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Tracing the Trajectory of Sensory Plasticity across Different Stages of Speech Learning in Adulthood. Curr Biol 2018; 28:1419-1427.e4. [PMID: 29681473 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Although challenging, adults can learn non-native phonetic contrasts with extensive training [1, 2], indicative of perceptual learning beyond an early sensitivity period [3, 4]. Training can alter low-level sensory encoding of newly acquired speech sound patterns [5]; however, the time-course, behavioral relevance, and long-term retention of such sensory plasticity is unclear. Some theories argue that sensory plasticity underlying signal enhancement is immediate and critical to perceptual learning [6, 7]. Others, like the reverse hierarchy theory (RHT), posit a slower time-course for sensory plasticity [8]. RHT proposes that higher-level categorical representations guide immediate, novice learning, while lower-level sensory changes do not emerge until expert stages of learning [9]. We trained 20 English-speaking adults to categorize a non-native phonetic contrast (Mandarin lexical tones) using a criterion-dependent sound-to-category training paradigm. Sensory and perceptual indices were assayed across operationally defined learning phases (novice, experienced, over-trained, and 8-week retention) by measuring the frequency-following response, a neurophonic potential that reflects fidelity of sensory encoding, and the perceptual identification of a tone continuum. Our results demonstrate that while robust changes in sensory encoding and perceptual identification of Mandarin tones emerged with training and were retained, such changes followed different timescales. Sensory changes were evidenced and related to behavioral performance only when participants were over-trained. In contrast, changes in perceptual identification reflecting improvement in categorical percept emerged relatively earlier. Individual differences in perceptual identification, and not sensory encoding, related to faster learning. Our findings support the RHT-sensory plasticity accompanies, rather than drives, expert levels of non-native speech learning.
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252
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Birdsong D. Plasticity, Variability and Age in Second Language Acquisition and Bilingualism. Front Psychol 2018; 9:81. [PMID: 29593590 PMCID: PMC5857581 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Much of what is known about the outcome of second language acquisition and bilingualism can be summarized in terms of inter-individual variability, plasticity and age. The present review looks at variability and plasticity with respect to their underlying sources, and at age as a modulating factor in variability and plasticity. In this context we consider critical period effects vs. bilingualism effects, early and late bilingualism, nativelike and non-nativelike L2 attainment, cognitive aging, individual differences in learning, and linguistic dominance in bilingualism. Non-uniformity is an inherent characteristic of both early and late bilingualism. This review shows how plasticity and age connect with biological and experiential sources of variability, and underscores the value of research that reveals and explains variability. In these ways the review suggests how plasticity, variability and age conspire to frame fundamental research issues in L2 acquisition and bilingualism, and provides points of reference for discussion of the present Frontiers in Psychology Research Topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Birdsong
- Department of French and Italian, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, United States
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253
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Perszyk DR, Ferguson B, Waxman SR. Maturation constrains the effect of exposure in linking language and thought: evidence from healthy preterm infants. Dev Sci 2018; 21:10.1111/desc.12522. [PMID: 28032433 PMCID: PMC5519447 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The power of human language rests upon its intricate links to human cognition. By 3 months of age, listening to language supports infants' ability to form object categories, a building block of cognition. Moreover, infants display a systematic shift between 3 and 4 months - a shift from familiarity to novelty preferences - in their expression of this link between language and core cognitive processes. Here, we capitalize on this tightly-timed developmental shift in fullterm infants to assess (a) whether it also appears in preterm infants and (b) whether it reflects infants' maturational status or the duration of their postnatal experience. Healthy late preterm infants (N = 22) participated in an object categorization task while listening to language. Their performance, coupled with that of fullterm infants, reveals that this developmental shift is evident in preterm infants and unfolds on the same maturational timetable as in their fullterm counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brock Ferguson
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sandra R Waxman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Institue for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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254
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Anderson DE, Patel AD. Infants born preterm, stress, and neurodevelopment in the neonatal intensive care unit: might music have an impact? Dev Med Child Neurol 2018; 60:256-266. [PMID: 29363098 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM The neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) provides life-saving medical care for an increasing number of newborn infants each year. NICU care, while lifesaving, does have attendant consequences which can include repeated activation of the stress response and reduced maternal interaction, with possible negative long-term impacts on brain development. Here we present a neuroscientific framework for considering the impact of music on neurodevelopment in the NICU of infants born preterm and evaluate current literature on the use of music with this population to determine what is most reliably known of the physiological effects of music interventions. METHOD Using online academic databases we collected relevant, experimental studies aimed at determining effects of music listening in infants in the NICU. These articles were evaluated for methodological rigor, ranking the 10 most experimentally stringent as a representative sample. RESULTS The selected literature seems to indicate that effects are present on the cardio-pulmonary system and behavior of neonates, although the relative effect size remains unclear. INTERPRETATION These findings indicate a need for more standardized longitudinal studies aimed at determining not only whether NICU music exposure has beneficial effects on the cardio-pulmonary system, but also on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, brain structures, and cognitive behavioral status of these children as well. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS Provides a neuroscience framework for considering how music might attenuate stress in neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) infants. Considers how repeated stress may cause negative neurodevelopmental impacts in infants born preterm. Posits epigenetics can serve as a mechanistic pathway for music moderating the stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dane E Anderson
- SDSU Brain Development Imaging Laboratory, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Aniruddh D Patel
- Department of Psychology, Tufts University, Medford, MA, USA.,Azrieli Program in Brain, Mind, & Consciousness, Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR), Toronto, ON, Canada
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255
