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Mali VR, Palaniyandi SS. Regulation and therapeutic strategies of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal metabolism in heart disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:251-63. [PMID: 24237196 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.864761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a reactive aldehyde, is generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in biological membranes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative stress react with PUFAs to form aldehydes like 4-HNE, which inactivates proteins and DNA by forming hybrid covalent chemical addition compounds called adducts. The ensuing chain reaction results in cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. It includes a wide spectrum of events ranging from electron transport chain dysfunction to apoptosis. In addition, 4-HNE directly depresses contractile function, enhances ROS formation, modulates cell signaling pathways, and can contribute to many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, targeting 4-HNE could help reverse these pathologies. This review will focus on 4-HNE generation, the role of 4-HNE in cardiovascular diseases, cellular targets (especially mitochondria), processes and mechanisms for 4-HNE-induced toxicity, regulation of 4-HNE metabolism, and finally strategies for developing potential therapies for cardiovascular disease by attenuating 4-HNEinduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Mali
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, MI , USA
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252
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Ortiz GG, Pacheco-Moisés FP, Bitzer-Quintero OK, Ramírez-Anguiano AC, Flores-Alvarado LJ, Ramírez-Ramírez V, Macias-Islas MA, Torres-Sánchez ED. Immunology and oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis: clinical and basic approach. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:708659. [PMID: 24174971 PMCID: PMC3794553 DOI: 10.1155/2013/708659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) exhibits many of the hallmarks of an inflammatory autoimmune disorder including breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the recruitment of lymphocytes, microglia, and macrophages to lesion sites, the presence of multiple lesions, generally being more pronounced in the brain stem and spinal cord, the predominantly perivascular location of lesions, the temporal maturation of lesions from inflammation through demyelination, to gliosis and partial remyelination, and the presence of immunoglobulin in the central nervous system and cerebrospinal fluid. Lymphocytes activated in the periphery infiltrate the central nervous system to trigger a local immune response that ultimately damages myelin and axons. Pro-inflammatory cytokines amplify the inflammatory cascade by compromising the BBB, recruiting immune cells from the periphery, and activating resident microglia. inflammation-associated oxidative burst in activated microglia and macrophages plays an important role in the demyelination and free radical-mediated tissue injury in the pathogenesis of MS. The inflammatory environment in demyelinating lesions leads to the generation of oxygen- and nitrogen-free radicals as well as proinflammatory cytokines which contribute to the development and progression of the disease. Inflammation can lead to oxidative stress and vice versa. Thus, oxidative stress and inflammation are involved in a self-perpetuating cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genaro G. Ortiz
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Fermín P. Pacheco-Moisés
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421 CP 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Oscar K. Bitzer-Quintero
- Laboratorio de Neuroinmunomodulación, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ana C. Ramírez-Anguiano
- Departamento de Química, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas e Ingenierías, Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. Marcelino García Barragán 1421 CP 44430 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis J. Flores-Alvarado
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de Ciencias Exactas de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Sierra Mojada 950 CP 44350 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Viridiana Ramírez-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel A. Macias-Islas
- Departamento de Neurología, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad, Centro Médico Nacional de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Belisario Dominguez 1000 CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Erandis D. Torres-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Mitocondria-Estrés Oxidativo y Patología, División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Sierra Mojada 800, CP 44340 Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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253
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Schmidt TT, Tauseef M, Yue L, Bonini MG, Gothert J, Shen TL, Guan JL, Predescu S, Sadikot R, Mehta D. Conditional deletion of FAK in mice endothelium disrupts lung vascular barrier function due to destabilization of RhoA and Rac1 activities. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 305:L291-300. [PMID: 23771883 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00094.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of lung-fluid homeostasis is the hallmark of acute lung injury (ALI). Association of catenins and actin cytoskeleton with vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is generally considered the main mechanism for stabilizing adherens junctions (AJs), thereby preventing disruption of lung vascular barrier function. The present study identifies endothelial focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase that canonically regulates focal adhesion turnover, as a novel AJ-stabilizing mechanism. In wild-type mice, induction of ALI by intraperitoneal administration of lipopolysaccharide or cecal ligation and puncture markedly decreased FAK expression in lungs. Using a mouse model in which FAK was conditionally deleted only in endothelial cells (ECs), we show that loss of EC-FAK mimicked key features of ALI (diffuse lung hemorrhage, increased transvascular albumin influx, edema, and neutrophil accumulation in the lung). EC-FAK deletion disrupted AJs due to impairment of the fine balance between the activities of RhoA and Rac1 GTPases. Deletion of EC-FAK facilitated RhoA's interaction with p115-RhoA guanine exchange factor, leading to activation of RhoA. Activated RhoA antagonized Rac1 activity, destabilizing AJs. Inhibition of Rho kinase, a downstream effector of RhoA, reinstated normal endothelial barrier function in FAK-/- ECs and lung vascular integrity in EC-FAK-/- mice. Our findings demonstrate that EC-FAK plays an essential role in maintaining AJs and thereby lung vascular barrier function by establishing the normal balance between RhoA and Rac1 activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracy Thennes Schmidt
- Dept. of Pharmacology, The Univ. of Illinois, College of Medicine, 835 S. Wolcott Ave., Chicago, IL 60612.
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254
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Chapple SJ, Cheng X, Mann GE. Effects of 4-hydroxynonenal on vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cell redox signaling and function in health and disease. Redox Biol 2013; 1:319-31. [PMID: 24024167 PMCID: PMC3757694 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is a lipid hydroperoxide end product formed from the oxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. The relative abundance of HNE within the vasculature is dependent not only on the rate of lipid peroxidation and HNE synthesis but also on the removal of HNE adducts by phase II metabolic pathways such as glutathione-S-transferases. Depending on its relative concentration, HNE can induce a range of hormetic effects in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, including kinase activation, proliferation, induction of phase II enzymes and in high doses inactivation of enzymatic processes and apoptosis. HNE also plays an important role in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, neurodegenerative disorders and in utero diseases such as pre-eclampsia. This review examines the known production, metabolism and consequences of HNE synthesis within vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, highlighting alterations in mitochondrial and endoplasmic reticulum function and their association with various vascular pathologies. HNE is a lipid peroxidation endproduct regulating vascular redox signaling. HNE detoxification is tightly regulated in vascular and other cell types. Elevated HNE levels are associated with various vascular diseases.
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Key Words
- 15d-PGJ2, 15-deoxy-Delta (12,14) prostaglandin-J2
- 4-hydroxynonenal
- AP-1, Activator protein-1
- AR, Aldose reductase
- ARE, Antioxidant response element
- ATF6, Activating transcription factor 6
- Akt, Protein kinase B
- BAEC, Bovine aortic endothelial cells
- BH4, Tetrahydrobiopterin
- BLMVEC, Bovine lung microvascular vein endothelial cells
- BPAEC, Bovine pulmonary arterial endothelial cells
- BTB, Broad complex Tramtrack and Bric–brac domain
- CHOP, C/EBP-homologous protein
- CREB, cAMP response element-binding protein
- EGFR, Epidermal growth factor receptor
- ER, Endoplasmic reticulum
- ERAD, Endoplasmic reticulum assisted degradation
- ERK1/2, Extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2
- Elk1, ETS domain-containing protein
- Endothelial cells
- EpRE, Electrophile response element
- FAK, Focal adhesion kinase
- FAP, Familial amyloidotic polyneuropathy
- GCLC, Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit
- GCLM, Glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit
- GS-DHN, Glutathionyl-1,4 dihydroxynonene
- GS-HNE, HNE-conjugates
- GSH, Glutathione
- GST, Glutathione-S-transferase
- GTPCH, Guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase I
- HASMC, Human aortic smooth muscle cells
- HCSMC, Human coronary smooth muscle cells
- HERP, Homocysteine inducible ER protein
- HMEC, Human microvascular endothelial cells
- HNE, 4-hydroxynonenal
- HO-1, Heme oxygenase-1
- HUVEC, Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
- Hsp-70/72/90, Heat shock proteins-70/ -72/ -90
- IRE1, Inositol requiring enzyme 1 IRE1
- IVR, Central intervening region
- JNK, c-jun N-terminal kinase
- Keap1, Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- MASMC, Mouse aortic smooth muscle cells
- MEK1/2, Mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 1/2
- MMP-1/2, Matrix metalloproteinase-1/ -2
- MPEC, Mouse pancreatic islet endothelial cells
- NAC, N-acetylcysteine
- NFκB, Nuclear factor kappa B
- NO, Nitric oxide
- NQO1, NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, Nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2
- PCEC, Porcine cerebral endothelial cells
- PDGF, Platelet-derived growth factor
- PDI, Protein disulfide isomerases
- PERK, Protein kinase-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase
- PKC, Protein kinase C
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- RASMC, Rat aortic smooth muscle cells
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- RVSMC, Rat vascular smooth muscle cells
- Redox signaling
- SMC, Smooth muscle cell
- TKR, Tyrosine kinase receptor
- UPR, Unfolded protein response
- Vascular biology
- Vascular smooth muscle cells
- eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
- elF2α, Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2α
- iNOS, Inducible nitric oxide synthase
- oxLDL, Oxidized low density lipoprotein
- tBHP, Tert-butylhydroperoxide
- xCT, cystine/glutamate amino acid transporter
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Chapple
- Cardiovascular Division, British Heart Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Medicine, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street, London SE1 9NH, U.K
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255
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Vatsyayan R, Kothari H, Pendurthi UR, Rao LVM. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal enhances tissue factor activity in human monocytic cells via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation-dependent phosphatidylserine exposure. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1601-11. [PMID: 23640483 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.113.300972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the major aldehydes formed during lipid peroxidation and is believed to play a role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The objective of the present study is to investigate the effect of HNE on tissue factor (TF) procoagulant activity expressed on cell surfaces. APPROACH AND RESULTS TF activity and antigen levels on intact cells were measured using factor Xa generation and TF monoclonal antibody binding assays, respectively. Exposure of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface was analyzed using thrombin generation assay or by binding of a fluorescent dye-conjugated annexin V. 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate was used to detect the generation of reactive oxygen species. Our data showed that HNE increased the procoagulant activity of unperturbed THP-1 cells that express traces of TF antigen, but had no effect on unperturbed endothelial cells that express no measurable TF antigen. HNE increased TF procoagulant activity but not TF antigen of both activated monocytic and endothelial cells. HNE treatment generated reactive oxygen species, activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, and increased the exposure of phosphatidylserine at the outer leaflet in THP-1 cells. Treatment of THP-1 cells with an antioxidant, N-acetyl cysteine, suppressed the above HNE-induced responses and negated the HNE-mediated increase in TF activity. Blockade of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation inhibited HNE-induced phosphatidylserine exposure and increased TF activity. CONCLUSIONS HNE increases TF coagulant activity in monocytic cells through a novel mechanism involving p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation that leads to enhanced phosphatidylserine exposure at the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rit Vatsyayan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Tyler, TX 75708, USA.
