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Dong X, Bi D, Wang H, Zou P, Xie G, Wan X, Yang Q, Zhu Y, Chen M, Guo C, Liu Z, Wang W, Huang J. pirABvp -Bearing Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio campbellii Pathogens Isolated from the Same AHPND-Affected Pond Possess Highly Similar Pathogenic Plasmids. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1859. [PMID: 29051747 PMCID: PMC5633605 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a severe shrimp disease originally shown to be caused by virulent strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND). Rare cases of AHPND caused by Vibrio species other than V. parahaemolyticus were reported. We compared an AHPND-causing V. campbellii (VCAHPND) and a VPAHPND isolate from the same AHPND-affected pond. Both strains are positive for the virulence genes pirABvp. Immersion challenge test with Litopenaeus vannamei indicated the two strains possessed similar pathogenicity. Complete genome comparison showed that the pirABvp-bearing plasmids in the two strains were highly homologous, and they both shared high homologies with plasmid pVA1, the reported pirABvp-bearing plasmid. Conjugation and DNA-uptake genes were found on the pVA1-type plasmids and the host chromosomes, respectively, which may facilitate the dissemination of pirABvp. Novel variations likely driven by ISVal1 in the genetic contexts of the pirABvp genes were found in the two strains. Moreover, the VCAHPND isolate additionally contains multiple antibiotic resistance genes, which may bring difficulties to control its future outbreak. The dissemination of the pirABvp in non-parahaemolyticus Vibrio also rises the concern of missing detection in industrial settings since the isolation method currently used mainly targeting V. parahaemolyticus. This study provides timely information for better understanding of the causes of AHPND and molecular epidemiology of pirABvp and also appeals for precautions to encounter the dissemination of the hazardous genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Dexi Bi
- Department of Pathology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Peizhuo Zou
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Guosi Xie
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Wan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Yanping Zhu
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Mengmeng Chen
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China.,College of fisheries and life science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chengcheng Guo
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenchao Wang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
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252
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Characterization of a new member of Iridoviridae, Shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV), found in white leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). Sci Rep 2017; 7:11834. [PMID: 28928367 PMCID: PMC5605518 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10738-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
A newly discovered iridescent virus that causes severe disease and high mortality in farmed Litopenaeus vannamei in Zhejiang, China, has been verified and temporarily specified as shrimp hemocyte iridescent virus (SHIV). Histopathological examination revealed basophilic inclusions and pyknosis in hematopoietic tissue and hemocytes in gills, hepatopancreas, periopods and muscle. Using viral metagenomics sequencing, we obtained partial sequences annotated as potential iridoviridae. Phylogenetic analyses using amino acid sequences of major capsid protein (MCP) and ATPase revealed that it is a new iridescent virus but does not belong to the five known genera of Iridoviridae. Transmission electron microscopy showed that the virus exhibited a typical icosahedral structure with a mean diameter of 158.6 ± 12.5 nm (n = 30)(v-v) and 143.6 ± 10.8 nm (n = 30)(f-f), and an 85.8 ± 6.0 nm (n = 30) nucleoid. Challenge tests of L. vannamei via intermuscular injection, per os and reverse gavage all exhibited 100% cumulative mortality rates. The in situ hybridization showed that hemopoietic tissue, gills, and hepatopancreatic sinus were the positively reacting tissues. Additionally, a specific nested PCR assay was developed. PCR results revealed that L. vannamei, Fenneropenaeus chinensis, and Macrobrachium rosenbergii were SHIV-positive, indicating a new threat existing in the shrimp farming industry in China.
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253
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Destoumieux-Garzón D, Rosa RD, Schmitt P, Barreto C, Vidal-Dupiol J, Mitta G, Gueguen Y, Bachère E. Antimicrobial peptides in marine invertebrate health and disease. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0300. [PMID: 27160602 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture contributes more than one-third of the animal protein from marine sources worldwide. A significant proportion of aquaculture products are derived from marine protostomes that are commonly referred to as 'marine invertebrates'. Among them, penaeid shrimp (Ecdysozosoa, Arthropoda) and bivalve molluscs (Lophotrochozoa, Mollusca) are economically important. Mass rearing of arthropods and molluscs causes problems with pathogens in aquatic ecosystems that are exploited by humans. Remarkably, species of corals (Cnidaria) living in non-exploited ecosystems also suffer from devastating infectious diseases that display intriguing similarities with those affecting farmed animals. Infectious diseases affecting wild and farmed animals that are present in marine environments are predicted to increase in the future. This paper summarizes the role of the main pathogens and their interaction with host immunity, with a specific focus on antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and pathogen resistance against AMPs. We provide a detailed review of penaeid shrimp AMPs and their role at the interface between the host and its resident/pathogenic microbiota. We also briefly describe the relevance of marine invertebrate AMPs in an applied context.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolutionary ecology of arthropod antimicrobial peptides'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Destoumieux-Garzón
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France UPVD, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Rafael Diego Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Paulina Schmitt
- Laboratorio de Genética e Inmunología Molecular, Instituto de Biología, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Avenida Universidad 330, 2373223 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Cairé Barreto
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Jeremie Vidal-Dupiol
- Ifremer, UMR 241 EIO, LabexCorail, BP 7004, 98719 Taravao, Tahiti, French Polynesia
| | - Guillaume Mitta
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France UPVD, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Yannick Gueguen
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France UPVD, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France
| | - Evelyne Bachère
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Ifremer, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France UPVD, Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France Université de Montpellier, Interactions Hôtes-Pathogènes-Environnements (IHPE, UMR5244), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34090 Montpellier cedex, France
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254
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Microbiome of Pacific Whiteleg shrimp reveals differential bacterial community composition between Wild, Aquacultured and AHPND/EMS outbreak conditions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11783. [PMID: 28924190 PMCID: PMC5603525 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11805-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Crustaceans form the second largest subphylum on Earth, which includes Litopeneaus vannamei (Pacific whiteleg shrimp), one of the most cultured shrimp worldwide. Despite efforts to study the shrimp microbiota, little is known about it from shrimp obtained from the open sea and the role that aquaculture plays in microbiota remodeling. Here, the microbiota from the hepatopancreas and intestine of wild type (wt) and aquacultured whiteleg shrimp and pond sediment from hatcheries were characterized using sequencing of seven hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA gene. Cultured shrimp with AHPND/EMS disease symptoms were also included. We found that (i) microbiota and their predicted metagenomic functions were different between wt and cultured shrimp; (ii) independent of the shrimp source, the microbiota of the hepatopancreas and intestine was different; (iii) the microbial diversity between the sediment and intestines of cultured shrimp was similar; and (iv) associated to an early development of AHPND/EMS disease, we found changes in the microbiome and the appearance of disease-specific bacteria. Notably, under cultured conditions, we identified bacterial taxa enriched in healthy shrimp, such as Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Pantoea agglomerans, and communities enriched in diseased shrimp, such as Aeromonas taiwanensis, Simiduia agarivorans and Photobacterium angustum.