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Takesian AE, Bogart LJ, Lichtman JW, Hensch TK. Inhibitory circuit gating of auditory critical-period plasticity. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:218-227. [PMID: 29358666 PMCID: PMC5978727 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-017-0064-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cortical sensory maps are remodeled during early life to adapt to the surrounding environment. Both sensory and contextual signals are important for induction of this plasticity, but how these signals converge to sculpt developing thalamocortical circuits remains largely unknown. Here we show that layer 1 (L1) of primary auditory cortex (A1) is a key hub where neuromodulatory and topographically organized thalamic inputs meet to tune the cortical layers below. Inhibitory interneurons in L1 send narrowly descending projections to differentially modulate thalamic drive to pyramidal and parvalbumin-expressing (PV) cells in L4, creating brief windows of intracolumnar activation. Silencing of L1 (but not VIP-expressing) cells abolishes map plasticity during the tonotopic critical period. Developmental transitions in nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) sensitivity in these cells caused by Lynx1 protein can be overridden to extend critical-period closure. Notably, thalamocortical maps in L1 are themselves stable, and serve as a scaffold for cortical plasticity throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Takesian
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Luke J Bogart
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jeff W Lichtman
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takao K Hensch
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Center for Brain Science, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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256
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Abstract
Human language, a signature of our species, derives its power from its links to human cognition. For centuries, scholars have been captivated by this link between language and cognition. In this article, we shift this focus. Adopting a developmental lens, we review recent evidence that sheds light on the origin and developmental unfolding of the link between language and cognition in the first year of life. This evidence, which reveals the joint contributions of infants' innate capacities and their sensitivity to experience, highlights how a precocious link between language and cognition advances infants beyond their initial perceptual and conceptual capacities. The evidence also identifies the conceptual advantages this link brings to human infants. By tracing the emergence of a language-cognition link in infancy, this article reveals a dynamic developmental cascade in infants' first year, with each developmental advance providing a foundation for subsequent advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle R Perszyk
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; ,
| | - Sandra R Waxman
- Department of Psychology, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208; ,
- Institute for Policy Research, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208
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257
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Wade M, Jenkins JM, Venkadasalam VP, Binnoon-Erez N, Ganea PA. The role of maternal responsiveness and linguistic input in pre-academic skill development: A longitudinal analysis of pathways. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2018.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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258
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Abstract
To understand the type of neural computations that may explain how human infants acquire their native language in only a few months, the study of their neural architecture is necessary. The development of brain imaging techniques has opened the possibilities of studying human infants without discomfort, and although these studies are still sparse, several characteristics are noticeable in the human infant's brain: first, parallel and hierarchical processing pathways are observed before intense exposure to speech with an efficient temporal coding in the left hemisphere and, second, frontal regions are involved from the start in infants' cognition. These observations are certainly not sufficient to explain language acquisition but illustrate a new approach that relies on a better description of infants' brain activity during linguistic tasks, which is compared to results in animals and human adults to clarify the neural bases of language in humans.
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259
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Kolb B, Harker A, Gibb R. Principles of plasticity in the developing brain. Dev Med Child Neurol 2017; 59:1218-1223. [PMID: 28901550 DOI: 10.1111/dmcn.13546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The developing brain is especially sensitive to a wide range of experiences, showing a remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavioural outcomes throughout the lifetime. We review the principles that regulate this plasticity in development and consider the factors that modulate the developing brain. These include early sensory, motor, and language experience, early stress, caregiver interactions, peer interactions, psychoactive drugs, diet, microbiome, and the immune system. Emphasis is given to changes in behaviour, epigenetics, and neuronal morphology. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS A discussion of the surprising range of factors influencing brain development Life experiences interact resulting in a phenomenon called metaplasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan Kolb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Allonna Harker
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
| | - Robbin Gibb
- Canadian Centre for Behavioural Neuroscience, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, Canada
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260
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Ikeda MZ, Krentzel AA, Oliver TJ, Scarpa GB, Remage-Healey L. Clustered organization and region-specific identities of estrogen-producing neurons in the forebrain of Zebra Finches (Taeniopygia guttata). J Comp Neurol 2017; 525:3636-3652. [PMID: 28758205 PMCID: PMC6035364 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
A fast, neuromodulatory role for estrogen signaling has been reported in many regions of the vertebrate brain. Regional differences in the cellular distribution of aromatase (estrogen synthase) in several species suggest that mechanisms for neuroestrogen signaling differ between and even within brain regions. A more comprehensive understanding of neuroestrogen signaling depends on characterizing the cellular identities of neurons that express aromatase. Calcium-binding proteins such as parvalbumin and calbindin are molecular markers for interneuron subtypes, and are co-expressed with aromatase in human temporal cortex. Songbirds like the zebra finch have become important models to understand the brain synthesis of steroids like estrogens and the implications for neurobiology and behavior. Here, we investigated the regional differences in cytoarchitecture and cellular identities of aromatase-expressing neurons in the auditory and sensorimotor forebrain of zebra finches. Aromatase was co-expressed with parvalbumin in the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM) and HVC shelf (proper name) but not in the caudolateral nidopallium (NCL) or hippocampus. By contrast, calbindin was not co-expressed with aromatase in any region investigated. Notably, aromatase-expressing neurons were found in dense somato-somatic clusters, suggesting a coordinated release of local neuroestrogens from clustered neurons. Aromatase clusters were also more abundant and tightly packed in the NCM of males as compared to females. Overall, this study provides new insights into neuroestrogen regulation at the network level, and extends previous findings from human cortex by identifying a subset of aromatase neurons as putative inhibitory interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaya Z Ikeda
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Amanda A Krentzel