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256
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Patel RB, Kotha SR, Sauers LA, Malireddy S, Gurney TO, Gupta NN, Elton TS, Magalang UJ, Marsh CB, Haley BE, Parinandi NL. Thiol-redox antioxidants protect against lung vascular endothelial cytoskeletal alterations caused by pulmonary fibrosis inducer, bleomycin: comparison between classical thiol-protectant, N-acetyl-L-cysteine, and novel thiol antioxidant, N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide. Toxicol Mech Methods 2012; 22:383-96. [PMID: 22409285 DOI: 10.3109/15376516.2012.673089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Lung vascular alterations and pulmonary hypertension associated with oxidative stress have been reported to be involved in idiopathic lung fibrosis (ILF). Therefore, here, we hypothesize that the widely used lung fibrosis inducer, bleomycin, would cause cytoskeletal rearrangement through thiol-redox alterations in the cultured lung vascular endothelial cell (EC) monolayers. We exposed the monolayers of primary bovine pulmonary artery ECs to bleomycin (10 µg) and studied the cytotoxicity, cytoskeletal rearrangements, and the macromolecule (fluorescein isothiocyanate-dextran, 70,000 mol. wt.) paracellular transport in the absence and presence of two thiol-redox protectants, the classic water-soluble N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) and the novel hydrophobic N,N'-bis-2-mercaptoethyl isophthalamide (NBMI). Our results revealed that bleomycin induced cytotoxicity (lactate dehydrogenase leak), morphological alterations (rounding of cells and filipodia formation), and cytoskeletal rearrangement (actin stress fiber formation and alterations of tight junction proteins, ZO-1 and occludin) in a dose-dependent fashion. Furthermore, our study demonstrated the formation of reactive oxygen species, loss of thiols (glutathione, GSH), EC barrier dysfunction (decrease of transendothelial electrical resistance), and enhanced paracellular transport (leak) of macromolecules. The observed bleomycin-induced EC alterations were attenuated by both NAC and NBMI, revealing that the novel hydrophobic thiol-protectant, NBMI, was more effective at µM concentrations as compared to the water-soluble NAC that was effective at mM concentrations in offering protection against the bleomycin-induced EC alterations. Overall, the results of the current study suggested the central role of thiol-redox in vascular EC dysfunction associated with ILF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishi B Patel
- Lipid Signaling, Lipidomics, and Vasculotoxicity Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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257
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Liang A, Wang Y, Woodard LE, Wilson MH, Sharma R, Awasthi YC, Du J, Mitch WE, Cheng J. Loss of glutathione S-transferase A4 accelerates obstruction-induced tubule damage and renal fibrosis. J Pathol 2012; 228:448-58. [PMID: 22711583 DOI: 10.1002/path.4067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 06/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione transferase isozyme A4 (GSTA4) exhibits high catalytic efficiency to metabolize 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a highly reactive lipid peroxidation product that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases. We investigated the role of 4-HNE in the mechanisms of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO)-induced fibrosis and its modulation by GSTA4-4 in a mouse model. Our data indicate that after UUO, accumulation of 4-HNE and its adducts were increased in renal tissues, with a concomitant decrease in the expression of GSTA4-4 in mice. As compared to wild-type (WT) mice, UUO caused an increased expression of fibroblast markers in the interstitium of GSTA4 KO mice. Additionally, increased autophagy and tubular cell damage were more severe in UUO-treated GSTA4 KO mice than in WT mice. Furthermore, GSK-3β phosphorylation and expression of Snail, a regulator of E-cadherin and Occludin, was found to be significantly higher in UUO-inflicted GSTA4 KO mice. GSTA4 over-expression prevented 4-HNE-induced autophagy activation, tubular cell damage and Snail nuclear translocation in vitro. The effects of long-term expression of GSTA4 in restoration of UUO-induced damage in mice with the GSTA4 inducible transposon system indicated that release of obstruction after 3 days of UUO resulted in the attenuation of interstitial SMAα and collagen I expression. This transposon-delivered GSTA4 expression also suppressed UUO-induced loss of tubular cell junction markers and autophagy activation. Together, these results indicate that 4-HNE significantly contributes to the mechanisms of tubule injury and fibrosis and that these effects can be inhibited by the enhanced expression of GSTA4-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anlin Liang
- Nephrology Division, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Orthopaedics, First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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258
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Pillon NJ, Croze ML, Vella RE, Soulère L, Lagarde M, Soulage CO. The lipid peroxidation by-product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) induces insulin resistance in skeletal muscle through both carbonyl and oxidative stress. Endocrinology 2012; 153:2099-111. [PMID: 22396448 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Numerous oxidants are produced as by-products of aerobic cell metabolism, and there is growing evidence that they play key roles in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Under conditions of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation of ω6-polyunsaturated fatty acids leads to the production of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE). Several lines of evidence suggest that 4-HNE could be involved in the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases; therefore, in this study we assessed the direct effects of 4-HNE on skeletal muscle insulin sensitivity. Gastrocnemius muscle and L6 muscle cells were treated with 4-HNE. Insulin signaling was measured by Western blotting and glucose uptake using 2-deoxy-d-[3H]glucose. Carbonyl stress, glutathione content, and oxidative stress were assessed as potential mechanisms leading to insulin resistance. Protection of cells was induced by pretreatment with 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione, N-acetyl-cysteine, aminoguanidine, or S-adenosyl-methionine. 4-HNE induced a time- and dose-dependent decrease in insulin signaling and insulin-induced glucose uptake in muscle. It induced a state of carbonyl stress through adduction of proteins as well as a depletion in reduced glutathione and production of radical oxygen species. A pharmacological increase in glutathione pools was achieved by 3H-1,2-dithiole-3-thione and protected the cells against all deleterious effects of 4-HNE; furthermore, N-acetylcysteine, aminoguanidine, and S-adenosylmethionine prevented 4-HNE noxious effects. 4-HNE can impair insulin action in muscle cells through oxidative stress and oxidative damage to proteins, eventually leading to insulin resistance. These deleterious effects can be prevented by pretreatment with antioxidants, scavengers, or an increase in intracellular glutathione pools. Use of such molecules could represent a novel strategy to combat insulin resistance and other oxidative stress-associated pathologies.