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255
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Complete Genome Sequence of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease-Causing Vibrio campbellii LA16-V1, Isolated from Penaeus vannamei Cultured in a Latin American Country. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2017; 5:5/37/e01011-17. [PMID: 28912332 PMCID: PMC5597773 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01011-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We report here the complete genome sequence of Vibrio campbellii, isolated from Penaeus vannamei cultured in a Latin American country. The Tn3-like transposon and pirAB genes were encoded on the plasmid pLA16-2. These data support the geographical variations in the virulence plasmid found among acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)-causing Vibrio isolates from Latin America and Asia.
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256
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Microbiome Dynamics in a Shrimp Grow-out Pond with Possible Outbreak of Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9395. [PMID: 28839269 PMCID: PMC5571196 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09923-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) (formerly, early mortality syndrome) is a high-mortality-rate shrimp disease prevalent in shrimp farming areas. Although AHPND is known to be caused by pathogenic Vibrio parahaemolyticus hosting the plasmid-related PirABvp toxin gene, the effects of disturbances in microbiome have not yet been studied. We took 62 samples from a grow-out pond during an AHPND developing period from Days 23 to 37 after stocking white postlarvae shrimp and sequenced the 16S rRNA genes with Illumina sequencing technology. The microbiomes of pond seawater and shrimp stomachs underwent varied dynamic succession during the period. Despite copies of PirABvp, principal co-ordinates analysis revealed two distinctive stages of change in stomach microbiomes associated with AHPND. AHPND markedly changed the bacterial diversity in the stomachs; it decreased the Shannon index by 53.6% within approximately 7 days, shifted the microbiome with Vibrio and Candidatus Bacilloplasma as predominant populations, and altered the species-to-species connectivity and complexity of the interaction network. The AHPND-causing Vibrio species were predicted to develop a co-occurrence pattern with several resident and transit members within Candidatus Bacilloplasma and Cyanobacteria. This study’s insights into microbiome dynamics during AHPND infection can be valuable for minimising this disease in shrimp farming ponds.
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257
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A Natural Vibrio parahaemolyticus Δ pirA Vp pirB Vp+ Mutant Kills Shrimp but Produces neither Pir Vp Toxins nor Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease Lesions. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00680-17. [PMID: 28576761 PMCID: PMC5541212 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00680-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) of shrimp is caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates (VPAHPND isolates) that harbor a pVA plasmid encoding toxins PirA Vp and PirB Vp These are released from VPAHPND isolates that colonize the shrimp stomach and produce pathognomonic AHPND lesions (massive sloughing of hepatopancreatic tubule epithelial cells). PCR results indicated that V. parahaemolyticus isolate XN87 lacked pirA Vp but carried pirB Vp Unexpectedly, Western blot analysis of proteins from the culture broth of XN87 revealed the absence of both toxins, and the lack of PirB Vp was further confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. However, shrimp immersion challenge with XN87 resulted in 47% mortality without AHPND lesions. Instead, lesions consisted of collapsed hepatopancreatic tubule epithelia. In contrast, control shrimp challenged with typical VPAHPND isolate 5HP gave 90% mortality, accompanied by AHPND lesions. Sequence analysis revealed that the pVA plasmid of XN87 contained a mutated pirA Vp gene interrupted by the out-of-frame insertion of a transposon gene fragment. The upstream region and the beginning of the original pirA Vp gene remained intact, but the insertion caused a 2-base reading frameshift in the remainder of the pirA Vp gene sequence and in the downstream pirB Vp gene sequence. Reverse transcription-PCR and sequencing of 5HP revealed a bicistronic pirAB Vp mRNA transcript that was not produced by XN87, explaining the absence of both toxins in its culture broth. However, the virulence of XN87 revealed that some V. parahaemolyticus isolates carrying mutant pVA plasmids that produce no Pir Vp toxins can cause mortality in shrimp in ponds experiencing an outbreak of early mortality syndrome (EMS) but may not have been previously recognized to be AHPND related because they did not cause pathognomonic AHPND lesions.IMPORTANCE Shrimp acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is caused by Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates (VPAHPND isolates) that harbor the pVA1 plasmid encoding toxins PirA Vp and PirB Vp The toxins are produced in the shrimp stomach but cause death by massive sloughing of hepatopancreatic tubule epithelial cells (pathognomonic AHPND lesions). V. parahaemolyticus isolate XN87 harbors a mutant pVA plasmid that produces no Pir toxins and does not cause AHPND lesions but still causes ∼50% shrimp mortality. Such isolates may cause a portion of the mortality in ponds experiencing an outbreak of EMS that is not ascribed to VPAHPND Thus, they pose to shrimp farmers an additional threat that would be missed by current testing for VPAHPND Moribund shrimp from ponds experiencing an outbreak of EMS that exhibit collapsed hepatopancreatic tubule epithelial cells can serve as indicators for the possible presence of such isolates, which can then be confirmed by additional PCR tests for the presence of a pVA plasmid.
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258
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Plasmid dynamics in Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains related to shrimp Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Syndrome (AHPNS). INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2017; 51:211-218. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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259
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de Souza Santos M, Salomon D, Orth K. T3SS effector VopL inhibits the host ROS response, promoting the intracellular survival of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. PLoS Pathog 2017. [PMID: 28640881 PMCID: PMC5481031 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The production of antimicrobial reactive oxygen species by the nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase complex is an important mechanism for control of invading pathogens. Herein, we show that the gastrointestinal pathogen Vibrio parahaemolyticus counteracts reactive oxygen species (ROS) production using the Type III Secretion System 2 (T3SS2) effector VopL. In the absence of VopL, intracellular V. parahaemolyticus undergoes ROS-dependent filamentation, with concurrent limited growth. During infection, VopL assembles actin into non-functional filaments resulting in a dysfunctional actin cytoskeleton that can no longer mediate the assembly of the NADPH oxidase at the cell membrane, thereby limiting ROS production. This is the first example of how a T3SS2 effector contributes to the intracellular survival of V. parahaemolyticus, supporting the establishment of a protective intracellular replicative niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela de Souza Santos
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Dor Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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260
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Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease-Causing Vibrio parahaemolyticus Strains Maintain an Antibacterial Type VI Secretion System with Versatile Effector Repertoires. Appl Environ Microbiol 2017; 83:AEM.00737-17. [PMID: 28432099 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00737-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease that has severely damaged the global shrimp industry. AHPND is caused by toxic strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that have acquired a "selfish plasmid" encoding the deadly binary toxins PirAvp/PirBvp To better understand the repertoire of virulence factors in AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus, we conducted a comparative analysis using the genome sequences of the clinical strain RIMD2210633 and of environmental non-AHPND and toxic AHPND isolates of V. parahaemolyticus Interestingly, we found that all of the AHPND strains, but none of the non-AHPND strains, harbor the antibacterial type VI secretion system 1 (T6SS1), which we previously identified and characterized in the clinical isolate RIMD2210633. This finding suggests that the acquisition of this T6SS might confer to AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus a fitness advantage over competing bacteria and facilitate shrimp infection. Additionally, we found highly dynamic effector loci in the T6SS1 of AHPND-causing strains, leading to diverse effector repertoires. Our discovery provides novel insights into AHPND-causing pathogens and reveals a potential target for disease control.IMPORTANCE Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a serious disease that has caused severe damage and significant financial losses to the global shrimp industry. To better understand and prevent this shrimp disease, it is essential to thoroughly characterize its causative agent, Vibrio parahaemolyticus Although the plasmid-encoded binary toxins PirAvp/PirBvp have been shown to be the primary cause of AHPND, it remains unknown whether other virulent factors are commonly present in V. parahaemolyticus and might play important roles during shrimp infection. Here, we analyzed the genome sequences of clinical, non-AHPND, and AHPND strains to characterize their repertoires of key virulence determinants. Our studies reveal that an antibacterial type VI secretion system is associated with the AHPND strains and differentiates them from non-AHPND strains, similar to what was seen with the PirA/PirB toxins. We propose that T6SS1 provides a selective advantage during shrimp infections.