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Tessa J Oliver
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Garrett B Scarpa
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Luke Remage-Healey
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Neuroscience and Behavior Program, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts
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261
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Cristia A. Can infants learn phonology in the lab? A meta-analytic answer. Cognition 2017; 170:312-327. [PMID: 29102857 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two of the key tasks facing the language-learning infant lie at the level of phonology: establishing which sounds are contrastive in the native inventory, and determining what their possible syllabic positions and permissible combinations (phonotactics) are. In 2002-2003, two theoretical proposals, one bearing on how infants can learn sounds (Maye, Werker, & Gerken, 2002) and the other on phonotactics (Chambers, Onishi, & Fisher, 2003), were put forward on the pages of Cognition, each supported by two laboratory experiments, wherein a group of infants was briefly exposed to a set of pseudo-words, and plausible phonological generalizations were tested subsequently. These two papers have received considerable attention from the general scientific community, and inspired a flurry of follow-up work. In the context of questions regarding the replicability of psychological science, the present work uses a meta-analytic approach to appraise extant empirical evidence for infant phonological learning in the laboratory. It is found that neither seminal finding (on learning sounds and learning phonotactics) holds up when close methodological replications are integrated, although less close methodological replications do provide some evidence in favor of the sound learning strand of work. Implications for authors and readers of this literature are drawn out. It would be desirable that additional mechanisms for phonological learning be explored, and that future infant laboratory work employ paradigms that rely on constrained and unambiguous links between experimental exposure and measured infant behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandrina Cristia
- LSCP, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University, France
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262
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Cristia A, Dupoux E, Gurven M, Stieglitz J. Child-Directed Speech Is Infrequent in a Forager-Farmer Population: A Time Allocation Study. Child Dev 2017; 90:759-773. [PMID: 29094348 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.12974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
This article provides an estimation of how frequently, and from whom, children aged 0-11 years (Ns between 9 and 24) receive one-on-one verbal input among Tsimane forager-horticulturalists of lowland Bolivia. Analyses of systematic daytime behavioral observations reveal < 1 min per daylight hour is spent talking to children younger than 4 years of age, which is 4 times less than estimates for others present at the same time and place. Adults provide a majority of the input at 0-3 years of age but not afterward. When integrated with previous work, these results reveal large cross-cultural variation in the linguistic experiences provided to young children. Consideration of more diverse human populations is necessary to build generalizable theories of language acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandrina Cristia
- LSCP, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University
| | - Emmanuel Dupoux
- LSCP, Département d'études cognitives, ENS, EHESS, CNRS, PSL Research University
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263
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Nicholas JG, Geers AE. Sensitivity of expressive linguistic domains to surgery age and audibility of speech in preschoolers with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants Int 2017; 19:26-37. [PMID: 28992767 DOI: 10.1080/14670100.2017.1380114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine whether relative delays among domains exist in the conversational use of vocabulary, syntax, and morphology by children with cochlear implants (CIs) and whether these were differentially affected by age of implantation (AOI) and the audibility of speech. METHODS Participants in this short-term longitudinal study were 126 children with AOI of 6-38 months and a matched group of 30 children without hearing loss. Language samples of the same children at ages 3.5 and 4.5 were analyzed for the breadth of vocabulary and bound morphemes used, and sentence length. RESULTS At both test ages, expressive language domains were delayed equally. Higher performance across domains was independently associated with younger AOI and better pre-implant-aided thresholds. No domain was affected differently by very early implantation, but bound morpheme breadth was associated with better CI-aided thresholds. Between 63 and 78% of children with AOI of 6-11 months scored close to hearing age-mates by 4.5, a level achieved by fewer than 25% of those with AOI of 19-24 months or later ages. DISCUSSION Previous studies indicated greater language delays in the areas of morphology and syntax than those of vocabulary, with the earliest ages of implantation conferring the greatest benefit to those domains. The current design addressed inconsistency across studies in modes of communication used, presence/absence of other disabilities, and differences in language domains chosen as outcome measures. CONCLUSIONS Linguistic domains benefitted equally from early implantation, regardless of the duration of auditory stimulation. Better pre-CI-aided hearing often compensated for later AOI. Bound morpheme use was greater with better CI-aided thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna G Nicholas
- a Department of Otolaryngology , Washington University School of Medicine , Box 8115, 660 S. Euclid Ave., St. Louis , MO 63130 , USA
| | - Ann E Geers
- b School of Behavioral and Brain Sciences , The University of Texas at Dallas , GR41, 800 West Campbell Rd., Richardson , TX 75080 , USA
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264
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265
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Developmental Disruption of GABA AR-Meditated Inhibition in Cntnap2 KO Mice. eNeuro 2017; 4:eN-NWR-0162-17. [PMID: 28966979 PMCID: PMC5617210 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0162-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
GABA released from presynaptic sites induces short-lived phasic inhibition mediated by synaptic GABAA receptors (GABAARs) and longer-duration tonic inhibition mediated by extrasynaptic GABAA or GABAB receptors (GABABRs). A number of studies have found that contactin-associated protein 2 (Cntnap2) knockout (KO) mice, a well-established mouse model of autism, exhibit reduced interneuron numbers and aberrant phasic inhibition. However, little is known about whether tonic inhibition is disrupted in Cntnap2 KO mice and when the disruption of inhibition begins to occur during postnatal development. We examined tonic and phasic inhibition in layer 2/3 pyramidal cells of primary visual cortex of Cntnap2 KO at two different developmental stages, three to four and six to eight weeks of age. We found that both phasic inhibition and GABAAR but not GABABR-mediated tonic inhibition was reduced in pyramidal cells from six- to eight-week-old Cntnap2 KO mice, while in three- to four-week-old mice, no significant effects of genotype on tonic or phasic inhibition was observed. We further found that activation of tonic currents mediated by δ-subunit-containing GABAARs reduced neural excitability, an effect that was attenuated by loss of Cntnap2. While the relative contribution of tonic versus phasic inhibition to autism-related symptoms remains unclear, our data suggest that reduced tonic inhibition may play an important role, and δ-subunit-containing GABAARs may be a useful target for therapeutic intervention in autism.