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259
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Parsons SA, Sharma R, Roccamatisi DL, Zhang H, Petri B, Kubes P, Colarusso P, Patel KD. Endothelial paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) play a critical role in neutrophil transmigration. Eur J Immunol 2012; 42:436-46. [PMID: 22095445 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201041303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
During an inflammatory response, endothelial cells undergo morphological changes to allow for the passage of neutrophils from the blood vessel to the site of injury or infection. Although endothelial cell junctions and the cytoskeleton undergo reorganization during inflammation, little is known about another class of cellular structures, the focal adhesions. In this study, we examined several focal adhesion proteins during an inflammatory response. We found that there was selective loss of paxillin and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) from focal adhesions in proximity to transmigrating neutrophils; in contrast the levels of the focal adhesion proteins β1-integrin and vinculin were unaffected. Paxillin was lost from focal adhesions during neutrophil transmigration both under static and flow conditions. Down-regulating endothelial paxillin with siRNA blocked neutrophil transmigration while having no effect on rolling or adhesion. As paxillin dynamics are regulated partly by FAK, the role of FAK in neutrophil transmigration was examined using two complementary methods. siRNA was used to down-regulate total FAK protein while dominant-negative, kinase-deficient FAK was expressed to block FAK signaling. Disruption of the FAK protein or FAK signaling decreased neutrophil transmigration. Collectively, these findings reveal a novel role for endothelial focal adhesion proteins paxillin and FAK in regulating neutrophil transmigration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean A Parsons
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
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260
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4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal induces chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-like histopathologic changes in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 420:84-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.02.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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261
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Yasui K, Yashiro M, Tsuge M, Kondo Y, Saito Y, Nagaoka Y, Yamashita N, Morishima T. Tumor necrosis factor-α can induce Langhans-type multinucleated giant cell formation derived from myeloid dendritic cells. Microbiol Immunol 2012; 55:809-16. [PMID: 21851385 DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2011.00380.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The formation of the rich cellular features of MGCs, where the nuclei are arranged circularly at the periphery of the cell (morphologically epithelioid; Langhans-type), is assumed to be associated with any granulomatous disease. The mechanism by which TNF controls the formation of human MGCs in vitro was investigated, focusing on the effect of the TNF-neutralizing antibody. Peripheral blood monocytes were isolated with mAb-coated immunologic magnetic beads and cultured for 10 days in the presence of 20 ng/mL GM-CSF and 10 ng/mL IL-4. These cells were further incubated in the presence of TNF-α with/without its blockade antibodies for 14 days. Myeloid DCs can be generated from peripheral blood monocytes, and both IL-4 and GM-CSF can provide sufficient stimulus for their differentiation. The formation of MGC can be induced in the presence of TNF-α. This reaction was prohibited by the presence of the TNF-neutralizing antibody but not by the presence of anti-TNF receptor II antibody. The activation of Rho and focal adhesion kinases induced by TNF-α stimulation might be linked to cell assembling and the formation of Langhans-type MGCs. MGCs can produce only small amounts of superoxide anions compared to isolated macrophages such as myeloid DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kozo Yasui
- Department of Pediatrics, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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262
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Yu CC, Nandrot EF, Dun Y, Finnemann SC. Dietary antioxidants prevent age-related retinal pigment epithelium actin damage and blindness in mice lacking αvβ5 integrin. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:660-670. [PMID: 22178979 PMCID: PMC3267844 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
In the aging human eye, oxidative damage and accumulation of pro-oxidant lysosomal lipofuscin cause functional decline of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), which contributes to age-related macular degeneration. In mice with an RPE-specific phagocytosis defect due to lack of αvβ5 integrin receptors, RPE accumulation of lipofuscin suggests that the age-related blindness we previously described in this model may also result from oxidative stress. Cellular and molecular targets of oxidative stress in the eye remain poorly understood. Here we identify actin among 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) adducts formed specifically in β5(-/-) RPE but not in neural retina with age. HNE modification directly correlated with loss of resistance of actin to detergent extraction, suggesting cytoskeletal damage in aging RPE. Dietary enrichment with natural antioxidants, grapes or marigold extract containing macular pigments lutein/zeaxanthin, was sufficient to prevent HNE-adduct formation, actin solubility, lipofuscin accumulation, and age-related cone and rod photoreceptor dysfunction in β5(-/-) mice. Acute generation of HNE adducts directly destabilized actin but not tubulin cytoskeletal elements of RPE cells. These findings identify destabilization of the actin cytoskeleton as a consequence of a physiological, sublethal oxidative burden of RPE cells in vivo that is associated with age-related blindness and that can be prevented by consuming an antioxidant-rich diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chia Yu
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Emeline F Nandrot
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U968, Paris 75012, France; Institut de la Vision, Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris 75012, France; Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR_7210, Paris 75012, France
| | - Ying Dun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA
| | - Silvia C Finnemann
- Department of Biological Sciences, Fordham University, Bronx, NY 10458, USA.
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Leonarduzzi G, Gamba P, Gargiulo S, Biasi F, Poli G. Inflammation-related gene expression by lipid oxidation-derived products in the progression of atherosclerosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:19-34. [PMID: 22037514 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Vascular areas of atherosclerotic development persist in a state of inflammation, and any further inflammatory stimulus in the subintimal area elicits a proatherogenic response; this alters the behavior of the artery wall cells and recruits further inflammatory cells. In association with the inflammatory response, oxidative events are also involved in the development of atherosclerotic plaques. It is now unanimously recognized that lipid oxidation-derived products are key players in the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesions. Oxidized lipids, derived from oxidatively modified low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), which accumulate in the intima, strongly modulate inflammation-related gene expression, through involvement of various signaling pathways. In addition, considerable evidence supports a proatherogenic role of a large group of potent bioactive lipids called eicosanoids, which derive from oxidation of arachidonic acid, a component of membrane phospholipids. Of note, LDL lipid oxidation products might regulate eicosanoid production, modulating the enzymatic degradation of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenases and lipoxygenases; these enzymes might also directly contribute to LDL oxidation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge on signal transduction pathways and inflammatory gene expression, modulated by lipid oxidation-derived products, in the progression of atherosclerosis.
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264
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Usatyuk PV, Natarajan V. Hydroxyalkenals and oxidized phospholipids modulation of endothelial cytoskeleton, focal adhesion and adherens junction proteins in regulating endothelial barrier function. Microvasc Res 2012; 83:45-55. [PMID: 21570987 PMCID: PMC3196796 DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 04/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation of polyunsaturated fatty acids generates bioactive aldehydes, which exhibit pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in cells and tissues. Accumulating evidence indicates that 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), a major aldehyde derived from lipid peroxidation of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids trigger signals that modulates focal adhesion and adherens junction proteins thereby inducing endothelial barrier dysfunction. Similarly, oxidized phospholipids (Ox-PLs) generated by lipid peroxidation of phospholipids with polyunsaturated fatty acids have been implicated in atherogenesis, inflammation and gene expression. Interestingly, physiological concentration of Ox-PLs is anti-inflammatory and protect against endotoxin- and ventilator-associated acute lung injury. Thus, excess generation of bioactive hydroxyalkenals and Ox-PLs during oxidative stress contributes to pathophysiology of various diseases by modulating signaling pathways that regulate pro- and anti-inflammatory responses and barrier regulation. This review summarizes the role of 4-HNE and Ox-PLs affecting cell signaling pathways and endothelial barrier dysfunction through modulation of the activities of proteins/enzymes by Michael adducts formation, enhancing the level of protein tyrosine phosphorylation of the target proteins, and by reorganization of cytoskeletal, focal adhesion, and adherens junction proteins. A better understanding of molecular mechanisms of hydroxyalkenals- and Ox-PLs-mediated pro-and anti-inflammatory responses and barrier function may lead to development of novel therapies to ameliorate oxidative stress related cardio-pulmonary disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter V. Usatyuk
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
| | - Viswanathan Natarajan
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
- Institute for Personalized Respiratory Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612
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265
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Lu Q, Sakhatskyy P, Grinnell K, Newton J, Ortiz M, Wang Y, Sanchez-Esteban J, Harrington EO, Rounds S. Cigarette smoke causes lung vascular barrier dysfunction via oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of RhoA and focal adhesion kinase. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2011; 301:L847-57. [PMID: 21984567 PMCID: PMC3233834 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00178.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Cigarette smoke (CS) is a major cause of chronic lung and cardiovascular diseases. Recent studies indicate that tobacco use is also a risk factor for acute lung injury (ALI) associated with blunt trauma. Increased endothelial cell (EC) permeability is a hallmark of ALI. CS increases EC permeability in vitro and in vivo; however, the underlying mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we found that only 6 h of exposure to CS impaired endothelial barrier function in vivo, an effect associated with increased oxidative stress in the lungs and attenuated by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). CS also exacerbated lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced increase in vascular permeability in vivo. Similar additive effects were also seen in cultured lung EC exposed to cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and LPS. We further demonstrated that CSE caused disruption of focal adhesion complexes (FAC), F-actin fibers, and adherens junctions (AJ) and decreased activities of RhoA and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in cultured lung EC. CSE-induced inhibition of RhoA and FAK, endothelial barrier dysfunction, and disassembly of FAC, F-actin, and AJ were prevented by NAC. In addition, the deleterious effects of CSE on FAC, F-actin fibers, and AJ were blunted by overexpression of constitutively active RhoA and of FAK. Our data indicate that CS causes endothelial barrier dysfunction via oxidative stress-mediated inhibition of RhoA and FAK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Lu
- Vascular Research Laboratory, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, RI, USA.
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266
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Iron-induced remodeling in cultured rat pulmonary artery endothelial cells. Biometals 2011; 25:203-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-011-9498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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267
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Pettazzoni P, Ciamporcero E, Medana C, Pizzimenti S, Dal Bello F, Minero VG, Toaldo C, Minelli R, Uchida K, Dianzani MU, Pili R, Barrera G. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 activity controls 4-hydroxynonenal metabolism and activity in prostate cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:1610-8. [PMID: 21816220 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is an end product of lipoperoxidation with antiproliferative and proapoptotic properties in various tumors. Here we report a greater sensitivity to HNE in PC3 and LNCaP cells compared to DU145 cells. In contrast to PC3 and LNCaP cells, HNE-treated DU145 cells showed a smaller reduction in growth and did not undergo apoptosis. In DU145 cells, HNE did not induce ROS production and DNA damage and generated a lower amount of HNE-protein adducts. DU145 cells had a greater GSH and GST A4 content and GSH/GST-mediated HNE detoxification. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor-2 (Nrf2) is a regulator of the antioxidant response. Nrf2 protein content and nuclear accumulation were higher in DU145 cells compared to PC3 and LNCaP cells, whereas the expression of KEAP1, the main negative regulator of Nrf2 activity, was lower. Inhibition of Nrf2 expression with specific siRNA resulted in a reduction in GST A4 expression and GS-HNE formation, indicating that Nrf2 controls HNE metabolism. In addition, Nrf2 knockdown sensitized DU145 cells to HNE-mediated antiproliferative and proapoptotic activity. In conclusion, we demonstrated that increased Nrf2 activity resulted in a reduction in HNE sensitivity in prostate cancer cells, suggesting a potential mechanism of resistance to pro-oxidant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piergiorgio Pettazzoni
- Section of General Pathology, Department of Medicine and Experimental Oncology, University of Turin, 10125 Turin, Italy.
