251
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Laufer JM, Legler DF. Beyond migration-Chemokines in lymphocyte priming, differentiation, and modulating effector functions. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 104:301-312. [PMID: 29668063 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.2mr1217-494r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors coordinate the positioning of leukocytes, and lymphocytes in particular, in space and time. Discrete lymphocyte subsets, depending on their activation and differentiation status, express various sets of chemokine receptors to be recruited to distinct tissues. Thus, the network of chemokines and their receptors ensures the correct localization of specialized lymphocyte subsets within the appropriate microenvironment enabling them to search for cognate antigens, to become activated, and to fulfill their effector functions. The chemokine system therefore is vital for the initiation as well as the regulation of immune responses to protect the body from pathogens while maintaining tolerance towards self. Besides the well investigated function of orchestrating directed cell migration, chemokines additionally act on lymphocytes in multiple ways to shape immune responses. In this review, we highlight and discuss the role of chemokines and chemokine receptors in controlling cell-to-cell contacts required for lymphocyte arrest on endothelial cells and immunological synapse formation, in lymphocyte priming and differentiation, survival, as well as in modulating effector functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Laufer
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Daniel F Legler
- Biotechnology Institute Thurgau (BITg), University of Konstanz, Kreuzlingen, Switzerland.,Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
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252
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Elahi A, Sabui S, Narasappa NN, Agrawal S, Lambrecht NW, Agrawal A, Said HM. Biotin Deficiency Induces Th1- and Th17-Mediated Proinflammatory Responses in Human CD4 + T Lymphocytes via Activation of the mTOR Signaling Pathway. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:2563-2570. [PMID: 29531163 PMCID: PMC5893381 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biotin (vitamin B7) is essential for human health because of its involvement, as a cofactor, in a variety of critical cellular metabolic reactions. Previous studies have shown that biotin deficiency enhances inflammation, and certain chronic inflammatory diseases are associated with biotin deficiency; however, the mechanisms that mediate the association between biotin status and inflammation are not well understood. In this study, we examined the effect of biotin deficiency on human CD4+ T cell responses to determine their role in biotin deficiency-associated inflammation. Our investigations revealed that anti-CD3/CD28-stimulated CD4+ T cells cultured in biotin-deficient medium secreted significantly enhanced levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF, and IL-17. Expression of the transcription factors T-bet and RORγt was increased, whereas Foxp3 expression was decreased, in biotin-deficient CD4+ T cells. The percentage of T regulatory cells was also decreased under biotin-deficient condition. A similar increase in T-bet, RORγt, and proinflammatory cytokine levels, as well as a decrease in Foxp3, was observed in inguinal lymph nodes of mice fed a biotin-deficient diet relative to pair-fed controls. Furthermore, differentiation of CD4+ T cells toward Th1 and Th17 cells was also enhanced. In vitro and in vivo investigations indicated that the increased inflammatory response was due to enhanced activation of the mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway in biotin-deficient CD4+ T cells. In summary, these results demonstrate that biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory responses in CD4+ T cells, which may contribute to inflammation associated with biotin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif Elahi
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Subrata Sabui
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
| | - Nell N Narasappa
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Nils W Lambrecht
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
| | - Hamid M Said
- Department of Medical Research, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Long Beach, CA 90822;
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697; and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697
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253
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Oral Immunization against PEDV with Recombinant Lactobacillus casei Expressing Dendritic Cell-Targeting Peptide Fusing COE Protein of PEDV in Piglets. Viruses 2018; 10:v10030106. [PMID: 29494530 PMCID: PMC5869499 DOI: 10.3390/v10030106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease in newborn piglets. In our previous study, a genetically engineered Lactobacillus casei oral vaccine (pPG-COE-DCpep/L393) expressing a dendritic cell (DC)-targeting peptide fused with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) COE antigen was developed. This vaccine induced significant levels of anti-PEDV specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in mice, indicating a potential strategy against PEDV infection. In this study, pPG-COE-DCpep/L393 was used for oral vaccination of newborn piglets against PEDV. We then assessed the immune responses and protection efficacy of pPG-COE-DCpep/L393. An indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed that the recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine elicits a specific systemic and mucosal immune response. The T-helper cells mediated by pPG-COE-DCpep/L393 and PEDV infection display a Th1 phenotype. The histopathological results showed that pPG-COE-DCpep/L393 promotes lymphocyte proliferation and effectively protects piglets against PEDV infection. The transforming growth factor-β level indicated that the recombinant Lactobacillus vaccine plays a role in anti-inflammatory responses in mesenteric lymph nodes during PEDV infection. These results show that pPG-COE-DCpep/L393 is a potential vaccine against PEDV infection.
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254
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Youssef MM, El-Din E, AbuShady MM, El-Baroudy NR, Abd El Hamid TA, Armaneus AF, El Refay AS, Hussein J, Medhat D, Latif YA. Urinary bisphenol A concentrations in relation to asthma in a sample of Egyptian children. Hum Exp Toxicol 2018; 37:1180-1186. [PMID: 29441827 DOI: 10.1177/0960327118758150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is one of the top disabling diseases in pediatrics. Limited research has been studied the association of the widely used plastic monomer bisphenol A (BPA) with childhood asthma. OBJECTIVE To compare the levels of urinary BPA in asthmatic and control children and to investigate the implication of BPA among other risk factors for the development of asthma. SUBJECTS AND METHODS This case-control study included 97 children (45 asthmatic and 52 healthy controls) aged 3-8 years. Asthmatic children were diagnosed according to Global initiative for asthma (GINA) guidelines. Sociodemographic factors were assessed and urinary levels of BPA were determined in spot urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography. The contribution of BPA among predictors for developing asthma was studied in asthmatic children. RESULTS Median total urinary BPA levels were significantly higher in asthmatic children than in control group (1.56 ng/mL in asthmatic children compared to 0.790 ng/mL in control group, p = 0.001). Children who had total urinary BPA levels >1.3 ng/mL were more likely to be asthmatic (odds ratio: 2.84, 95% confidence interval 1.22-6.59, p = 0.015). Multiple logistic regression analysis for predictors of asthma showed the importance of higher levels of BPA (>1.3 ng/mL) as a more significant predictor than passive smoking ( p = 0.006 for BPA categories vs. p = 0.049 for passive smoking). CONCLUSION Association of higher levels of urinary BPA with the diagnosis of asthma in children may indicate the potential risk of BPA exposure in the precipitation of bronchial asthma. Further clinical and biochemical research are needed to clarify the proper mechanism explaining this association.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M Youssef
- 1 Department of Child Health, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ems El-Din
- 1 Department of Child Health, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - M M AbuShady
- 1 Department of Child Health, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - N R El-Baroudy
- 2 Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - T A Abd El Hamid
- 2 Department of Pediatric, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - A F Armaneus
- 1 Department of Child Health, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - A S El Refay
- 1 Department of Child Health, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - J Hussein
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - D Medhat
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Y A Latif
- 3 Department of Medical Biochemistry, Medical Division, National Research Centre (NRC), Cairo, Egypt
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255
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RelB regulates Th17 differentiation in a cell-intrinsic manner. Immunobiology 2018; 223:191-199. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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256