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266
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Bush NR, Lane RD, McLaughlin KA. Mechanisms Underlying the Association Between Early-Life Adversity and Physical Health: Charting a Course for the Future. Psychosom Med 2017; 78:1114-1119. [PMID: 27763991 PMCID: PMC5111624 DOI: 10.1097/psy.0000000000000421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life adversities (ELA) are associated with subsequent pervasive alterations across a wide range of neurobiological systems and psychosocial factors that contribute to accelerated onset of health problems and diseases. In this article, we provide an integrated perspective on recent developments in research on ELA, based on the articles published in this Special Issue of Psychosomatic Medicine. We focus on the following: 1) the distinction between specific versus general aspects of ELA with regard to the nature of exposure (e.g., physical and sexual abuse, emotional abuse or neglect, relative socioeconomic deprivation), biological and behavioral correlates of ELA, and differences across diseases; 2) the importance of timing in the critical phases of exposure to ELA; and 3) adaptive versus dysfunctional responses to ELA and their consequences for biological and behavioral risk factors for adverse health outcomes. This article concludes with outlining important new targets for research in this area, including the neurobiology of affect as a mechanism linking ELA to adverse health outcomes, and the need for large-scale longitudinal investigations of multisystem processes relevant to ELA in diverse samples, starting prenatally, continuing to late adolescence, and with long-term follow-up assessments that enable evaluation of incident disease outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole R Bush
- From the Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, Division of Developmental Medicine, Center for Health and Community (Bush), San Francisco, California; Departments of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience (Lane), University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; Department of Psychology (McLaughlin), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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267
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Gopnik A, O'Grady S, Lucas CG, Griffiths TL, Wente A, Bridgers S, Aboody R, Fung H, Dahl RE. Changes in cognitive flexibility and hypothesis search across human life history from childhood to adolescence to adulthood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:7892-7899. [PMID: 28739917 PMCID: PMC5544286 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700811114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
How was the evolution of our unique biological life history related to distinctive human developments in cognition and culture? We suggest that the extended human childhood and adolescence allows a balance between exploration and exploitation, between wider and narrower hypothesis search, and between innovation and imitation in cultural learning. In particular, different developmental periods may be associated with different learning strategies. This relation between biology and culture was probably coevolutionary and bidirectional: life-history changes allowed changes in learning, which in turn both allowed and rewarded extended life histories. In two studies, we test how easily people learn an unusual physical or social causal relation from a pattern of evidence. We track the development of this ability from early childhood through adolescence and adulthood. In the physical domain, preschoolers, counterintuitively, perform better than school-aged children, who in turn perform better than adolescents and adults. As they grow older learners are less flexible: they are less likely to adopt an initially unfamiliar hypothesis that is consistent with new evidence. Instead, learners prefer a familiar hypothesis that is less consistent with the evidence. In the social domain, both preschoolers and adolescents are actually the most flexible learners, adopting an unusual hypothesis more easily than either 6-y-olds or adults. There may be important developmental transitions in flexibility at the entry into middle childhood and in adolescence, which differ across domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Gopnik
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720;
| | - Shaun O'Grady
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Christopher G Lucas
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH1 2QL, United Kingdom
| | | | - Adrienne Wente
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Sophie Bridgers
- Department of Psychology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Rosie Aboody
- Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Hoki Fung
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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268
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Liu L, Kager R. Statistical learning of speech sounds is most robust during the period of perceptual attunement. J Exp Child Psychol 2017; 164:192-208. [PMID: 28687119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Although statistical learning has been shown to be a domain-general mechanism, its constraints, such as its interactions with perceptual development, are less well understood and discussed. This study is among the first to investigate the distributional learning of lexical pitch in non-tone-language-learning infants, exploring its interaction with language-specific perceptual attunement during the first 2years after birth. A total of 88 normally developing Dutch infants of 5, 11, and 14months were tested via a distributional learning paradigm and were familiarized on a unimodal or bimodal distribution of high-level versus high-falling tones in Mandarin Chinese. After familiarization, they were tested on a tonal contrast that shared equal distributional information in either modality. At 5months, infants in both conditions discriminated the contrast, whereas 11-month-olds showed discrimination only in the bimodal condition. By 14months, infants failed to discriminate the contrast in either condition. Results indicate interplay between infants' long-term linguistic experience throughout development and short-term distributional learning during the experiment, and they suggest that the influence of tonal distributional learning varies along the perceptual attunement trajectory, such that opportunities for distributional learning effects appear to be constrained in the beginning and at the end of perceptual attunement. The current study contributes to previous research by demonstrating an effect of age on learning from distributional cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liquan Liu
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia; Utrecht Institute of Linguistics OTS, Utrecht University, 3512 JK Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - René Kager
- School of Social Sciences and Psychology, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia
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269
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Tottenham N. The Brain's Emotional Development. CEREBRUM : THE DANA FORUM ON BRAIN SCIENCE 2017; 2017:cer-08-17. [PMID: 30210657 PMCID: PMC6132040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
From our earliest days, the brain rapidly develops thinking, mobility, and communication skills. But not quite as quick to develop are the parts of the brain that regulate and process our emotions. New research is helping scientists learn about areas that are crucial to emotional development, and how our surroundings fit into the picture. The findings could have far-reaching implications for both parents and policy-makers.
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270