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261
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Dong X, Wang H, Zou P, Chen J, Liu Z, Wang X, Huang J. Complete genome sequence of Vibrio campbellii strain 20130629003S01 isolated from shrimp with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Gut Pathog 2017; 9:31. [PMID: 28580017 PMCID: PMC5452529 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-017-0180-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vibrio campbellii is widely distributed in the marine environment and is an important pathogen of aquatic organisms such as shrimp, fish, and mollusks. An isolate of V. campbellii carrying the pirABvp gene, causing acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), has been reported. There are no previous reports about the complete genome of V. campbellii causing AHPND (VCAHPND). To extend our understanding of the pathogenesis of VCAHPND at the genomic level, the genome of V. campbellii 20130629003S01 isolated from a shrimp with AHPND was sequenced and analysed. Results The complete genome sequence of V. campbellii 20130629003S01 was generated using the PacBio RSII platform with single molecule, real-time sequencing. The 20130629003S01 strain consists of two circular chromosomes (3,621,712 bp in chromosome 1 and 2,245,751 bp in chromosome 2) and four plasmids of 70,066, 204,531, 143,140, and 86,121 bp. The genome contains a total of 5855 protein coding genes, 134 tRNA genes and 37 rRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity value of 20130629003S01 and other reference V. campbellii strains was 97.46%, suggesting that they are closely related. Conclusions The genome sequence of V. campbellii 20130629003S01 and its comparative analysis with other V. campbellii strains that we present here are important for a better understanding of the genomic characteristics of VCAHPND. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13099-017-0180-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dong
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China.,Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Peizhuo Zou
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China.,Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayuan Chen
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China.,Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Shanghai Majorbio Bio-pharm Biotechnology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jie Huang
- Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Qingdao, China
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Boonyawiwat V, Patanasatienkul T, Kasornchandra J, Poolkhet C, Yaemkasem S, Hammell L, Davidson J. Impact of farm management on expression of early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) on penaeid shrimp farms in Thailand. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:649-659. [PMID: 27594170 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Asian shrimp farming industry has experienced massive production losses due to a disease caused by toxins of Vibrio bacteria, known as early mortality syndrome/acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (EMS/AHPND) for the last 5 years. The disease can cause up to 100% cumulative pond mortality within a week. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with AHPND occurrence on shrimp farms. A case-control study was carried out on shrimp farms in four provinces of Thailand. Factors related to farm characteristics, farm management, pond and water preparation, feed management, post-larvae (PL) shrimp and stock management were evaluated. Multivariable logistic regression analysis identified factors affecting AHPND occurrence at the pond level. Chlorine treatment, reservoir availability, use of predator fish in the water preparation, culture of multiple shrimp species in one farm and increased PL stocking density contributed to an increased risk of AHPND infection, while delayed first day of feeding, polyculture and water ageing were likely to promote outbreak protection. Additionally, the source of PL was found to be associated with AHPND occurrence in shrimp ponds, which requires further study at the hatchery level. Identification of these factors will facilitate the development of effective control strategies for AHPND on shrimp farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Boonyawiwat
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphangsaen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - T Patanasatienkul
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Kasornchandra
- Expert Bureau Division, Department of Fisheries, Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - C Poolkhet
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kamphangsaen, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - S Yaemkasem
- Rayong Coastal Aquaculture Research and Development Center, Department of Fisheries, Mueang, Rayong, Thailand
| | - L Hammell
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
| | - J Davidson
- Department of Health Management, Atlantic Veterinary College, Centre for Veterinary and Epidemiological Research, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PE, Canada
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263
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Yang Q, Zhang J, Li T, Liu S, Song P, Nangong Z, Wang Q. PirAB protein from Xenorhabdus nematophila HB310 exhibits a binary toxin with insecticidal activity and cytotoxicity in Galleria mellonella. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 148:43-50. [PMID: 28438456 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PirAB (Photorhabdus insect-related proteins, PirAB) toxin was initially found in the Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 strain and has been shown to be a binary toxin with high insecticidal activity. Based on GenBank data, this gene was also found in the Xenorhabdus nematophila genome sequence. The predicted amino acid sequence of pirA and pirB in the genome of X. nematophila showed 51% and 50% identity with those gene sequences from P. luminescens. The purpose of this experiment is to identify the relevant information for this toxin gene in X. nematophila. The pirA, pirB and pirAB genes of X. nematophila HB310 were cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) using the pET-28a vector. A PirAB-fusion protein (PirAB-F) was constructed by linking the pirA and pirB genes with the flexible linker (Gly)4 DNA encoding sequence and then efficiently expressed in E. coli. The hemocoel and oral insecticidal activities of the recombinant proteins were analyzed against the larvae of Galleria mellonella. The results show that PirA/B alone, PirA/B mixture, co-expressed PirAB protein, and PirAB-F all had no oral insecticidal activity against the second-instar larvae of G. mellonella. Only PirA/B mixture and co-expressed PirAB protein had hemocoel insecticidal activity against G. mellonella fifth-instar larvae, with an LD50 of 2.718μg/larva or 1.566μg/larva, respectively. Therefore, we confirmed that PirAB protein of X. nematophila HB310 is a binary insecticidal toxin. The successful expression and purification of PirAB laid a foundation for further studies on the function, insecticidal mechanism and expression regulation of the binary toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Luanping State-owned Forestry Farm Management of Chengde City, 068250 Chengde, China
| | - Tianhui Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Shen Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ping Song
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
| | - Ziyan Nangong
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Qinying Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, 071001 Baoding, Hebei Province, China
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264
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Li H, Wang S, Lǚ K, Yin B, Xiao B, Li S, He J, Li C. An invertebrate STING from shrimp activates an innate immune defense against bacterial infection. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:1010-1017. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Bin Yin
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Bang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Sedong Li
- Fisheries Research Institute of Zhanjiang; China
| | - Jianguo He
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- School of Marine Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC); Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
| | - Chaozheng Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol; School of Life Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- School of Marine Sciences; Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC); Sun Yat-sen University; Guangzhou China
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265
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Shrimp AHPND-causing plasmids encoding the PirAB toxins as mediated by pirAB-Tn903 are prevalent in various Vibrio species. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42177. [PMID: 28169338 PMCID: PMC5294582 DOI: 10.1038/srep42177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a newly emerging shrimp disease caused by pirAB toxins encoded by a plasmid found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The pirAB toxins are the homologs of the Photorhabdus insect-related (Pir) toxins. Here, we report the complete sequences of the AHPND-causing plasmid isolated from V. owensii, as well as those of its 11 siblings (pVH family). In addition, we also included 13 related plasmids (pVH-r family) without the pirAB genes isolated from a variety of species within the Vibrio Harveyi clade. Furthermore, the pirAB-Tn903 composite transposon was identified in pVH, and both ends of the transposon appeared to have inserted simultaneously into the ancestor plasmid at different sites. The homologue counterparts of pirAB were also detected in a non-pVH plasmid in V. campbellii. Taken together, our results provide novel insights into the acquisition and evolution of pirAB as well as related plasmids in the Vibrio Harveyi clade.
