251
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Schofield PN, Ward JM, Sundberg JP. Show and tell: disclosure and data sharing in experimental pathology. Dis Model Mech 2017; 9:601-5. [PMID: 27483498 PMCID: PMC4920154 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.026054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproducibility of data from experimental investigations using animal models is increasingly under scrutiny because of the potentially negative impact of poor reproducibility on the translation of basic research. Histopathology is a key tool in biomedical research, in particular for the phenotyping of animal models to provide insights into the pathobiology of diseases. Failure to disclose and share crucial histopathological experimental details compromises the validity of the review process and reliability of the conclusions. We discuss factors that affect the interpretation and validation of histopathology data in publications and the importance of making these data accessible to promote replicability in research. Summary: Reproducibility of findings in experiments using model organisms has recently become a source of concern, particularly for translational science. We discuss factors affecting the interpretation and reliability of experimental pathology findings in the mouse, and how disclosure and transparent reporting are crucial for replicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul N Schofield
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EG, UK The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME 04609, USA
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252
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Nowotny M, Kiefer L, Andre D, Fabrizius A, Hankeln T, Reuss S. Hearing Without Neuroglobin. Neuroscience 2017; 366:138-148. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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253
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Navarro CDC, Figueira TR, Francisco A, Dal'Bó GA, Ronchi JA, Rovani JC, Escanhoela CAF, Oliveira HCF, Castilho RF, Vercesi AE. Redox imbalance due to the loss of mitochondrial NAD(P)-transhydrogenase markedly aggravates high fat diet-induced fatty liver disease in mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2017; 113:190-202. [PMID: 28964917 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2017.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which a high fat diet (HFD) promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) appear to involve liver mitochondrial dysfunctions and redox imbalance. We hypothesized that a HFD would increase mitochondrial reliance on NAD(P)-transhydrogenase (NNT) as the source of NADPH for antioxidant systems that counteract NAFLD development. Therefore, we studied HFD-induced liver mitochondrial dysfunctions and NAFLD in C57Unib.B6 congenic mice with (Nnt+/+) or without (Nnt-/-) NNT activity; the spontaneously mutated allele (Nnt-/-) was inherited from the C57BL/6J mouse substrain. After 20 weeks on a HFD, Nnt-/- mice exhibited a higher prevalence of steatohepatitis and content of liver triglycerides compared to Nnt+/+ mice on an identical diet. Under a HFD, the aggravated NAFLD phenotype in the Nnt-/- mice was accompanied by an increased H2O2 release rate from mitochondria, decreased aconitase activity (a redox-sensitive mitochondrial enzyme) and higher susceptibility to Ca2+-induced mitochondrial permeability transition. In addition, HFD led to the phosphorylation (inhibition) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and markedly reduced the ability of liver mitochondria to remove peroxide in Nnt-/- mice. Bypass or pharmacological reactivation of PDH by dichloroacetate restored the peroxide removal capability of mitochondria from Nnt-/- mice on a HFD. Noteworthy, compared to mice that were chow-fed, the HFD did not impair peroxide removal nor elicit redox imbalance in mitochondria from Nnt+/+ mice. Therefore, HFD interacted with Nnt mutation to generate PDH inhibition and further suppression of peroxide removal. We conclude that NNT plays a critical role in counteracting mitochondrial redox imbalance, PDH inhibition and advancement of NAFLD in mice fed a HFD. The present study provide seminal experimental evidence that redox imbalance in liver mitochondria potentiates the progression from simple steatosis to steatohepatitis following a HFD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia D C Navarro
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Tiago R Figueira
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Annelise Francisco
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Genoefa A Dal'Bó
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana A Ronchi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliana C Rovani
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Cecilia A F Escanhoela
- Departamento de Anatomia Patológica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Helena C F Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Estrutural e Funcional, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-865 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Roger F Castilho
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Anibal E Vercesi
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), 13083-887 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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254
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A Strategy for Identifying Quantitative Trait Genes Using Gene Expression Analysis and Causal Analysis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8120347. [PMID: 29186889 PMCID: PMC5748665 DOI: 10.3390/genes8120347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Large numbers of quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting complex diseases and other quantitative traits have been reported in humans and model animals. However, the genetic architecture of these traits remains elusive due to the difficulty in identifying causal quantitative trait genes (QTGs) for common QTL with relatively small phenotypic effects. A traditional strategy based on techniques such as positional cloning does not always enable identification of a single candidate gene for a QTL of interest because it is difficult to narrow down a target genomic interval of the QTL to a very small interval harboring only one gene. A combination of gene expression analysis and statistical causal analysis can greatly reduce the number of candidate genes. This integrated approach provides causal evidence that one of the candidate genes is a putative QTG for the QTL. Using this approach, I have recently succeeded in identifying a single putative QTG for resistance to obesity in mice. Here, I outline the integration approach and discuss its usefulness using my studies as an example.