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Guo Y, Zynat J, Xing S, Xin L, Li S, Mammat N, Chen Y, Zhao L, Zhao H, Wang X. Immunological changes of T helper cells in flow cytometer-sorted CD4 + T cells from patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:3596-3602. [PMID: 29556254 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.5825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent incidence rates for Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and hypothyroidism are higher than those of previous studies. Previous studies indicated that T helper cells may have a major role in the pathogenesis and development of HT, but there is no consensus in the literature. The aim of the present study was to explore the peripheral T helper cell response in the different stages of HT. In this cross-sectional study, we performed flow cytometry analysis to determine the various T cell subsets of 389 patients with HT (34 patients with HT who developed overt hypothyroidism, and 148 patients with HT who developed subclinical hypothyroidism), as well as 51 healthy controls. Anti-thyroid antibodies, and thyroid function were measured. The findings demonstrated that the proportion of peripheral Th1 cells was significantly lower in patients with HT than in healthy euthyroid controls (P<0.001), and the proportion of peripheral Th2, Treg cells was significantly higher in patients with HT than in healthy euthyroid controls (P<0.001). Therefore the Th1/Th2 ratio was significantly lower in HT patients than in healthy euthyroid controls (P<0.001). The Th17/Treg ratio in HT patients was significantly lower than that control subjects (P<0.001). Th1 proportions in patients with overt hypothyroidism HT were significantly higher than in subclinical hypothyroidism HT patients (P=0.031). In conclusion, the findings of the present study demonstrated that there is an increased immune deviation of Th1 lymphocytes and compensatory accelerating activity of Treg cells in HT, and the peripheral Th1 cells from the HT patients correlated to the developmental stage of hypothyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Jazyra Zynat
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Shuqing Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Liang Xin
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Suli Li
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Nurongguli Mammat
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Limin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Hongli Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
| | - Xinling Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830001, P.R. China
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257
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Narsale A, Moya R, Davies JD. Human CD4 + CD25 + CD127 hi cells and the Th1/Th2 phenotype. Clin Immunol 2018; 188:103-112. [PMID: 29330114 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells that co-express CD25 and CD127 (CD25+CD127+) make up around 20% of all circulating CD4+ memory T cells in healthy people. The clinical significance of these cells is that in children with type 1 diabetes their relative frequency at diagnosis is significantly and directly correlated with rate of disease progression. The purpose of this study was to further characterize the CD25+CD127hi cells. We show that they are a mix of Th1 and Th2 cells however, they have a significantly higher relative frequency of pre-committed and committed Th2 cells, and secrete significantly higher levels of Th2-type cytokines than CD25- memory T cells. Further, these cells are neither exhausted nor senescent and proliferate to the same extent as CD25- memory cells. Thus, CD25+CD127hi cells are a highly active subset of memory T cells that might play a role in controlling inflammation via anti-inflammatory Th2-type deviation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Narsale
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Rosita Moya
- San Diego Biomedical Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
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258
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Izumi G, Koga K, Takamura M, Makabe T, Satake E, Takeuchi A, Taguchi A, Urata Y, Fujii T, Osuga Y. Involvement of immune cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. J Obstet Gynaecol Res 2018; 44:191-198. [PMID: 29316073 DOI: 10.1111/jog.13559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Endometriosis is characterized by the implantation and growth of endometriotic tissues outside the uterus. It is widely accepted the theory that endometriosis is caused by the implantation of endometrial tissue from retrograde menstruation; however, retrograde menstruation occurs in almost all women and other factors are required for the establishment of endometriosis, such as cell survival, cell invasion, angiogenesis, and cell growth. Immune factors in the local environment may, therefore, contribute to the formation and progression of endometriosis. Current evidence supports the involvement of immune cells in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. Peritoneal neutrophils and macrophages secrete biochemical factors that help endometriotic cell growth and invasion, and angiogenesis. Peritoneal macrophages and NK cells in endometriosis have limited capability of eliminating endometrial cells in the peritoneal cavity. An imbalance of T cell subsets leads to aberrant cytokine secretions and inflammation that results in the growth of endometriosis lesions. It is still uncertain whether these immune cells have a role in the initial cause and/or stimulate actions that enhance disease; however, in either case, modulating the actions of these cells may prevent initiation or disease progression. Further studies are needed to deepen the understanding of the pathology of endometriosis and to develop novel management approaches of benefit to women suffering from this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentaro Izumi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kaori Koga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masashi Takamura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Makabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Satake
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arisa Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Urata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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259
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Darzi SE, Khazraei SP, Amirghofran Z. The immunoinhibitory and apoptosis-inducing activities of Foeniculum vulgare on human peripheral blood lymphocytes. Res Pharm Sci 2018; 13:103-110. [PMID: 29606964 PMCID: PMC5842481 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.223792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Foeniculum vulgare (F. vulgare, Apiaceae) is an important plant currently used in folk medicine to treat various diseases including infections and inflammatory conditions. In this study we have investigated the immunomodulatory and apoptosis-inducing activities of the fractions from this plant. We prepared dichloromethane, hexane, butanol, and water fractions from the aerial parts of the plant. We examined the growth inhibitory effects of the fractions on proliferative lymphocytes by the BrdU incorporation assay. Cell viability was determined by the propidium iodide (PI) assay. AnnexinV/PI staining and cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry was performed to investigate the apoptosis-inducing effects of the plant fractions. Cytokine levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All fractions reduced cell proliferation of the activated lymphocytes. The dichloromethane fraction with the highest inhibitory effect (IC50, 19.8 μg/mL) significantly reduced cell viability. Although the butanol fraction inhibited cell growth (IC50, 88.2 μg/mL) it did not affect cell viability. Annexin V/PI and cell cycle analysis showed the maximum apoptosis-inducing effect of the dichloromethane fraction at 200 μg/mL. Cytokines, that included interleukin (IL)-4 (22.8 ± 0.9 pg/mL, P < 0.05) and interferon (IFN)-γ (651 ± 37.5 pg/mL, P < 0.01) reduced the activated lymphocyte levels in cultures in the presence of 100 μg/mL concentration of butanol fraction compared to the untreated control. In conclusion, the dichloromethane fraction of F. vulgare had the capability of inducing apoptosis in the activated lymphocytes, whereas the butanol fraction reduced cell activation and cytokine secretion. These data suggested the potential of these examined fractions for more studies in terms of their beneficial effects on immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zahra Amirghofran
- Department of Immunology, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran.,Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry Research Center and Autoimmune Disease Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, I.R. Iran
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260
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Lee F, Lawrence DA. From Infections to Anthropogenic Inflicted Pathologies: Involvement of Immune Balance. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2017; 21:24-46. [PMID: 29252129 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2017.1412212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A temporal trend can be seen in recent human history where the dominant causes of death have shifted from infectious to chronic diseases in industrialized societies. Human influences in the current "Anthropocene" epoch are exponentially impacting the environment and consequentially health. Changing ecological niches are suggested to have created health transitions expressed as modifications of immune balance from infections inflicting pathologies in the Holocene epoch (12,000 years ago) to human behaviors inflicting pathologies beginning in the Anthropocene epoch (300 years ago). A review of human immune health and adaptations responding to environmental (biological, chemical, physical, and psychological) stresses, which are influenced by social conditions, emphasize the involvement of fluctuations in immune cell subsets affecting influential gene-environment interactions. The literature from a variety of fields (anthropological, immunological, and environmental) is incorporated to present an expanded perspective on shifts in diseases within the context of immune balance and function and environmental immunology. The influences between historical and contemporary human ecology are examined in relation to human immunity. Several examples of shifts in human physiology and immunity support the premise that increased incidences of chronic diseases are a consequence of human modification of environment and lifestyle. Although the development of better health care and a broader understanding of human health have helped with better life quality and expectancy, the transition of morbidity and mortality rates from infections to chronic diseases is a cause for concern. Combinations of environmental stressors/pollutants and human behaviors and conditions are modulating the immune-neuroendocrine network, which compromises health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Lee
