251
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Heleniak C, Bolden CR, McCabe CJ, Lambert HK, Rosen ML, King KM, Monahan KC, McLaughlin KA. Distress Tolerance as a Mechanism Linking Violence Exposure to Problematic Alcohol use in Adolescence. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1211-1225. [PMID: 33786696 PMCID: PMC8324573 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00805-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Adolescents exposed to violence are at elevated risk of developing most forms of psychopathology, including depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse. Prior research has identified emotional reactivity and difficulties with emotion regulation as core mechanisms linking violence exposure with psychopathology. Scant research has examined behavioral responses to distress as a mechanism in this association. This study examined the association of violence exposure with distress tolerance-the ability to persist in the face of distress-and whether lower distress tolerance linked violence exposure with subsequent increases in depression, anxiety, and alcohol abuse problems during adolescence. Data were collected prospectively in a sample of 287 adolescents aged 16-17 (44.3% male; 40.8% White). At Time 1, participants provided self-report of demographics, violence exposure, and psychopathology, and completed a behavioral measure of distress tolerance, the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Task. Four months later, participants (n = 237) repeated the psychopathology assessments. Violence exposure was associated with lower distress tolerance (β = -.21 p = .009), and elevated concurrent psychopathology (β = .16-.45, p = .001-.004). Low distress tolerance was prospectively associated with greater likelihood of abusing alcohol over time (OR = .63, p = .021), and mediated the association between violence exposure and greater levels (β = .02, 95% CI [.001, .063]) and likelihood (OR = .03, 95% CI [.006, .065]) of alcohol use over time. In contrast, low distress tolerance was not associated concurrently or prospectively with internalizing symptoms. Results persisted after controlling for socio-economic status. Findings suggest that distress tolerance is shaped by early experiences of threat and plays a role in the association between violence exposure and development of problematic alcohol use in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Heleniak
- Department of Psychology, Columbia University, 1190 Amsterdam Ave, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - China R Bolden
- School of Psychology, Family, and Community, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Connor J McCabe
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA, 119A 98195-1525, USA
| | - Hilary K Lambert
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA, 119A 98195-1525, USA
| | - Maya L Rosen
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA, 119A 98195-1525, USA
| | - Kevin M King
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Guthrie Hall (GTH), Seattle, WA, 119A 98195-1525, USA
| | - Kathryn C Monahan
- Department of Psychology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260, USA
| | - Katie A McLaughlin
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, 33 Kirkland St, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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252
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Muñoz-Samons D, Tor J, Rodríguez-Pascual M, Álvarez-Subiela X, Sugranyes G, de la Serna E, Puig O, Dolz M, Baeza I. Recent stressful life events and stress sensitivity in children and adolescents at clinical risk for psychosis. Psychiatry Res 2021; 303:114017. [PMID: 34217983 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Although psychosocial stress is consistently described as a casual factor for psychosis, the role of recent stressful life events (SLEs) is inconclusive. Studies with subjects with psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), fail to show a large number of SLEs but suggest greater stress sensitivity in these populations. We evaluate the presence of recent SLEs and stress sensitivity, and their relationship with symptoms and functionality in a sample consisting exclusively of help-seeking children and adolescents. Seventy-two 10- to 17-year-old help-seeking subjects who met PRS criteria and forty-two healthy control (HC) subjects participated in a naturalistic multi-site study. Measures of stress included the Stressful Life Events Schedule (SLES) and the G4 item of the Scale for Prodromal Syndromes (SOPS) scale. Child and adolescent PRS subjects presented greater number of SLEs during the previous year, greater total accumulated stress, greater sensitivity to stress, and more impaired tolerance to normal stress than did HC subjects. Stress measures showed a relationship with positive and negative attenuated symptoms, clinical variables and functionality. Our results support the role of stress in the PRS status. It reinforces the suggested differences for clinical presentation of PRS in terms of age, highlighting the importance of gathering data on the under-18 population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Muñoz-Samons
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 002, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordina Tor
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 002, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Rodríguez-Pascual
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 002, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Álvarez-Subiela
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 002, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Sugranyes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (2017SGR881), Spain. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, CERCA-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena de la Serna
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (2017SGR881), Spain. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, CERCA-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Olga Puig
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (2017SGR881), Spain. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montse Dolz
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Research Group, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Santa Rosa, 39-57, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology Department, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu of Barcelona, Passeig Sant Joan de Déu, 002, 08950 Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Baeza
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM, Av. Monforte de Lemos, 3-5, Pabellón 11, Planta 0, 28029 Madrid, Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic Universitari of Barcelona, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAM (2017SGR881), Spain. Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Institut Clinic of Neurosciences, CERCA-IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi Sunyer), Villarroel 170, 08036 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Psychobiology, Health Sciences Division, University of Barcelona, Casanova 143, 08036 Barcelona, Spain
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253
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Curran E, Perra O, Rosato M, Ferry F, Leavey G. Complex childhood trauma, gender and depression: Patterns and correlates of help-seeking and maladaptive coping. J Affect Disord 2021; 292:603-613. [PMID: 34153831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about access to treatment or maladaptive coping amongst those with a history of childhood trauma and subsequent depressive disorder, which is often complicated by post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). AIMS To (1) identify profiles of complex childhood trauma amongst men and women with major depression, (2) examine patterns of service access and treatment or maladaptive coping (drug misuse, alcohol abuse or suicidality), and (3) associations with socio-economic/demographic characteristics, comorbid PTSD, anxiety/mood disorders and perceived social support. METHOD Analysis of Wave 3 of the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions (NESARC) (2012-2013). We use the Latent Class Analysis 3-step approach in Mplus to examine individual differences in childhood experiences and coping behaviour. We examined both (a) the inter-relationship of this patterning, and (b) the extent to which proactive and maladaptive coping are associated with socio-economic/demographic characteristics, comorbid PTSD, anxiety disorders and perceived social support. RESULTS a diagnosis of Major Depression was recorded for 7432 people, two thirds of whom reported a history of complex childhood trauma. Maladaptive coping is associated with the most severe trauma groups, comorbid PTSD, dysthymia, and anxiety disorders. CONCLUSION Given the evidence of the current study, suggesting a poorer treatment course for depression in adults with complex childhood trauma, early screening for a trauma history will facilitate preventive efforts before onset of depression, possibly mitigating a poorer treatment course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Curran
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Ulster University, Northern Ireland United Kingdom.
| | - Oliver Perra
- School of Nursing and Midwifery, Centre for Evidence and Social Innovation, Queen's University Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Rosato
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Ulster University, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Finola Ferry
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Ulster University, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
| | - Gerard Leavey
- Bamford Centre for Mental Health and Wellbeing Ulster University, Northern Ireland United Kingdom
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254
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The relationship between early and recent life stress and emotional expression processing: A functional connectivity study. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2021; 20:588-603. [PMID: 32342272 PMCID: PMC7266792 DOI: 10.3758/s13415-020-00789-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize neural activation during the processing of negative facial expressions in a non-clinical group of individuals characterized by two factors: the levels of stress experienced in early life and in adulthood. Two models of stress consequences were investigated: the match/mismatch and cumulative stress models. The match/mismatch model assumes that early adversities may promote optimal coping with similar events in the future through fostering the development of coping strategies. The cumulative stress model assumes that effects of stress are additive, regardless of the timing of the stressors. Previous studies suggested that stress can have both cumulative and match/mismatch effects on brain structure and functioning and, consequently, we hypothesized that effects on brain circuitry would be found for both models. We anticipated effects on the neural circuitry of structures engaged in face perception and emotional processing. Hence, the amygdala, fusiform face area, occipital face area, and posterior superior temporal sulcus were selected as seeds for seed-based functional connectivity analyses. The interaction between early and recent stress was related to alterations during the processing of emotional expressions mainly in to the cerebellum, middle temporal gyrus, and supramarginal gyrus. For cumulative stress levels, such alterations were observed in functional connectivity to the middle temporal gyrus, lateral occipital cortex, precuneus, precentral and postcentral gyri, anterior and posterior cingulate gyri, and Heschl's gyrus. This study adds to the growing body of literature suggesting that both the cumulative and the match/mismatch hypotheses are useful in explaining the effects of stress.
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255
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Childhood adversities and mental health outcomes: Does the perception or age of the event matter? Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:778-791. [PMID: 32366345 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The current study extends knowledge regarding the individual contribution of different adverse experiences to mental health symptoms in late adolescence by including the perception of how upsetting each experience was to the adolescent and the age at the first occurrence. We also sought to move beyond sum scores of adverse experiences by using a person-centered approach to classifying individuals with similar co-occurrence of adversities. The data came from a longitudinal study of maltreatment on adolescent development (N = 454). Self-reported childhood adversities were assessed at Wave 4 (average of 7 years postbaseline) and examined with respect to current mental health symptoms (depression, PTSD, anxiety, and externalizing). Although the adversity sum score was a potent predictor of all mental health outcomes, the results indicated that the use of a sum score obscures information about the importance of individual adversities. Additionally, the influence of age of occurrence varied based on the adversity and outcome, while the perception of the event did not add much unique variance. Finally, the latent class analyses provided unique information about the patterns of co-occurring adversity in this sample, and that membership in either of the multiple-adversity classes was associated with more mental health symptoms.