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266
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Bayliss SC, Verner-Jeffreys DW, Bartie KL, Aanensen DM, Sheppard SK, Adams A, Feil EJ. The Promise of Whole Genome Pathogen Sequencing for the Molecular Epidemiology of Emerging Aquaculture Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:121. [PMID: 28217117 PMCID: PMC5290457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food-producing sector, and the sustainability of this industry is critical both for global food security and economic welfare. The management of infectious disease represents a key challenge. Here, we discuss the opportunities afforded by whole genome sequencing of bacterial and viral pathogens of aquaculture to mitigate disease emergence and spread. We outline, by way of comparison, how sequencing technology is transforming the molecular epidemiology of pathogens of public health importance, emphasizing the importance of community-oriented databases and analysis tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sion C Bayliss
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | | | - Kerry L Bartie
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - David M Aanensen
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Imperial College LondonLondon, UK; The Centre for Genomic Pathogen Surveillance, Wellcome Genome CampusCambridge, UK
| | - Samuel K Sheppard
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
| | - Alexandra Adams
- Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling Stirling, UK
| | - Edward J Feil
- The Milner Centre for Evolution, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath Bath, UK
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267
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268
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Shi G, Zhao C, Fu M, Qiu L. The immune response of the C-Jun in the black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) after bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 61:181-186. [PMID: 28027988 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor C-Jun widely exists in vertebrates and invertebrates and plays an important role in various kinds of stimulus response. In this study, PmC-jun gene was first cloned from Penaeus monodon. The full-length cDNA of PmC-jun was 1857 bp in length and included an 879 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encoded 293 amino acids. qRT-PCR analysis results showed that PmC-jun mRNAs were ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues. The highest expression level was observed in gill, followed by hepatopancreas. The expression patterns of PmC-jun after Vibrio harveyi and Streptococcus agalactiae injections were studied by qRT-PCR experiment. PmC-jun increased obviously in the gill and hepatopancreas. The expression pattern of PmC-jun in the hepatopancreas was further studied using in situ hybridization (ISH) method. The mRNA expression level of PmC-jun significantly increased in the hepatopancreas after bacterial infection. The expression sites of PmC-jun were almost unchanged. PmC-jun played a regulatory role in pathogen invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongfang Shi
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; College of Aqua-life Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Mingjun Fu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Lihua Qiu
- South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China; Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou 510300, China; Tropical Aquaculture Research and Development Center of South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Sanya 572018, China.
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269
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Comparative genomics of Vibrio campbellii strains and core species of the Vibrio Harveyi clade. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41394. [PMID: 28145490 PMCID: PMC5286417 DOI: 10.1038/srep41394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The core of the Vibrio Harveyi clade contains V. harveyi, V. campbellii, V. owensii, V. jasicida, and V. rotiferianus. They are well recognized aquatic animal pathogens, but misclassification has been common due to similarities in their rDNA sequences and phenotypes. To better understand their evolutionary relationships and functional features, we sequenced a shrimp pathogen strain V. harveyi 1114GL, reclassified it as V. campbellii and compared this and 47 other sequenced Vibrio genomes in the Harveryi clade. A phylogeny based on 1,775 genes revealed that both V. owensii and V. jasicida were closer to V. campbellii than to V. harveyi and that V. campbellii strains can be divided into two distinct groups. Species-specific genes such as intimin and iron acquisition genes were identified in V. campbellii. In particular, the 1114GL strain contains two bacterial immunoglobulin-like genes for cell adhesion with 22 Big_2 domains that have been extensively reshuffled and are by far the most expanded among all species surveyed in this study. The 1114GL strain differed from ATCC BAA-1116 by ~9% at the synonymous sites, indicating high diversity within V. campbellii. Our study revealed the characteristics of V. campbellii in the Harveyi clade and the genetic basis for their wide-spread pathogenicity.
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270
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Ecological fitness and virulence features of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in estuarine environments. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2017; 101:1781-1794. [PMID: 28144705 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-017-8096-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a commonly encountered and highly successful organism in marine ecosystems. It is a fast-growing, extremely versatile copiotroph that is active over a very broad range of conditions. It frequently occurs suspended in the water column (often attached to particles or zooplankton), and is a proficient colonist of submerged surfaces. This organism is an important pathogen of animals ranging from microcrustaceans to humans and is a causative agent of seafood-associated food poisoning. This review examines specific ecological adaptations of V. parahaemolyticus, including its broad tolerances to temperature and salinity, its utilization of a wide variety of organic carbon and energy sources, and its pervasive colonization of suspended and stationary materials that contribute to its success and ubiquity in temperate and tropical estuarine ecosystems. Several virulence-related features are examined, in particular the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), the TDH-related hemolysin (TRH), and the type 3 secretion system, and the possible importance of these features in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity is explored. The impact of new and much more effective PCR primers on V. parahaemolyticus detection and our views of virulent strain abundance are also described. It is clear that strains carrying the canonical virulence genes are far more common than previously thought, which opens questions regarding the role of these genes in pathogenesis. It is also clear that virulence is an evolving feature of V. parahaemolyticus and that novel combinations of virulence factors can lead to emergent virulence in which a strain that is markedly more pathogenic evolves and propagates to produce an outbreak. The effects of global climate change on the frequency of epidemic disease, the geographic distribution of outbreaks, and the human impacts of V. parahaemolyticus are increasing and this review provides information on why this ubiquitous human pathogen has increased its footprint and its significance so dramatically.
