant source of horizontal and vertical transmission, are at risk for developing active chronic hepatitis B, but current treatment options are ineffective. Pegylated interferon therapy, given for a finite duration, offers sustained off-treatment responses in a minority of patients. Nucleos(t)ide analogues suppress the virus, improve liver histological lesions, reverse cirrhosis in the majority of cases, and improve survival, but 'cure' cannot be achieved. There is also a pressing need for novel HBV/hepatitis D virus co-infection therapies. Novel therapeutic strategies, e.g. immunomodulation, RNA interference and viral entry inhibition have demonstrated promising early results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Lampertico
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Fondazione IRCCS Cà Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Mala Maini
- Division of Infection and Immunity, UCL, London, UK
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293
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Roggendorf M, Kosinska AD, Liu J, Lu M. The Woodchuck, a Nonprimate Model for Immunopathogenesis and Therapeutic Immunomodulation in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2015; 5:cshperspect.a021451. [PMID: 26511761 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a021451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) and its host, the eastern woodchuck, is a very valuable model system for hepatitis B virus infection. Many aspects of WHV replication and pathogenesis resemble acute and chronic hepatitis B infection in patients. Since the establishment of immunological tools, woodchucks were used to develop new therapeutic vaccines and immunomodulatory approaches to treat chronic hepadnaviral infections. Combination therapy of nucleos(t)ide analogs, with prime-boost vaccination and triple therapy, including immunomodulatory strategies by blocking the interaction of the programmed death-1 (PD-1) receptor with its ligand inducing a potent T-cell response in chronic WHV carrier woodchucks, suppression of viral replication, and complete elimination of the virus in 30% of the animals. Both strategies may be used for future therapies in patients with chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Roggendorf
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Anna D Kosinska
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Jia Liu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
| | - Mengji Lu
- Institute for Virology, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45122 Essen, Germany
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294
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Viral DNA-Dependent Induction of Innate Immune Response to Hepatitis B Virus in Immortalized Mouse Hepatocytes. J Virol 2015; 90:486-96. [PMID: 26491170 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01263-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infects hundreds of millions of people worldwide and causes acute and chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV is an enveloped virus with a relaxed circular (RC) DNA genome. In the nuclei of infected human hepatocytes, conversion of RC DNA from the incoming virion or cytoplasmic mature nucleocapsid (NC) to the covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA, which serves as the template for producing all viral transcripts, is essential to establish and sustain viral replication. A prerequisite for CCC DNA formation is the uncoating (disassembly) of NCs to expose their RC DNA content for conversion to CCC DNA. We report here that in an immortalized mouse hepatocyte cell line, AML12HBV10, in which RC DNA exposure is enhanced, the exposed viral DNA could trigger an innate immune response that was able to modulate viral gene expression and replication. When viral gene expression and replication were low, the innate response initially stimulated these processes but subsequently acted to shut off viral gene expression and replication after they reached peak levels. Inhibition of viral DNA synthesis or cellular DNA sensing and innate immune signaling diminished the innate response. These results indicate that HBV DNA, when exposed in the host cell cytoplasm, can function to trigger an innate immune response that, in turn, modulates viral gene expression and replication. IMPORTANCE Chronic infection by hepatitis B virus (HBV) afflicts hundreds of millions worldwide and is sustained by the episomal covalently closed circular (CCC) DNA in the nuclei of infected hepatocytes. Release of viral genomic DNA from cytoplasmic nucleocapsids (NCs) (NC disassembly or uncoating) is a prerequisite for its conversion to CCC DNA, which can also potentially expose the viral DNA to host DNA sensors and trigger an innate immune response. We have found that in an immortalized mouse hepatocyte cell line in which efficient CCC DNA formation was associated with enhanced exposure of nucleocapsid-associated DNA, the exposed viral DNA indeed triggered host cytoplasmic DNA sensing and an innate immune response that was able to modulate HBV gene expression and replication. Thus, HBV can, under select conditions, be recognized by the host innate immune response through exposed viral DNA, which may be exploited therapeutically to clear viral persistence.