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256
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Iob E, Baldwin JR, Plomin R, Steptoe A. Adverse childhood experiences, daytime salivary cortisol, and depressive symptoms in early adulthood: a longitudinal genetically informed twin study. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:420. [PMID: 34354040 PMCID: PMC8342545 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01538-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulated hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis function might underlie the relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and depression. However, limited research has examined the possible mediating role of the HPA-axis among young people using longitudinal data. Moreover, it remains unclear whether genetic influences could contribute to these associations. Participants were 290 children from the Twins Early Development Study. ACEs were assessed from age 3-11 years. We calculated a cumulative risk score and also derived different ACEs clusters using factor analysis and latent class analysis. HPA-axis activity was indexed by daytime salivary cortisol at age 11. Depressive symptoms were ascertained at age 21. Genetic liability to altered cortisol levels and elevated depressive symptoms was measured using a twin-based method. We performed causal mediation analysis with mixed-effects regression models. The results showed that ACEs cumulative exposure (b = -0.20, p = 0.03), bullying (b = -0.61, p = 0.01), and emotional abuse (b = -0.84, p = 0.02) were associated with lower cortisol levels at age 11. Among participants exposed to multiple ACEs, lower cortisol was related to higher depressive symptoms at age 21 (b = -0.56, p = 0.05). Lower cortisol levels mediated around 10-20% of the total associations of ACEs cumulative exposure, bullying, and dysfunctional parenting/emotional abuse with higher depressive symptoms. Genetic factors contributed to these associations, but the mediation effects of cortisol in the associations of ACEs cumulative exposure (b = 0.16 [0.02-0.34]) and bullying (b = 0.18 [0.01-0.43]) remained when genetic confounding was accounted for. In conclusion, ACEs were linked to elevated depressive symptoms in early adulthood partly through lower cortisol levels in early adolescence, and these relationships were independent of genetic confounding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Iob
- Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Jessie R. Baldwin
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, London, UK ,grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Robert Plomin
- grid.13097.3c0000 0001 2322 6764Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Andrew Steptoe
- grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Research Department of Behavioural Science and Health, Institute of Epidemiology and Healthcare, University College London, London, UK
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257
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Curtis MG, Oshri A, Bryant CM, Bermudez M, Kogan SM. Contextual Adversity and Rural Black Men's Masculinity Ideology During Emerging Adulthood. PSYCHOLOGY OF MEN & MASCULINITY 2021; 22:217-226. [PMID: 34335107 DOI: 10.1037/men0000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Evidence documents the importance of individual differences in masculinity ideology for men's biological, social, and psychological wellbeing. Studies investigating the developmental antecedents of masculinity ideology and how it changes during specific developmental phases, however, are scarce. The present study examined the influence of childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability on Black men's masculinity ideology during emerging adulthood. Specifically, we investigated changes in two types of masculinity ideology: (a) respect-based, which is associated with prosocial outcomes such as hard work, education, and fidelity, and (b) reputation-based, which is related to antisocial outcomes such as sexual prowess, toughness, and authority-defying behavior. Hypotheses were tested using structural equation modeling with three waves of data from 504 Black American men aged 19 to 22 at baseline living in resource-poor communities in the rural South. Results indicated that childhood adversity was associated with elevated socioeconomic instability during emerging adulthood. Childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability were associated with decreases in respect-based masculinity and increases in reputation-based masculinity. Indirect effects were detected whereby childhood adversity was associated with respect-based and reputation-based masculinity indirectly via socioeconomic instability. Taken together, these results suggest that childhood adversity and socioeconomic instability forecast changes in the types of masculinity ideology rural Black men endorse during the emerging adulthood transition.
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258
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Barajas-Gonzalez RG, Ayón C, Brabeck K, Rojas-Flores L, Valdez CR. An ecological expansion of the adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) framework to include threat and deprivation associated with U.S. immigration policies and enforcement practices: An examination of the Latinx immigrant experience. Soc Sci Med 2021; 282:114126. [PMID: 34146987 PMCID: PMC10409596 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) framework has contributed to advances in developmental science by examining the interdependent and cumulative nature of adverse childhood environmental exposures on life trajectories. Missing from the ACEs framework, however, is the role of pervasive and systematic oppression that afflicts certain racialized groups and that leads to persistent threat and deprivation. In the case of children from immigrant parents, the consequence of a limited ACEs framework is that clinicians and researchers fail to address the psychological violence inflicted on children from increasingly restrictive immigration policies, ramped up immigration enforcement, and national anti-immigration rhetoric. Drawing on the literature with Latinx children, the objective of this conceptual article is to integrate the ecological model with the dimensional model of childhood adversity and psychopathology to highlight how direct experience of detention and deportation, threat of detention and deportation, and exposure to systemic marginalization and deprivation are adverse experiences for many Latinx children in immigrant families. This article highlights that to reduce bias and improve developmental science and practice with immigrants and with U.S.-born children of immigrants, there must be an inclusion of immigration-related threat and deprivation into the ACEs framework. We conclude with a practical and ethical discussion of screening and assessing ACEs in clinical and research settings, using an expanded ecological framework that includes immigration-related threat and deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cecilia Ayón
- School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, USA
| | - Kalina Brabeck
- Department of Counseling, Educational Leadership and School Psychology, Rhode Island College, USA
| | | | - Carmen R Valdez
- Department of Population Health and Steve Hicks School of Social Work, The University of Texas at Austin Dell Medical School, USA
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259
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Bevan K, Kumari M. Maternal separation in childhood and hair cortisol concentrations in late adulthood. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 130:105253. [PMID: 34051654 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 03/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parent-child separation has been shown to increase the risk of a range of mental and physical health conditions later in life. Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis dysregulation may help to explain this association. However, few studies have examined the effect of maternal separation on cortisol in late adulthood. METHODS We examined the relationship between maternal separation in childhood and hair cortisol concentrations in late adulthood, using data from the Whitehall II study (n = 3969, mean age: 70 y, range: 60-83 y). Additionally, the role of childhood (adverse childhood experiences (ACEs), material disadvantage, and parenting), adult (marital status and social position), and health (health behaviors, cardiovascular health and medication, and depression) measures in this association were examined. Finally, we examined age of separation and reason for separation. Analysis was carried out using linear regression. RESULTS Hair cortisol concentrations (pg/mg) among participants who reported maternal separation during childhood were higher (B=0.179, 95% CI 0.041-0.317, p = 0.01) compared to their non-separated counterparts. This effect was robust to adjustment by childhood, adult, and health measures. Among participants who reported separation, age at onset and reason for separation were not significantly associated with hair cortisol concentrations. CONCLUSION In older age individuals, hair cortisol concentrations were higher in those who reported maternal separation during childhood. This effect was independent of a wide variety of factors suggesting that there are lifelong pathways between early life separation and HPA functioning in old age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher Bevan
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK.
| | - Meena Kumari
- Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex CO4 3SQ, UK
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260
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Mustillo S, Li M, Ferraro KF. Evaluating the Cumulative Impact of Childhood Misfortune: A Structural Equation Modeling Approach. SOCIOLOGICAL METHODS & RESEARCH 2021; 50:1073-1109. [PMID: 34744209 PMCID: PMC8570259 DOI: 10.1177/0049124119875957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Most studies of the early origins of adult health rely on summing dichotomously measured negative exposures to measure childhood misfortune (CM), neglect, adversity, or trauma. There are several limitations to this approach, including that it assumes each exposure carries the same level of risk for a particular outcome. Further, it often leads researchers to dichotomize continuous measures for the sake of creating an additive variable from similar indicators. We propose an alternative approach within the structural equation modeling (SEM) framework that allows differential weighting of the negative exposures and can incorporate dichotomous and continuous observed variables as well as latent variables. Using the Health and Retirement Study data, our analyses compare the traditional approach (i.e., adding indicators) with alternative models and assess their prognostic validity on adult depressive symptoms. Results reveal that parameter estimates using the conventional model likely underestimate the effects of CM on adult health outcomes. Additionally, while the conventional approach inhibits testing for mediation, our model enables testing mediation of both individual CM variables and the cumulative variable. Further, we test whether cumulative CM is moderated by the accumulation of protective factors, which facilitates theoretical advances in life course and social inequality research. The approach presented here is one way to examine the cumulative effects of early exposures while attending to diversity in the types of exposures experienced. Using the SEM framework, this versatile approach could be used to model the accumulation of risk or reward in many other areas of sociology and the social sciences beyond health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miao Li
- University of Notre Dame, IN, USA
- Clemson University, SC, USA
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261
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Jenness JL, Peverill M, Miller AB, Heleniak C, Robertson MM, Sambrook KA, Sheridan MA, McLaughlin KA. Alterations in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation following child maltreatment: a mechanism underlying trauma-related psychopathology. Psychol Med 2021; 51:1880-1889. [PMID: 32252835 PMCID: PMC7541399 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291720000641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disruptions in neural circuits underlying emotion regulation (ER) may be a mechanism linking child maltreatment with psychopathology. We examined the associations of maltreatment with neural responses during passive viewing of negative emotional stimuli and attempts to modulate emotional responses. We investigated whether the influence of maltreatment on neural activation during ER differed across development and whether alterations in brain function mediated the association between maltreatment and a latent general psychopathology ('p') factor. METHODS Youth aged 8-16 years with (n = 79) and without (n = 72) exposure to maltreatment completed an ER task assessing neural responses during passive viewing of negative and neutral images and effortful attempts to regulate emotional responses to negative stimuli. P-factor scores were defined by a bi-factor model encompassing internalizing and externalizing psychopathology. RESULTS Maltreated youth had greater activation in left amygdala and salience processing regions and reduced activation in multiple regions involved in cognitive control (bilateral superior frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex) when viewing negative v. neutral images than youth without maltreatment exposure. Reduced neural recruitment in cognitive control regions mediated the association of maltreatment with p-factor in whole-brain analysis. Maltreated youth exhibited increasing recruitment with age in ventrolateral prefrontal cortex during reappraisal while control participants exhibited decreasing recruitment with age. Findings were similar after adjusting for co-occurring neglect. CONCLUSIONS Child maltreatment influences the development of regions associated with salience processing and cognitive control during ER in ways that contribute to psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Jenness
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew Peverill
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Adam Bryant Miller
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | | | - Madeline M Robertson
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kelly A Sambrook
- Department of Radiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Margaret A Sheridan
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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262
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Moreno M, Thommen E, Morán E, Guidetti M. Communicative Functions in Children Raised in Three Different Social Contexts in Colombia: The Key Issue of Joint Attention. Front Psychol 2021; 12:642242. [PMID: 34335360 PMCID: PMC8320324 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.642242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Children’s sociocultural experiences vary around the world. Colombia is a South American country where the differences between socioeconomic statuses (SES) are huge. In this study, through the ECSP-E Scale, translated to Spanish and validated for linguistic and cultural equivalence, the development of three communicative functions was evaluated through an interactive sociopragmatic approach. The participants comprised 36 24-month-old children, raised in three different social contexts in Colombia, with the goal of comparing them across groups of SES. The lowest SES group sample subjects were representative of extreme poverty and members of an ethnic group, the Wayuú. Results for the communicative functions, namely social interaction (SI), joint attention (JA), and behavior regulation (BR), showed that the only function with no significant differences across SES was joint attention. This supports the hypothesis that the development of this function may be universal, in light of the fact that the Wayuú not only differed from other subjects in terms of their socioeconomic status but also in their culture. Higher SES was related to better social interaction, while Low SES was associated with better behavior regulation than their High SES peers. Consequently, results are discussed considering socioeconomic and cultural differences in the development of communication and social interactions, leading us to reexamine the paradigms, theories, and practices that are used when observing children raised in very poor environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayilín Moreno
- Research Group in Psychology, Cognition, Communication and Development (CCD), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Evelyne Thommen
- Haute École de Travail Social et de la Santé (HETSL), University of Applied Sciences and Arts Western Switzerland, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elianne Morán
- Research Group in Psychology, Cognition, Communication and Development (CCD), Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Michèle Guidetti
- Cognition, Langues, Langage, Ergonomie (CLLE), Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UT2J, Toulouse, France
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263
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Wang X, Maguire-Jack K, Barnhart S, Yoon S, Li Q. Racial Differences in the Relationship between Neighborhood Disorder, Adverse Childhood Experiences, and Child Behavioral Health. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 48:315-329. [PMID: 31811546 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00597-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The neighborhood and family context in which children grow profoundly influences their development. Informed by ecological systems theory and social disorganization theory, we hypothesized that adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) mediate the relationship between neighborhood disorder and child externalizing and internalizing behaviors, and that these pathways vary by race/ethnicity. We conducted secondary data analysis using Fragile Families and Child Well-being study data. To test hypothesized pathways, we performed a mediation path analysis on a sample of 3001 mothers of children (ages 3 and 5) living in 20 U.S. cities. A moderated mediation path analysis was used to test racial/ethnic differences in hypothesized pathways. We found that living in disordered neighborhoods increased children's likelihood of exhibiting externalizing and internalizing behaviors through childhood ACEs. Compared to Black and Hispanic children, White children's ACEs were more susceptible to negative neighborhood environment effects, suggesting that White children's behavioral health may be more indirectly affected by neighborhood disorder. The finding that ACEs mediated the pathway from neighborhood disorder to child behavior problems provides opportunity for child psychiatrists and pediatricians to interrupt negative pathways by providing interventions for children and families. Our findings on racial/ethnic differences highlight the need for culturally sensitive programming to address children's behavior problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiafei Wang
- David B. Falk College of Sport and Human Dynamics, Syracuse University, School of Social Work, 150 Crouse Dr, White Hall 220, Syracuse, NY, 13244, USA.