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An isolate of Vibrio campbellii carrying the pir VP gene causes acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e2. [PMID: 28050022 PMCID: PMC5285496 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2016.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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272
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Structural classification of insecticidal proteins – Towards an in silico characterisation of novel toxins. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 142:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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273
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Soonthornchai W, Chaiyapechara S, Klinbunga S, Thongda W, Tangphatsornruang S, Yoocha T, Jarayabhand P, Jiravanichpaisal P. Differentially expressed transcripts in stomach of Penaeus monodon in response to AHPND infection. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:53-63. [PMID: 27339467 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Acute Hepatopancreatic Necrosis Disease (AHPND) is an emerging disease in aquacultured shrimp caused by a pathogenic strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. As with several pathogenic bacteria, colonization of the stomach appeared to be the initial step of the infection for AHPND-causing Vibrio. To understand the immune responses in the stomach of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), differentially expressed transcripts (DETs) in the stomach during V. parahaemolyticus strain 3HP (VP3HP) infection was examined using Ion Torrent sequencing. From the total 42,998 contigs obtained, 1585 contigs representing 1513 unigenes were significantly differentially expressed with 1122 and 391 unigenes up- and down-regulated, respectively. Among the DETs, there were 141 immune-related unigenes in 10 functional categories: antimicrobial peptide, signal transduction pathway, proPO system, oxidative stress, proteinases/proteinase inhibitors, apoptotic tumor-related protein, pathogen recognition immune regulator, blood clotting system, adhesive protein and heat shock protein. Expression profiles of 20 of 22 genes inferred from RNA sequencing were confirmed with the results from qRT-PCR. Additionally, a novel isoform of anti-lipopolysaccharide factor, PmALF7 whose transcript was induced in the stomach after challenge with VP3HP was discovered. This study provided a fundamental information on the molecular response in the shrimp stomach during the AHPND infection that would be beneficial for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wipasiri Soonthornchai
- Program in Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Sage Chaiyapechara
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sirawut Klinbunga
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wilawan Thongda
- School of Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Sithichoke Tangphatsornruang
- Genomic Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Thippawan Yoocha
- Genomic Research Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Padermsak Jarayabhand
- Interdisciplinary Graduate Program on Maritime Administration, Graduate School, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Pikul Jiravanichpaisal
- Aquatic Molecular Genetics and Biotechnology Laboratory, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Paholyothin Rd., Klong 1, Klong Luang, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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274
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Wang S, Song X, Zhang Z, Li H, Lǚ K, Yin B, He J, Li C. Shrimp with knockdown of LvSOCS2, a negative feedback loop regulator of JAK/STAT pathway in Litopenaeus vannamei, exhibit enhanced resistance against WSSV. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 65:289-298. [PMID: 27497874 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
JAK/STAT pathway is one of cytokine signaling pathways and mediates diversity immune responses to protect host from viral infection. In this study, LvSOCS2, a member of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) families, has been cloned and identified from Litopenaeus vannamei. The full length of LvSOCS2 is 1601 bp, including an 1194 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a putative protein of 397 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of ∼42.3 kDa. LvSOCS2 expression was most abundant in gills and could respond to the challenge of LPS, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphhylococcus aureus, Poly (I: C) and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). There are several STAT binding motifs presented in the proximal promoter region of LvSOCS2 and its expression was induced by LvJAK or LvSTAT protein in a dose dependent manner, suggesting LvSOCS2 could be the transcriptional target gene of JAK/STAT pathway. Moreover, the transcription of DmVir-1, a read out of the activation of JAK/STAT pathway in Drosophila, was promoted by LvJAK but inhibited by LvSOCS2, indicating that LvSOCS2 could be a negative regulator in this pathway and thus can form a negative feedback loop. Our previous study indicated that shrimp JAK/STAT pathway played a positive role against WSSV. In this study, RNAi-mediated knockdown of LvSOCS2 shrimps showed lower susceptibility to WSSV infection and caused lessened virus loads, which further demonstrated that the JAK/STAT pathway could function as an anti-viral immunity in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Xuan Song
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Zijian Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Kai Lǚ
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Bin Yin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
| | - Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center (SCS-REPIC), PR China.
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275
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Defoirdt T. Implications of Ecological Niche Differentiation in Marine Bacteria for Microbial Management in Aquaculture to Prevent Bacterial Disease. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005843. [PMID: 27832154 PMCID: PMC5104322 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tom Defoirdt
- Center for Microbial Ecology and Technology (cmet), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Aquaculture & Artemia Reference Center, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
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276
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Tinwongger S, Nochiri Y, Thawonsuwan J, Nozaki R, Kondo H, Awasthi SP, Hinenoya A, Yamasaki S, Hirono I. Virulence of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease PirAB-like relies on secreted proteins not on gene copy number. J Appl Microbiol 2016; 121:1755-1765. [PMID: 27522063 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate the virulence of the Vp_PirAB-like genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus- acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND)-causing strain and the factors that are associated with the virulence level. METHODS AND RESULTS The virulence of Vp_PirAB-like was examined using a non-virulent strain FP11 of V. parahaemolyticus transformed with a plasmid harbouring Vp_PirAB-like genes and then it was used to challenge shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei and Marsupenaeus japonicus. Both species experienced 100% mortality at 10 days post infection. Analysis of a mutant strain (E1M), that was originally identified as virulent strain (E1) but lost its virulence to L. vannamei, revealed that it lacked a part of the Vp_PirA-like gene and all of the Vp_PirB-like gene. The copy numbers of Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like genes varied among virulent strains and were not correlated with their virulence. In Western blotting, Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like proteins were detected in both the cell lysate and the culture supernatant. The strongest intensity of detecting band in the culture supernatant was observed in the strain that caused the highest mortality. The V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strain, unlike the human tdh-positive strain, did not show any enterotoxicity. CONCLUSION Vibrio parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strains secrete the Vp_PirA-like and Vp_PirB-like proteins during the growing phase. The amount of secreted proteins affects the shrimp mortality. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The secreted proteins of Vp_PirAB-like are key factors of virulence in the V. parahaemolyticus AHPND-causing strain, but not gene copy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tinwongger
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan.,Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries Kasetklang Chatuchak, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Y Nochiri
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - J Thawonsuwan
- Coastal Fisheries Research and Development Division, Department of Fisheries, Coastal Aquatic Animal Health Research Institute, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - R Nozaki
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - H Kondo
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - S P Awasthi
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Hinenoya
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - S Yamasaki
- Department of Veterinary Science, Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, Osaka, Japan
| | - I Hirono
- Laboratory of Genome Science, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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277
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Quispe RL, Justino EB, Vieira FN, Jaramillo ML, Rosa RD, Perazzolo LM. Transcriptional profiling of immune-related genes in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) during ontogenesis. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:103-107. [PMID: 27637731 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
We have performed here a gene expression analysis to determine the developmental stage at the main genes involved in crustacean immune response begin to be expressed and their changes in mRNA abundance during shrimp development. By using a quantitative PCR-based approach, we have measured the mRNA abundance of 24 immune-related genes from different functional categories in twelve developmental stages ranging from fertilized eggs to larval and postlarval stages and also in juveniles. We showed for the first time that the main genes from the RNAi-based post-transcriptional pathway involved in shrimp antiviral immunity are transcribed in all developmental stages, but exhibit a diverse pattern of gene expression during shrimp ontogenesis. On the other hand, hemocyte-expressed genes mainly involved in antimicrobial defenses appeared to be transcribed in larval stages, indicating that hematopoiesis initiates early in development. Moreover, transcript levels of some genes were early detected in fertilized eggs at 0-4 h post-spawning, suggesting a maternal contribution of immune-related transcripts to shrimp progeny. Altogether, our results provide important clues regarding the ontogenesis of hemocytes as well the establishment of antiviral and antimicrobial defenses in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth L Quispe
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Emily B Justino
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Felipe N Vieira
- Laboratory of Marine Shrimp, Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Michael L Jaramillo
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Rafael D Rosa
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciane M Perazzolo
- Laboratory of Immunology Applied to Aquaculture, Department of Cell Biology, Embryology and Genetics, Federal University of Santa Catarina, 88040-900 Florianópolis, SC, Brazil.