- a Department of Anthropology , University at Albany , Albany , NY , USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- b Wadsworth Center/New York State Department of Health , Albany , NY , USA
- c Biomedical Sciences and Environmental Health Sciences , University at Albany, School of Public Health , Albany , NY , USA
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261
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Blossom SJ, Gilbert KM. Epigenetic underpinnings of developmental immunotoxicity and autoimmune disease. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2017; 10:23-30. [PMID: 30613805 DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The concordance rate for developing autoimmune disease in identical twins is around 50% demonstrating that gene and environmental interactions contribute to disease etiology. The environmental contribution to autoimmune disease is a wide-ranging concept including exposure to immunotoxic environmental chemicals. Because the immune system is immature during development suggests that adult-onset autoimmunity may originate when the immune system is particularly sensitive. Among the pollutants most closely associated with inflammation and/or autoimmunity include Bisphenol-A, mercury, TCDD, and trichloroethylene. These toxicants have been shown to impart epigenetic changes (e.g., DNA methylation) that may alter immune function and promote autoreactivity. Here we review these autoimmune-promoting toxicants and their relation to immune cell epigenetics both in terms of adult and developmental exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Blossom
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kathleen M Gilbert
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Arkansas Children's Research Institute, 13 Children's Way, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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262
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Muehling LM, Lawrence MG, Woodfolk JA. Pathogenic CD4 + T cells in patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 140:1523-1540. [PMID: 28442213 PMCID: PMC5651193 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Asthma encompasses a variety of clinical phenotypes that involve distinct T cell-driven inflammatory processes. Improved understanding of human T-cell biology and the influence of innate cytokines on T-cell responses at the epithelial barrier has led to new asthma paradigms. This review captures recent knowledge on pathogenic CD4+ T cells in asthmatic patients by drawing on observations in mouse models and human disease. In patients with allergic asthma, TH2 cells promote IgE-mediated sensitization, airway hyperreactivity, and eosinophilia. Here we discuss recent discoveries in the myriad molecular pathways that govern the induction of TH2 differentiation and the critical role of GATA-3 in this process. We elaborate on how cross-talk between epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and innate lymphoid cells translates to T-cell outcomes, with an emphasis on the actions of thymic stromal lymphopoietin, IL-25, and IL-33 at the epithelial barrier. New concepts on how T-cell skewing and epitope specificity are shaped by multiple environmental cues integrated by dendritic cell "hubs" are discussed. We also describe advances in understanding the origins of atypical TH2 cells in asthmatic patients, the role of TH1 cells and other non-TH2 types in asthmatic patients, and the features of T-cell pathogenicity at the single-cell level. Progress in technologies that enable highly multiplexed profiling of markers within a single cell promise to overcome barriers to T-cell discovery in human asthmatic patients that could transform our understanding of disease. These developments, along with novel T cell-based therapies, position us to expand the assortment of molecular targets that could facilitate personalized treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyndsey M Muehling
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Monica G Lawrence
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Judith A Woodfolk
- Allergy Division, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Va.
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263
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Fu X, He F, Li Y, Shahveranov A, Hutchins AP. Genomic and molecular control of cell type and cell type conversions. CELL REGENERATION 2017; 6:1-7. [PMID: 29348912 PMCID: PMC5769489 DOI: 10.1016/j.cr.2017.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Organisms are made of a limited number of cell types that combine to form higher order tissues and organs. Cell types have traditionally been defined by their morphologies or biological activity, yet the underlying molecular controls of cell type remain unclear. The onset of single cell technologies, and more recently genomics (particularly single cell genomics), has substantially increased the understanding of the concept of cell type, but has also increased the complexity of this understanding. These new technologies have added a new genome wide molecular dimension to the description of cell type, with genome-wide expression and epigenetic data acting as a cell type ‘fingerprint’ to describe the cell state. Using these genomic fingerprints cell types are being increasingly defined based on specific genomic and molecular criteria, without necessarily a distinct biological function. In this review, we will discuss the molecular definitions of cell types and cell type control, and particularly how endogenous and exogenous transcription factors can control cell types and cell type conversions.
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264
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Mousavi Nasl-Khameneh A, Mirshafiey A, Naser Moghadasi A, Chahardoli R, Mahmoudi M, Parastouei K, Yekaninejad MS, Saboor-Yaraghi AA. Combination treatment of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and all-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) inhibit IL-17 and RORγt gene expression in PBMCs of patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Neurol Res 2017; 40:11-17. [PMID: 29155646 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2017.1382800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a demyelinating disorder with a complex autoimmune pathophysiology. Its initiation and progression correlate with IL-17 and the related transcription factor, RORγt. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a bioactive derivative of vitamin A, and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an active metabolite of omega-3 fatty acid; both have immunomodulatory effects in many immune disorders. This study investigated the effects of DHA and ATRA individually and in combination on IL-17 and RORγt gene expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients who were receiving interferon beta (IFN-β). METHODS The PBMCs of 15 RRMS patients were treated in vitro with 1 μM of ATRA and 15 μM of DHA as single and combination treatments for assessing probable additive or synergistic effects. RESULTS The results showed that single treatment of ATRA (p = 0.05) could significantly decrease the expression of IL-17 gene and single treatment of ATRA (p = 0.04) and single treatment of DHA (p = 0.05) induced significant inhibition on the expression of RORγt gene. The suppressive effect of combined treatment with ATRA and DHA on IL-17 (p = 0.02) and RORγt (p = 0.01) was also found significant showing that the combined treatments can have additive effects. DISCUSSION These results indicate that both DHA and ATRA might help control disease progression in IFN-β treated RRMS patients with the strongest effects produced by a combination of the two compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ateke Mousavi Nasl-Khameneh
- a Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Campus , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abdorreza Naser Moghadasi
- c Department of Neurology and MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute , Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Reza Chahardoli
- d Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences , Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Maryam Mahmoudi
- e Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Karim Parastouei
- e Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Yekaninejad
- f Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Ali Akbar Saboor-Yaraghi
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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265
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Orihara K, Odemuyiwa SO, Stefura WP, Ilarraza R, HayGlass KT, Moqbel R. Neurotransmitter signalling via NMDA receptors leads to decreased T helper type 1-like and enhanced T helper type 2-like immune balance in humans. Immunology 2017; 153:368-379. [PMID: 28940416 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the pivotal roles that CD4+ T cell imbalance plays in human immune disorders, much interest centres on better understanding influences that regulate human helper T-cell subset dominance in vivo. Here, using primary CD4+ T cells and short-term T helper type 1 (Th1) and Th2-like lines, we investigated roles and mechanisms by which neurotransmitter receptors may influence human type 1 versus type 2 immunity. We hypothesized that N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-R), which play key roles in memory and learning, can also regulate human CD4+ T cell function through induction of excitotoxicity. Fresh primary CD4+ T cells from healthy donors express functional NMDA-R that are strongly up-regulated upon T cell receptor (TCR) mediated activation. Synthetic and physiological NMDA-R agonists elicited Ca2+ flux and led to marked inhibition of type 1 but not type 2 or interleukin-10 cytokine responses. Among CD4+ lines, NMDA and quinolinic acid preferentially reduced cytokine production, Ca2+ flux, proliferation and survival of Th1-like cells through increased induction of cell death whereas Th2-like cells were largely spared. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that (i) NMDA-R is rapidly up-regulated upon CD4+ T cell activation in humans and (ii) Th1 versus Th2 cell functions such as proliferation, cytokine production and cell survival are differentially affected by NMDA-R agonists. Differential cytokine production and proliferative capacity of Th1 versus Th2 cells is attributable in part to increased physiological cell death among fully committed Th1 versus Th2 cells, leading to increased Th2-like dominance. Hence, excitotoxicity, beyond its roles in neuronal plasticity, may contribute to ongoing modulation of human T cell responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanami Orihara