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Piekarski DJ, Boivin JR, Wilbrecht L. Ovarian Hormones Organize the Maturation of Inhibitory Neurotransmission in the Frontal Cortex at Puberty Onset in Female Mice. Curr Biol 2017; 27:1735-1745.e3. [PMID: 28578932 PMCID: PMC5699709 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2017.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The frontal cortex matures late in development, showing dramatic changes after puberty onset, yet few experiments have directly tested the role of pubertal hormones in cortical maturation. One mechanism thought to play a primary role in regulating the maturation of the neocortex is an increase in inhibitory neurotransmission, which alters the balance of excitation and inhibition. We hypothesized that pubertal hormones could regulate maturation of the frontal cortex by this mechanism. Here, we report that manipulations of gonadal hormones do significantly alter the maturation of inhibitory neurotransmission in the cingulate region of the mouse medial frontal cortex, an associative region that matures during the pubertal transition and is implicated in decision making, learning, and psychopathology. We find that inhibitory neurotransmission, but not excitatory neurotransmission, increases onto cingulate pyramidal neurons during peri-pubertal development and that this increase can be blocked by pre-pubertal, but not post-pubertal, gonadectomy. We next used pre-pubertal hormone treatment to model early puberty onset, a phenomenon increasingly observed in girls living in developed nations. We find that pre-pubertal hormone treatment drives an early increase in inhibitory neurotransmission in the frontal cortex, but not the somatosensory cortex, suggesting that earlier puberty can advance cortical maturation in a regionally specific manner. Pre-pubertal hormone treatment also accelerates maturation of tonic inhibition and performance in a frontal-cortex-dependent reversal-learning task. These data provide rare evidence of enduring, organizational effects of ovarian hormones at puberty and provide a potential mechanism by which gonadal hormones could regulate the maturation of the associative neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Piekarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Josiah R Boivin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, 1550 4(th) Street, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, 16 Barker Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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271
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Beyeler M, Rokem A, Boynton GM, Fine I. Learning to see again: biological constraints on cortical plasticity and the implications for sight restoration technologies. J Neural Eng 2017; 14:051003. [PMID: 28612755 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/aa795e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The 'bionic eye'-so long a dream of the future-is finally becoming a reality with retinal prostheses available to patients in both the US and Europe. However, clinical experience with these implants has made it apparent that the visual information provided by these devices differs substantially from normal sight. Consequently, the ability of patients to learn to make use of this abnormal retinal input plays a critical role in whether or not some functional vision is successfully regained. The goal of the present review is to summarize the vast basic science literature on developmental and adult cortical plasticity with an emphasis on how this literature might relate to the field of prosthetic vision. We begin with describing the distortion and information loss likely to be experienced by visual prosthesis users. We then define cortical plasticity and perceptual learning, and describe what is known, and what is unknown, about visual plasticity across the hierarchy of brain regions involved in visual processing, and across different stages of life. We close by discussing what is known about brain plasticity in sight restoration patients and discuss biological mechanisms that might eventually be harnessed to improve visual learning in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beyeler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America. Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America. eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States of America
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272
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Suleiman AB, Galván A, Harden KP, Dahl RE. Becoming a sexual being: The 'elephant in the room' of adolescent brain development. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:209-220. [PMID: 27720399 PMCID: PMC6987766 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The onset of adolescence is a time of profound changes in motivation, cognition, behavior, and social relationships. Existing neurodevelopmental models have integrated our current understanding of adolescent brain development; however, there has been surprisingly little focus on the importance of adolescence as a sensitive period for romantic and sexual development. As young people enter adolescence, one of their primary tasks is to gain knowledge and experience that will allow them to take on the social roles of adults, including engaging in romantic and sexual relationships. By reviewing the relevant human and animal neurodevelopmental literature, this paper highlights how we should move beyond thinking of puberty as simply a set of somatic changes that are critical for physical reproductive maturation. Rather, puberty also involves a set of neurobiological changes that are critical for the social, emotional, and cognitive maturation necessary for reproductive success. The primary goal of this paper is to broaden the research base and dialogue about adolescent romantic and sexual development, in hopes of advancing understanding of sex and romance as important developmental dimensions of health and well-being in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahna Ballonoff Suleiman
- University of California Berkeley-Institute for Human Development, 1121 Tolman Hall #1690, Berkeley, CA 94720-1690, USA.
| | - Adriana Galván
- University of California Los Angeles, Department of Psychology, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563 Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, USA
| | - K Paige Harden
- University of Austin, Texas, Population Research Center, 305 E. 23rd St., Stop G1800, Austin, TX 78712-1699, USA
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- University of California Berkeley-Institute for Human Development, 1121 Tolman Hall #1690, Berkeley, CA 94720-1690, USA
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273
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Abstract
Language exerts a powerful influence on our concepts. We review evidence documenting the developmental origins of a precocious link between language and object categories in very young infants. This collection of studies documents a cascading process in which early links between language and cognition provide the foundation for later, more precise ones. We propose that, early in life, language promotes categorization at least in part through its status as a social, communicative signal. But over the first year, infants home in on the referential power of language and, by their second year, begin teasing apart distinct kinds of names (e.g. nouns, adjectives) and their relation to distinct kinds of concepts (e.g. object categories, properties). To complement this proposal, we also relate this evidence to several alternative accounts of language's effect on categorization, appealing to similarity ('labels-as-features'), familiarity ('auditory overshadowing'), and communicative biases ('natural pedagogy').
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274
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Genetic Otx2 mis-localization delays critical period plasticity across brain regions. Mol Psychiatry 2017; 22:680-688. [PMID: 28194008 PMCID: PMC5400722 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of non-cell autonomous Otx2 homeoprotein in postnatal mouse visual cortex (V1) has been implicated in both the onset and closure of critical period (CP) plasticity. Here, we show that a genetic point mutation in the glycosaminoglycan recognition motif of Otx2 broadly delays the maturation of pivotal parvalbumin-positive (PV+) interneurons not only in V1 but also in the primary auditory (A1) and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Consequently, not only visual, but also auditory plasticity is delayed, including the experience-dependent expansion of tonotopic maps in A1 and the acquisition of acoustic preferences in mPFC, which mitigates anxious behavior. In addition, Otx2 mis-localization leads to dynamic turnover of selected perineuronal net (PNN) components well beyond the normal CP in V1 and mPFC. These findings reveal widespread actions of Otx2 signaling in the postnatal cortex controlling the maturational trajectory across modalities. Disrupted PV+ network function and deficits in PNN integrity are implicated in a variety of psychiatric illnesses, suggesting a potential global role for Otx2 function in establishing mental health.