| | | | - Sheila Barnhart
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Susan Yoon
- College of Social Work, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qing Li
- Center for Behavioral Epidemiology and Community Health, School of Public Health, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA
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264
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Louw JG, van Heerden A, Olivier L, Lambrechts T, Broodryk M, Bunge L, Vosloo M, Tomlinson M. Executive Function After Prenatal Alcohol Exposure in Children in a South African Population: Cross-sectional Study. JMIR Form Res 2021; 5:e20658. [PMID: 34255647 PMCID: PMC8285745 DOI: 10.2196/20658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Alcohol is a teratogen; its consumption during pregnancy can lead to negative birth outcomes, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neurodevelopmental delays in higher-order cognitive functions that affect development of executive functions are a common feature. Studies on executive function in children have focused on children diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, and there is a lack of information on the impact on children not diagnosed with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder but who had been exposed to alcohol. Objective The aim of this study was to compare the development of executive function in children between 4 and 6 years of age with and without prenatal exposure to alcohol. Methods Children both exposed and not exposed to alcohol were recruited as part of a feasibility RCT evaluating a computer-based cognitive training program for improving executive function development. The study was conducted in a low–socioeconomic status community in South Africa with a high prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Neurodevelopment was assessed in participating children; NEPSY-II standardized scores for executive function domains were compared using a multivariate analysis of variance with group membership as the predictor variable. Results No significant differences in executive functions assessments (P=.39) were found between children in the alcohol-exposed group (n=76) and those in the nonexposed group (n=40). Both groups showed moderate to severe delays in domains. In all but one subtest, the average score for both groups was below the 25th percentile of expected norms. Conclusions We expected that alcohol exposure would have a measurable impact on executive function development. The lack of differences highlights the prevalence of developmental delays in low–socioeconomic status communities in South Africa and suggests that children are exposed to various threats to cognitive development. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) RR2-10.2196/14489
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus Gidion Louw
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, Cape Town, South Africa.,Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alastair van Heerden
- Centre for Community Based Research, Human Sciences Research Council, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.,Developmental Pathways for Health Research Unit, Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Health Science, University of the Witwatersrand/Medical Research Council, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Leana Olivier
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tersius Lambrechts
- Department of Psychology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Mandi Broodryk
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Liska Bunge
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martlé Vosloo
- Foundation for Alcohol Related Research, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Mark Tomlinson
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa.,School of Nursing and Midwifery, Queens University, Belfast, United Kingdom
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265
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Moreno-Manso JM, García-Baamonde ME, Guerrero-Barona E, Godoy-Merino MJ, Guerrero-Molina M, Barbosa-Torres C. Externalizing and internalizing symptoms and coping strategies in young victims of abuse. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-01996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis research analyses the internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the coping strategies of young victims of abuse. These young people are in residential care under protective measures due to abuse. The participants were 61 youths (32 male and 29 female) between 12 and 17 years of age. Different works of research stress the need for an early identification of the psychopathological symptomatology that these adolescents may present in order to provide an adequate psycho-educational intervention. The relationship between the adolescents’ psychopathological symptomatology and the coping strategies and styles they use to resolve problems is studied. It is also analyzed whether internalizing and externalizing problems predict the style and coping strategies of adolescents. Two tests were used: 1. Child and Adolescent Evaluation System (SENA); 2. Adolescent Coping Scales (ACS). The results indicate that young victims of abuse have internalizing and externalizing symptoms. These adolescents are characterized by an unproductive coping style, as well as by the use of coping strategies that are not very functional and ineffective for resolving conflicts. The psychopathological symptomatology is related to and predicts an unproductive coping style, badly adapted to solving daily problems (worrying, blaming oneself, not coping, ignoring the problem, or keeping it to oneself). This research has allowed us to identify the presence of several areas of vulnerability in these young persons which could be playing an important role in their psychosocial maladjustment. The research suggests the design of intervention strategies, for both groups and individuals, aimed at mitigating and modifying the sources of the problems in victims of child abuse.
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266
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Deer LK, Shields GS, Alen NV, Hostinar CE. Curvilinear associations between family income in early childhood and the cortisol awakening response in adolescence. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 129:105237. [PMID: 34004490 PMCID: PMC9286487 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence on cortisol output and socioeconomic status (SES) has been mixed, with studies finding that lower SES can be associated with higher or lower cortisol output, and null associations have also been reported. We hypothesized that these inconsistencies may be due to an underlying curvilinear, inverted-U pattern of association, such that low income is related to increased likelihood of both low and high cortisol output. We tested these curvilinear links among family income and cortisol indices in the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (N = 803). Maternal reports of family income when the study children were 33 and 47 months of age were averaged to estimate early-childhood family income. Three cortisol indices were derived from samples collected in adolescence (15.5 years of age): the cortisol awakening response (CAR), area under the curve (AUC) cortisol, and the diurnal cortisol slope. As hypothesized, the CAR exhibited a curvilinear, inverted-U relation with childhood income, with low childhood income being associated with both the lowest and the highest CARs. These findings suggest that discrepancies in prior findings on low SES and the CAR may be due to curvilinear patterns of association. However, childhood income was not significantly associated with adolescent cortisol diurnal slope or AUC. Future work should clarify the factors that might predispose to high versus low CAR given equivalent low SES in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- LillyBelle K Deer
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
| | - Grant S Shields
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Nicholas V Alen
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Camelia E Hostinar
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California, Davis, CA, United States; Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, United States.
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267
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Grasser LR, Jovanovic T. Safety learning during development: Implications for development of psychopathology. Behav Brain Res 2021; 408:113297. [PMID: 33862062 PMCID: PMC8102395 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Fear and safety learning are necessary adaptive behaviors that develop over the course of maturation. While there is a large body of literature regarding the neurobiology of fear and safety learning in adults, less is known regarding safety learning during development. Given developmental changes in the brain, there are corresponding changes in safety learning that are quantifiable; these may serve to predict risk and point to treatment targets for fear and anxiety-related disorders in children and adolescents. For healthy, typically developing youth, the main developmental variation observed is reduced discrimination between threat and safety cues in children compared to adolescents and adults, while lower expression of extinction learning is exhibited in adolescents compared to adults. Such distinctions may be related to faster maturation of the amygdala relative to the prefrontal cortex, as well as incompletely developed functional circuits between the two. Fear and anxiety-related disorders, childhood maltreatment, and behavioral problems are all associated with alterations in safety learning for youth, and this dysfunction may proceed into adulthood with corresponding abnormalities in brain structure and function-including amygdala hypertrophy and hyperreactivity. As impaired inhibition of fear to safety may reflect abnormalities in the developing brain and subsequent psychopathology, impaired safety learning may be considered as both a predictor of risk and a treatment target. Longitudinal neuroimaging studies over the course of development, and studies that query change with interventions are needed in order to improve outcomes for individuals and reduce long-term impact of developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lana Ruvolo Grasser
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C Room 273, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
| | - Tanja Jovanovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, 3901 Chrysler Dr, Tolan Park Suite 2C, Detroit, MI 48201 United States.