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Solomon O Odemuyiwa
- Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - William P Stefura
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Ramses Ilarraza
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Kent T HayGlass
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Redwan Moqbel
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Division of Pulmonary Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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266
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Nevers T, Salvador AM, Velazquez F, Ngwenyama N, Carrillo-Salinas FJ, Aronovitz M, Blanton RM, Alcaide P. Th1 effector T cells selectively orchestrate cardiac fibrosis in nonischemic heart failure. J Exp Med 2017; 214:3311-3329. [PMID: 28970239 PMCID: PMC5679176 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20161791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite emerging data indicating a role for T cells in profibrotic cardiac repair and healing after ischemia, little is known about whether T cells directly impact cardiac fibroblasts (CFBs) to promote cardiac fibrosis (CF) in nonischemic heart failure (HF). Recently, we reported increased T cell infiltration in the fibrotic myocardium of nonischemic HF patients, as well as the protection from CF and HF in TCR-α-/- mice. Here, we report that T cells activated in such a context are mainly IFN-γ+, adhere to CFB, and induce their transition into myofibroblasts. Th1 effector cells selectively drive CF both in vitro and in vivo, whereas adoptive transfer of Th1 cells, opposite to activated IFN-γ-/- Th cells, partially reconstituted CF and HF in TCR-α-/- recipient mice. Mechanistically, Th1 cells use integrin α4 to adhere to and induce TGF-β in CFB in an IFN-γ-dependent manner. Our findings identify a previously unrecognized role for Th1 cells as integrators of perivascular CF and cardiac dysfunction in nonischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Nevers
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Ane M Salvador
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Francisco Velazquez
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | - Njabulo Ngwenyama
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
| | | | - Mark Aronovitz
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Robert M Blanton
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA
| | - Pilar Alcaide
- Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA
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267
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Zhou Q, Fu Y, Hu L, Li Q, Jin M, Jiang E. Relationship of circulating chemerin and omentin levels with Th17 and Th9 cell immune responses in patients with asthma. J Asthma 2017; 55:579-587. [PMID: 28771382 DOI: 10.1080/02770903.2017.1355378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipokines are correlated with immune responses in asthma, but data on the roles of chemerin and omentin in asthma are limited. This study explored the relationship of chemerin and omentin levels with Th17 and Th9 cells in asthma. METHODS Seventy-six asthmatics were divided into intermittent-to-mild persistent (n = 28), moderate persistent (n = 26) and severe persistent (n = 22) and were enrolled in the study. Additionally, 20 healthy subjects were enrolled as controls. Clinical characteristics of the subjects, the Asthma Control Test, lung function, fractional exhaled nitric oxide score, and plasma chemerin and omentin levels were evaluated, and the percentages of Th17 and Th9 cells were determined by flow cytometry. RESULTS The percentages of Th17 and Th9 cells were higher in the moderate-to-severe persistent asthmatics than in the intermittent-to-mild persistent asthmatics or healthy controls (p < 0.05). The severe persistent asthma group had a higher chemerin level but lower omentin levels than the control group (p < 0.05). Chemerin levels were positively correlated with Th17 and Th9 cell percentages, while omentin levels were negatively correlated with Th17 and Th9 cell percentages (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS The regulatory functions of adipokines on immune responses may be associated with pathogenesis and processes of asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Yu Fu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Liangan Hu
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Qian Li
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - Meng Jin
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
| | - E Jiang
- a Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine , The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing , China
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268
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Du W, Chen T, Ni Y, Hou X, Yu Y, Zhou Q, Wu F, Tang W, Shi G. Role of PIM2 in allergic asthma. Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:7504-7512. [PMID: 28944837 PMCID: PMC5865883 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
T cell-associated inflammation, particularly type 2 inflammation, has an important role in asthma pathogenesis, which is suppressed by regulatory T cells (Tregs). Proviral integration site for Moloney murine leukemia virus 2 (PIM2), a member off the serine/threonine kinase family, promotes the growth and survival of T cells and influences the function of Treg cells. However, whether PIM2 affects asthma pathogenesis remains unclear. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells and Treg cells from asthmatic and healthy subjects were obtained, and the expression level of PIM2 was measured by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry. In addition, BALB/c female mice sensitized and challenged by ovalbumin were used as an asthma model, and PIM2 inhibitor was injected during the challenge period to observe the effect of PIM2 on asthma. The asthma symptoms were recorded, and airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), expression levels of cytokines in the serum or bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and the number of BALF leukocytes were evaluated. In addition, hematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemistry of lung tissues was performed. The results demonstrated that PIM2 was overexpressed in patients with asthma in natural Treg cells. Inhibition of PIM2 attenuated asthma symptoms, and improved AHR and airway inflammation compared with asthmatic mice without inhibition of PIM2. In addition, expression levels of interleukin (IL)-10 and forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3) in BALF were increased following PIM2 inhibition (IL-10, 470.3±21.78 vs. 533.7±25.55 pg/ml, P<0.05; FOXP3, 259±4.68 vs. 279.3±3.68 pg/ml; asthma and PIM2 inhibition groups, respectively; P<0.05). In conclusion, PIM2 may exhibit an important role in asthma pathogenesis and exacerbate AHR, airway inflammation and asthma symptoms. These effects of PIM2 may be dependent on Treg cells and the secretion of IL-10 by Tregs. The results of the present study suggest that PIM2 may be a potential target molecule for asthma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Du
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Tiantian Chen
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Yingmeng Ni
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxia Hou
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Youchao Yu
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Qi Zhou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Shanghai Institute of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Fang Wu
- Department of Geratology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Wei Tang
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200025, P.R. China
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269
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Arthritic psoriasis during natalizumab treatment: a case report and review of the literature. Neurol Sci 2017; 39:181-183. [PMID: 28905124 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-017-3112-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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270
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Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells Are Involved in Skewed Type 2 Immunity of Gastric Diseases Induced by Helicobacter pylori Infection. Mediators Inflamm 2017; 2017:4927964. [PMID: 29138530 PMCID: PMC5613366 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4927964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
H. pylori induces a complicated local and systematic immune response and contributes to the carcinogenesis of gastric cancer. A primary type 1 immune response is evoked by H. pylori since its occurrence. However, it is not unusual that an inhibitory immunity is dominant in H. pylori-associated diseases, which are promoted by the formation of immunosuppressive microenvironment. But whether group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) plays a critical role in H. pylori-induced skewed type 2 immunity is still unclear. In the present study, firstly, we confirmed that type 1 immunity was inhibited and type 2 immunity were undisturbed or promoted after H. pylori infection in vitro and in vivo. Secondly, GATA-3 was firstly found to be increased in the interstitial lymphocytes from H. pylori-associated gastric cancer, among them, Lin-GATA-3+ cells and Lin+GATA-3+ cells were also found to be enhanced, which indicated an important role for ILC2s in H. pylori infection. More importantly, ILC2s were found to be increased after H. pylori infection in clinical patients and animal models. In conclusion, our results indicated that ILC2-mediated innate immune response might play a potential role in dominant type 2 phenotype and immunosuppressive microenvironment in H. pylori infection.