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275
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Perry RE, Blair C, Sullivan RM. Neurobiology of infant attachment: attachment despite adversity and parental programming of emotionality. Curr Opin Psychol 2017; 17:1-6. [PMID: 28950954 DOI: 10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We review recent findings related to the neurobiology of infant attachment, emphasizing the role of parenting quality in attachment formation and emotional development. Current findings suggest that the development of brain structures important for emotional expression and regulation (amygdala, prefrontal cortex, hippocampus) is deeply associated with the quality of care received in infancy, with sensitive caregiving providing regulation vital for programming these structures, ultimately shaping the development of emotion into adulthood. Evidence indicates that without sensitive caregiving, infants fail to develop mechanisms needed for later-life emotion and emotion regulation. Research suggests that a sensitive period exists in early life for parental shaping of emotional development, although further cross-species research is needed to discern its age limits, and thus inform interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemarie E Perry
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, Steinhardt School of Culture, Education and Human Development, New York University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Regina M Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute & Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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276
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Effects of enriched auditory experience on infants’ speech perception during the first year of life. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11125-017-9397-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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277
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Nelson EE. Learning through the ages: How the brain adapts to the social world across development. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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278
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Early bilingualism, language attainment, and brain development. Neuropsychologia 2017; 98:220-227. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 08/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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279
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Danielson DK, Bruderer AG, Kandhadai P, Vatikiotis-Bateson E, Werker JF. The organization and reorganization of audiovisual speech perception in the first year of life. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT 2017; 42:37-48. [PMID: 28970650 PMCID: PMC5621752 DOI: 10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The period between six and 12 months is a sensitive period for language learning during which infants undergo auditory perceptual attunement, and recent results indicate that this sensitive period may exist across sensory modalities. We tested infants at three stages of perceptual attunement (six, nine, and 11 months) to determine 1) whether they were sensitive to the congruence between heard and seen speech stimuli in an unfamiliar language, and 2) whether familiarization with congruent audiovisual speech could boost subsequent non-native auditory discrimination. Infants at six- and nine-, but not 11-months, detected audiovisual congruence of non-native syllables. Familiarization to incongruent, but not congruent, audiovisual speech changed auditory discrimination at test for six-month-olds but not nine- or 11-month-olds. These results advance the proposal that speech perception is audiovisual from early in ontogeny, and that the sensitive period for audiovisual speech perception may last somewhat longer than that for auditory perception alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kyle Danielson
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, 2136
West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Alison G. Bruderer
- School of Audiology and Speech Sciences, The University of British
Columbia, 2177 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Padmapriya Kandhadai
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, 2136
West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Eric Vatikiotis-Bateson
- Department of Linguistics, The University of British Columbia, 2613
West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Janet F. Werker
- Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, 2136
West Mall, Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
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280
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Suleiman AB, Dahl RE. Leveraging Neuroscience to Inform Adolescent Health: The Need for an Innovative Transdisciplinary Developmental Science of Adolescence. J Adolesc Health 2017; 60:240-248. [PMID: 28235453 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we consider how to leverage some of the rapid advances in developmental neuroscience in ways that can improve adolescent health. We provide a brief overview of several key areas of scientific progress relevant to these issues. We then focus on two examples of important health problems that increase sharply during adolescence: sleep problems and affective disorders. These examples illustrate how an integrative, developmental science approach provides new insights into treatment and intervention. They also highlight a cornerstone principle: how a deeper understanding of potentially modifiable factors-at key developmental inflection points along the trajectory toward clinical disorders-is beginning to inform, and may eventually transform, a broad range of innovative early intervention strategies to improve adolescent health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald E Dahl
- University of California Berkeley, Institute for Human Development, Berkeley, California; University of California Berkeley, School of Public Health, Berkeley, California
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281
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Opendak M, Gould E, Sullivan R. Early life adversity during the infant sensitive period for attachment: Programming of behavioral neurobiology of threat processing and social behavior. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2017; 25:145-159. [PMID: 28254197 PMCID: PMC5478471 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animals, including humans, require a highly coordinated and flexible system of social behavior and threat evaluation. However, trauma can disrupt this system, with the amygdala implicated as a mediator of these impairments in behavior. Recent evidence has further highlighted the context of infant trauma as a critical variable in determining its immediate and enduring consequences, with trauma experienced from an attachment figure, such as occurs in cases of caregiver-child maltreatment, as particularly detrimental. This review focuses on the unique role of caregiver presence during early-life trauma in programming deficits in social behavior and threat processing. Using data primarily from rodent models, we describe the interaction between trauma and attachment during a sensitive period in early life, which highlights the role of the caregiver's presence in engagement of attachment brain circuitry and suppressing threat processing by the amygdala. These data suggest that trauma experienced directly from an abusive caregiver and trauma experienced in the presence of caregiver cues produce similar neurobehavioral deficits, which are unique from those resulting from trauma alone. We go on to integrate this information into social experience throughout the lifespan, including consequences for complex scenarios, such as dominance hierarchy formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Child Study Center, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA.
| | - Elizabeth Gould
- Department of Psychology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Regina Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA; Child Study Center, Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, USA
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282
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Abstract
Learning and memory are dependent on interactive excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms. In this review, we discuss a mechanism called disinhibition, which is the release of an inhibitory constraint that effectively results in an increased activity in the target neurons (for example, principal or projection neurons). We focus on discussing the role of disinhibition in learning and memory at a basic level and in disease models with cognitive deficits and highlight a strategy to reverse cognitive deficits caused by excess inhibition, through disinhibition of α5-containing GABA
A receptors mediating tonic inhibition in the hippocampus, based on subtype-selective negative allosteric modulators as a novel class of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanns Möhler
- Institute of Pharmacology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Uwe Rudolph
- Laboratory of Genetic Neuropharmacology, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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283
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Abstract
Theories of language evolution that separate biological and cultural contributions perpetuate a false dichotomy between nature and nurture. The explanatory power of future theories will depend on acknowledging the reality of gene-culture interaction and how it makes language possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Bowling
- Department of Cognitive Biology, University of Vienna, Universitätsring 1, 1010, Vienna, Austria.
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284
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Climbing Brain Levels of Organisation from Genes to Consciousness. Trends Cogn Sci 2017; 21:168-181. [PMID: 28161289 DOI: 10.1016/j.tics.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 12/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Given the tremendous complexity of brain organisation, here I propose a strategy that dynamically links stages of brain organisation from genes to consciousness, at four privileged structural levels: genes; transcription factors (TFs)-gene networks; synaptic epigenesis; and long-range connectivity. These structures are viewed as nested and reciprocally inter-regulated, with a hierarchical organisation that proceeds on different timescales during the course of evolution and development. Interlevel bridging mechanisms include intrinsic variation-selection mechanisms, which offer a community of bottom-up and top-down models linking genes to consciousness in a stepwise manner.