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255
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Garneau AP, Marcoux AA, Frenette-Cotton R, Mac-Way F, Lavoie JL, Isenring P. Molecular insights into the normal operation, regulation, and multisystemic roles of K +-Cl - cotransporter 3 (KCC3). Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2017; 313:C516-C532. [PMID: 28814402 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00106.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Long before the molecular identity of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters was uncovered in the mid-nineties, a Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport system was also known to exist. It was initially observed in sheep and goat red blood cells where it was shown to be ouabain-insensitive and to increase in the presence of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). After it was established between the early and mid-nineties, the expressed sequence tag (EST) databank was found to include a sequence that was highly homologous to those of the Na+-dependent K+-Cl- cotransporters. This sequence was eventually found to code for the Na+-independent K+-Cl- cotransport function that was described in red blood cells several years before. It was termed KCC1 and led to the discovery of three isoforms called KCC2, KCC3, and KCC4. Since then, it has become obvious that each one of these isoforms exhibits unique patterns of distribution and fulfills distinct physiological roles. Among them, KCC3 has been the subject of great attention in view of its important role in the nervous system and its association with a rare hereditary sensorimotor neuropathy (called Andermann syndrome) that affects many individuals in Quebec province (Canada). It was also found to play important roles in the cardiovascular system, the organ of Corti, and circulating blood cells. As will be seen in this review, however, there are still a number of uncertainties regarding the transport properties, structural organization, and regulation of KCC3. The same is true regarding the mechanisms by which KCC3 accomplishes its numerous functions in animal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Garneau
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - A A Marcoux
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - R Frenette-Cotton
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - F Mac-Way
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - J L Lavoie
- Cardiometabolic Axis, Kinesiology Department, University of Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - P Isenring
- Nephrology Research Group, Department of Medicine, Laval University, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada; and
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256
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Fish EW, Wieczorek LA, Rumple A, Suttie M, Moy SS, Hammond P, Parnell SE. The enduring impact of neurulation stage alcohol exposure: A combined behavioral and structural neuroimaging study in adult male and female C57BL/6J mice. Behav Brain Res 2017; 338:173-184. [PMID: 29107713 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) can cause behavioral and brain alterations over the lifespan. In animal models, these effects can occur following PAE confined to critical developmental periods, equivalent to the third and fourth weeks of human gestation, before pregnancy is usually recognized. The current study focuses on PAE during early neurulation and examines the behavioral and brain structural consequences that appear in adulthood. On gestational day 8 C57BL/6J dams received two alcohol (2.8g/kg, i.p), or vehicle, administrations, four hours apart. Male and female offspring were reared to adulthood and examined for performance on the elevated plus maze, rotarod, open field, Morris water maze, acoustic startle, social preference (i.e. three-chambered social approach test), and the hot plate. A subset of these mice was later evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging to detect changes in regional brain volumes and shapes. In males, PAE increased exploratory behaviors on the elevated plus maze and in the open field; these changes were associated with increased fractional anisotropy in the anterior commissure. In females, PAE reduced social preference and the startle response, and decreased cerebral cortex and brain stem volumes. Vehicle-treated females had larger pituitaries than did vehicle-treated males, but PAE attenuated this sex difference. In males, pituitary size correlated with open field activity, while in females, pituitary size correlated with social activity. These findings indicate that early neurulation PAE causes sex specific behavioral and brain changes in adulthood. Changes in the pituitary suggest that this structure is especially vulnerable to neurulation stage PAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Fish
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (EWF, LAW, SEP), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (SEP), Department of Psychiatry (AR, SSM), and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (SSM, SEP), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States.