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295
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Gerlich W, Doerr HW. Therapeutic vaccination in chronic hepatitis B--approaches, problems, and new perspectives. Preface. Med Microbiol Immunol 2015; 204:1-4. [PMID: 25550114 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-014-0368-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wolfram Gerlich
- Institute for Medical Virology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubert Str. 81, 35393, Giessen, Germany,
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296
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Liu HY, Zhang XY. Innate immune recognition of hepatitis B virus. World J Hepatol 2015; 7:2319-2322. [PMID: 26413220 PMCID: PMC4577638 DOI: 10.4254/wjh.v7.i21.2319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a hepatotropic DNA virus and its infection results in acute or chronic hepatitis. It is reported that the host innate immune system contributes to viral control and liver pathology, while whether and how HBV can trigger the components of innate immunity remains controversial. In recent years, the data accumulated from HBV-infected patients, cellular and animal models have challenged the concept of a stealth virus for HBV infection. This editorial focuses on the current findings about the innate immune recognition to HBV. Such evaluation could help us to understand HBV immunopathogenesis and develop novel immune therapeutic strategies to combat HBV infection.
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297
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells are traditionally regarded as first-line effectors of the innate immune response, but they also have a distinct role in chronic infection. Here, we review the role of NK cells against hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV), two agents that cause acute and chronic hepatitis in humans. Interest in NK cells was initially sparked by genetic studies that demonstrated an association between NK cell-related genes and the outcome of HCV infection. Viral hepatitis also provides a model to study the NK cell response to both endogenous and exogenous type I interferon (IFN). Levels of IFN-stimulated genes increase in both acute and chronic HCV infection and pegylated IFNα has been the mainstay of HCV and HBV treatment for decades. In chronic viral hepatitis, NK cells display decreased production of antiviral cytokines. This phenotype is found in both HCV and HBV infection but is induced by different mechanisms. Potent antivirals now provide the opportunity to study the reversibility of the suppressed cytokine production of NK cells in comparison with the antigen-induced defect in IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor-α production of virus-specific T cells. This has implications for immune reconstitution in other conditions of chronic inflammation and immune exhaustion, such as human immunodeficiency virus infection and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Rehermann
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Barbara Rehermann, MD, Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland 20892. fax: 301-402-0491.Immunology SectionLiver Diseases BranchNational Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney DiseasesNational Institutes of HealthDHHSBethesdaMaryland 20892
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298
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Yang N, Bertoletti A. Advances in therapeutics for chronic hepatitis B. Hepatol Int 2015; 10:277-85. [PMID: 26363922 DOI: 10.1007/s12072-015-9661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic hepatitis B infection remains a major disease burden globally, and leads to high risk of hepatocellular carcinoma development. Current therapies of nucleot(s)ide analogues and interferon alpha treatment remain limited in their efficacy. Several key findings in the hepatitis B virus (HBV) life cycle have led to the development of novel antiviral drugs to inhibit viral replication and persistence. In addition, recent studies on HBV-specific innate and adaptive immune responses have advanced development of immunotherapy to restore immune mediated virus control in chronic hepatitis B patients. In this review, we discuss potential new therapeutic strategies targeting HBV or the host immune system that might lead to a sustained cure for chronic hepatitis B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninghan Yang
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute of Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore. .,Emerging Infectious Disease (EID) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.
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299
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Fletcher SP, Chin DJ, Gruenbaum L, Bitter H, Rasmussen E, Ravindran P, Swinney DC, Birzele F, Schmucki R, Lorenz SH, Kopetzki E, Carter J, Triyatni M, Thampi LM, Yang J, AlDeghaither D, Murredu MG, Cote P, Menne S. Intrahepatic Transcriptional Signature Associated with Response to Interferon-α Treatment in the Woodchuck Model of Chronic Hepatitis B. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005103. [PMID: 26352406 PMCID: PMC4564242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant interferon-alpha (IFN-α) is an approved therapy for chronic hepatitis B (CHB), but the molecular basis of treatment response remains to be determined. The woodchuck model of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection displays many characteristics of human disease and has been extensively used to evaluate antiviral therapeutics. In this study, woodchucks with chronic woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infection were treated with recombinant woodchuck IFN-α (wIFN-α) or placebo (n = 12/group) for 15 weeks. Treatment with wIFN-α strongly reduced viral markers in the serum and liver in a subset of animals, with viral rebound typically being observed following cessation of treatment. To define the intrahepatic cellular and molecular characteristics of the antiviral response to wIFN-α, we characterized the transcriptional profiles of liver biopsies taken from animals (n = 8-12/group) at various times during the study. Unexpectedly, this revealed that the antiviral response to treatment did not correlate with intrahepatic induction of the majority of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) by wIFN-α. Instead, treatment response was associated with the induction of an NK/T cell signature in the liver, as well as an intrahepatic IFN-γ transcriptional response and elevation of liver injury biomarkers. Collectively, these data suggest that NK/T cell cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms mediate the antiviral response to wIFN-α treatment. In summary, by studying recombinant IFN-α in a fully immunocompetent animal model of CHB, we determined that the immunomodulatory effects, but not the direct antiviral activity, of this pleiotropic cytokine are most closely correlated with treatment response. This has important implications for the rational design of new therapeutics for the treatment of CHB.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiviral Agents/administration & dosage