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268
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Bates RA, Justice LM, Salsberry PJ, Jiang H, Dynia JM, Singletary B. Co-occurring risk and protective factors and regulatory behavior of infants living in low-income homes. Infant Behav Dev 2021; 64:101598. [PMID: 34118651 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2021.101598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Early self-regulation is a foundation for lifelong wellness and can be shaped by the interplay among several vital exposures. In this study, we examined the emergence of reliable profiles based upon exposure to risk and protective factors in infancy, determined if sociodemographic resources predict profile membership, and determined if these profiles predict early regulatory behaviors in a sample of infants reared in low-income homes. Data were collected from a sample of primarily Black or White mother-infant dyads living in low-income homes in the Midwest (n = 222) during the infants' first year of life (mean maternal age at enrollment: 26.29 years; range 18-43 years). Exposures included mother-infant interactions; father support; maternal depression, stress, and self-efficacy; home environment; food security; and breastfeeding duration. Sociodemographic resources included poverty status; economic hardship; maternal education, employment, and age; parental marital status; and infant race and sex. Infant regulatory behaviors were measured with the Infant Behavior Questionnaire-Revised Very Short Form effortful control subscale (mean age 11 months; range 8.5-14.3 months). Latent profile analysis was used to profile infants by risk and protective exposures. Regression was used to differentiate profiles by sociodemographic resources and to predict infant regulatory behavior from profiles. Three profiles emerged: low father support, good maternal mental health, and poor maternal mental health. A married mother, less economic hardship, and working mothers predicted infant exposure to good maternal mental health. Infant regulatory behavior was best when the infant was exposed to the good maternal mental health profile. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randi A Bates
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States; College of Nursing, University of Cincinnati, United States.
| | - Laura M Justice
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Pamela J Salsberry
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States; College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Hui Jiang
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Jaclyn M Dynia
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States
| | - Britt Singletary
- Crane Center for Early Childhood Research and Policy, The Ohio State University, United States
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269
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Hein TC, Goetschius LG, McLoyd VC, Brooks-Gunn J, McLanahan SS, Mitchell C, Lopez-Duran NL, Hyde LW, Monk CS. Childhood violence exposure and social deprivation are linked to adolescent threat and reward neural function. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2021; 15:1252-1259. [PMID: 33104799 PMCID: PMC7745142 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsaa144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Childhood adversity is, unfortunately, highly prevalent and strongly associated with later psychopathology. Recent theories posit that two dimensions of early adversity, threat and deprivation, have distinct effects on brain development. The current study evaluated whether violence exposure (threat) and social deprivation (deprivation) were associated with adolescent amygdala and ventral striatum activation, respectively, in a prospective, well-sampled, longitudinal cohort using a pre-registered, open science approach. Methods One hundred and sixty-seven adolescents from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study completed functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanning. Prospective longitudinal data from ages 3, 5 and 9 years were used to create indices of childhood violence exposure and social deprivation. We evaluated whether these dimensions were associated with adolescent brain function in response to threatening and rewarding faces. Results Childhood violence exposure was associated with decreased amygdala habituation (i.e. more sustained activation) and activation to angry faces in adolescence, whereas childhood social deprivation was associated with decreased ventral striatum activation to happy faces in adolescence. These associations held when adjusting for the other dimension of adversity (e.g., adjusting for social deprivation when examining associations with violence exposure), the interaction of the two dimensions of adversity, gender, internalizing psychopathology, and current life stress. Conclusions Consistent with recent theories, different forms of early adversity were associated with region-specific differences in brain activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Hein
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.,Serious Mental Illness Treatment Resource and Evaluation Center, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Leigh G Goetschius
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
| | - Vonnie C McLoyd
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA
| | | | - Sara S McLanahan
- Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA
| | - Colter Mitchell
- Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA.,Population Studies Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | | | - Luke W Hyde
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.,Survey Research Center of the Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1248, USA
| | - Christopher S Monk
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1043, USA.,Department of Sociology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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270
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Kalpidou M, Volungis AM, Bates C. Mediators between Adversity and Well-Being of College Students. JOURNAL OF ADULT DEVELOPMENT 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10804-021-09382-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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271
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Schønning V, Dovran A, Hysing M, Hafstad GS, Stokke K, Aarø LE, Tobiassen S, Jonassen JAB, Vedaa Ø, Sivertsen B. Study protocol: the Norwegian Triple-S Cohort Study - establishing a longitudinal health survey of children and adolescents with experiences of maltreatment. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:1082. [PMID: 34090417 PMCID: PMC8179690 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-11125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is prevalent and associated with both short- and long-term health problems. Previous studies have established child maltreatment as a risk factor for a wide range of problems over the life course such as mental- and somatic health problems, self-harm, alcohol- and drug abuse and decreased work-life participation. Still, there are few large and well-conducted longitudinal studies focusing on describing prevalence and identifying risk factors and long-term consequences of child maltreatment. The purpose of the current study is to recruit a large number of children and adolescents exposed to maltreatment and follow them long-term. METHODS/DESIGN The current study is a longitudinal cohort study and will use a multi-informant design (child/adolescent, caregiver, and administrative data). Participants will be recruited from the Stine Sofie Centre (SSC), a learning and coping centre for children and adolescents (≤18 years) exposed to maltreatment, which includes physical and emotional abuse, neglect and/or sexual abuse. Questionnaire-based assessments from self-reports (as well as parent-reports) will be carried out at regular time intervals throughout their lives, on topics such as abuse, negative life events, mental and somatic health problems, resilience and coping, satisfaction with health services, social-, family-, and school function, as well as self-harm and substance abuse. Participants will be assessed upon entry to the centre and followed up annually until they reach 18 years and bi-annually after. Given written consent, participants' responses will be linked to relevant national registries in order to examine predictive factors and important outcomes in terms of subsequent health, education, criminal records and work affiliation. DISCUSSION This study will examine short- and long-term consequences of child maltreatment across a range of health-related outcomes in a longitudinal perspective. Results from the current study might have implications for the development of preventive and intervention programs related to child maltreatment and the organization and follow-up of the services these children receive. The current study will hopefully contribute with knowledge of risk-factors, short- and long-term health-related and other issues that can contribute to practices aimed at improving the overall life-course for children and adolescents who have experienced childhood maltreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktor Schønning
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808, Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Anders Dovran
- Stine Sofie Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway
- Department of Psychosocial Health, University of Agder, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Mari Hysing
- Department of Psychosocial Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - Kristin Stokke
- Stine Sofie Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway
| | - Leif Edvard Aarø
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808, Bergen, Norway
| | - Stian Tobiassen
- Stine Sofie Foundation & Stine Sofie Centre, Grimstad, Norway
| | | | - Øystein Vedaa
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Voss District Psychiatric Hospital, NKS Bjørkeli, Voss, Norway
- Department of Research and Development, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Børge Sivertsen
- Department of Health Promotion, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Postboks 973 Sentrum, 5808, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Mental Health, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
- Department of Research & Innovation, Helse Fonna HF, Haugesund, Norway
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272
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Abstract
Childhood socio-economic status (SES), a measure of the availability of material and social resources, is one of the strongest predictors of lifelong well-being. Here we review evidence that experiences associated with childhood SES affect not only the outcome but also the pace of brain development. We argue that higher childhood SES is associated with protracted structural brain development and a prolonged trajectory of functional network segregation, ultimately leading to more efficient cortical networks in adulthood. We hypothesize that greater exposure to chronic stress accelerates brain maturation, whereas greater access to novel positive experiences decelerates maturation. We discuss the impact of variation in the pace of brain development on plasticity and learning. We provide a generative theoretical framework to catalyse future basic science and translational research on environmental influences on brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula A Tooley
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, USA
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Danielle S Bassett
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, USA
| | - Allyson P Mackey
- Department of Psychology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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273
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Executive function as a mechanism linking socioeconomic status to internalizing and externalizing psychopathology in children and adolescents. J Adolesc 2021; 89:149-160. [PMID: 33971502 PMCID: PMC8203104 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between low socioeconomic status (SES) in childhood and increased risk for psychopathology is well established, but the mechanisms explaining this relationship are poorly understood. Here, we investigate the potential role of difficulties in executive functioning (EF) as a mechanism linking childhood and adolescent SES with externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. METHODS We examined whether difficulties with EF mediated the association between SES and externalizing and internalizing psychopathology in two cross-sectional samples of children and adolescents (Study 1: N = 94, ages 6-18, 51.1% male; Study 2: N = 259, ages 8-16, 54.1% male) from diverse SES backgrounds in the United States. EF was measured through behavioral tasks and parent-reported behavioral regulation (BR). RESULTS In both samples, children and adolescents from lower SES families were more likely to experience both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology than youth from more advantaged backgrounds and exhibited greater EF difficulties - they had lower performance on a task measuring inhibitory control and lower parent-rated BR. Reduced inhibitory control and BR, in turn, were associated with higher externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 1, difficulties with BR mediated the association of low-SES with both externalizing and internalizing psychopathology. In Study 2, low inhibitory control mediated the association between low-SES and externalizing psychopathology. These findings largely persisted after adjusting for exposure to violence, a form of adversity that is common in children from low-SES backgrounds. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that reduced EF may be an underlying mechanism through which low-SES confers risk for psychopathology in children and adolescents.