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Abstract
The endothelium is a highly dynamic structure lining the inside of blood vessels that exhibits physical and chemical properties that are critical determinants of overall vascular function. Physically, the endothelium constitutes a semipermeable barrier. Chemically, the endothelium synthesizes numerous factors such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can act as autocrine and paracrine signaling molecules. Oxidative stress results when ROS levels increase to levels that cause cellular injury, and, in the endothelium oxidative stress leads to barrier disruption. Endothelial barrier disruption also results from increased cytosolic calcium through store-operated calcium (SOC) entry channels. Although it is known that ROS can interact with and regulate some ion channels, relatively little is known about the interaction of these species with components of endothelial SOC entry channels, the canonical transient receptor potential (TRPC) proteins. Here we review our current understanding of ROS-mediated TRPC channel function and how it affects SOC entry and endothelial barrier disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donna L Cioffi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Lung Biology, University of South Alabama College of Medicine, Mobile, AL 36688, USA.
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269
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Won SM, Lee JH, Park UJ, Gwag J, Gwag BJ, Lee YB. Iron mediates endothelial cell damage and blood-brain barrier opening in the hippocampus after transient forebrain ischemia in rats. Exp Mol Med 2011; 43:121-8. [PMID: 21278483 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2011.43.2.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Blood cells are transported into the brain and are thought to participate in neurodegenerative processes following hypoxic ischemic injury. We examined the possibility that transient forebrain ischemia (TFI) causes the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to become permeable to blood cells, possibly via dysfunction and degeneration of endothelial cells in rats. Extravasation of Evans blue and immunoglobulin G (IgG) was observed in the hippocampal CA1-2 areas within 8 h after TFI, and peaked at 48 h. This extravasation was accompanied by loss of tight junction proteins, occludin, and zonula occludens-1, and degeneration of endothelial cells in the CA1-2 areas. Iron overload and mitochondrial free radical production were evident in the microvessel endothelium of the hippocampus before endothelial cell damage occurred. Administration of deferoxamine (DFO), an iron chelator, or Neu2000, an antioxidant, blocked free radical production and endothelial cell degeneration. Our findings suggest that iron overload and iron-mediated free radical production cause loss of tight junction proteins and degeneration of endothelial cells, opening of the BBB after TFI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Mi Won
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, Brain Disease Research Center, Institute for Medical Science, Department of Pharmacology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
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270
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271
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Fritz KS, Galligan JJ, Smathers RL, Roede JR, Shearn CT, Reigan P, Petersen DR. 4-Hydroxynonenal inhibits SIRT3 via thiol-specific modification. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 24:651-62. [PMID: 21449565 DOI: 10.1021/tx100355a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) is an endogenous product of lipid peroxidation known to play a role in cellular signaling through protein modification and is a major precursor for protein carbonyl adducts found in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In the present study, a greater than 2-fold increase in protein carbonylation of sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrial class III histone deacetylase, is reported in liver mitochondrial extracts of ethanol-consuming mice. The consequence of this in vivo carbonylation on SIRT3 deacetylase activity is unknown. Interestingly, mitochondrial protein hyperacetylation was observed in a time-dependent increase in a model of chronic ethanol consumption; however, the underlying mechanisms for this remain unknown. Tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify and characterize the in vitro covalent modification of rSIRT3 by 4-HNE at Cys(280), a critical zinc-binding residue, and the resulting inhibition of rSIRT3 activity via pathophysiologically relevant concentrations of 4-HNE. Computational-based molecular modeling simulations indicate that 4-HNE modification alters the conformation of the zinc-binding domain inducing minor changes within the active site, resulting in the allosteric inhibition of SIRT3 activity. These conformational data are supported by the calculated binding energies derived from molecular docking studies suggesting the substrate peptide of acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (AceCS2-K(ac)) and display a greater affinity for native SIRT3 as compared with the 4-HNE adducted protein. The results of this study characterize altered mitochondrial protein acetylation in a mouse model of chronic ethanol ingestion and thiol-specific allosteric inhibition of rSIRT3 resulting from 4-HNE adduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristofer S Fritz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate Program in Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, USA
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272
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4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G in rat neutrophils. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2011; 2011:213686. [PMID: 21904640 PMCID: PMC3166769 DOI: 10.1155/2011/213686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of oxidized or oxidatively modified proteins is an essential part of the antioxidant defenses of cells. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal, a major reactive aldehyde formed by lipid peroxidation, causes many types of cellular damage. It has been reported that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified proteins are degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway or, in some cases, by the lysosomal pathway. However, our previous studies using U937 cells showed that 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is degraded by cathepsin G. In the present study, we isolated the 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase-degrading enzyme from rat neutrophils to an active protein fraction of 28 kDa. Using the specific antibody, the 28 kDa protein was identified as cathepsin G. Moreover, the degradation activity was inhibited by cathepsin G inhibitors. These results suggest that cathepsin G plays a crucial role in the degradation of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-modified glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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273
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Glutathione in cancer cell death. Cancers (Basel) 2011; 3:1285-310. [PMID: 24212662 PMCID: PMC3756414 DOI: 10.3390/cancers3011285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Glutathione (L-γ-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine; GSH) in cancer cells is particularly relevant in the regulation of carcinogenic mechanisms; sensitivity against cytotoxic drugs, ionizing radiations, and some cytokines; DNA synthesis; and cell proliferation and death. The intracellular thiol redox state (controlled by GSH) is one of the endogenous effectors involved in regulating the mitochondrial permeability transition pore complex and, in consequence, thiol oxidation can be a causal factor in the mitochondrion-based mechanism that leads to cell death. Nevertheless GSH depletion is a common feature not only of apoptosis but also of other types of cell death. Indeed rates of GSH synthesis and fluxes regulate its levels in cellular compartments, and potentially influence switches among different mechanisms of death. How changes in gene expression, post-translational modifications of proteins, and signaling cascades are implicated will be discussed. Furthermore, this review will finally analyze whether GSH depletion may facilitate cancer cell death under in vivo conditions, and how this can be applied to cancer therapy.