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271
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Yamashita M. Aspirin Intolerance: Experimental Models for Bed-to-Bench. Curr Drug Targets 2017; 17:1963-1970. [PMID: 27719658 PMCID: PMC5345322 DOI: 10.2174/1389450117666161005152327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Aspirin is the oldest non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID), and it sometimes causes asthma-like symptoms known as aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD), which can be serious. Unwanted effects of aspirin (aspirin intolerance) are also observed in patients with food-dependent exercise-induced anaphylaxis, a type I allergy disease, and aspirin-induced urticaria (AIU). However the target and the mechanism of the aspirin intolerance are still unknown. There is no animal or cellular model of AERD, because its pathophysiological mechanism is still unknown, but it is thought that inhibition of cyclooxygenase by causative agents leads to an increase of free arachidonic acid, which is metabolized into cysteinyl leukotrienes (cysLTs) that provoke airway smooth muscle constriction and asthma symptoms. As the bed-to-bench approach, to confirm the clinical discussion in experimental cellular models, we have tried to develop a cellular model of AERD using activated RBL-2H3 cells, a rat mast cell like cell line. Indomethacin (another NSAID and also causes AERD), enhances in vitro cysLTs production by RBL-2H3 cells, while there is no induction of cysLTs production in the absence of inflammatory activation. Since this suggests that all inflammatory cells with activation of prostaglandin and cysLT metabolism should respond to NSAIDs, and then I have concluded that aspirin intolerance should be separated from subsequent bronchoconstriction. Evidence about the cellular mechanisms of NSAIDs may be employed for development of in vitro AERD models as the approach from bench-to-bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masamichi Yamashita
- Laboratory of Food for Health, Department of Bioscience in Daily Life, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, 1866 Kameino, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880 Japan
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272
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Wambre E, Bajzik V, DeLong JH, O'Brien K, Nguyen QA, Speake C, Gersuk VH, DeBerg HA, Whalen E, Ni C, Farrington M, Jeong D, Robinson D, Linsley PS, Vickery BP, Kwok WW. A phenotypically and functionally distinct human T H2 cell subpopulation is associated with allergic disorders. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaam9171. [PMID: 28768806 PMCID: PMC5987220 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aam9171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allergen-specific type 2 helper T (TH2) cells play a central role in initiating and orchestrating the allergic and asthmatic inflammatory response pathways. One major factor limiting the use of such atopic disease-causing T cells as both therapeutic targets and clinically useful biomarkers is the lack of an accepted methodology to identify and differentiate these cells from overall nonpathogenic TH2 cell types. We have described a subset of human memory TH2 cells confined to atopic individuals that includes all allergen-specific TH2 cells. These cells are terminally differentiated CD4+ T cells (CD27- and CD45RB-) characterized by coexpression of CRTH2, CD49d, and CD161 and exhibit numerous functional attributes distinct from conventional TH2 cells. Hence, we have denoted these cells with this stable allergic disease-related phenotype as the TH2A cell subset. Transcriptome analysis further revealed a distinct pathway in the initiation of pathogenic responses to allergen, and elimination of these cells is indicative of clinical responses induced by immunotherapy. Together, these findings identify a human TH2 cell signature in allergic diseases that could be used for response-monitoring and designing appropriate immunomodulatory strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Wambre
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA.
| | - Veronique Bajzik
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Jonathan H DeLong
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Kimberly O'Brien
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Quynh-Anh Nguyen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Cate Speake
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Vivian H Gersuk
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Hannah A DeBerg
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Elizabeth Whalen
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | - Chester Ni
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - David Jeong
- Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - Peter S Linsley
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
| | | | - William W Kwok
- Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA 98101, USA
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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273
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Wang G, Wu J, Miao M, Dou H, Nan N, Shi M, Yu G, Shan F. Nocardia rubra cell-wall skeleton promotes CD4 + T cell activation and drives Th1 immune response. Int J Biol Macromol 2017; 101:398-407. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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274
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Gilbert KM, Blossom SJ, Reisfeld B, Erickson SW, Vyas K, Maher M, Broadfoot B, West K, Bai S, Cooney CA, Bhattacharyya S. Trichloroethylene-induced alterations in DNA methylation were enriched in polycomb protein binding sites in effector/memory CD4 + T cells. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENETICS 2017; 3:dvx013. [PMID: 29129997 PMCID: PMC5676456 DOI: 10.1093/eep/dvx013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to industrial solvent and water pollutant trichloroethylene (TCE) can promote autoimmunity, and expand effector/memory (CD62L) CD4+ T cells. In order to better understand etiology reduced representation bisulfite sequencing was used to study how a 40-week exposure to TCE in drinking water altered methylation of ∼337 770 CpG sites across the entire genome of effector/memory CD4+ T cells from MRL+/+ mice. Regardless of TCE exposure, 62% of CpG sites in autosomal chromosomes were hypomethylated (0-15% methylation), and 25% were hypermethylated (85-100% methylation). In contrast, only 6% of the CpGs on the X chromosome were hypomethylated, and 51% had mid-range methylation levels. In terms of TCE impact, TCE altered (≥ 10%) the methylation of 233 CpG sites in effector/memory CD4+ T cells. Approximately 31.7% of these differentially methylated sites occurred in regions known to bind one or more Polycomb group (PcG) proteins, namely Ezh2, Suz12, Mtf2 or Jarid2. In comparison, only 23.3% of CpG sites not differentially methylated by TCE were found in PcG protein binding regions. Transcriptomics revealed that TCE altered the expression of ∼560 genes in the same effector/memory CD4+ T cells. At least 80% of the immune genes altered by TCE had binding sites for PcG proteins flanking their transcription start site, or were regulated by other transcription factors that were in turn ordered by PcG proteins at their own transcription start site. Thus, PcG proteins, and the differential methylation of their binding sites, may represent a new mechanism by which TCE could alter the function of effector/memory CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Gilbert
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Sarah J. Blossom
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Brad Reisfeld
- Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Stephen W. Erickson
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kanan Vyas
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Mary Maher
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Brannon Broadfoot
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Kirk West
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Shasha Bai
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
| | - Craig A. Cooney
- Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Sudeepa Bhattacharyya
- Arkansas Children’s Research Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72202, USA
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275
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Bui TT, Piao CH, Song CH, Lee CH, Shin HS, Chai OH. Baicalein, wogonin, and Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extract alleviate ovalbumin-induced allergic airway inflammation and mast cell-mediated anaphylactic shock by regulation of Th1/Th2 imbalance and histamine release. Anat Cell Biol 2017; 50:124-134. [PMID: 28713616 PMCID: PMC5509896 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2017.50.2.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is characterized by chronic inflammation, goblet cell hyperplasia, the aberrant production of the Th2 cytokines, and eosinophil infiltration into the lungs. In this study, we examined the effects of baicalein, wogonin, and Scutellaria baicalensis ethanol extract on ovalbumin (OVA)-induced asthma by evaluating Th1/Th2 cytokine levels, histopathologic analysis, and compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and mast cell activation, focusing on the histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract also decreased the number of inflammatory cells especially eosinophils and downregulated peribronchial and perivascular inflammation in the lungs of mice challenged by OVA. Baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract significantly reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor α, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-4, IL-5 and the production of OVA-specific IgE and IgG1, and upregulated the level of interferon-γ and OVA-specific IgG2a. In addition, oral administration of baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract inhibited compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis and plasma histamine release in mice. Moreover, baicalein, wogonin, and S. baicalensis ethanol extract suppressed compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells. Conclusively, baicalein and wogonin as major flavonoids of S. baicalensis may have therapeutic potential for allergic asthma through modulation of Th1/Th2 cytokine imbalance and histamine release from mast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Tho Bui
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chun Hua Piao
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang Ho Song
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
| | - Chang-Hyun Lee
- Department of Anatomy, College of Korean Medicine, Woosuk University, Samrye, Korea
| | - Hee Soon Shin
- Food Biotechnology Program, Korea University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea.,Division of Nutrition and Metabolism Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ok Hee Chai
- Department of Anatomy, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea.,Institute for Medical Sciences, Chonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju, Korea
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276