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274
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Larose MP, Côté SM, Ouellet-Morin I, Maughan B, Barker ED. Promoting better functioning among children exposed to high levels of family adversity: the protective role of childcare attendance. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:762-770. [PMID: 32827178 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children exposed to early adversity are vulnerable to cognitive impairments and externalizing behaviors. Attending childcare may, however, partly buffer this detrimental effect by providing social and cognitive stimulation in a secure environment. The aims of this study were (a) to determine whether the association between exposure to adversity and later externalizing behaviors is mediated by children's cognitive abilities, and (b) to examine if childcare attendance moderates this mediation-thereby highlighting a protective function of children's childcare attendance. METHODS Data come from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Children and Parents (N = 6,149). Exposure to adversity was assessed by maternal reports three times from the second trimester of the mother's pregnancy to the child's fourth year of age. Childcare attendance was assessed on four occasions between eight months and three years of age. Factors explaining differences in childcare attendance were controlled using propensity score weights. Children's cognitive abilities were assessed by the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children at eight years of age, and externalizing behaviors were reported by mothers using the Development and Well-Being Assessment interview at 10, 13, and 15 years of age. RESULTS Notably, lower cognitive abilities partly accounted for the higher levels of externalizing behaviors in adolescents exposed to adversity (B indirect effect = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.007-0.03, p < .01). Importantly, childcare attendance moderated this indirect effect. For children exposed to adversity, being in maternal care was associated with lower cognitive abilities which were related to higher levels of externalizing behaviors. On the contrary, for children exposed to adversity, attending childcare was associated with higher cognitive abilities which were linked to lower levels of externalizing behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Easily accessible community childcare may be a relatively low-cost public health strategy to prevent the emergence of externalizing behavioral problems in adolescence through its positive effects on cognitive abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Pier Larose
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sylvana M Côté
- School of Public Health, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Bordeaux Population Health Research Centre, INSERM U1219, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- Department of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Barbara Maughan
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry Centre, King's College London, London, UK
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275
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Plamondon A, Racine N, McDonald S, Tough S, Madigan S. Disentangling adversity timing and type: Contrasting theories in the context of maternal prenatal physical and mental health using latent formative models. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 34:1-13. [PMID: 34016211 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579421000353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Research on the effects of adversity has led to mounting interest in examining the differential impact of adversity as a function of its timing and type. The current study examines whether the effects of different types (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) and timing (i.e., early, middle childhood, adolescence, or adulthood) of adversity on maternal mental and physical health outcomes in pregnancy, are best accounted for by a cumulative model or independent effects model. Women from a prospective pregnancy cohort (N =3,362) reported retrospectively on their experiences of adversity (i.e., physical, sexual, and emotional abuse) in early childhood (0-5 years], middle childhood (6-12 years], adolescence (13-18 years], and adulthood (19+ years]. Measures of overall health, stress, anxiety, and depression were gathered in pregnancy. Results showed that a cumulative formative latent model was selected as more parsimonious than a direct effects model. Results also supported a model where the strength of the effect of adversity did not vary across abuse timing or type. Thus, cumulative adversity resulted in greater physical and mental health difficulties. In conclusion, cumulative adversity is a more parsimonious predictor of maternal physical and mental health outcomes than adversity at any one specific adversity timing or subtype.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Plamondon
- Department of Educational Fundamentals and Practices, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Nicole Racine
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
| | - Sheila McDonald
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Suzanne Tough
- Departments of Paediatrics and Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Sheri Madigan
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Arts, University of Calgary and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Calgary, Canada
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276
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Quarshie ENB. Self-Harm Among School-Going Adolescent Survivors of Sexual Violence Victimisation: A Cross-Sectional Study. FRONTIERS IN SOCIOLOGY 2021; 6:605865. [PMID: 34095285 PMCID: PMC8174787 DOI: 10.3389/fsoc.2021.605865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Background: A growing body of evidence from high-income contexts suggests a strong association between sexual violence victimisation and self-harm and eventual suicide. However, both sexual violence and self-harm among adolescents are still less researched in sub-Saharan African countries, including Ghana. Objectives: To estimate the 12-month prevalence of self-harm, and to describe the associated factors and reported reasons for self-harm among school-going adolescent survivors of sexual violence victimisation during the previous 12 months in urban Ghana. Methods: Analytic data came from a regional-based representative cross-sectional survey including in-school youth (N = 1,723) conducted in 2017 within the Greater Accra Region of Ghana. Of these, 297 (17.2%) self-reported sexual violence victimisation in the previous 12 months; this proportion of the participants (n = 297) was the focus of the current study. Items measuring sexual violence victimisation, self-harm, and correlates were adopted from the 2012 Ghana WHO-Global School-based Student Health Survey and the Child and Adolescent Self-harm in Europe Study. Data analysis involved multivariable logistic regression models. Results: The estimate of self-harm ideation during the previous 12 months was 45.8% (95% CI: 40-52), whereas the estimate of self-harm behaviour was 38.7% (95% CI: 33-44). About two in five of the participants who reported self-harm wanted to die by their last episode of the behaviour. While bullying victimisation was associated with increased odds of self-harm ideation (aOR = 1.97, 95% CI 1.17, 3.31, p = 0.010) and behaviour (aOR = 2.76, 95% CI 1.59, 4.80, p < 0.001), weekly alcohol use (aOR = 2.56, 95% CI 1.32, 4.93, p = 0.005), conflict with parents (aOR = 2.30, 95% CI 1.28, 4.12, p = 0.005), and physical abuse victimisation (aOR = 1.80, 95% CI 1.03, 3.15, p = 0.037) showed strong associations with increased odds of self-harm behaviour in the past 12 months. Conclusions: The evidence underscores the need for both universal and targeted multi-level intervention and prevention programmes to mitigate the offence of sexual violence and reduce the chances of self-harm among adolescent survivors of sexual violence in urban Ghana.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Nii-Boye Quarshie
- Department of Psychology, University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
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277
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Dorfman A, Moscovitch DA, Chopik WJ, Grossmann I. None the wiser: Year-long longitudinal study on effects of adversity on wisdom. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1177/08902070211014057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research on consequences of adversity appears inconclusive. Adversity can be detriment to mental health, promoting maladaptive patterns of thoughts. At the same time, posttraumatic growth studies suggest that overcoming major adversity facilitates growth in wisdom-related patterns of thoughts. We address this puzzle by examining how distinct types of adversity impact wisdom over time and how individual differences in self-distanced (rather than self-immersed) reflection on adversity relate to different wisdom trajectories. In a four-wave prospective year-long study, participants ( N = 499) recalled and reflected every three months on the most significant recent adverse event in their life. They reported how much they engaged in wise reasoning—intellectual humility, open-mindedness to diverse perspectives and change, search for compromises and resolution—as well as self-distancing during reflections. Independent raters identified seven distinct adversity types (e.g. social conflict, economic hardship, major trauma) in open-ended descriptions. Growth curve analyses revealed little evidence of positive change in wise-reasoning over the course of a year, and some evidence of negative change for health-related adversity. Although self-distancing was associated with stability in wisdom, self-immersing was associated with negative change in wisdom in reflections on social conflicts over time. We discuss implications these results have for adversity, change vs. resilience in character strengths, and self-distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Dorfman
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
| | | | | | - Igor Grossmann
- Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Canada
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278
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Morelli NM, Liuzzi MT, Duong JB, Kryza-Lacombe M, Chad-Friedman E, Villodas MT, Dougherty LR, Wiggins JL. Reward-related neural correlates of early life stress in school-aged children. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 49:100963. [PMID: 34020397 PMCID: PMC8144345 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early life stress likely contributes to dysfunction in neural reward processing systems. However, studies to date have focused almost exclusively on adolescents and adults, measured early life stress retrospectively, and have often failed to control for concurrent levels of stress. The current study examined the contribution of prospectively measured cumulative life stress in preschool-age children on reward-related neural activation and connectivity in school-age children. METHODS Children (N = 46) and caregivers reported children's exposure to early life stress between birth and preschool age (mean = 4.8 years, SD = 0.80). At follow-up (mean age = 7.52 years, SD = .78), participants performed a child-friendly monetary incentive delay task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS Children with higher levels of cumulative early life stress, controlling for concurrent stressful life events, exhibited aberrant patterns of neural activation and connectivity in reward- and emotion-related regions (e.g., prefrontal cortex, temporal pole, culmen), depending on the presence of a potential reward and whether or not the target was hit or missed. CONCLUSIONS Findings suggest that stress exposure during early childhood may impact neural reward processing systems earlier in development than has previously been demonstrated. Understanding how early life stress relates to alterations in reward processing could guide earlier, more mechanistic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas M Morelli
- San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States.
| | - Michael T Liuzzi
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
| | - Jacqueline B Duong
- Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
| | - Maria Kryza-Lacombe
- San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States.
| | - Emma Chad-Friedman
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, United States.
| | - Miguel T Villodas
- San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
| | - Lea R Dougherty
- Psychology Department, University of Maryland College Park, Biology/Psychology Building, 4094 Campus Drive, College Park, MD, 20742, United States.
| | - Jillian Lee Wiggins
- San Diego State University, University of California, San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology, 6363 Alvarado Court, Suite 103, San Diego, CA, 92120, United States; Department of Psychology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA, 92182, United States.
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279
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Bell KL, Purcell JB, Harnett NG, Goodman AM, Mrug S, Schuster MA, Elliott MN, Emery ST, Knight DC. White Matter Microstructure in the Young Adult Brain Varies with Neighborhood Disadvantage in Adolescence. Neuroscience 2021; 466:162-172. [PMID: 34004262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood disadvantage and community violence are common in poor, urban communities and are risk factors for emotional dysfunction. Emotional processes are supported by neural circuitry that includes the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, amygdala, and hypothalamus. These brain regions are connected by white matter pathways that include the cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus, stria terminalis, and fornix. Emotional function varies with the microstructure of these white matter pathways. However, it is not clear whether the microstructure of these pathways varies with risk factors for emotional dysfunction (e.g., neighborhood disadvantage and violence exposure). Therefore, determining the relationships between neighborhood disadvantage, violence exposure, and white matter microstructure may offer insight into the neural mechanisms by which adverse life experiences alter developing neural systems. The current study investigated the association that exposure to neighborhood disadvantage and violence have with the quantitative anisotropy (QA), a measure of the amount of directional water diffusion, of the cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus, stria terminalis, and fornix. Neighborhood disadvantage (Mage = 11.20) and violence exposure (MW1age = 11.20; MW2age = 13.05; MW3age = 16.20; MW4age = 19.25) were assessed during adolescence and participants returned for magnetic resonance imaging as young adults (N = 303; Mage = 20.25, SD = 1.55), during which diffusion weighted brain images were collected. The QA of the cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus, and stria terminalis/fornix varied negatively with neighborhood disadvantage such that the QA of these white matter tracts decreased as neighborhood disadvantage increased. Violence exposure was not related to QA in any tract (i.e., cingulum bundle, uncinate fasciculus, and stria terminalis/fornix) after correction for multiple comparisons. These results suggest that an adolescent's neighborhood may play an important role in the microstructure (i.e., QA) of white matter pathways that connect brain regions that support emotional function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina L Bell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Juliann B Purcell
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Adam M Goodman
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Susan Tortolero Emery
- School of Public Health, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - David C Knight
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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280
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Lebel CA, Gibbard WB, Tortorelli C, Pei J, Beaulieu C, Bagshawe M, McMorris CA. Prenatal Exposure And Child brain and mental Health (PEACH) study: protocol for a cohort study of children and youth with prenatal alcohol exposure. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e051660. [PMID: 33980537 PMCID: PMC8118071 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-051660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD), which is caused by prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE), affects an estimated 4% of North Americans, and is the most common preventable cause of intellectual disability. Mental health problems, including anxiety and depression, are experienced by nearly all individuals with FASD. However, there is very limited knowledge about effective mental health treatments for individuals with FASD; effective treatments are hindered in part due to a lack of understanding of the basic neurobiology underlying internalising disorders in youth with FASD. METHODS AND ANALYSIS The Prenatal Exposure And Child brain and mental Health (PEACH) study includes children aged 7-18 years. We will use longitudinal neuroimaging (anatomical T1-weighted, diffusion and passive viewing function MRI) and mental health assessments (Behaviour Assessment Scale for Children, Multi-dimensional Anxiety Scale for Children, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI-2), Kiddie Scale of Affective Disorders) to: (1) characterise brain development trajectories in youth with FASD, (2) determine whether brain alterations mediate increased anxiety and depression in youth with FASD and (3) identify baseline brain features that predict changes of anxiety and depression symptoms over the next 2 years. All of this will be done while considering sex and adverse postnatal experiences, which can significantly impact mental health and brain outcomes. This project will forge new understanding of FASD and mental health from a neurobiological perspective, highlighting key time periods (ie, sensitive windows) and brain regions (ie, that may be susceptible to neurostimulation), while identifying factors that predict individual trajectories of anxiety and depression symptoms. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study was approved by the University of Calgary Conjoint Health Research Ethics Board and the University of Alberta Health Research Ethics Board. Study results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals, at relevant conferences and in conjunction with our knowledge mobilisation partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A Lebel
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - W Ben Gibbard
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | | | - Jacqueline Pei
- Faculty of Education, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Christian Beaulieu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Mercedes Bagshawe
- Department of Radiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carly A McMorris
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- Werklund School of Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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281
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How Early Stressful Life Experiences Combine With Adolescents' Conjoint Health Risk Trajectories to Influence Cardiometabolic Disease Risk in Young Adulthood. J Youth Adolesc 2021; 50:1234-1253. [PMID: 33948830 DOI: 10.1007/s10964-021-01440-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Research has primarily focused on additive (unique) associations between early stressful life experiences (specifically, socioeconomic adversity and maltreatment) and young adults' cardiometabolic disease risk without considering multiplicative (synergistic) influences. Furthermore, research has not fully considered the varying patterns of health risk trajectories (e.g., substance use, obesogenic-related behaviors, depressive symptoms) across adolescence and the transition to young adulthood that may link earlier stressful experiences and later cardiometabolic disease risk. This study examined heterogeneity in conjoint health risk trajectories from adolescence to the transition to young adulthood and their additive and multiplicative (synergistic) influences with early stressful life experiences on cardiometabolic disease risk in young adulthood using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health (n = 9,421; 55.6% female) over a period of 13 years. Four distinct conjoint health risk trajectories were identified considering trajectories of substance use behaviors, obesogenic-related behaviors, and depressive symptoms: (a) overall high-risk, (b) behavioral risks, (c) psycho-obesogenic risks, and (d) overall low-risk. Socioeconomic adversity and maltreatment were additively and multiplicatively associated with cardiometabolic disease risk in young adulthood. Individuals with overall high-risk conjoint trajectories averaged higher cardiometabolic disease risk in young adulthood when they were exposed to early socioeconomic adversity. Implications for personalized interventions for individuals who have experienced multiple forms of health risks are discussed.