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278
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Lan JF, Zhao LJ, Wei S, Wang Y, Lin L, Li XC. PcToll2 positively regulates the expression of antimicrobial peptides by promoting PcATF4 translocation into the nucleus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 58:59-66. [PMID: 27623341 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drosophila Toll and mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a family of evolutionarily conserved immune receptors that play a crucial role in the first-line defense against intruded pathogens. Activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of the ATF/CREB transcription factor family, is an important factor that participates in TLR signaling and other physiological processes. However, in crustaceans, whether ATF4 homologs were involved in TLR signaling remains unclear. In the current study, we identified a Toll homolog PcToll2 and a novel ATF4 homolog PcATF4 from Procambarus clarkii, and analyzed the likely regulatory activity of PcATF4 in PcToll2 signaling. The complete cDNA sequence of PcToll2 was 4175 bp long containing an open reading frame of 2820 bp encoding a 939-amino acid protein, and the cDNA sequence of PcATF4 was 2027 bp long with an open reading frame of 1296 bp encoding a 431-amino acid protein. PcToll2 and human TLR4 shared the high identity and they were grouped into a cluster. Furthermore, PcToll2 had a close relationship with other shrimp TLRs that possessed potential antibacterial activity. PcToll2 was highly expressed in the hemocytes, heart and gills, while PcATF4 mainly distributed in gills. Upon challenge with Vibrio parahemolyticus, PcToll2 and PcATF4 together with the antimicrobial peptides of ALF1 and ALF2 were significantly up-regulated in the hemocytes, and the PcATF4 was translocated into the nucleus. After PcToll2 silencing and challenge with Vibrio, the translocation of PcATF4 into the nucleus was inhibited and the expression of ALF1 and ALF2 was reduced, but the expression of PcDorsal and PcSTAT was not affected. Furthermore, after PcATF4 knockdown and challenge with or without Vibrio, the expression of ALF1 and ALF2 was also decreased while the expression of PcToll2 was upregulated. These results suggested that PcToll2 might regulate the expression of ALF1 and ALF2 by promoting the import of PcATF4, instead of the routine transcription factor PcDorsal, into the nucleus participating in the immune defense against Gram-negative bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Feng Lan
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Li-Juan Zhao
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Shun Wei
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China
| | - Li Lin
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China; Freshwater Aquaculture Collaborative Innovation Center of Hubei Province, Wuhan, Hubei, 430070, China
| | - Xin-Cang Li
- East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of East China Sea and Oceanic Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai, 200090, China.
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279
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Castagnola A, Mulley G, Davis N, Waterfield N, Stock SP. Transcript Abundance of Photorhabdus Insect-Related (Pir) Toxin in Manduca sexta and Galleria mellonella Infections. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8100287. [PMID: 27690103 PMCID: PMC5086647 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we assessed pirAB toxin transcription in Photorhabdus luminescens laumondii (strain TT01) (Enterobacteriaceae) by comparing mRNA abundance under in vivo and in vitro conditions. In vivo assays considered both natural and forced infections with two lepidopteran hosts: Galleria mellonella and Manduca sexta. Three portals of entry were utilized for the forced infection assays: (a) integument; (b) the digestive route (via mouth and anus); and (c) the tracheal route (via spiracles). We also assessed plu4093-2 transcription during the course of a natural infection; this is when the bacteria are delivered by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora nematodes. Transcript abundance in G. mellonella was higher than in M. sexta at two of the observed time points: 15 and 18 h. Expression of pirAB plu4093-2 reached above endogenous control levels at 22 h in G. mellonella but not in M. sexta. Overall, pirAB plu4093-2 transcripts were not as highly expressed in M. sexta as in G. mellonella, from 15 to 22 h. This is the first study to directly compare pirAB plu4093-2 toxin transcript production considering different portals of entry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Castagnola
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
| | - Geraldine Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AJ, UK.
| | | | - Nicholas Waterfield
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Warwick Medical School, Warwick University, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - S Patricia Stock
- Center for Insect Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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280
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Hong XP, Xu D, Zhuo Y, Liu HQ, Lu LQ. Identification and pathogenicity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates and immune responses of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei (Boone). JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2016; 39:1085-1097. [PMID: 26763100 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Five different Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains (SH8, SH108, SH58, AH5 and GD10) isolated from the hepatopancreas of moribund shrimp in farms of mainland China were identified and capable of inducing massive mortality of Penaeus (Litopenaeus) vannamei. The immersion challenge results with five isolates indicated variance of virulence, while only GD10 caused massive sloughing of tubule epithelial cells which was recognized as the most significant symptom of AHPND. Differences in immune responses were detected of P. vannamei during 48 h post-infection (p.i.) by injection or immersion challenge with V. parahaemolyticus (SH8, SH108 and GD10) isolates. When injected SH8 and SH108 isolates, the expression of lysozyme (LSZ) showing statistically significant upregulation at 16 and 48 h p.i. and that of Toll-like receptors (TLR) showed statistically significant upregulation at 48 h p.i. When immersion challenge with the GD10 isolate, TLR were upregulated after 8 h p.i. challenge with 10(4) cfu mL(-1) ; however, LSZ was downregulated when challenged with 10(3) cfu mL(-1) . The results suggested that LSZ and TLR serve as crucial molecular markers of innate immunity in shrimp against V. parahaemolyticus infection. LSZ is a vital marker for acute bacterial infection, while TLR serves as a crucial marker for chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- X P Hong
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - D Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Zhuo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - H Q Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Q Lu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Resources of the Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
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281
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Berry C, Board J. The use of structural modelling to infer structure and function in biocontrol agents. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 142:23-26. [PMID: 27498218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Homology modelling can provide important insights into the structures of proteins when a related protein structure has already been solved. However, for many proteins, including a number of invertebrate-active toxins and accessory proteins, no such templates exist. In these cases, techniques of ab initio, template-independent modelling can be employed to generate models that may give insight into structure and function. In this overview, examples of both the problems and the potential benefits of ab initio techniques are illustrated. Consistent modelling results may indicate useful approximations to actual protein structures and can thus allow the generation of hypotheses regarding activity that can be tested experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Berry
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK.
| | - Jason Board
- Cardiff School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, UK
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282
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Proteomics Analysis Reveals Previously Uncharacterized Virulence Factors in Vibrio proteolyticus. mBio 2016; 7:mBio.01077-16. [PMID: 27460800 PMCID: PMC4981721 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01077-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Vibrio include many pathogens of humans and marine animals that share genetic information via horizontal gene transfer. Hence, the Vibrio pan-genome carries the potential to establish new pathogenic strains by sharing virulence determinants, many of which have yet to be characterized. Here, we investigated the virulence properties of Vibrio proteolyticus, a Gram-negative marine bacterium previously identified as part of the Vibrio consortium isolated from diseased corals. We found that V. proteolyticus causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements followed by cell lysis in HeLa cells in a contact-independent manner. In search of the responsible virulence factor involved, we determined the V. proteolyticus secretome. This proteomics approach revealed various putative virulence factors, including active type VI secretion systems and effectors with virulence toxin domains; however, these type VI secretion systems were not responsible for the observed cytotoxic effects. Further examination of the V. proteolyticus secretome led us to hypothesize and subsequently demonstrate that a secreted hemolysin, belonging to a previously uncharacterized clan of the leukocidin superfamily, was the toxin responsible for the V. proteolyticus-mediated cytotoxicity in both HeLa cells and macrophages. Clearly, there remains an armory of yet-to-be-discovered virulence factors in the Vibrio pan-genome that will undoubtedly provide a wealth of knowledge on how a pathogen can manipulate host cells. The pan-genome of the genus Vibrio is a potential reservoir of unidentified toxins that can provide insight into how members of this genus have successfully risen as emerging pathogens worldwide. We focused on Vibrio proteolyticus, a marine bacterium that was previously implicated in virulence toward marine animals, and characterized its interaction with eukaryotic cells. We found that this bacterium causes actin cytoskeleton rearrangements and leads to cell death. Using a proteomics approach, we identified a previously unstudied member of the leukocidin family of pore-forming toxins as the virulence factor responsible for the observed cytotoxicity in eukaryotic cells, as well as a plethora of additional putative virulence factors secreted by this bacterium. Our findings reveal a functional new clan of the leukocidin toxin superfamily and establish this pathogen as a reservoir of potential toxins that can be used for biomedical applications.