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Lu D, Lan B, Din Z, Chen H, Chen G. A vitamin D receptor agonist converts CD4+ T cells to Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in patients with ulcerative colitis. Oncotarget 2017; 8:53552-53562. [PMID: 28881831 PMCID: PMC5581130 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the pathological features of ulcerative colitis (UC) is the dysfunction of immune regulatory T cells (Treg cells); the pathogenesis is unclear and needs to be further investigated. Vitamin D has immune regulatory functions. This study tests a hypothesis that vitamin D receptor (VDR) regulates Treg cell differentiation. Peripheral blood samples were collected from UC patients and healthy subjects. The correlation between VDR expression and T helper (Th)2 cell differentiation in peripheral CD4+ T cells was analyzed. We observed that the expression of VDR was lower, the expression of interleukin (IL)-4 was higher, in peripheral CD4+ T cells of UC patients than that in healthy controls. Naive CD4+ T cells from VDR deficient mice were prone to differentiating into Th2 cells, which could be adjusted by the presence of VDR agonists. The Th2 polarization status in the peripheral CD4+ T cells of UC patients could be converted to regulatory T cells in the culture in the presence of VDR agonists. In conclusion, the peripheral Th2 cells in UC patients can be converted to regulatory T cells by VDR agonists in the culture. The results suggest that administration of VDR agonists at proper dosages may improve the immunity of UC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Bin Lan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Zonren Din
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Hang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350005, China
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277
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Torres J, Mehandru S, Colombel JF, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Crohn's disease. Lancet 2017; 389:1741-1755. [PMID: 27914655 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31711-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1543] [Impact Index Per Article: 220.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 07/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Crohn's disease is a chronic inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract, with increasing incidence worldwide. Crohn's disease might result from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility, environmental factors, and altered gut microbiota, leading to dysregulated innate and adaptive immune responses. The typical clinical scenario is a young patient presenting with abdominal pain, chronic diarrhoea, weight loss, and fatigue. Assessment of disease extent and of prognostic factors for complications is paramount to guide therapeutic decisions. Current strategies aim for deep and long-lasting remission, with the goal of preventing complications, such as surgery, and blocking disease progression. Central to these strategies is the introduction of early immunosuppression or combination therapy with biologicals in high-risk patients, combined with a tight and frequent control of inflammation, and adjustment of therapy on the basis of that assessment (treat to target strategy). The therapeutic armamentarium for Crohn's disease is expanding, and therefore the need to develop biomarkers that can predict response to therapies will become increasingly important for personalised medicine decisions in the near future. In this Seminar, we provide a physician-oriented overview of Crohn's disease in adults, ranging from epidemiology and cause to clinical diagnosis, natural history, patient stratification and clinical management, and ending with an overview of emerging therapies and future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Torres
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Saurabh Mehandru
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Jean-Frédéric Colombel
- Division of Gastroenterology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Laurent Peyrin-Biroulet
- Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Nancy-Brabois, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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278
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Identification of a Novel Alternatively Spliced Form of Inflammatory Regulator SWAP-70-Like Adapter of T Cells. Int J Inflam 2017; 2017:1324735. [PMID: 28523202 PMCID: PMC5421089 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1324735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of naive CD4+ T cells results in the development of several distinct subsets of effector Th cells, including Th2 cells that play a pivotal role in allergic inflammation and helminthic infections. SWAP-70-like adapter of T cells (SLAT), also known as Def6 or IBP, is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor for small GTPases, which regulates CD4+ T cell inflammatory responses by controlling Ca2+/NFAT signaling. In this study, we have identified a novel alternatively spliced isoform of SLAT, named SLAT2, which lacks the region encoded by exons 2-7 of the Def6 gene. SLAT2 was selectively expressed in differentiated Th2 cells after the second round of in vitro stimulation, but not in differentiated Th1, Th17, or regulatory T (Treg) cells. Functional assays revealed that SLAT2 shared with SLAT the ability to enhance T cell receptor- (TCR-) mediated activation of NFAT and production of IL-4 but was unable to enhance TCR-induced adhesion to ICAM-1. Ectopic expression of SLAT2 or SLAT in Jurkat T cells resulted in the expression of distinct forms of filopodia, namely, short versus long ones, respectively. These results demonstrate that modulating either SLAT2 or SLAT protein expression could play critical roles in cytokine production and actin reorganization during inflammatory immune responses.
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279
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Tindemans I, Peeters MJW, Hendriks RW. Notch Signaling in T Helper Cell Subsets: Instructor or Unbiased Amplifier? Front Immunol 2017; 8:419. [PMID: 28458667 PMCID: PMC5394483 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
For protection against pathogens, it is essential that naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into specific effector T helper (Th) cell subsets following activation by antigen presented by dendritic cells (DCs). Next to T cell receptor and cytokine signals, membrane-bound Notch ligands have an important role in orchestrating Th cell differentiation. Several studies provided evidence that DC activation is accompanied by surface expression of Notch ligands. Intriguingly, DCs that express the delta-like or Jagged Notch ligands gain the capacity to instruct Th1 or Th2 cell polarization, respectively. However, in contrast to this model it has also been hypothesized that Notch signaling acts as a general amplifier of Th cell responses rather than an instructive director of specific T cell fates. In this alternative model, Notch enhances proliferation, cytokine production, and anti-apoptotic signals or promotes co-stimulatory signals in T cells. An instructive role for Notch ligand expressing DCs in the induction of Th cell differentiation is further challenged by evidence for the involvement of Notch signaling in differentiation of Th9, Th17, regulatory T cells, and follicular Th cells. In this review, we will discuss the two opposing models, referred to as the “instructive” and the “unbiased amplifier” model. We highlight both the function of different Notch receptors on CD4+ T cells and the impact of Notch ligands on antigen-presenting cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irma Tindemans
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Rudi W Hendriks
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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280
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Potaczek DP, Harb H, Michel S, Alhamwe BA, Renz H, Tost J. Epigenetics and allergy: from basic mechanisms to clinical applications. Epigenomics 2017; 9:539-571. [PMID: 28322581 DOI: 10.2217/epi-2016-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic diseases are on the rise in the Western world and well-known allergy-protecting and -driving factors such as microbial and dietary exposure, pollution and smoking mediate their influence through alterations of the epigenetic landscape. Here, we review key facts on the involvement of epigenetic modifications in allergic diseases and summarize and critically evaluate the lessons learned from epigenome-wide association studies. We show the potential of epigenetic changes for various clinical applications: as diagnostic tools, to assess tolerance following immunotherapy or possibly predict the success of therapy at an early time point. Furthermore, new technological advances such as epigenome editing and DNAzymes will allow targeted alterations of the epigenome in the future and provide novel therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Potaczek
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL).,John Paul II Hospital, Krakow, Poland
| | - Hani Harb
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Sven Michel
- Secarna Pharmaceuticals GmbH & Co KG, Planegg, Germany
| | - Bilal Alashkar Alhamwe
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Harald Renz
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Diagnostics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,International Inflammation (in-FLAME) Network, Worldwide Universities Network (WUN).,German Centre for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Jörg Tost
- Laboratory for Epigenetics & Environment, Centre National de Génotypage, CEA-Institut de Génomique, Evry, France
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281
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Beesu M, Salyer ACD, Brush MJH, Trautman KL, Hill JK, David SA. Identification of High-Potency Human TLR8 and Dual TLR7/TLR8 Agonists in Pyrimidine-2,4-diamines. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2084-2098. [PMID: 28146629 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b01860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The induction of toll-like receptor 7 (TLR7)-dependent type I interferons (IFN-α/β) from plasmacytoid dendritic cells as well as the production of TLR8-dependent type II interferon (IFN-γ), TNF-α, and IL-12 in myeloid dendritic cells are of importance in generating T helper-1 biased adaptive immune responses. In an effort to identify novel dual TLR7/TLR8-active compounds, we undertook structure-activity relationship studies in pyrimidine 2,4-diamines, focusing on substituents at C5. Several analogues substituted with aminopropyl appendages at C5 displayed dominant TLR8-agonistic activity. N4-Butyl-6-methyl-5-(3-morpholinopropyl)pyrimidine-2,4-diamine was found to be a very potent dual TLR7/TLR8 agonist. Employing novel cytokine reporter cell assays, we verified that potency at TLR7 correlates with IFN-α/β production in human blood, whereas IFN-γ and TNF-α induction is largely TLR8-dependent. Dual TLR7/TLR8 agonists markedly upregulate CD80 expression in multiple dendritic cell subsets, providing insight into the immunological basis for the superior adjuvantic properties of such innate immune stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallesh Beesu
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Alex C D Salyer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Michael J H Brush
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Kathryn L Trautman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Justin K Hill
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sunil A David
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota , Sixth Street SE, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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282