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282
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Differential Alterations in Resting State Functional Connectivity Associated with Depressive Symptoms and Early Life Adversity. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11050591. [PMID: 34063232 PMCID: PMC8147478 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11050591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Depression and early life adversity (ELA) are associated with aberrant resting state functional connectivity (FC) of the default mode (DMN), salience (SN), and central executive networks (CEN). However, the specific and differential associations of depression and ELA with FC of these networks remain unclear. Applying a dimensional approach, here we analyzed associations of FC between major nodes of the DMN, SN, and CEN with severity of depressive symptoms and ELA defined as childhood abuse and neglect in a sample of 83 healthy and depressed subjects. Depressive symptoms were linked to increased FC within the SN and decreased FC of the SN with the DMN and CEN. Childhood abuse was associated with increased FC within the SN, whereas childhood neglect was associated with decreased FC within the SN and increased FC between the SN and the DMN. Our study thus provides evidence for differential associations of depressive symptoms and ELA with resting state FC and contributes to a clarification of previously contradictory findings. Specific FC abnormalities may underlie specific cognitive and emotional impairments. Future research should link specific clinical symptoms resulting from ELA to FC patterns thereby characterizing depression subtypes with specific neurobiological signatures.
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283
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Korom M, Goldstein A, Tabachnick AR, Palmwood EN, Simons RF, Dozier M. Early parenting intervention accelerates inhibitory control development among CPS-involved children in middle childhood: A randomized clinical trial. Dev Sci 2021; 24:e13054. [PMID: 33098739 PMCID: PMC8065067 DOI: 10.1111/desc.13054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Children at risk for neglect or abuse are vulnerable to delays in inhibitory control development. Prior findings suggest that early parenting interventions that target parental sensitivity and responsiveness during infancy can improve executive function outcomes of high-risk children during preschool years; however, little is known about how persistent these gains are through middle childhood. Participants included 76 CPS-involved children who were randomly assigned to either the ABC intervention (N = 32) or the Developmental Education for Families (DEF) control intervention (N = 44), and 53 low-risk children. Children completed the Stop Signal Reaction Time (SSRT) paradigm at ages 8 and 10. Intervention group predicted performance on the SSRT at age 8 such that children who received the ABC intervention and children in the low-risk group performed significantly better than children who received the DEF intervention (ABC vs. DEF: Cohen's d = 0.92; low-risk group vs. DEF: d = 0.56). The performances of the ABC and the low-risk groups were not statistically different. There were no significant group differences in SSRT performance at age 10. These findings demonstrate that the ABC intervention has long-term beneficial effects on inhibitory control development in children with a history of early caregiving adversity. A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/P9oLyfo7pYA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Korom
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Alison Goldstein
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | | | - Erin N Palmwood
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Robert F Simons
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Mary Dozier
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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284
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Vaughn-Coaxum RA, Weisz JR. Leveraging the developmental science of psychosocial risk to strengthen youth psychotherapy. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 33:670-683. [PMID: 33719995 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420002035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
More than 50 years of randomized clinical trials for youth psychotherapies have resulted in moderate effect sizes for treatments targeting the most common mental health problems in children and adolescents (i.e., anxiety, depression, conduct problems, and attention disorders). Despite having psychotherapies that are effective for many children, there has been a dearth of progress in identifying the contextual factors that likely influence who will respond to a given psychotherapy, and under what conditions. The developmental psychopathology evidence base consistently demonstrates that psychosocial risk exposures (e.g., childhood adversities, interpersonal stressors, family dysfunction) significantly influence the onset and course of youth psychopathology. However, the developmental psychopathology framework remains to be well integrated into treatment development and psychotherapy research. We argue that advances in basic developmental psychopathology research carry promising implications for the design and content of youth psychotherapies. Research probing the effects of psychosocial risks on youth development can enrich efforts to identify contextual factors in psychotherapy effectiveness and to personalize treatment. In this article we review empirically supported and hypothesized influences of individual- and family-level risk factors on youth psychotherapy outcomes, and we propose a framework for leveraging developmental psychopathology to strengthen psychotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Vaughn-Coaxum
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
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285
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Greene CA, McCoach DB, Briggs-Gowan MJ, Grasso DJ. Associations among childhood threat and deprivation experiences, emotion dysregulation, and mental health in pregnant women. PSYCHOLOGICAL TRAUMA : THEORY, RESEARCH, PRACTICE AND POLICY 2021; 13:446-456. [PMID: 33475412 PMCID: PMC8217136 DOI: 10.1037/tra0001013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Women who have experienced childhood maltreatment are at increased risk for experiencing mental health problems. When these occur during pregnancy, they are associated with birth complications and worse developmental outcomes for children. Emotion dysregulation (ED) may be an important, and potentially modifiable, mechanism that links women's maltreatment experiences with their mental health. However, there is limited information about the emotion regulation skills of pregnant women to guide treatment. The current study examines the unique effects of childhood threat (physical, sexual, and emotional abuse and exposure to violence) and deprivation (physical and emotional neglect and separation from primary caregivers) experiences on pregnant women's ED, posttraumatic stress and negative emotional symptoms, and social support. METHOD Two hundred forty-three women were recruited from an urban prenatal care clinic, the majority of whom identified as Latinx (80%) and low-income (90%). The mean age of the women was 27 years (SD = 5.5). RESULTS Structural equation modeling revealed significant indirect pathways from childhood threat experiences to posttraumatic stress and negative emotional symptoms via women's ED. In contrast, childhood deprivation experiences were associated with inattention to one's emotions and low perceived social support. CONCLUSIONS These results underscore the importance of identifying women during pregnancy who may be at risk for ED or emotional inattentiveness due to childhood maltreatment experiences and providing prevention and intervention efforts aimed at enhancing their emotional awareness and regulation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Greene
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
| | | | | | - Damion J. Grasso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut School of Medicine
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286
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Lombera A, Lee AH, Sharma-Patel K, Brown EJ. Threat-specific maltreatment exposure: Comparison of measurement models and associations with internalizing, externalizing, and PTSD symptoms. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2021; 115:105010. [PMID: 33639557 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Child maltreatment is associated with short- and long-term mental health sequelae. Extant research has demonstrated that exposure characteristics (i.e., severity, frequency, duration, onset) are important in the measurement of maltreatment experiences. Emerging research has highlighted the contributions of these characteristics on symptom outcomes. OBJECTIVE The current study used multiple exposure characteristics of threat-specific types of maltreatment (i.e., physical abuse, sexual abuse, witnessing domestic violence) to examine three distinct measurement models of maltreatment and their relation to symptoms. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING A racially and ethnically diverse sample of treatment-seeking youth (74 % female) ages 4-17 (N = 348) participated in the study. The majority of the youth (61 %) endorsed experiencing more than one type of threat-specific maltreatment. METHOD Using Structural Equation Modeling, we tested one-factor, three-factor, and bifactor models of maltreatment characteristics, and hypothesized that the bifactor model would yield the best fitting model based on prior studies supporting family violence as an underlying factor for child physical abuse and domestic violence. RESULTS The bifactor measurement model fit the data better than the three- and one-factor models. In the bifactor structural model that included symptom outcomes, physical abuse was significantly and positively associated with child internalizing and externalizing symptoms, whereas sexual abuse and witnessing domestic violence were associated with externalizing symptoms and PTSD. CONCLUSION Our findings support the inclusion of multiple exposure characteristics in the measurement of maltreatment and suggest that specific types of threat-specific maltreatment may have distinct associations with mental health sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amy Hyoeun Lee
- Child HELP Partnership, St. John's University, United States
| | | | - Elissa J Brown
- Child HELP Partnership, St. John's University, United States
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287
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Ouellet-Morin I, Cantave C, Lupien S, Geoffroy MC, Brendgen M, Vitaro F, Tremblay R, Boivin M, Côté S. Cumulative exposure to socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity and hair cortisol concentration: A longitudinal study from 5 months to 17 years of age. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2021; 126:105153. [PMID: 33524888 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to early adversity has been associated with long-lasting risks for poor health and functioning. Prior research suggests that the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and its main end-product glucocorticoid hormone cortisol, may be at play. This study tested whether an index of cumulative socioeconomic and psychosocial adversity assessed prospectively, from infancy to adolescence, was associated with hair cortisol concentration (HCC), and if this association differed by sex. METHODS The sample comprised 556 adolescents (42.0% males) who provided hair for cortisol measurement at 17 years of age. Adversity indicators (young and single motherhood, low socioeconomic status (SES), maternal alcohol use, hostile-reactive parenting, and depressive symptoms, as well as peer victimization and neighborhood dangerousness) were repeatedly reported by mothers or youths between the ages of 5 months and 15 years. RESULTS Chronic adversity was non-linearly associated with HCC; youth exposed to lower and higher levels of adversity had moderate-to-higher HCC compared to lower HCC noted in participants with moderate levels of adversity, for both males and females. None of the indicators taken separately, except the perception of neighborhood dangerousness, were significantly associated with HCC. CONCLUSION Our findings support the hypothesis that HPA axis activity varies according to cumulative adversity, albeit non-linearly, which may bear consequences for later health and functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Ouellet-Morin
- School of Criminology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada.