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283
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Li P, Rivera-Cancel G, Kinch LN, Salomon D, Tomchick DR, Grishin NV, Orth K. Bile salt receptor complex activates a pathogenic type III secretion system. eLife 2016; 5:e15718. [PMID: 27377244 PMCID: PMC4933562 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile is an important component of the human gastrointestinal tract with an essential role in food absorption and antimicrobial activities. Enteric bacterial pathogens have developed strategies to sense bile as an environmental cue to regulate virulence genes during infection. We discovered that Vibrio parahaemolyticus VtrC, along with VtrA and VtrB, are required for activating the virulence type III secretion system 2 in response to bile salts. The VtrA/VtrC complex activates VtrB in the presence of bile salts. The crystal structure of the periplasmic domains of the VtrA/VtrC heterodimer reveals a β-barrel with a hydrophobic inner chamber. A co-crystal structure of VtrA/VtrC with bile salt, along with biophysical and mutational analysis, demonstrates that the hydrophobic chamber binds bile salts and activates the virulence network. As part of a family of conserved signaling receptors, VtrA/VtrC provides structural and functional insights into the evolutionarily conserved mechanism used by bacteria to sense their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Giomar Rivera-Cancel
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Dor Salomon
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Diana R Tomchick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
| | - Kim Orth
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, United States
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284
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Draft Genome Sequence of Bacillus licheniformis CG-B52, a Highly Virulent Bacterium of Pacific White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Isolated from a Colombian Caribbean Aquaculture Outbreak. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2016; 4:4/3/e00321-16. [PMID: 27174263 PMCID: PMC4866838 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00321-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis strain CG-B52 was isolated as the etiological agent producing a self-limited outbreak of high mortalities in commercial Litopenaeus vannamei culture ponds on the Colombian Caribbean coast in 2005. Here, we report its draft genome and three novel extrachromosomal elements that it harbors.
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285
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Arunrut N, Kampeera J, Sirithammajak S, Sanguanrut P, Proespraiwong P, Suebsing R, Kiatpathomchai W. Sensitive Visual Detection of AHPND Bacteria Using Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Combined with DNA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles as Probes. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0151769. [PMID: 27003504 PMCID: PMC4803327 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0151769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is a component cause of early mortality syndrome (EMS) of shrimp. In 2013, the causative agent was found to be unique isolates of Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND) that contained a 69 kbp plasmid (pAP1) carrying binary Pir-like toxin genes PirvpA and PirvpB. In Thailand, AHPND was first recognized in 2012, prior to knowledge of the causative agent, and it subsequently led to a precipitous drop in shrimp production. After VPAHPND was characterized, a major focus of the AHPND control strategy was to monitor broodstock shrimp and post larvae for freedom from VPAHPND by nucleic acid amplification methods, most of which required use of expensive and sophisticated equipment not readily available in a shrimp farm setting. Here, we describe a simpler but equally sensitive approach for detection of VPAHPND based on loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) combined with unaided visual reading of positive amplification products using a DNA-functionalized, ssDNA-labled nanogold probe (AuNP). The target for the special set of six LAMP primers used was the VPAHPND PirvpA gene. The LAMP reaction was carried out at 65°C for 45 min followed by addition of the red AuNP solution and further incubation at 65°C for 5 min, allowing any PirvpA gene amplicons present to hybridize with the probe. Hybridization protected the AuNP against aggregation, so that the solution color remained red upon subsequent salt addition (positive test result) while unprotected AuNP aggregated and underwent a color change from red to blue and eventually precipitated (negative result). The total assay time was approximately 50 min. The detection limit (100 CFU) was comparable to that of other commonly-used methods for nested PCR detection of VPAHPND and 100-times more sensitive than 1-step PCR detection methods (104 CFU) that used amplicon detection by electrophoresis or spectrophotometry. There was no cross reaction with DNA templates derived from non-AHPND bacteria commonly found in shrimp ponds (including other Vibrio species). The new method significantly reduced the time, difficulty and cost for molecular detection of VPAHPND in shrimp hatchery and farm settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narong Arunrut
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Jantana Kampeera
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Sarawut Sirithammajak
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Piyachat Sanguanrut
- Center of Excellence for Shrimp Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (CENTEX Shrimp), Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Rama VI road, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Porranee Proespraiwong
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Foods Pulic CO., LTD. Samutsakorn 74000, Thailand
| | - Rungkarn Suebsing
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Wansika Kiatpathomchai
- Bioengineering and Sensing Technology Laboratory, BIOTEC, National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Rd., Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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286
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Zhou Y, Ng IS. Explored a cryptic plasmid pSXM33 from Shewanella xiamenensis BC01 and construction as the shuttle vector. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-015-0618-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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287
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Fadeev E, De Pascale F, Vezzi A, Hübner S, Aharonovich D, Sher D. Why Close a Bacterial Genome? The Plasmid of Alteromonas Macleodii HOT1A3 is a Vector for Inter-Specific Transfer of a Flexible Genomic Island. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:248. [PMID: 27014193 PMCID: PMC4781885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome sequencing is rapidly becoming a staple technique in environmental and clinical microbiology, yet computational challenges still remain, leading to many draft genomes which are typically fragmented into many contigs. We sequenced and completely assembled the genome of a marine heterotrophic bacterium, Alteromonas macleodii HOT1A3, and compared its full genome to several draft genomes obtained using different reference-based and de novo methods. In general, the de novo assemblies clearly outperformed the reference-based or hybrid ones, covering >99% of the genes and representing essentially all of the gene functions. However, only the fully closed genome (∼4.5 Mbp) allowed us to identify the presence of a large, 148 kbp plasmid, pAM1A3. While HOT1A3 belongs to A. macleodii, typically found in surface waters (“surface ecotype”), this plasmid consists of an almost complete flexible genomic island (fGI), containing many genes involved in metal resistance previously identified in the genomes of Alteromonas mediterranea (“deep ecotype”). Indeed, similar to A. mediterranea, A. macleodii HOT1A3 grows at concentrations of zinc, mercury, and copper that are inhibitory for other A. macleodii strains. The presence of a plasmid encoding almost an entire fGI suggests that wholesale genomic exchange between heterotrophic marine bacteria belonging to related but ecologically different populations is not uncommon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduard Fadeev
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Fabio De Pascale
- Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Vezzi
- Department of Biology and CRIBI Biotechnology Centre, University of Padua Padova, Italy
| | - Sariel Hübner
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research Centre, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, Canada; The Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology, University of HaifaHaifa, Israel
| | - Dikla Aharonovich
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
| | - Daniel Sher
- Department of Marine Biology, Leon H. Charney School of Marine Sciences, University of Haifa Haifa, Israel
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288