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Huang WC, Fang LW, Liou CJ. Phloretin Attenuates Allergic Airway Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Asthmatic Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:134. [PMID: 28243240 PMCID: PMC5303714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Phloretin (PT), isolated from the apple tree, was previously demonstrated to have antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in macrophages and anti-adiposity effects in adipocytes. Inflammatory immune cells generate high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for stimulated severe airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) and airway inflammation. In this study, we investigated whether PT could reduce oxidative stress, airway inflammation, and eosinophil infiltration in asthmatic mice, and ameliorate oxidative and inflammatory responses in tracheal epithelial cells. BALB/c mice were sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA) to induce asthma symptoms. Mice were randomly assigned to the five experimental groups: normal controls; OVA-induced asthmatic mice; and OVA-induced mice injected intraperitoneally with one of the three PT doses (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg). In addition, we treated inflammatory human tracheal epithelial cells (BEAS-2B cells) with PT to assess oxidative responses and the levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. We found that PT significantly reduced goblet cell hyperplasia and eosinophil infiltration, which decreased AHR, inflammation, and oxidative responses in the lungs of OVA-sensitized mice. PT also decreased malondialdehyde levels in the lung and reduced Th2 cytokine production in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. Furthermore, PT reduced ROS, proinflammatory cytokines, and eotaxin production in BEAS-2B cells. PT also suppressed monocyte cell adherence to inflammatory BEAS-2B cells. These findings suggested that PT alleviated pathological changes, inflammation, and oxidative stress by inhibiting Th2 cytokine production in asthmatic mice. PT showed therapeutic potential for ameliorating asthma symptoms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Fang
- Department of Nutrition, I-Shou University , Kaohsiung , Taiwan
| | - Chian-Jiun Liou
- Division of Allergy, Asthma, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Nursing, Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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283
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Wallner FK, Hultqvist Hopkins M, Lindvall T, Olofsson P, Tilevik A. Cytokine correlation analysis based on drug perturbation. Cytokine 2017; 90:73-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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284
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Huang F, Cheng H, Zhang YT, Ju YH, Li YN. Early Postnatal Exposure to Cigarette Smoke Leads to Later Airway Inflammation in Asthmatic Mice. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171021. [PMID: 28135326 PMCID: PMC5279757 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objective Asthma is one of the most common airway inflammatory diseases. In most cases, asthma development is related to ubiquitous harmful environmental exposure factors in early-life. Previous studies have indicated that smoking can promote asthma development and increase the difficulty of asthma control. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of early-life CS exposure on ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized asthmatic mice. Methods Pathological and immunological functions were analyzed in an adult asthma mice model in which mice were sensitized with OVA combined with early-life CS exposure. Results Mice exposed to CS for only 5 weeks demonstrated significantly reduced pulmonary compliance, increased airway inflammation, and augmented cellular and humoral immune responses. In addition, CS inhalation was sufficient to facilitate OVA sensitization and challenge asthmatic development. Meanwhile, CS exposure amplified regulatory T cell-mediated immunity inhibition, but still did not offset the increased effector T cell-mediated inflammatory response. Conclusion Early-life CS exposure is significantly associated with later pulmonary injury and aggravation of T-cell immunologic derangement in asthmatic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Huang
- Department of Orthopedics, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Hang Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yu-Tong Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Yang-Hua Ju
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, PR China.,Department of Molecular Biology, Basic Medical College of Jilin University, Changchun, PR China
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285
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Juno JA, van Bockel D, Kent SJ, Kelleher AD, Zaunders JJ, Munier CML. Cytotoxic CD4 T Cells-Friend or Foe during Viral Infection? Front Immunol 2017; 8:19. [PMID: 28167943 PMCID: PMC5253382 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cells with cytotoxic function were once thought to be an artifact due to long-term in vitro cultures but have in more recent years become accepted and reported in the literature in response to a number of viral infections. In this review, we focus on cytotoxic CD4 T cells in the context of human viral infections and in some infections that affect mice and non-human primates. We examine the effector mechanisms used by cytotoxic CD4 cells, the phenotypes that describe this population, and the transcription factors and pathways that lead to their induction following infection. We further consider the cells that are the predominant targets of this effector subset and describe the viral infections in which CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been shown to play a protective or pathologic role. Cytotoxic CD4 T cells are detected in the circulation at much higher levels than previously realized and are now recognized to have an important role in the immune response to viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Juno
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia
| | - David van Bockel
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
| | - Stephen J Kent
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; Melbourne Sexual Health Centre, Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Anthony D Kelleher
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John J Zaunders
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - C Mee Ling Munier
- Immunovirology and Pathogenesis Program, The Kirby Institute for Infection and Immunity in Society, University of New South Wales Australia , Sydney, NSW , Australia
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286
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Dankers W, Colin EM, van Hamburg JP, Lubberts E. Vitamin D in Autoimmunity: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential. Front Immunol 2017; 7:697. [PMID: 28163705 PMCID: PMC5247472 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last three decades, it has become clear that the role of vitamin D goes beyond the regulation of calcium homeostasis and bone health. An important extraskeletal effect of vitamin D is the modulation of the immune system. In the context of autoimmune diseases, this is illustrated by correlations of vitamin D status and genetic polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor with the incidence and severity of the disease. These correlations warrant investigation into the potential use of vitamin D in the treatment of patients with autoimmune diseases. In recent years, several clinical trials have been performed to investigate the therapeutic value of vitamin D in multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn’s disease, type I diabetes, and systemic lupus erythematosus. Additionally, a second angle of investigation has focused on unraveling the molecular pathways used by vitamin D in order to find new potential therapeutic targets. This review will not only provide an overview of the clinical trials that have been performed but also discuss the current knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the immunomodulatory effects of vitamin D and how these advances can be used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Dankers
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Edgar M Colin
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Rheumatology, ZGT, Almelo, Netherlands
| | - Jan Piet van Hamburg
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Erik Lubberts
- Department of Rheumatology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands; Department of Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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287
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Aebisher D, Bartusik D, Tabarkiewicz J. Laser flow cytometry as a tool for the advancement of clinical medicine. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 85:434-443. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2016.11.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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288
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Splenic T cell and intestinal IgA responses after supplementation of soluble arabinoxylan-enriched wheat bran in mice. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.11.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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289
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Porphyromonas gingivalis oral infection promote T helper 17/Treg imbalance in the development of atherosclerosis. J Dent Sci 2016; 12:60-69. [PMID: 30895025 PMCID: PMC6395245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Increasing studies have indicated the involvement of Porphyromonas gingivalis in atherosclerosis. T helper 17 (Th17)/Treg balance is critical during atherosclerosis. However, whether P. gingivalis oral infection is associated with Th17/Treg imbalance is unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of P. gingivalis on Th17/Treg balance during atherosclerosis. Materials and methods ApoE–/– and C57BL/6 mice were inoculated orally with P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 for 9 weeks. The alveolar bone loss was assessed by microcomputerized tomography. The area of atherosclerosis plaque was identified by oil red O staining. Plaque stability was analyzed by CD68 and αSMA immunohistochemistry staining and Masson staining. The frequency of Th17 and Treg in spleen was detected by flow cytometry. The mRNA expression of Th17- and Treg-related factors was determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Interleukin (IL)-6, a critical factor in modulating T-cell differentiation, was determined from spleen cells and mouse dendritic cells by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results Long-term P. gingivalis oral infection induced alveolar bone resorption. In ApoE–/– mice, P. gingivalis enhanced atherosclerotic lesion formation and plaque instability accompanied with a decreased Treg frequency and an increased Th17 cell frequency. In addition, mRNA expression of retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor γt and IL-17 was increased, and that of transforming growth factor (TGF) β and IL-10 was decreased in P. gingivalis-infected ApoE–/– mice. Furthermore, secretion of IL-6 was elevated in the spleen of P. gingivalis-infected ApoE–/– mice, as well as in mouse dendritic cells after P. gingivalis infection. Conclusion P. gingivalis oral infection may promote Th17/Treg imbalance by influencing T-cell differentiation during the process of atherosclerosis, with a larger lesion area and decreasing plaque instability.