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274
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McGovern T, Day BJ, White CW, Powell WS, Martin JG. AEOL10150: a novel therapeutic for rescue treatment after toxic gas lung injury. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 50:602-8. [PMID: 21156205 PMCID: PMC4026011 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Revised: 11/22/2010] [Accepted: 12/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New therapeutics designed as rescue treatments after toxic gas injury such as from chlorine (Cl(2)) are an emerging area of interest. We tested the effects of the metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant AEOL10150, a compound that scavenges peroxynitrite, inhibits lipid peroxidation, and has SOD and catalase-like activities, on Cl(2)-induced airway injury. Balb/C mice received 100ppm Cl(2) gas for 5 min. Four groups were studied: Cl(2) only, Cl(2) followed by AEOL10150 1 and 9 h after exposure, AEOL10150 only, and control. Twenty-four hours after Cl(2) gas exposure airway responsiveness to aerosolized methacholine (6.25-50mg/ml) was measured using a small-animal ventilator. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed to assess airway inflammation and protein. Whole lung tissue was assayed for 4-hydroxynonenal. In separate groups, lungs were collected at 72 h after Cl(2) injury to evaluate epithelial cell proliferation. Mice exposed to Cl(2) showed a significantly higher airway resistance compared to control, Cl(2)/AEOL10150, or AEOL10150-only treated animals in response to methacholine challenge. Eosinophils, neutrophils, and macrophages were elevated in BAL of Cl(2)-exposed mice. AEOL10150 attenuated the increases in neutrophils and macrophages. AEOL10150 prevented Cl(2)-induced increase in BAL fluid protein. Chlorine induced an increase in the number of proliferating airway epithelial cells, an effect AEOL10150 attenuated. 4-Hydroxynonenal levels in the lung were increased after Cl(2) and this effect was prevented with AEOL10150. AEOL10150 is an effective rescue treatment for Cl(2)-induced airway hyperresponsiveness, airway inflammation, injury-induced airway epithelial cell regeneration, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toby McGovern
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Carl W. White
- Department of Pediatrics, National Jewish Health, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - William S. Powell
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James G. Martin
- Meakins Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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275
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Wong EWP, Cheng CY. Impacts of environmental toxicants on male reproductive dysfunction. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2011; 32:290-9. [PMID: 21324536 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2010] [Revised: 01/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility caused by exposure to environmental toxicants such as cadmium, mercury, bisphenol A (BPA) and dioxin is a global problem, particularly in industrialized countries. Studies in the testis and other organs have illustrated the importance of environmental toxicant-induced oxidative stress in mediating disruption to cell junctions. This, in turn, is regulated by the activation of PI3K/c-Src/FAK and MAPK signaling pathways, with the involvement of polarity proteins. This leads to reproductive dysfunction such as reduced sperm count and reduced quality of semen. In this review, we discuss how these findings can improve understanding of the modes of action of environmental toxicants in testicular dysfunction. Thus, specific inhibitors and/or antagonists against signaling molecules in these pathways may be able to 'reverse' and/or 'block' the disruptive effects of toxicant-induced damage. Additional studies comparing high-level acute exposure versus low-level chronic exposure to environmental toxicants are also needed to fully elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism(s) by which these toxicants disrupt male reproductive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elissa W P Wong
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
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276
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Zhou T, Zhou KK, Lee K, Gao G, Lyons TJ, Kowluru R, Ma JX. The role of lipid peroxidation products and oxidative stress in activation of the canonical wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway in a rat model of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetologia 2011; 54:459-68. [PMID: 20978740 PMCID: PMC3017315 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-010-1943-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Our recent studies suggest that activation of the wingless-type MMTV integration site (WNT) pathway plays pathogenic roles in diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. Here we investigated the causative role of oxidative stress in retinal WNT pathway activation in an experimental model of diabetes. METHODS Cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells and retinal capillary endothelial cells were treated with a lipid peroxidation product, 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), and an antioxidant, N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC). In vivo, rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes were treated by NAC for 8 weeks. Activation of the canonical WNT pathway was measured by TOPFLASH assay and by western blot analysis of WNT pathway components and a WNT target gene, Ctgf. Oxidative stress in the retina was evaluated by immunostaining of HNE and 3-nitrotyrosine. RESULTS Levels of phosphorylated and total LDL receptor-related protein (LRP)6, and cytosolic β-catenin, as well as transcriptional activity of T cell factor (TCF)/β-catenin were significantly increased by HNE. The production of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was also upregulated by HNE. NAC blocked the WNT pathway activation induced by HNE. Furthermore, LRP6 stability was increased by HNE and decreased by NAC. Retinal levels of HNE and 3-nitrotyrosine were significantly increased in diabetic rats, compared with those in non-diabetic rats. In the same diabetic rat retinas, levels of LRP6, cytosolic β-catenin and CTGF were significantly increased. NAC treatment reduced HNE and 3-nitrotyrosine levels and attenuated the upregulation of LRP6, β-catenin and CTGF in diabetic rat retina. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Lipid peroxidation products activate the canonical WNT pathway through oxidative stress, which plays an important role in the development of retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - K. K. Zhou
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - K. Lee
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
| | - G. Gao
- Department of Biochemistry, Zhongshan Medical School, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T. J. Lyons
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
| | - R. Kowluru
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI USA
| | - J-x. Ma
- Department of Cell Biology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 941 Stanton L. Young Blvd., BSEB 328B, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 USA
- Harold Hamm Oklahoma Diabetes Center and Section of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK USA
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277
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Intracellular S1P generation is essential for S1P-induced motility of human lung endothelial cells: role of sphingosine kinase 1 and S1P lyase. PLoS One 2011; 6:e16571. [PMID: 21304987 PMCID: PMC3031585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0016571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Earlier we have shown that extracellular sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) induces migration of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) through the activation of S1P(1) receptor, PKCε, and PLD2-PKCζ-Rac1 signaling cascade. As endothelial cells generate intracellular S1P, here we have investigated the role of sphingosine kinases (SphKs) and S1P lyase (S1PL), that regulate intracellular S1P accumulation, in HPAEC motility. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Inhibition of SphK activity with a SphK inhibitor 2-(p-Hydroxyanilino)-4-(p-Chlorophenyl) Thiazole or down-regulation of Sphk1, but not SphK2, with siRNA decreased S1P(int), and attenuated S1P(ext) or serum-induced motility of HPAECs. On the contrary, inhibition of S1PL with 4-deoxypyridoxine or knockdown of S1PL with siRNA increased S1P(int) and potentiated motility of HPAECs to S1P(ext) or serum. S1P(ext) mediates cell motility through activation of Rac1 and IQGAP1 signal transduction in HPAECs. Silencing of SphK1 by siRNA attenuated Rac1 and IQGAP1 translocation to the cell periphery; however, knockdown of S1PL with siRNA or 4-deoxypyridoxine augmented activated Rac1 and stimulated Rac1 and IQGAP1 translocation to cell periphery. The increased cell motility mediated by down-regulation was S1PL was pertussis toxin sensitive suggesting "inside-out" signaling of intracellularly generated S1P. Although S1P did not accumulate significantly in media under basal or S1PL knockdown conditions, addition of sodium vanadate increased S1P levels in the medium and inside the cells most likely by blocking phosphatases including lipid phosphate phosphatases (LPPs). Furthermore, addition of anti-S1P mAb to the incubation medium blocked S1P(ext) or 4-deoxypyridoxine-dependent endothelial cell motility. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest S1P(ext) mediated endothelial cell motility is dependent on intracellular S1P production, which is regulated, in part, by SphK1 and S1PL.
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278
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Ji L, Liu R, Zhang XD, Chen HL, Bai H, Wang X, Zhao HL, Liang X, Hai CX. N-acetylcysteine attenuates phosgene-induced acute lung injury via up-regulation of Nrf2 expression. Inhal Toxicol 2011; 22:535-42. [PMID: 20384467 DOI: 10.3109/08958370903525183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that oxidative stress was involved in phosgene-induced acute lung injury (ALI) and many antioxidants had been used to prevent ALI. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) had been used to protect ALI induced by various types of oxidative stress. Considering the limited information of NAC on phosgene-induced ALI, the purpose of this study was to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of phosgene-induced ALI and the protective effects of NAC. This study discovered that intraperitoneal administration of NAC significantly alleviated phosgene-induced pulmonary edema, as confirmed by decreased lung wet to dry weight ratio and oxidative stress markers. The content of l-gamma-glutamyl-l-cysteinyl-glycine (glutathione; GSH) and the ratio of the reduced and disulfide forms (GSH/GSSG), significant indicators of the antioxidative ability, were apparently inhibited by phosgene exposure. However, both indicators could be reversed by NAC administration, indicating that dysregulation of redox status of glutathione might be the cause of phosgene-induced ALI. The nuclear factor (NF)-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which has been proven to up-regulate the expression of glutathione reductase (GR), was obviously decreased by phosgene exposure. However, NAC administration elevated Nrf2 expression significantly. In conclusion, these data provided the first evidences showing that it was the transcriptional factor Nrf2 that connected phosgene-induced ALI with GSH metabolism. NAC protected against oxidative stress through acting on this newly disclosed Nrf2/GR/GSH pathway, by which NAC elevated the biosynthesis of protective GSH to repair and reconstitute the defense system destroyed by phosgene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Ji
- Department of Toxicology, The Fourth Military Medical University, 17 Changle West Road, Xi'an, China
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279
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Dubinina EE, Dadali VA. Role of 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal in cell functions. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2010; 75:1069-87. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297910090014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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280