| | - L A Wieczorek
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (EWF, LAW, SEP), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (SEP), Department of Psychiatry (AR, SSM), and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (SSM, SEP), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - A Rumple
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (EWF, LAW, SEP), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (SEP), Department of Psychiatry (AR, SSM), and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (SSM, SEP), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - M Suttie
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S S Moy
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (EWF, LAW, SEP), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (SEP), Department of Psychiatry (AR, SSM), and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (SSM, SEP), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - P Hammond
- Nuffield Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - S E Parnell
- The Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies (EWF, LAW, SEP), Department of Cell Biology and Physiology (SEP), Department of Psychiatry (AR, SSM), and Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities (SSM, SEP), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
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257
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Genetic and phenotypic characterization of the novel mouse substrain C57BL/6N Korl with increased body weight. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14217. [PMID: 29079844 PMCID: PMC5660189 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In inbred mouse lines, there is generally little genetic difference between individuals. This small genetic variability facilitates carrying out research on minute changes of various traits and the gene pool. Also, characterizing the diversity and detecting selective genetic and phenotypic signatures are crucial to understanding the genomic basis of a population and to identify specific patterns of evolutionary change. In this study, we investigated the underlying genetic profiles of a newly developed mouse strain, C57BL/6NKorl (Korl), established through sibling mating over 30 generations. To analyse the distinctive genomic features of Korl mice, we used whole-genome sequencing from six samples, which were compared to those of other C57BL/6N-based mouse strains. Korl strain-specific polymorphisms were identified and signatures of a selective sweep were detected. In particular, the candidate genes related to the increased body weight of the Korl strain were identified. Establishment of the genetic profile of Korl mice can provide insight into the inbreeding-induced changes to the gene pool, and help to establish this strain as a useful model for practical and targeted research purposes.
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258
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Concas D, Cater H, Wells S. A scoring system for the evaluation of the mutated Crb1/rd8-derived retinal lesions in C57BL/6N mice. F1000Res 2017; 6:404. [PMID: 28928942 PMCID: PMC5580417 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.11252.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium (IMPC) programme, the MRC Harwell is conducting a large eye morphology phenotyping screen on genetically modified mice compared to the baseline phenotype observed in the background strain of C57BL/6NTac. The C57BL/6NTac strain is known to carry a spontaneous mutation in the Crb1 gene that causes retinal degeneration characterized by the presence of white spots (flecks) in the fundus. These flecks potentially represent a confounding factor, masking similar retinal phenotype abnormalities that may be detected in mutants. Therefore we investigated the frequency, position and extent of the flecks in a large population of C57BL/6NTac mice to provide the basis for evaluating the presence of flecks in mutant mice with the same genetic background. We found that in our facility males were more severely affected than females and that in both males and females the most common localisation of the flecks was in the inferior hemicycle of the fundus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Concas
- Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Heather Cater
- Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Wells
- Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
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259
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Differences in bone structure and unloading-induced bone loss between C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:476-486. [PMID: 28913652 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9717-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The C57BL/6 mouse, the most frequently utilized animal model in biomedical research, is in use as several substrains, all of which differ by a small array of genomic differences. Two of these substrains, C57BL/6J (B6J) and C57BL/6N (B6N), are commonly used but it is unclear how phenotypically similar or different they are. Here, we tested whether adolescent B6N mice have a bone phenotype and respond to the loss of weightbearing differently than B6J. At 9 weeks of age, normally ambulating B6N had lower trabecular bone volume fraction but greater bone formation rates and osteoblast surfaces than corresponding B6J. At 11 weeks of age, differences in trabecular indices persisted between the substrains but differences in cellular activity had ceased. Cortical bone indices were largely similar between the two substrains. Hindlimb unloading (HLU) induced similar degeneration of trabecular architecture and cellular activity in both substrains when comparing 11-week-old HLU mice to 11-week-old controls. However, unloaded B6N mice had smaller cortices than B6J. When comparing HLU to 9 weeks baseline control mice, deterioration in trabecular separation, osteoblast indices, and endocortical variables was significantly greater in B6N than B6J. These data indicate specific developmental differences in bone formation and morphology between B6N and B6J mice, giving rise to a differential response to mechanical unloading that may be modulated, in part, by the genes Herc2, Myo18b, and Acan. Our results emphasize that these substrains cannot be used interchangeably at least for investigations in which the phenotypic makeup and its response to extraneous stimuli are of interest.