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Hapeshi A, Waterfield NR. Photorhabdus asymbiotica as an Insect and Human Pathogen. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2016; 402:159-177. [PMID: 27726002 DOI: 10.1007/82_2016_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Photorhabdus asymbiotica is a species of bacterium that is pathogenic to humans whilst retaining the ability to infect insect hosts. Currently, there are two recognised subspecies, P. asymbiotica subsp. asymbiotica and P. asymbiotica subsp. australis with strains isolated from various locations in the USA, Australia, Thailand, Nepal and Europe. Like other species of Photorhabdus, P. asymbiotica subsp. australis was shown to form a symbiotic relationship with a Heterorhabditis nematode. In contrast to most strains of Photorhabdus luminescens, P. asymbiotica can grow at 37 °C and this is a defining factor in its ability to cause human disease. Insights into other adaptations it has undergone that have enabled host switching to occur have come from whole genome sequencing and transcriptomic studies. P. asymbiotica has a smaller genome compared to P. luminenscens with a lower diversity of insecticidal toxins. However, it has acquired plasmids and several pathogenicity islands in its genome. These encode genes with similarity to effectors or systems found in other known human pathogens such as Salmonella and Yersinia and are therefore likely to contribute to human pathogenicity. Of crucial importance to virulence is the fact that P. asymbiotica undergoes a large metabolic shift at the human host temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexia Hapeshi
- Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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289
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Wang S, Qian Z, Li H, Lu K, Xu X, Weng S, He J, Li C. Identification and characterization of MKK7 as an upstream activator of JNK in Litopenaeus vannamei. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 48:285-294. [PMID: 26707780 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (MKK7) is a key signal transduction regulator in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling pathway, which is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes. In this study, we described the molecular cloning of a new member of MKK7 group from Litopenaeus vannamei named as LvMKK7. The full-length cDNA of LvMKK7 was 3093 bp in length, with an open reading frame (ORF) of 1440bp encoding a putative protein of 479 amino acids. LvMKK7 contained a conserved kinase domain of 261 amino acids in which there was a characteristic S-K-A-K-T motif as a potential target site of phosphorylation by MKKK. Moreover, subcellular localization showed LvMKK7 was located in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of Drosophila S2 cells. Real-time PCR indicated that LvMKK7 was universally expressed in all tested tissues and its expression in hepatopancreas was responsive to the challenge of LPS, Poly (I:C), Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Staphhylococcus aureus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV). In addition, co-immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that LvJNK was phosphorylated and activated by LvMKK7, which suggested LvMKK7 was the upper regulator of LvJNK. Furthermore, RNAi-mediated knockdown of LvMKK7 enhanced the sensitivity of shrimps to V. parahaemolyticus infection. Overall, our results suggested that LvMKK7 may play important roles in the shrimp innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Zhe Qian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Haoyang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Kai Lu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Xiaopeng Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Shaoping Weng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Jianguo He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Chaozheng Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/State Key Laboratory for Bio Control, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals and Guangdong Provice Key Laboratory for Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China; School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, PR China.
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290
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Lai HC, Ng TH, Ando M, Lee CT, Chen IT, Chuang JC, Mavichak R, Chang SH, Yeh MD, Chiang YA, Takeyama H, Hamaguchi HO, Lo CF, Aoki T, Wang HC. Pathogenesis of acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) in shrimp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 47:1006-14. [PMID: 26549178 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 10/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), also called early mortality syndrome (EMS), is a recently emergent shrimp bacterial disease that has resulted in substantial economic losses since 2009. AHPND is known to be caused by strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus that contain a unique virulence plasmid, but the pathology of the disease is still unclear. In this study, we show that AHPND-causing strains of V. parahaemolyticus secrete the plasmid-encoded binary toxin PirAB(vp) into the culture medium. We further determined that, after shrimp were challenged with AHPND-causing bacteria, the bacteria initially colonized the stomach, where they started to produce PirAB(vp) toxin. At the same early time point (6 hpi), PirB(vp) toxin, but not PirA(vp) toxin, was detected in the hepatopancreas, and the characteristic histopathological signs of AHPND, including sloughing of the epithelial cells of the hepatopancreatic tubules, were also seen. Although some previous studies have found that both components of the binary PirAB(vp) toxin are necessary to induce a toxic effect, our present results are consistent with other studies which have suggested that PirB(vp) alone may be sufficient to cause cellular damage. At later time points, the bacteria and PirA(vp) and PirB(vp) toxins were all detected in the hepatopancreas. We also show that Raman spectroscopy "Whole organism fingerprints" were unable to distinguish between AHPND-causing and non-AHPND causing strains. Lastly, by using minimum inhibitory concentrations, we found that both virulent and non-virulent V. parahaemolyticus strains were resistant to several antibiotics, suggesting that the use of antibiotics in shrimp culture should be more strictly regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chiao Lai
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tze Hann Ng
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Masahiro Ando
- Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University, Tokyo 162-0041, Japan
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - I-Tung Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Rapeepat Mavichak
- Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Charoen Pokphand Foods, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sheng-Hsiung Chang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Mi-De Yeh
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-An Chiang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haruko Takeyama
- Department of Life Science and Medical Bioscience, Waseda University, 2-2 Wakamatsu-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiro-o Hamaguchi
- College of Science, National Ciao Tung University, 300, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chu-Fang Lo
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biosignal Transduction, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Takashi Aoki
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Han-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, 701, Taiwan, ROC.
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291
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Chonsin K, Matsuda S, Theethakaew C, Kodama T, Junjhon J, Suzuki Y, Suthienkul O, Iida T. Genetic diversity of Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains isolated from farmed Pacific white shrimp and ambient pond water affected by acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease outbreak in Thailand. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 363:fnv222. [PMID: 26590959 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND) is an emerging shrimp disease that causes massive die-offs in farmed shrimps. Recent outbreaks of AHPND in Asia have been causing great losses for shrimp culture and have become a serious socioeconomic problem. The causative agent of AHPND is Vibrio parahaemolyticus, which is typically known to cause food-borne gastroenteritis in humans. However, there have been few reports of the epidemiology of V. parahaemolyticus AHPND strains, and the genetic relationship among AHPND strains is unclear. Here, we report the genetic characterization of V. parahaemolyticus strains isolated from AHPND outbreaks in Thailand. We found eight isolates from AHPND-suspected shrimps and pond water that were positive for AHPND markers AP1 and AP2. PCR analysis confirmed that none of these eight AP-positive AHPND strains possesses the genes for the conventional virulence factors affecting to humans, such as thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), TDH-related hemolysin (TRH) and type III secretion system 2. Phylogenetic analysis by multilocus sequence typing showed that the AHPND strains are genetically diverse, suggesting that AHPND strains were not derived from a single genetic lineage. Our study represents the first report of molecular epidemiology of AHPND-causing V. parahaemolyticus strains using multilocus sequence typing, and provides an insight into their evolutionary mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaknokrat Chonsin
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Shigeaki Matsuda
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Chonchanok Theethakaew
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Toshio Kodama
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jiraphan Junjhon
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Division of Bioresources, Hokkaido University Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Sapporo 001-0020, Japan
| | - Orasa Suthienkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand Center of Ecohealth Education and Research, Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Rangsit Center, Pathum Thani 12121, Thailand
| | - Tetsuya Iida
- Department of Bacterial Infections, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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