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Dabrowski MJ, Zolnerciks JK, Balogh LM, Greene RJ, Kavanagh TJ, Atkins WM. Stereoselective effects of 4-hydroxynonenal in cultured mouse hepatocytes. Chem Res Toxicol 2010; 23:1601-7. [PMID: 20873854 DOI: 10.1021/tx100190k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxynonenal (HNE) is produced from arachidonic acid or linoleic acid during oxidative stress. Although HNE is formed in tissues as a racemate, enantiospecific HNE effects have not been widely documented, nor considered. Therefore, a panel of cellular responses was compared after treatment with (R)-HNE, (S)-HNE, or racemic HNE. The phosphorylation status of Jun kinase (JNK) or Akt increased 28-fold or 2-3-fold, respectively, after treatment with 100 μM (S)-HNE and racemic HNE compared to (R)-HNE. In contrast, the increase in phosphorylation of MAPK was greatest for (R)-HNE. Caspase-3-dependent cleavage of the glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL) catalytic subunit and focal adhesion kinase (FAK) were greater in cells treated with (S)-HNE at 48 h. (S)-HNE also caused a greater number of subG1 nuclei, a hallmark of apoptosis, at 30 h after treatment. Together, the results demonstrate different dose- and time-dependent responses to (R)-HNE and (S)-HNE. The results further suggest that HNE enantiomers could differentially contribute to the progression of different diseases or contribute by different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Dabrowski
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7610, USA
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281
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Ma H, Guo R, Yu L, Zhang Y, Ren J. Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rescues myocardial ischaemia/reperfusion injury: role of autophagy paradox and toxic aldehyde. Eur Heart J 2010; 32:1025-38. [PMID: 20705694 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The present study was designed to examine the mechanism involved in mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2)-induced cardioprotection against ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury with a focus on autophagy. METHODS Wild-type (WT), ALDH2 overexpression, and knockout (KO) mice (n = 4-6 for each index measured) were subjected to I/R, and myocardial function was assessed using echocardiographic, Langendroff, and edge-detection systems. Western blotting was used to evaluate AMP-dependent protein kinase (AMPK), Akt, autophagy, and the AMPK/Akt upstream signalling LKB1 and PTEN. RESULTS ALDH2 overexpression and KO significantly attenuated and accentuated, respectively, infarct size, factional shortening, and recovery of post-ischaemic left ventricular function following I/R as well as hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced cardiomyocyte contractile dysfunction. Autophagy was induced during ischaemia and remained elevated during reperfusion. ALDH2 significantly promoted autophagy during ischaemia, which was accompanied by AMPK activation and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition. On the contrary, ALDH2 overtly inhibited autophagy during reperfusion accompanied by the activation of Akt and mTOR. Inhibition and induction of autophagy mitigated ALDH2-induced protection against cell death in hypoxia and reoxygenation, respectively. In addition, levels of the endogenous toxic aldehyde 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE) were elevated by ischaemia and reperfusion, which was abrogated by ALDH2. Furthermore, ALDH2 ablated 4-HNE-induced cardiomyocyte dysfunction and protein damage, whereas 4-HNE directly decreased pan and phosphorylated LKB1 and PTEN expression. CONCLUSION Our data suggest a myocardial protective effect of ALDH2 against I/R injury possibly through detoxification of toxic aldehyde and a differential regulation of autophagy through AMPK- and Akt-mTOR signalling during ischaemia and reperfusion, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Ma
- Department of Physiology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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282
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KRIT1 regulates the homeostasis of intracellular reactive oxygen species. PLoS One 2010; 5:e11786. [PMID: 20668652 PMCID: PMC2910502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0011786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 06/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
KRIT1 is a gene responsible for Cerebral Cavernous Malformations (CCM), a major cerebrovascular disease characterized by abnormally enlarged and leaky capillaries that predispose to seizures, focal neurological deficits, and fatal intracerebral hemorrhage. Comprehensive analysis of the KRIT1 gene in CCM patients has suggested that KRIT1 functions need to be severely impaired for pathogenesis. However, the molecular and cellular functions of KRIT1 as well as CCM pathogenesis mechanisms are still research challenges. We found that KRIT1 plays an important role in molecular mechanisms involved in the maintenance of the intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) homeostasis to prevent oxidative cellular damage. In particular, we demonstrate that KRIT1 loss/down-regulation is associated with a significant increase in intracellular ROS levels. Conversely, ROS levels in KRIT1−/− cells are significantly and dose-dependently reduced after restoration of KRIT1 expression. Moreover, we show that the modulation of intracellular ROS levels by KRIT1 loss/restoration is strictly correlated with the modulation of the expression of the antioxidant protein SOD2 as well as of the transcriptional factor FoxO1, a master regulator of cell responses to oxidative stress and a modulator of SOD2 levels. Furthermore, we show that the KRIT1-dependent maintenance of low ROS levels facilitates the downregulation of cyclin D1 expression required for cell transition from proliferative growth to quiescence. Finally, we demonstrate that the enhanced ROS levels in KRIT1−/− cells are associated with an increased cell susceptibility to oxidative DNA damage and a marked induction of the DNA damage sensor and repair gene Gadd45α, as well as with a decline of mitochondrial energy metabolism. Taken together, our results point to a new model where KRIT1 limits the accumulation of intracellular oxidants and prevents oxidative stress-mediated cellular dysfunction and DNA damage by enhancing the cell capacity to scavenge intracellular ROS through an antioxidant pathway involving FoxO1 and SOD2, thus providing novel and useful insights into the understanding of KRIT1 molecular and cellular functions.
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283
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Stamatovic SM, Keep RF, Andjelkovic AV. Brain endothelial cell-cell junctions: how to "open" the blood brain barrier. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010; 6:179-92. [PMID: 19506719 PMCID: PMC2687937 DOI: 10.2174/157015908785777210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 354] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2007] [Revised: 03/10/2008] [Accepted: 04/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a highly specialized structural and biochemical barrier that regulates the entry of blood-borne molecules into brain, and preserves ionic homeostasis within the brain microenvironment. BBB properties are primarily determined by junctional complexes between the cerebral endothelial cells. These complexes are comprised of tight and adherens junctions. Such restrictive angioarchitecture at the BBB reduces paracellular diffusion, while minimal vesicle transport activity in brain endothelial cells limits transcellular transport. Under normal conditions, this largely prevents the extravasation of large and small solutes (unless specific transporters are present) and prevents migration of any type of blood-borne cell. However, this is changed in many pathological conditions. There, BBB disruption (“opening”) can lead to increased paracellular permeability, allowing entry of leukocytes into brain tissue, but also contributing to edema formation. In parallel, there are changes in the endothelial pinocytotic vesicular system resulting in the uptake and transfer of fluid and macromolecules into brain parenchyma. This review highlights the route and possible factors involved in BBB disruption in a variety of neuropathological disorders (e.g. CNS inflammation, Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, epilepsy). It also summarizes proposed signal transduction pathways that may be involved in BBB “opening”.
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284
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Joddar B, Shaffer RJG, Reen RK, Gooch KJ. Arterial pO₂ stimulates intimal hyperplasia and serum stimulates inward eutrophic remodeling in porcine saphenous veins cultured ex vivo. Biomech Model Mechanobiol 2010; 10:161-75. [PMID: 20512609 DOI: 10.1007/s10237-010-0224-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Ex vivo culture of arteries and veins is an established tool for investigating mechanically induced remodeling. Porcine saphenous veins (PSV) cultured ex vivo with a venous mechanical environment, serum-supplemented cell-culture medium and standard cell-culture conditions (5% CO₂ and 95% balance air ~140 mmHg pO₂) develop intimal hyperplasia (IH), increased cellular proliferation, decreased compliance and exhibit inward eutrophic remodeling thereby suggesting that nonmechanical factors stimulate some changes observed ex vivo. Herein we explore the contribution of exposure to greater than venous pO₂ and serum to these changes in cultured veins. Removing serum from culture medium did not inhibit development of IH, but did reduce cellular proliferation and inward eutrophic remodeling. In contrast, veins perfused using reduced pO₂ (75 mmHg) showed reduced IH. Among the statically cultured vessels, veins cultured at arterial pO₂ (95 mmHg) and above showed IH as well as increase in proliferation and vessel weight compared to fresh veins; veins cultured at venous pO₂ did not. Taken together, these data suggest that exposure of SV to arterial pO₂ stimulates IH and cellular proliferation independent of changes in the mechanical environment, which might provide insight into the etiology of IH in SV used as arterial grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binata Joddar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Ohio State University, 1080 Carmack Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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285
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Banerjee A, Zhang X, Manda KR, Banks WA, Ercal N. HIV proteins (gp120 and Tat) and methamphetamine in oxidative stress-induced damage in the brain: potential role of the thiol antioxidant N-acetylcysteine amide. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1388-98. [PMID: 20188164 PMCID: PMC2873898 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
An increased risk of HIV-1 associated dementia (HAD) has been observed in patients abusing methamphetamine (METH). Since both HIV viral proteins (gp120, Tat) and METH induce oxidative stress, drug abusing patients are at a greater risk of oxidative stress-induced damage. The objective of this study was to determine if N-acetylcysteine amide (NACA) protects the blood brain barrier (BBB) from oxidative stress-induced damage in animals exposed to gp120, Tat and METH. To study this, CD-1 mice pre-treated with NACA/saline, received injections of gp120, Tat, gp120+Tat or saline for 5days, followed by three injections of METH/saline on the fifth day, and sacrificed 24h after the final injection. Various oxidative stress parameters were measured, and animals treated with gp120+Tat+Meth were found to be the most challenged group, as indicated by their GSH and MDA levels. Treatment with NACA significantly rescued the animals from oxidative stress. Further, NACA-treated animals had significantly higher expression of TJ proteins and BBB permeability as compared to the group treated with gp120+Tat+METH alone, indicating that NACA can protect the BBB from oxidative stress-induced damage in gp120, Tat and METH exposed animals, and thus could be a viable therapeutic option for patients with HAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atrayee Banerjee
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Xinsheng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - Kalyan Reddy Manda
- Department of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, MO, USA
| | - William A Banks
- GRECC-VA, St. Louis, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Nuran Ercal
- GRECC-VA, St. Louis, and Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Geriatrics, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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286