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290
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Zhang W, Guo S, Li B, Liu L, Ge R, Cao T, Wang H, Gao T, Wang G, Li C. Proinflammatory effect of high-mobility group protein B1 on keratinocytes: an autocrine mechanism underlying psoriasis development. J Pathol 2016; 241:392-404. [PMID: 27859256 DOI: 10.1002/path.4848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an autoimmune skin disease, in which keratinocytes play a crucial pathogenic role. High-mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) is an inflammatory factor that can be released from keratinocyte nuclei in psoriatic lesions. We aimed to investigate the proinflammatory effect of HMGB1 on keratinocytes and the contribution of HMGB1 to psoriasis development. Normal human keratinocytes were treated with recombinant human HMGB1, and the production of inflammatory factors and the intermediary signalling pathways were examined. Furthermore, the imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like mouse model was used to investigate the role of HMGB1 in psoriasis development in vivo. A total of 11 inflammatory factors were shown to be upregulated by HMGB1 in keratinocytes, among which interleukin (IL)-18 showed the greatest change. We then found that activation of the nuclear factor-κB signalling pathway and inflammasomes accounted for HMGB1-induced IL-18 expression and secretion. Moreover, HMGB1 and downstream IL-18 contributed to the development of psoriasiform dermatitis in the imiquimod-treated mice. In addition, T-helper 17 immune response in the psoriasis-like mouse model could be inhibited by both HMGB1 and IL-18 blockade. Our findings indicate that HMGB1 secreted from keratinocytes can facilitate the production and secretion of inflammatory factors such as IL-18 in keratinocytes in an autocrine way, thus promoting the development of psoriasis. Blocking the proinflammatory function of the HMGB1-IL-18 axis may be useful for psoriasis treatment in the future. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weigang Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Sen Guo
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Bing Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Lin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Rui Ge
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Tianyu Cao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Huina Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Tianwen Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
| | - Chunying Li
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shannxi, PR China
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de Sousa JR, Pagliari C, de Almeida DSM, Barros LFL, Carneiro FRO, Dias LB, de Souza Aarão TL, Quaresma JAS. Th9 cytokines response and its possible implications in the immunopathogenesis of leprosy. J Clin Pathol 2016; 70:521-527. [PMID: 27927694 DOI: 10.1136/jclinpath-2016-204110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Leprosy is an infectious-contagious disease whose clinical evolution depends on the interaction of the infectious agent with the immune response of the host, leading to a clinical spectrum that ranges from lepromatous leprosy (susceptibility, LL) to tuberculoid leprosy (resistance, TT). The immune response profile will depend on the pattern of cytokine production and on the activity of macrophages during infection. Classically, the clinical evolution of leprosy has been associated with Th1/Th2 cytokine profiles, but the role of new cytokine profiles such as T helper 9 (Th9) remains to be elucidated. METHODS To evaluate the tissue expression profile of these cytokines, a cross-sectional study was conducted using a sample of 30 leprosy skin lesion biopsies obtained from patients with leprosy, 16 TT and 14 lepromatous LL. RESULTS Immunohistochemical analysis revealed a significant difference in interleukin (IL)-9, IL-4 transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and IL-10 levels between the two groups. IL-9 was more expressed in TT lesions compared with LL lesions. Higher expression of IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β was observed in LL compared with TT. IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-β tended to be negatively correlated with the expression of IL-9, indicating a possible antagonistic activity in tissue. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that Th9 lymphocytes may be involved in the response to Mycobacterium leprae, positively or negatively regulating microbicidal activity of the local immune system in the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carla Pagliari
- Facult of Medicine, Sao Paulo University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Leonidas Braga Dias
- Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
| | | | - Juarez Antonio Simões Quaresma
- Tropical Medicine Center, Federal do Para University, Belem, Brazil.,Center of Health and Biological Sciences, State University of Para, Belem, Brazil
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Xu J, Huang G, Guo TL. Developmental Bisphenol A Exposure Modulates Immune-Related Diseases. TOXICS 2016; 4:toxics4040023. [PMID: 29051427 PMCID: PMC5606650 DOI: 10.3390/toxics4040023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA), used in polycarbonate plastics and epoxy resins, has a widespread exposure to humans. BPA is of concern for developmental exposure resulting in immunomodulation and disease development due to its ability to cross the placental barrier and presence in breast milk. BPA can use various mechanisms to modulate the immune system and affect diseases, including agonistic and antagonistic effects on many receptors (e.g., estrogen receptors), epigenetic modifications, acting on cell signaling pathways and, likely, the gut microbiome. Immune cell populations and function from the innate and adaptive immune system are altered by developmental BPA exposure, including decreased T regulatory (Treg) cells and upregulated pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Developmental BPA exposure can also contribute to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, asthma and mammary cancer disease by altering immune function. Multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes mellitus may also be exacerbated by BPA, although more research is needed. Additionally, BPA analogs, such as bisphenol S (BPS), have been increasing in use, and currently, little is known about their immune effects. Therefore, more studies should be conducted to determine if developmental exposure BPA and its analogs modulate immune responses and lead to immune-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joella Xu
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
| | - Guannan Huang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
| | - Tai L Guo
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Diagnostic Imaging, Interdisciplinary Toxicology Program, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602-7382, USA.
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295
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T Helper Cell Subsets in Clinical Manifestations of Psoriasis. J Immunol Res 2016; 2016:7692024. [PMID: 27595115 PMCID: PMC4995329 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7692024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, which is associated with systemic inflammation and comorbidities, such as psoriatic arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. The autoimmune nature of psoriasis has been established only recently, conferring a central role to epidermal CD8 T cells recognizing self-epitopes in the initial phase of the disease. Different subsets of helper cells have also been reported as key players in the psoriasis pathogenesis. Here, we reviewed the knowledge on the role of each subset in the psoriatic cascade and in the different clinical manifestations of the disease. We will discuss the role of Th1 and Th17 cells in the initiation and in the amplification phase of cutaneous inflammation. Moreover, we will discuss the recently proposed role of tissue resident Th22 cells in disease memory in sites of recurrent psoriasis and the possible involvement of Th9 cells. Finally, we will discuss the hypothesis of a link between T helper cell subsets recirculating from the skin and the systemic manifestations of psoriasis.
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Agrawal S, Agrawal A, Said HM. Biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory response of human dendritic cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C386-91. [PMID: 27413170 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00141.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The water-soluble biotin (vitamin B7) is indispensable for normal human health. The vitamin acts as a cofactor for five carboxylases that are critical for fatty acid, glucose, and amino acid metabolism. Biotin deficiency is associated with various diseases, and mice deficient in this vitamin display enhanced inflammation. Previous studies have shown that biotin affects the functions of adaptive immune T and NK cells, but its effect(s) on innate immune cells is not known. Because of that and because vitamins such as vitamins A and D have a profound effect on dendritic cell (DC) function, we investigated the effect of biotin levels on the functions of human monocyte-derived DCs. Culture of DCs in a biotin-deficient medium (BDM) and subsequent activation with LPS resulted in enhanced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-12p40, IL-23, and IL-1β compared with LPS-activated DCs cultured in biotin-sufficient (control) and biotin-oversupplemented media. Furthermore, LPS-activated DCs cultured in BDM displayed a significantly higher induction of IFN-γ and IL-17 indicating Th1/Th17 bias in T cells compared with cells maintained in biotin control or biotin-oversupplemented media. Investigations into the mechanisms suggested that impaired activation of AMP kinase in DCs cultured in BDM may be responsible for the observed increase in inflammatory responses. In summary, these results demonstrate for the first time that biotin deficiency enhances the inflammatory responses of DCs. This may therefore be one of the mechanism(s) that mediates the observed inflammation that occurs in biotin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhanshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Anshu Agrawal
- Division of Basic and Clinical Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California;
| | - Hamid M Said
- Department of Medicine, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, California; and Veterans Affairs Medical Center-151, Long Beach, California
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