| | | | - Sonia Lupien
- Research Center of the Montreal Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada; Centre for Studies on Human Stress, Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Geoffroy
- Department of Educational & Counselling Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; McGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Mara Brendgen
- Department of Psychology, University of Quebec at Montreal, Canada
| | - Frank Vitaro
- School of Psychoeducation, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada
| | - Richard Tremblay
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; Department of Pediatrics and Psychology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Population Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michel Boivin
- School of Psychology, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada
| | - Sylvana Côté
- Sainte-Justine Hospital Research Center, Montreal, Canada; INSERM U1219, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
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288
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Hoyniak CP, Quiñones-Camacho LE, Camacho MC, Chin JH, Williams EM, Wakschlag LS, Perlman SB. Adversity is Linked with Decreased Parent-Child Behavioral and Neural Synchrony. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100937. [PMID: 33639519 PMCID: PMC7910510 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Parent-child synchrony-parent-child interaction patterns characterized by contingent social responding, mutual responsivity, and co-regulation-has been robustly associated with adaptive child outcomes. Synchrony has been investigated in both behavioral and biological frameworks. While it has been demonstrated that adversity can influence behavioral parent-child synchrony, the neural mechanisms by which this disruption occurs are understudied. The current study examined the association between adversity, parent-child behavioral synchrony, and parent-child neural synchrony across lateral prefrontal cortical regions using functional near-infrared spectroscopy hyperscanning during a parent-child interaction task that included a mild stress induction followed by a recovery period. Participants included 115 children (ages 4-5) and their primary caregivers. Parent-child behavioral synchrony was quantified as the amount time the dyad was synchronous (e.g., reciprocal communication, coordinated behaviors) during the interaction task. Parent-child neural synchrony was examined as the hemodynamic concordance between parent and child lateral PFC activation. Adversity was examined across two, empirically-derived domains: sociodemographic risk (e.g., family income) and familial risk (e.g., household chaos). Adversity, across domains, was associated with decreased parent-child behavioral synchrony across task conditions. Sociodemographic risk was associated with decreased parent-child neural synchrony in the context of experimentally-induced stress. These findings link adversity to decreased parent-child behavioral and neural synchrony.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenna H Chin
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, United States
| | | | | | - Susan B Perlman
- Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, United States
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289
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Purcell JB, Goodman AM, Harnett NG, Davis ES, Wheelock MD, Mrug S, Elliott MN, Emery ST, Schuster MA, Knight DC. Stress-elicited neural activity in young adults varies with childhood sexual abuse. Cortex 2021; 137:108-123. [PMID: 33609897 PMCID: PMC8044018 DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Childhood physical and sexual abuse are stressful experiences that may alter the emotional response to future stressors. Stress-related emotional function is supported by brain regions that include the prefrontal cortex (PFC), hippocampus, and amygdala. The present study investigated whether childhood physical and sexual abuse are associated with stress-elicited brain activity in young adulthood. METHODS Participants (N = 300; Mage = 20.0; 151 female) completed a psychosocial stress task during functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Measures of physical and sexual abuse were included in a linear mixed effects model to estimate the unique relationship each type of childhood abuse had with stress-elicited brain activity. RESULTS Stress-elicited dorsolateral PFC, ventromedial PFC, and hippocampal activity decreased as the frequency of childhood sexual abuse increased. There were no regions in which stress-elicited activation varied with physical abuse. CONCLUSIONS The present findings suggest there is a unique relationship between childhood sexual abuse and the stress-elicited PFC and hippocampal activity of young adults that is not observed following childhood physical abuse. SIGNIFICANCE These findings may have important implications for understanding the mechanisms by which childhood sexual abuse impacts the development of future psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliann B Purcell
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Adam M Goodman
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Nathaniel G Harnett
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Elizabeth S Davis
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Muriah D Wheelock
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | - Sylvie Mrug
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
| | | | - Susan Tortolero Emery
- The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston (UTHealth) School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Mark A Schuster
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - David C Knight
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Psychology, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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290
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Nguyen TQ, Cutting LE. Commentary: Dimensionality in environmental adversity, mechanisms of emotional socialization, and children's characteristics and cognitive growth - a reflection on Miller et al. (2020). J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2021; 62:392-395. [PMID: 32663319 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Disentangling the dimensionality in environmental adversity offers nuanced insights at both theoretical and practical levels, such as the ways that disadvantaged socioeconomic circumstances during childhood development may contribute to adolescent psychopathology. Miller and colleagues (2020) provide evidence into how early deprivation and threat may exacerbate later psychopathology. Yet, how certain factors in this early environment differentially facilitate children's cognitive and socioemotional growth may modulate the severity of later psychopathology. In this commentary, we reflect on the promising evidence offered by Miller and colleagues and extend additional considerations regarding academic growth, cognitive abilities, and protective environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Q Nguyen
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute and Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Laurie E Cutting
- Vanderbilt Brain Institute and Department of Special Education, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
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291
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Kim-Spoon J, Herd T, Brieant A, Peviani K, Deater-Deckard K, Lauharatanahirun N, Lee J, King-Casas B. Maltreatment and brain development: The effects of abuse and neglect on longitudinal trajectories of neural activation during risk processing and cognitive control. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 48:100939. [PMID: 33706181 PMCID: PMC7960935 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2021.100939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The profound effects of child maltreatment on brain functioning have been documented. Yet, little is known about whether distinct maltreatment experiences are differentially related to underlying neural processes of risky decision making: valuation and control. Using conditional growth curve modeling, we compared a cumulative approach versus a dimensional approach (relative effects of abuse and neglect) to examine the link between child maltreatment and brain development. The sample included 167 adolescents (13-14 years at Time 1, 53 % male), assessed annually four times. Risk processing was assessed by blood-oxygen-level-dependent responses (BOLD) during a lottery choice task, and cognitive control by BOLD responses during the Multi-Source Interference Task. Cumulative maltreatment effects on insula and dorsolateral anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activation during risk processing were not significant. However, neglect (but not abuse) was associated with slower developmental increases in insula and dACC activation. In contrast, cumulative maltreatment effects on fronto-parietal activation during cognitive control were significant, and abuse (but not neglect) was associated with steeper developmental decreases in fronto-parietal activation. The results suggest neglect effects on detrimental neurodevelopment of the valuation system and abuse effects on accelerated neurodevelopment of the control system, highlighting differential effects of distinct neglect versus abuse adverse experiences on neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Toria Herd
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Alexis Brieant
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kristin Peviani
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Kirby Deater-Deckard
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
| | - Nina Lauharatanahirun
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Jacob Lee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - Brooks King-Casas
- Department of Psychology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA, United States
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292
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Sosnowski DW, Kliewer W, Valrie CR, Winter MA, Serpell Z, Amstadter AB. The Association Between Adverse Childhood Experiences and Child Telomere Length: Examining Self-Regulation as a Behavioral Mediator. Child Dev 2021; 92:746-759. [PMID: 33783830 DOI: 10.1111/cdev.13441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Childhood adversity is linked to shortened telomere length (TL), but behavioral indicators of telomere attrition remain unclear. This study examined the association between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and child TL, and if ACEs were indirectly associated with TL through children's self-regulatory abilities (i.e., effortful control and self-control). Hypotheses were tested using national data from teachers, parents, and their children (N = 2,527; Mage = 9.35, SD = .36 years). More ACEs were uniquely associated with short TL, and low self-control mediated the association between more ACEs and short TL. While longitudinal studies are needed to strengthen claims of causation, this study identifies a pathway from ACEs to TL that should be explored further.
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293
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Early Childhood Risk and Protective Factors Predicting Resilience against Adolescent Substance Use. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 1:107-119. [PMID: 33768210 DOI: 10.1007/s42844-020-00007-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We examined associations between early childhood (first 3 years of life) risk and protective factors and resilience against adolescent substance use in a prospective sample of alcoholic and non-alcoholic families. We defined resilience as low or no substance use in the context of adversity (having a father with alcohol problems). The sample included 227 families recruited from birth records when children were 12 months old and followed longitudinally to 15-17 years of child ages (n = 182). Adolescents were grouped into 4 categories: Non-challenged (non-alcoholic parent, no adolescent substance use, n = 50), Troubled (non-alcoholic parent, adolescent substance use, n = 30), Resilient (alcoholic parent, no adolescent substance use, n = 36), and Vulnerable (alcoholic parent and adolescent substance use, n = 66). Multivariate analyses were used to examine group differences (resilient vs. vulnerable; non-challenged vs. troubled) in child and parent characteristics and family relationships domains. Children in the troubled group compared to non-challenged had lower effortful control and emotion-regulation, and those in the resilient group were more unadaptable or reactive to novelty compared to the vulnerable group. Parents of resilient compared to vulnerable children reported significantly lower alcohol symptoms and more partner aggression. Finally, fathers of resilient compared to vulnerable children were less aggravated with them in early childhood. Results highlight the importance of continuous measures of alcohol problems, early childhood functioning, and family characteristics for associations with adolescent risk and resilience.Passive gene-environment correlations may account for associations between parent alcohol problem severity and adolescent substance use.