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O’Neill HC, White CW, Veress LA, Hendry-Hofer TB, Loader JE, Min E, Huang J, Rancourt RC, Day BJ. Treatment with the catalytic metalloporphyrin AEOL 10150 reduces inflammation and oxidative stress due to inhalation of the sulfur mustard analog 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:1188-96. [PMID: 20138141 PMCID: PMC2847650 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2009] [Revised: 12/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/28/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sulfur mustard (bis-2-(chloroethyl) sulfide; SM) is a highly reactive vesicating and alkylating chemical warfare agent. A SM analog, 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES), has been utilized to elucidate mechanisms of toxicity and as a screen for therapeutics. Previous studies with SM and CEES have demonstrated a role for oxidative stress as well as decreased injury with antioxidant treatment. We tested whether posttreatment with the metalloporphyrin catalytic antioxidant AEOL 10150 would improve outcome in CEES-induced lung injury. Anesthetized rats inhaled 5% CEES for 15 min via a nose-only inhalation system. At 1 and 9 h after CEES exposure, rats were given AEOL 10150 (5 mg/kg, sc). At 18 h post-CEES exposure BALF lactate dehydrogenase activity, protein, IgM, red blood cells, and neutrophils were elevated but were decreased by AEOL 10150 treatment. Lung myeloperoxidase activity was increased after CEES inhalation and was ameliorated by AEOL 10150. The lung oxidative stress markers 8-OHdG and 4-HNE were elevated after CEES exposure and significantly decreased by AEOL 10150 treatment. These findings demonstrate that CEES inhalation increased lung injury, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and AEOL 10150 was an effective rescue agent. Further investigation utilizing catalytic antioxidants as treatment for SM inhalation injury is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi C. O’Neill
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Carl W. White
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health, University of Colorado at Denver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Livia A. Veress
- Health Sciences Center and The Children’s Hospital Denver Aurora, CO USA
| | - Tara B. Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Joan E. Loader
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Elysia Min
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Jie Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Raymond C. Rancourt
- Department of Pediatrics National Jewish Health, University of Colorado at Denver
| | - Brian J. Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado at Denver
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado at Denver
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287
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Guo YJ, Chen L, Bai YP, Li L, Sun J, Zhang GG, Yang TL, Xia J, Li YJ, Chen XP. The ALDH2 Glu504Lys polymorphism is associated with coronary artery disease in Han Chinese: Relation with endothelial ADMA levels. Atherosclerosis 2010; 211:545-50. [PMID: 20417517 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2009] [Revised: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 03/23/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We studied the association between mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2) Glu504Lys (rs671 or ALDH2*2) polymorphism and coronary artery disease (CAD), and sought to clarify the mechanisms underlying this association. METHODS The ALDH2 rs671 polymorphism was genotyped in 417 CAD patients and 448 age- and gender-matched controls. All participants were Han Chinese. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) isolated from 11 human umbilical cords were genotyped, cultured, and exposed to angiotensin II (Ang II, 10(-7)-10(-5)mol/L). Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1) mRNA expression levels were determined by real-time PCR. Levels of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) in culture media and cell lysates were determined by high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). RESULTS The frequency of carriers of the ALDH2 rs671 A allele (GA+AA) was significantly higher in patients with CAD (47.5%) than in controls (35.0%, p=0.0002). After adjustment for potential confounders, the odds ratio (OR) for CAD for carriers of the rs671 A allele was 1.85 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.38-2.49, p=0.00005) in the entire study cohort, and 1.95 (95% CI: 1.40-2.70, p=0.00007) in non-drinkers. In non-drinking controls, the homozygous rs671 AA genotype was associated with significantly lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) concentrations compared with rs671 GG homozygotes (p=0.015). HUVEC cells homozygous for the G allele of rs671 showed a significantly higher DDAH1 mRNA expression and lower intracellular ADMA levels compared with heterozygous GA cells (p<0.05, respectively). In homozygous GG cells, high concentrations of Ang II (10(-5)mol/L) decreased DDAH1 mRNA expression and increased intracellular ADMA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS The rs671 polymorphism of ALDH2 is associated with CAD in Han Chinese, possibly by influencing HDL-C levels and endothelial ADMA levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Jie Guo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, 110# Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China
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288
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The "two-faced" effects of reactive oxygen species and the lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxynonenal in the hallmarks of cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2010; 2:338-63. [PMID: 24281073 PMCID: PMC3835081 DOI: 10.3390/cancers2020338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Reacytive Oxygen Species (ROS) have long been considered to be involved in the initiation, progression and metastasis of cancer. However, accumulating evidence points to the benefical role of ROS. Moreover, ROS production, leading to apoptosis, is the mechanism by which many chemotherapeutic agents can act. Beside direct actions, ROS elicit lipid peroxidation, leading to the production of 4-hydroxynoneal (HNE). Interestingly, HNE also seems to have a dual behaviour with respect to cancer. In this review we present recent literature data which outline the "two-faced" character of oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in carcinogenesis and in the hallmarks of cancer.
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289
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Tang Y, Scheef EA, Gurel Z, Sorenson CM, Jefcoate CR, Sheibani N. CYP1B1 and endothelial nitric oxide synthase combine to sustain proangiogenic functions of endothelial cells under hyperoxic stress. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2009; 298:C665-78. [PMID: 20032512 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00153.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We have recently shown that deletion of constitutively expressed CYP1B1 is associated with attenuation of retinal endothelial cell (EC) capillary morphogenesis (CM) in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo. This was largely caused by increased intracellular oxidative stress and increased production of thrombospondin-2, an endogenous inhibitor of angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that endothelium nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression is dramatically decreased in the ECs prepared from retina, lung, heart, and aorta of CYP1B1-deficient (CYP1B1(-/-)) mice compared with wild-type (CYP1B1(+/+)) mice. The eNOS expression was also decreased in retinal vasculature of CYP1B1(-/-) mice. Inhibition of eNOS activity in cultured CYP1B1(+/+) retinal ECs blocked CM and was concomitant with increased oxidative stress, like in CYP1B1(-/-) retinal ECs. In addition, expression of eNOS in CYP1B1(-/-) retinal ECs or their incubation with a nitric oxide (NO) donor enhanced NO levels, lowered oxidative stress, and improved cell migration and CM. Inhibition of CYP1B1 activity in the CYP1B1(+/+) retinal ECs resulted in reduced NO levels and attenuation of CM. In contrast, expression of CYP1B1 increased NO levels and enhanced CM of CYP1B1(-/-) retinal ECs. Furthermore, attenuation of CYP1B1 expression with small interfering RNA proportionally lowered eNOS expression and NO levels in wild-type cells. Together, our results link CYP1B1 metabolism in retinal ECs with sustained eNOS activity and NO synthesis and/or bioavailability and low oxidative stress and thrombospondin-2 expression. Thus CYP1B1 and eNOS cooperate in different ways to lower oxidative stress and thereby to promote CM in vitro and angiogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Tang
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Dept. of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, 600 Highland Ave., K6458 CSC, Madison, WI 53792-4673, USA
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290
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Siu ER, Wong EWP, Mruk DD, Sze KL, Porto CS, Cheng CY. An occludin-focal adhesion kinase protein complex at the blood-testis barrier: a study using the cadmium model. Endocrinology 2009; 150:3336-44. [PMID: 19213829 PMCID: PMC2703538 DOI: 10.1210/en.2008-1741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Several integral membrane proteins that constitute the blood-testis barrier (BTB) in mammalian testes, in particular rodents, are known to date. These include tight junction (TJ) proteins (e.g. occludin, junctional adhesion molecule-A, claudins), basal ectoplasmic specialization proteins (e.g. N-cadherin), and gap junction proteins (e.g. connexin43). However, the regulators (e.g. protein kinases and phosphatases) that affect these proteins, such as their interaction with the cytoskeletal actin, which in turn confer cell adhesion at the TJ, remain largely unknown. We report herein that focal adhesion kinase (FAK) is a putative interacting partner of occludin, but not claudin-11 or junctional adhesion molecule-A. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescence microscopy studies illustrated that the expression of FAK in the seminiferous epithelium of adult rat testes was stage specific. FAK colocalized with occludin at the BTB in virtually all stages of the seminiferous epithelial cycle but considerably diminished in stages VIII-IX, at the time of BTB restructuring to facilitate the transit of primary leptotene spermatocytes. Using Sertoli cells cultured in vitro with established TJ-permeability barrier and ultrastructures of TJ, basal ectoplasmic specialization and desmosome-like junction that mimicked the BTB in vivo, FAK was shown to colocalize with occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) at the Sertoli-Sertoli cell interface. When these Sertoli cell cultures were treated with CdCl(2) to perturb the TJ-barrier function, occludin underwent endocytic-mediated internalization in parallel with FAK and ZO-1. Thus, these findings demonstrate that FAK is an integrated regulatory component of the occludin-ZO-1 protein complex, suggesting that functional studies can be performed to study the role of FAK in BTB dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica R Siu
- Center for Biomedical Research, Population Council, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
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291
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Hirota M, Suzuki M, Hagino S, Kagatani S, Sasaki Y, Aiba S, Itagaki H. Modification of cell-surface thiols elicits activation of human monocytic cell line THP-1: possible involvement in effect of haptens 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene and nickel sulfate. J Toxicol Sci 2009; 34:139-50. [PMID: 19336971 DOI: 10.2131/jts.34.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Human monocytic cell line THP-1 cells are used as an indicator for in vitro skin sensitization testing. Although p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and intracellular redox imbalance play crucial roles in the activation of THP-1 by skin sensitizers, the trigger of cell activation has not been identified. Therefore, we examined whether haptens induce THP-1 maturation directly or indirectly. 2,4-Dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB), but not dinitrophenol (DNP)-conjugated bovine serum albumin or DNP-conjugated fetal bovine serum, induced CD86 expression. DNCB and nickel sulfate (NiSO4) also induced related changes of cell-surface thiols and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. However, DNCB is membrane-permeable, and so its direct effect may not be confined to cell membrane proteins. Next, we found that CD86 expression and macrophage inflammatory protein-1beta (MIP-1beta) production were augmented by the membrane-impermeable thiol blocker 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) (DTNB), and these changes were suppressed by an inhibitor of the p38 MAPK pathway, SB203580. Finally, we confirmed that endocytotic activity for bovine serum albumin (BSA) Alexa Fluor 488 conjugate did not affect cell-surface thiols on THP-1 cells. Thus, our data indicate that the changes of cell-surface thiols are one of the triggers of maturation, and play a key role in activation of THP-1 cells by haptens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morihiko Hirota
- Quality Assessment Center, Shiseido Co., Ltd., Yokohama-shi.