- Antiviral Agents/adverse effects
- Antiviral Agents/metabolism
- Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use
- Biomarkers/blood
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Biopsy
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Gene Expression Profiling
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/drug effects
- Hepatitis B Virus, Woodchuck/immunology
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/drug therapy
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/metabolism
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/veterinary
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/virology
- Immunity, Cellular/drug effects
- Immunologic Factors/administration & dosage
- Immunologic Factors/genetics
- Immunologic Factors/metabolism
- Immunologic Factors/therapeutic use
- Interferon-alpha/administration & dosage
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Interferon-alpha/therapeutic use
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/metabolism
- Killer Cells, Natural/pathology
- Liver/immunology
- Liver/metabolism
- Liver/pathology
- Liver/virology
- Male
- Marmota
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/adverse effects
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Transcription, Genetic
- Viral Load/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon P. Fletcher
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Daniel J. Chin
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lore Gruenbaum
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Hans Bitter
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Erik Rasmussen
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Palanikumar Ravindran
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - David C. Swinney
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Fabian Birzele
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Roland Schmucki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stefan H. Lorenz
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Erhard Kopetzki
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Penzberg, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jade Carter
- Pharma Research & Early Development, Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc., Nutley, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Miriam Triyatni
- Roche Pharma Research & Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Linta M. Thampi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Junming Yang
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Dalal AlDeghaither
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Marta G. Murredu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Paul Cote
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Stephan Menne
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
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300
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Ogwu-Richard SO, Ojo DA, Akingbade OA, Okonko IO. Triple positivity of HBsAg, anti-HCV antibody, and HIV and their influence on CD4+ lymphocyte levels in the highly HIV infected population of Abeokuta, Nigeria. Afr Health Sci 2015; 15:719-27. [PMID: 26957958 PMCID: PMC4765471 DOI: 10.4314/ahs.v15i3.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies exist on hospital-based seroprevalence of triple positivity of HIV/HBV/HCV in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES The study aimed at determining the triple positivity of HIV, HBsAg and HCV among HIV-infected individuals in Abeokuta, Nigeria and defining the influence of these triple infections on CD4+ counts of HIV-infected individuals as antiretroviral therapy improves in Nigeria. METHODS Enumeration of CD4+ levels in 183 HIV-infected persons was done with Partec Flow Cytometer. Seropositivity of HBsAg and anti-HCV antibody was detected with rapid kits. RESULTS From the result obtained, significance variance (p<0.05) existed between HIV positive persons and persons who tested positive to HIV/HBV/HCV triple infection before and after the commencement of HAART. Of these infections, 31(16.9%) had HBV/HCV/HIV triple infection, while 152(83.1%) had HIV mono infection only, 56(30.6%) had HBV/HIV dual infection only and 43(23.5%) had HCV/HIV dual infection only. Significant variance (p<0.05) also existed between subjects with CD4 counts of <200 cells/µl, 200-499 cells/µl and >500 cells/µl. Highest seroprevalence of HIV (35.0%) was found in age groups 35-44 years and >65 years had the least (2.7%). Significant variance (p<0.05) also existed in the progression of CD4+ lymphocytes cells between subjects with persistent decrease (32.3%) in CD4+ lymphocytes cells and those with fluctuation in their CD4+ lymphocytes cells (12.9%) after the commencement of ART. CONCLUSION The study further confirms that triple positivity of HIV/HBV/HCV infection is common in Abeokuta, Nigeria. Testing of these triple infections should be a big concern in the best choice and commencement of ART. Also, the study showed that consistent and prolonged use of HAART had a positive impact on the CD4 count of HIV-infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Ajiboye Ojo
- Department of Microbiology. Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Abiodun Akingbade
- Department of Microbiology. Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Federal Medical Centre Idi Aba, Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Iheanyi Omezuruike Okonko
- Medical Microbiology Unit, Department of Microbiology, University of Port Harcourt, East-West Road, P.M.B. 5323, Choba, Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria
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