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294
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Luthar SS, Ciciolla L, Suh BC. Adverse childhood experiences among youth from high-achieving schools: Appraising vulnerability processes toward fostering resilience. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 76:300-313. [PMID: 33734796 DOI: 10.1037/amp0000754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Among youth from high-achieving schools, adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) were examined in relation to (a) internalizing and externalizing symptoms in adolescence (n = 527), and (b) symptoms plus psychiatric diagnoses-based on multiple annual interviews-in adulthood (n = 316). Also examined were associations for a "Proxy ACEs" (P-ACEs) measure, containing items similar to those on standard ACEs measures without reference to abuse or neglect. Rates of ACEs were comparable with those in other studies; most commonly endorsed were perceived parental depression followed by aspects of emotional neglect. Groups exposed to zero, 1, 2, 3, and 4+ ACEs differed on symptoms in adulthood, with small to moderate effect sizes; in parallel comparisons of P-ACEs groups on Grade 12 symptoms, differences had large effect sizes. In relation to psychiatric diagnoses, comparisons with the zero ACEs group showed that groups with 1, 2, 3 ACEs, versus 4+ ACES, respectively, had twofold and over fivefold greater odds of having any lifetime diagnosis. The odds for internalizing diagnoses specifically were 2-6 times greater for individuals with 1, 2, and 3 ACEs, and 12 times greater for those reporting 4 ACEs. Remarkably, Grade 12 reports of 2, 3, and 4+ P-ACEs were linked to 2-3 times greater odds of a psychiatric disorder in adulthood, and 3-6 times greater odds for internalizing diagnoses specifically. In the future, assessments of ACEs and P-ACEs could facilitate early detection of problems among HAS students, informing interventions to mitigate vulnerability processes and promote resilience among these youth and their families. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Bin C Suh
- Edson College of Nursing and Health Innovation, Arizona State University
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295
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Burdzovic Andreas J, Ask Torvik F, Ystrom E, Skurtveit S, Handal M, Martinez P, Laslett AM, Lund IO. Parental risk constellations and future alcohol use disorder (AUD) in offspring: A combined HUNT survey and health registries study. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2021; 36:375-386. [PMID: 33734784 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We examined the risk of developing a future alcohol use disorder (AUD) among offspring of families with different constellations of parental risk factors. METHOD We analyzed a sample of 8,774 offspring (50.2% male) from 6,696 two-parent families who participated in the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study in Norway when offspring were 13-19 years old in 1995-1997 or 2006-2008. Based on population registry information and parental Nord-Trøndelag Health Study self-reports, families were classified via Latent Profile Analysis into fiver risk constellations reflecting parents' education, drinking quantities and frequencies, and mental health. Information about AUD-related diagnoses, treatments, and prescriptions for all offspring in the period between 2008 and 2016 was obtained from 3 national health registries and pooled to reflect any AUD. The likelihood of AUD in offspring was examined with a set of nested logistic regression models. RESULTS Registry records yielded 186 AUD cases (2.1%). Compared with the lowest-risk constellation, offspring from two constellations were more likely to present with AUD in unadjusted analyses. After adjusting for all covariates, including offspring's alcohol consumption and witnessing parental intoxication during adolescence, AUD risk remained elevated and statistically significant (adjusted odds ratio = 2.34, 95% confidence interval = 1.14, 4.85) for offspring from the constellation characterized by at least weekly binge drinking, low education, and poor mental health in both parents. CONCLUSION Weekly binge drinking by both parents was associated with future AUD risk among community offspring in Norway when clustered with additional parental risks such as poor mental health and low educational attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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296
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297
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Zhang L, Fang J, Zhang D, Wan Y, Gong C, Su P, Tao F, Sun Y. Poly-victimization and psychopathological symptoms in adolescence: Examining the potential buffering effect of positive childhood experiences. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:1308-1314. [PMID: 33601709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood maltreatment are well-established risk factors for adolescent psychopathology. Positive childhood experiences (PCEs) known protective factors. However, few studies have simultaneously investigated childhood maltreatment and PCEs in the context of longitudinal study. The aim of this paper was to assess the buffering effect of PCEs in adolescence in the association between chronic childhood maltreatment and psychological symptoms in adolescence. METHODS Data were from an ongoing longitudinal study with 2288 children aged 8.15 y at baseline who were recruited from 3 large elementary schools in China. Participants were followed up for four waves across 6 years. The associations between re-victimization and poly-victimization with adolescent psychopathological symptoms across different PCEs contexts were explored. RESULTS Poly-victimization was highly predictive of depressive symptoms, oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. PCEs may mitigate the negative effect of chronic childhood maltreatment on adolescent psychopathology in a dose-response manner. For adolescents with 4-5 PCEs, psychopathological symptoms score decreased significantly and showed similar level with those low/no-victimization comparison peers. While experiencing multiple PCEs does decrease the risk of psychopathological symptoms, certain PCEs, such as parental warmth and peer support, appear to entailed protective effect on all the three psychopathological symptoms. LIMITATIONS It is not clear whether the patterns of effects would vary across developmental periods. CONCLUSIONS A focus of interventions should be not only on ameliorating childhood maltreatment, but also on expanding the availability of social support related PCEs, which may help inform suitable strategies for providing intervention and support to best help reduce the psychopathology burden for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Jiao Fang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Dandan Zhang
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuhui Wan
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Chun Gong
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Puyu Su
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Fangbiao Tao
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Maternal, Child & Adolescent Health, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, 81th Meishan Road, Hefei 230032, Anhui, China; Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Population Health & Aristogenics, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China.
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298
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Vaughn-Coaxum RA, Merranko J, Birmaher B, Dickstein DP, Hafeman D, Levenson JC, Liao F, Gill MK, Hower H, Goldstein BI, Strober M, Ryan ND, Diler R, Keller MB, Yen S, Weinstock L, Axelson D, Goldstein TR. Longitudinal course of depressive symptom severity among youths with bipolar disorders: Moderating influences of sustained attention and history of child maltreatment. J Affect Disord 2021; 282:261-271. [PMID: 33418377 PMCID: PMC8073228 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.12.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric bipolar disorders are often characterized by disruptions in cognitive functioning, and exposure to child maltreatment (e.g., physical and sexual abuse) is associated with a significantly poorer course of illness. Although clinical and developmental research has shown maltreatment to be robustly associated with poorer cognitive functioning, it is unclear whether maltreatment and cognitive function jointly influence the clinical course of bipolar symptoms. METHODS This secondary analysis examined moderating effects of lifetime childhood physical and sexual abuse, and cognitive disruptions (sustained attention, affective information processing), on longitudinal ratings of depression symptom severity in youths from the Course and Outcome of Bipolar Youth (COBY) study, examined from intake (M = 12.24 years) through age 22 (N = 198; 43.9% female; Mean age of bipolar onset = 8.85 years). RESULTS A significant moderating effect was detected for sustained attention and maltreatment history. In the context of lower sustained attention, maltreatment exposure was associated with higher depression symptom severity during childhood, but not late adolescence. There was no association between maltreatment and symptom severity in the context of higher sustained attention, and no association between attention and depression symptom severity for non-maltreated youths. LIMITATIONS Depression symptom ratings at each assessment were subject to retrospective recall bias despite the longitudinal design. Cognitive assessments were administered at different ages across youths. CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptoms in pediatric bipolar may be jointly moderated by impairments in attention and exposure to maltreatment. Assessment of these risks, particularly in childhood, may be beneficial for considering risk of recurrence or chronicity of depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel P. Dickstein
- McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School,Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School
| | | | | | - Fangzi Liao
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
| | | | - Heather Hower
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School,University of California at San Diego, School of Medicine
| | | | - Michael Strober
- University of California at Los Angeles, David Geffen School of Medicine
| | | | - Rasim Diler
- University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine
| | | | - Shirley Yen
- Brown University, Warren Alpert Medical School,Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts Mental Health Center
| | | | - David Axelson
- Ohio State University, Nationwide Children’s Hospital
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299
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Molloy C, Moore T, O'Connor M, Villanueva K, West S, Goldfeld S. A Novel 3-Part Approach to Tackle the Problem of Health Inequities in Early Childhood. Acad Pediatr 2021; 21:236-243. [PMID: 33359515 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2020.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first 5 years of a child's life are crucial in laying the foundation for their health and developmental trajectory into adulthood. These early years are especially influenced by the surrounding environments in which children live and grow. A large international body of evidence demonstrates that children who experience disadvantage tend to fall increasingly behind over time. At the societal level, these inequities can cause substantial social burdens and significant costs across health, education, and welfare budgets. A contributing factor is that children experiencing adversity are less likely to have access to the environmental conditions that support them to thrive. Many of these factors are modifiable at the community or place level. We argue for three key-though not exhaustive-ideas that collectively could achieve more equitable outcomes for children facing disadvantage and experiencing adversity:We conclude that if adopted, these 3 ideas could contribute to the ability of local communities and networks to identify and respond to factors that address early childhood inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carly Molloy
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Tim Moore
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Connor
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Karen Villanueva
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Urban Research, RMIT University (K Villanueva), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sue West
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sharon Goldfeld
- Policy and Equity, Centre for Community Child Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, K Villanueva, S West, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne (C Molloy, T Moore, M O'Connor, and S Goldfeld), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Rudolph KD, Davis MM, Skymba HV, Modi HH, Telzer EH. Social experience calibrates neural sensitivity to social feedback during adolescence: A functional connectivity approach. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2021; 47:100903. [PMID: 33370666 PMCID: PMC7773533 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2020.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive calibration model suggests exposure to highly stressful or highly supportive early environments sensitizes the brain to later environmental input. We examined whether family and peer experiences predict neural sensitivity to social cues in 85 adolescent girls who completed a social feedback task during a functional brain scan and an interview assessing adversity. Whole-brain functional connectivity (FC) analyses revealed curvilinear associations between social experiences and FC between the ventral striatum and regions involved in emotion valuation, social cognition, and salience detection (e.g., insula, MPFC, dACC, dlPFC) during social reward processing, such that stronger FC was found at both very high and very low levels of adversity. Moreover, exposure to adversity predicted stronger FC between the amygdala and regions involved in salience detection, social cognition, and emotional memory (e.g., sgACC, precuneus, lingual gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus) during social threat processing. Analyses also revealed some evidence for blunted FC (VS-PCC for reward; amygdala-parahippocampal gyrus for threat) at very high and low levels of adversity. Overall, results suggest social experiences may play a critical role in shaping neural sensitivity to social feedback during adolescence. Future work will need to elucidate the implications of these patterns of neural function for the development of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen D Rudolph
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA.
| | - Megan M Davis
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Haley V Skymba
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Haina H Modi
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Department of Psychology, 603 E. Daniel St, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Eva H Telzer
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, 235 E Cameron Ave, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
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