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292
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Wolburg H, Noell S, Wolburg-Buchholz K, Mack A, Fallier-Becker P. Agrin, aquaporin-4, and astrocyte polarity as an important feature of the blood-brain barrier. Neuroscientist 2009; 15:180-93. [PMID: 19307424 DOI: 10.1177/1073858408329509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) does not exclusively refer to brain endothelial cells, which are the site of the barrier proper. In the past few years, it has become increasingly clear that BBB endothelial cells depend considerably on the brain microenvironment to a degree exceeding the environmental influence in other organs. The concept of the BBB has been continuously developed over the decades, culminating now in the recognition that endothelial cell function in the brain is not limited to simply mediating energy and oxygen transfer between blood and neural tissue. Endothelial cells are rather "Janus-headed beings" that are active partners of both luminal molecules and cells, as well as subendothelial cells such as pericytes, astrocytes, and neurons. In this overview, the authors present and discuss both the role of astroglial cells in managing the BBB and aspects of pathological alterations in the brain as far as the BBB is involved. After a brief introduction of the BBB that describes the structure and function of the brain capillary endothelial cells, the authors report on both the water channel protein aquaporin-4 (AQP4) in astrocytes and the extracellular matrix between astrocytes/pericytes and endothelial cells. The AQP4 has an important impact on the homeostasis in the brain parenchyma; however, the mechanistic cascade from the composition of the astrocyte membrane to the maintenance of BBB properties in the endothelial cells, including their tight junction formation, is still completely unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hartwig Wolburg
- Institute of Pathology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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293
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Hop proanthocyanidins induce apoptosis, protein carbonylation, and cytoskeleton disorganization in human colorectal adenocarcinoma cells via reactive oxygen species. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 47:827-36. [PMID: 19271284 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Proanthocyanidins (PCs) have been shown to suppress the growth of diverse human cancer cells and are considered as promising additions to the arsenal of chemopreventive phytochemicals. An oligomeric mixture of PCs from hops (Humulus lupulus) significantly decreased cell viability of human colon cancer HT-29 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Hop PCs, at 50 or 100 microg/ml, exhibited apoptosis-inducing properties as shown by the increase in caspase-3 activity. Increased levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) was accompanied by an augmented accumulation of protein carbonyls. Mass spectrometry-based proteomic analysis in combination with 2-alkenal-specific immunochemical detection identified beta-actin and protein disulfide isomerase as major putative targets of acrolein adduction. Incubation of HT-29 cells with hop PCs resulted in morphological changes that indicated disruption of the actin cytoskeleton. PC-mediated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) formation in the cell culture media was also quantified; but, the measured H2O2 levels would not explain the observed changes in the oxidative modifications of actin. These findings suggest new modes of action for proanthocyandins as anticarcinogenic agents in human colon cancer cells, namely, promotion of protein oxidative modifications and cytoskeleton derangement.
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294
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Yamashita T, Kamiya T, Deguchi K, Inaba T, Zhang H, Shang J, Miyazaki K, Ohtsuka A, Katayama Y, Abe K. Dissociation and protection of the neurovascular unit after thrombolysis and reperfusion in ischemic rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2009; 29:715-25. [PMID: 19142198 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2008.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In the ischemic brain, reperfusion with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) sometimes causes catastrophic hemorrhagic transformation (HT); however, the mechanism remains elusive. Here, we show that the basement membrane, and not the endothelial cells, is vulnerable to ischemic/reperfusion injury with tPA treatment. We treated a spontaneously hypertensive rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with vehicle alone, tPA alone, or a free radical scavenger, edaravone, plus tPA. Light and electron microscopic analyses of each microvascular component revealed that the basement membrane disintegrated and became detached from the astrocyte endfeet in tPA-treated animals that showed HT. On the other hand, edaravone prevented the dissociation of the neurovascular unit, dramatically decreased the HT, and improved the neurologic score and survival rate of the tPA-treated rats. These results suggest that the basement membrane that underlies the endothelial cells is a key structure for maintaining the integrity of the neurovascular unit, and a free-radical scavenger can be a viable agent for inhibiting tPA-induced HT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Yamashita
- Department of Neurology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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295
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Abstract
CNS injury-induced hemorrhage and tissue damage leads to excess iron, which can cause secondary degeneration. The mechanisms that handle this excess iron are not fully understood. We report that spinal cord contusion injury (SCI) in mice induces an "iron homeostatic response" that partially limits iron-catalyzed oxidative damage. We show that ceruloplasmin (Cp), a ferroxidase that oxidizes toxic ferrous iron, is important for this process. SCI in Cp-deficient mice demonstrates that Cp detoxifies and mobilizes iron and reduces secondary tissue degeneration and functional loss. Our results provide new insights into how astrocytes and macrophages handle iron after SCI. Importantly, we show that iron chelator treatment has a delayed effect in improving locomotor recovery between 3 and 6 weeks after SCI. These data reveal important aspects of the molecular control of CNS iron homeostasis after SCI and suggest that iron chelator therapy may improve functional recovery after CNS trauma and hemorrhagic stroke.
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296
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Guichardant M, Lagarde M. Analysis of biomarkers from lipid peroxidation: A comparative study. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200800069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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297
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van Horssen J, Schreibelt G, Drexhage J, Hazes T, Dijkstra CD, van der Valk P, de Vries HE. Severe oxidative damage in multiple sclerosis lesions coincides with enhanced antioxidant enzyme expression. Free Radic Biol Med 2008; 45:1729-37. [PMID: 18930811 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2008.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative damage may contribute to the formation and persistence of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions by acting on distinct pathological processes. ROS initiate lesion formation by inducing blood-brain barrier disruption, enhance leukocyte migration and myelin phagocytosis, and contribute to lesion persistence by mediating cellular damage to essential biological macromolecules of vulnerable CNS cells. Relatively little is known about which CNS cell types are affected by oxidative injury in MS lesions. Here, we show the presence of extensive oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and nucleotides occurring in active demyelinating MS lesions, predominantly in reactive astrocytes and myelin-laden macrophages. Oxidative stress can be counteracted by endogenous antioxidant enzymes that confer protection against oxidative damage. Here, we show that antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, catalase, and heme oxygenase 1, are markedly upregulated in active demyelinating MS lesions compared to normal-appearing white matter and white matter tissue from nonneurological control brains. Particularly, hypertrophic astrocytes and myelin-laden macrophages expressed an array of antioxidant enzymes. Enhanced antioxidant enzyme production in inflammatory MS lesions may reflect an adaptive defense mechanism to reduce ROS-induced cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J van Horssen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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298
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Jeske NA, Patwardhan AM, Henry MA, Milam SB. Fibronectin stimulates TRPV1 translocation in primary sensory neurons. J Neurochem 2008; 108:591-600. [PMID: 19012739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05779.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules are highly variable in their composition and receptor recognition. Their ubiquitous expression profile has been linked to roles in cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Recent work has identified certain ECM molecules that serve as dynamic signal modulators, versus the more-recognized role of chronic modulation of signal transduction. In this study, we investigated the role that fibronectin (FN) plays in the dynamic modulation of transient receptor potential family V type 1 receptor (TRPV1) translocation to the plasma membrane in trigeminal ganglia (TG) sensory neurons. Confocal immunofluorescence analyses identify co-expression of the TRPV1 receptor with integrin subunits that bind FN. TG neurons cultured upon or treated with FN experienced a leftward shift in the EC(50) of capsaicin-stimulated neuropeptide release. This FN-induced increase in TRPV1 sensitivity to activation is coupled by an increase in plasma membrane expression of TRPV1, as well as an increase in tyrosine phosphorylation of TRPV1 in TG neurons. Furthermore, TG neurons cultured on FN demonstrated an increase in capsaicin-mediated Ca(2+) accumulation relative to neurons cultured on poly-D-lysine. Data presented from these studies indicate that FN stimulates tyrosine-phosphorylation-dependent translocation of the TRPV1 receptor to the plasma membrane, identifying FN as a critical component of the ECM capable of sensory neuron sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel A Jeske
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78229-3900, USA.
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299
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Yin C, Pettigrew A, Loftus JP, Black SJ, Belknap JK. Tissue concentrations of 4-HNE in the black walnut extract model of laminitis: indication of oxidant stress in affected laminae. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2008; 129:211-5. [PMID: 19118907 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2008.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In the septic horse prone to laminitis, a similar activation of the innate immune system appears to occur as reported in the septic human prone to organ failure. Because oxidant injury plays a central role in organ failure occurring due to an overzealous innate immune response in human sepsis, this study was performed to determine whether there was evidence of oxidant stress in the laminar tissue in the early stages of laminitis. 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a lipid aldehyde that forms due to lipid peroxidation occurring during episodes of oxidant stress, readily forms adducts with cellular proteins; these adducts can be assessed as a marker of oxidant stress in the form of lipid peroxidation. In this study, a slot blot technique was used to assess 4-HNE adduct concentrations in the laminae, lung, liver, and intestinal tract in the black walnut extract (BWE) model of laminitis. Significant increases in laminar 4-HNE adduct concentrations were identified at two early stages in the BWE model, in the absence of such changes in the other tissues. These data indicate that oxidant stress may play an important role in the laminar failure in laminitis, and further support the concept that a poor antioxidant response in the laminae relative to other equine tissues may be responsible for failure of the laminae in the septic horse. In contrast, tissues such as the lung and liver that undergo oxidant injury in human sepsis appear to be relatively protected in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Yin
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States.
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300
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Iriyama A, Iriyama T, Tamaki Y, Yanagi Y. Effects of white light on β-catenin signaling pathway in retinal pigment epithelium. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2008; 375:173-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.07.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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