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285
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Hyde DC, Flom R, Porter CL. Behavioral and Neural Foundations of Multisensory Face-Voice Perception in Infancy. Dev Neuropsychol 2017; 41:273-292. [PMID: 28059567 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1255744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe behavioral and neurophysiological evidence for infants' multimodal face-voice perception. We argue that the behavioral development of face-voice perception, like multimodal perception more broadly, is consistent with the intersensory redundancy hypothesis (IRH). Furthermore, we highlight that several recently observed features of the neural responses in infants converge with the behavioral predictions of the intersensory redundancy hypothesis. Finally, we discuss the potential benefits of combining brain and behavioral measures to study multisensory processing, as well as some applications of this work for atypical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C Hyde
- a Department of Psychology , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Champaign , Illinois
| | - Ross Flom
- b Department of Psychology , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah
| | - Chris L Porter
- c School of Family Life , Brigham Young University , Provo , Utah
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286
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Piekarski DJ, Johnson CM, Boivin JR, Thomas AW, Lin WC, Delevich K, M Galarce E, Wilbrecht L. Does puberty mark a transition in sensitive periods for plasticity in the associative neocortex? Brain Res 2017; 1654:123-144. [PMID: 27590721 PMCID: PMC5283387 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Postnatal brain development is studded with sensitive periods during which experience dependent plasticity is enhanced. This enables rapid learning from environmental inputs and reorganization of cortical circuits that matches behavior with environmental contingencies. Significant headway has been achieved in characterizing and understanding sensitive period biology in primary sensory cortices, but relatively little is known about sensitive period biology in associative neocortex. One possible mediator is the onset of puberty, which marks the transition to adolescence, when animals shift their behavior toward gaining independence and exploring their social world. Puberty onset correlates with reduced behavioral plasticity in some domains and enhanced plasticity in others, and therefore may drive the transition from juvenile to adolescent brain function. Pubertal onset is also occurring earlier in developed nations, particularly in unserved populations, and earlier puberty is associated with vulnerability for substance use, depression and anxiety. In the present article we review the evidence that supports a causal role for puberty in developmental changes in the function and neurobiology of the associative neocortex. We also propose a model for how pubertal hormones may regulate sensitive period plasticity in associative neocortex. We conclude that the evidence suggests puberty onset may play a causal role in some aspects of associative neocortical development, but that further research that manipulates puberty and measures gonadal hormones is required. We argue that further work of this kind is urgently needed to determine how earlier puberty may negatively impact human health and learning potential. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Piekarski
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Carolyn M Johnson
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Josiah R Boivin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco CA 94158, USA
| | - A Wren Thomas
- Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Wan Chen Lin
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Kristen Delevich
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Ezequiel M Galarce
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA
| | - Linda Wilbrecht
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA; Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley CA 94720, USA.
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287
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Relationships between quantity of language input and brain responses in bilingual and monolingual infants. Int J Psychophysiol 2016; 110:1-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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288
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Smith MR, Burman P, Sadahiro M, Kidd BA, Dudley JT, Morishita H. Integrative Analysis of Disease Signatures Shows Inflammation Disrupts Juvenile Experience-Dependent Cortical Plasticity. eNeuro 2016; 3:ENEURO.0240-16.2016. [PMID: 28101530 PMCID: PMC5241709 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0240-16.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout childhood and adolescence, periods of heightened neuroplasticity are critical for the development of healthy brain function and behavior. Given the high prevalence of neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism, identifying disruptors of developmental plasticity represents an essential step for developing strategies for prevention and intervention. Applying a novel computational approach that systematically assessed connections between 436 transcriptional signatures of disease and multiple signatures of neuroplasticity, we identified inflammation as a common pathological process central to a diverse set of diseases predicted to dysregulate plasticity signatures. We tested the hypothesis that inflammation disrupts developmental cortical plasticity in vivo using the mouse ocular dominance model of experience-dependent plasticity in primary visual cortex. We found that the administration of systemic lipopolysaccharide suppressed plasticity during juvenile critical period with accompanying transcriptional changes in a particular set of molecular regulators within primary visual cortex. These findings suggest that inflammation may have unrecognized adverse consequences on the postnatal developmental trajectory and indicate that treating inflammation may reduce the burden of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milo R. Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Poromendro Burman
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Masato Sadahiro
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Brian A. Kidd
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Joel T. Dudley
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
| | - Hirofumi Morishita
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Department of Ophthalmology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029
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289
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Guyer AE, Silk JS, Nelson EE. The neurobiology of the emotional adolescent: From the inside out. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:74-85. [PMID: 27506384 PMCID: PMC5074886 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents are commonly portrayed as highly emotional, with their behaviors often hijacked by their emotions. Research on the neural substrates of adolescent affective behavior is beginning to paint a more nuanced picture of how neurodevelopmental changes in brain function influence affective behavior, and how these influences are modulated by external factors in the environment. Recent neurodevelopmental models suggest that the brain is designed to promote emotion regulation, learning, and affiliation across development, and that affective behavior reciprocally interacts with age-specific social demands and different social contexts. In this review, we discuss current findings on neurobiological mechanisms of adolescents' affective behavior and highlight individual differences in and social-contextual influences on adolescents' emotionality. Neurobiological mechanisms of affective processes related to anxiety and depression are also discussed as examples. As the field progresses, it will be critical to test new hypotheses generated from the foundational empirical and conceptual work and to focus on identifying more precisely how and when neural networks change in ways that promote or thwart adaptive affective behavior during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda E Guyer
- Department of Human Ecology and Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA 95618, United States.
| | - Jennifer S Silk
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, United States
| | - Eric E Nelson
- Section on Developmental Affective Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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290
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Tardif T. Culture, Language, and Emotion: Explorations in Development. MINNESOTA SYMPOSIA ON CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119301981.ch4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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291
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Pivik RT, Andres A, Bai S, Cleves MA, Tennal KB, Gu Y, Badger TM. Infant Diet-Related Changes in Syllable Processing Between 4 and 5 Months: Implications for Developing Native Language Sensitivity. Dev Neuropsychol 2016; 41:215-230. [PMID: 27759424 DOI: 10.1080/87565641.2016.1236109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Since maturational processes triggering increased attunement to native language features in early infancy are sensitive to dietary factors, infant-diet related differences in brain processing of native-language speech stimuli might indicate variations in the onset of this tuning process. We measured cortical responses (ERPs) to syllables in 4 and 5 month old infants fed breast milk, milk formula, or soy formula and found syllable discrimination (P350) and syntactic-related functions (P600) but not syllable perception (P170) varied by diet, but not gender or background measures. The results suggest breastfed and formula-fed infants differ in onset of this critical period in speech perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- R T Pivik
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas.,b Department of Pediatrics and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Aline Andres
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas.,b Department of Pediatrics and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Shasha Bai
- b Department of Pediatrics and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Mario A Cleves
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas.,b Department of Pediatrics and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Kevin B Tennal
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Yuyuan Gu
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas
| | - Thomas M Badger
- a Arkansas Children's Nutrition Center , Little Rock , Arkansas.,b Department of Pediatrics and the Arkansas Children's Hospital Research Institute , University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences , Little Rock , Arkansas
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292
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Arshavsky YI. Neurons versus Networks: The Interplay between Individual Neurons and Neural Networks in Cognitive Functions. Neuroscientist 2016; 23:341-355. [PMID: 27660240 DOI: 10.1177/1073858416670124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The main paradigm of cognitive neuroscience is the connectionist concept postulating that the higher nervous activity is performed through interactions of neurons forming complex networks, whereas the function of individual neurons is restricted to generating electrical potentials and transmitting signals to other cells. In this article, I describe the observations from three fields-neurolinguistics, physiology of memory, and sensory perception-that can hardly be explained within the constraints of a purely connectionist concept. Rather, these examples suggest that cognitive functions are determined by specific properties of individual neurons and, therefore, are likely to be accomplished primarily at the intracellular level. This view is supported by the recent discovery that the brain's ability to create abstract concepts of particular individuals, animals, or places is performed by neurons ("concept cells") sparsely distributed in the medial temporal lobe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri I Arshavsky
- 1 BioCircuits Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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293
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Two-year-olds’ sensitivity to subphonemic mismatch during online spoken word recognition. Atten Percept Psychophys 2016; 78:2329-2340. [DOI: 10.3758/s13414-016-1186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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294
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Language Development in the First Year of Life: What Deaf Children Might Be Missing Before Cochlear Implantation. Otol Neurotol 2016; 37:e56-62. [PMID: 26756156 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Language development is a multifaceted, dynamic process involving the discovery of complex patterns, and the refinement of native language competencies in the context of communicative interactions. This process is already advanced by the end of the first year of life for hearing children, but prelingually deaf children who initially lack a language model may miss critical experiences during this early window. The purpose of this review is twofold. First, we examine the published literature on language development during the first 12 months in typically developing children. Second, we use this literature to inform our understanding of the language outcomes of prelingually deaf children who receive cochlear implants (CIs), and therefore language input, either before or after the first year. CONCLUSIONS During the first 12 months, typically developing infants exhibit advances in speech segmentation, word learning, syntax acquisition, and communication, both verbal and nonverbal. Infants and their caregivers coconstruct a communication foundation during this time, supporting continued language growth. The language outcomes of hearing children are robustly predicted by their experiences and acquired competencies during the first year; yet these predictive links are absent among prelingually deaf infants lacking a language model (i.e., those without exposure to sign). For deaf infants who receive a CI, implantation timing is crucial. Children receiving CIs before 12 months frequently catch up with their typically developing peers, whereas those receiving CIs later do not. Explanations for the language difficulties of late-implanted children are discussed.
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295
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Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics. Nat Med 2016; 22:345-61. [PMID: 27050589 DOI: 10.1038/nm.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 518] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has fueled remarkable advances in our understanding of its potential neurobiological mechanisms. Yet, at the same time, these findings highlight extraordinary causal diversity and complexity at many levels ranging from molecules to circuits and emphasize the gaps in our current knowledge. Here we review current understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD and integrate genetic evidence, neuropathology and studies in model systems with how they inform mechanistic models of ASD pathophysiology. Despite the challenges, these advances provide a solid foundation for the development of rational, targeted molecular therapies.
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296
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Cooper EA, Mackey AP. Sensory and cognitive plasticity: implications for academic interventions. Curr Opin Behav Sci 2016; 10:21-27. [PMID: 27231716 DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Research in neuroscience has great potential for transforming education. However, the brain systems that support academic and cognitive skills are poorly understood in comparison to the systems that support sensory processing. Decades of basic research have examined the role that brain plasticity plays in the genesis and treatment of developmental visual disorders, which may help to inform how cognitive training approaches can be tailored for students who experience environmental disadvantage. In this review, we draw parallels between visual and cognitive intervention approaches, and suggest research avenues that could inform educational practice in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily A Cooper
- Department of Psychological & Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, 6307 Moore Hall Hanover, NH 03755, United States
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 43 Vassar St. 46-4037D, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States
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297
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Cusick SE, Georgieff MK. The Role of Nutrition in Brain Development: The Golden Opportunity of the "First 1000 Days". J Pediatr 2016; 175:16-21. [PMID: 27266965 PMCID: PMC4981537 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Cusick
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN
| | - Michael K Georgieff
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis, MN.
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298
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299
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Altieri N, Yang CT. Parallel linear dynamic models can mimic the McGurk effect in clinical populations. J Comput Neurosci 2016; 41:143-55. [PMID: 27272510 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-016-0610-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most common examples of audiovisual speech integration is the McGurk effect. As an example, an auditory syllable /ba/ recorded over incongruent lip movements that produce "ga" typically causes listeners to hear "da". This report hypothesizes reasons why certain clinical and listeners who are hard of hearing might be more susceptible to visual influence. Conversely, we also examine why other listeners appear less susceptible to the McGurk effect (i.e., they report hearing just the auditory stimulus without being influenced by the visual). Such explanations are accompanied by a mechanistic explanation of integration phenomena including visual inhibition of auditory information, or slower rate of accumulation of inputs. First, simulations of a linear dynamic parallel interactive model were instantiated using inhibition and facilitation to examine potential mechanisms underlying integration. In a second set of simulations, we systematically manipulated the inhibition parameter values to model data obtained from listeners with autism spectrum disorder. In summary, we argue that cross-modal inhibition parameter values explain individual variability in McGurk perceptibility. Nonetheless, different mechanisms should continue to be explored in an effort to better understand current data patterns in the audiovisual integration literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Altieri
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Idaho State University, 921 S. 8th Ave. Stop 8116, Pocatello, ID, 83209, USA.
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Department of Psychology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1, Daxue Rd, East District, Tainan City, Taiwan, 701
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300
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Thiessen ED, Girard S, Erickson LC. Statistical learning and the critical period: how a continuous learning mechanism can give rise to discontinuous learning. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2016; 7:276-88. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Erik D. Thiessen
- Department of Psychology; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Sandrine Girard
- Department of Psychology; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Lucy C. Erickson
- Department of Psychology; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh PA USA
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