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260
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Necroptosis Is Involved in CD4+ T Cell-Mediated Microvascular Endothelial Cell Death and Chronic Cardiac Allograft Rejection. Transplantation 2017; 101:2026-2037. [DOI: 10.1097/tp.0000000000001578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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261
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Complete overview of protein-inactivating sequence variations in 36 sequenced mouse inbred strains. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:9158-9163. [PMID: 28784771 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1706168114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse inbred strains remain essential in science. We have analyzed the publicly available genome sequences of 36 popular inbred strains and provide lists for each strain of protein-coding genes that acquired sequence variations that cause premature STOP codons, loss of STOP codons and single nucleotide polymorphisms, and short in-frame insertions and deletions. Our data give an overview of predicted defective proteins, including predicted impact scores, of all these strains compared with the reference mouse genome of C57BL/6J. These data can also be retrieved via a searchable website (mousepost.be) and allow a global, better interpretation of genetic background effects and a source of naturally defective alleles in these 36 sequenced classical and high-priority mouse inbred strains.
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262
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Birling MC, Herault Y, Pavlovic G. Modeling human disease in rodents by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing. Mamm Genome 2017; 28:291-301. [PMID: 28677007 PMCID: PMC5569124 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9703-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Modeling human disease has proven to be a challenge for the scientific community. For years, generating an animal model was complicated and restricted to very few species. With the rise of CRISPR/Cas9, it is now possible to generate more or less any animal model. In this review, we will show how this technology is and will change our way to obtain relevant disease animal models and how it should impact human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Christine Birling
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France.
| | - Yann Herault
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, Illkirch, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, Illkirch, France
- Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
| | - Guillaume Pavlovic
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, 67404, Illkirch, France
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263
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Kenyon J, Fray MD. Sharing mutations: are biobanks still required in the post-CRISPR/Cas9 era? Mamm Genome 2017; 28:383-387. [PMID: 28726007 DOI: 10.1007/s00335-017-9710-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cryopreservation is seen as a key aspect of good colony management which supports the drive towards improvements in animal care and the implementation of the 3Rs. However, following the advent of gene editing technologies, the generation of new mouse models is quicker and cheaper than ever before. This has led some to question the future value of biobanks around the world. In the following commentary, we argue that the need to cryopreserve mouse strains and distribute them from well-funded repositories is as strong as it has ever been. Repositories are not simply archives for unwanted mouse strains. Biobanks distribute identical QC verified mouse strains to the community and eliminate the need to recreate mice. They provide a check point in the development of mouse strains that minimises genetic drift and breeding failures. What is more, cryopreservation makes resource sharing easier, cheaper and improves animal care by eliminating the need for live animal shipments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Kenyon
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Martin D Fray
- Mary Lyon Centre, MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, OX11 0RD, UK.
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264
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Dittrich L, Petese A, Jackson WS. The natural Disc1-deletion present in several inbred mouse strains does not affect sleep. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5665. [PMID: 28720848 PMCID: PMC5515846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06015-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene Disrupted in Schizophrenia-1 (DISC1) is linked to a range of psychiatric disorders. Two recent transgenic studies suggest DISC1 is also involved in homeostatic sleep regulation. Several strains of inbred mice commonly used for genome manipulation experiments, including several Swiss and likely all 129 substrains, carry a natural deletion mutation of Disc1. This constitutes a potential confound for studying sleep in genetically modified mice. Since disturbed sleep can also influence psychiatric and neurodegenerative disease models, this putative confound might affect a wide range of studies in several fields. Therefore, we asked to what extent the natural Disc1 deletion affects sleep. To this end, we first compared sleep and electroencephalogram (EEG) phenotypes of 129S4 mice carrying the Disc1 deletion and C57BL/6N mice carrying the full-length version. We then bred Disc1 from C57BL/6N into the 129S4 background, resulting in S4-Disc1 mice. The differences between 129S4 and C57BL/6N were not detected in the 129S4 to S4-Disc1 comparison. We conclude that the mutation has no effect on the measured sleep and EEG characteristics. Thus, it is unlikely the widespread Disc1 deletion has led to spurious results in previous sleep studies or that it alters sleep in mouse models of psychiatric or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Dittrich
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str, 27 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandro Petese
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str, 27 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walker S Jackson
- Deutsches Zentrum für Neurodegenerative Erkrankungen (DZNE), Sigmund-Freud-Str, 27 53127, Bonn, Germany.
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265
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Kochall S, Thepkaysone ML, García SA, Betzler AM, Weitz J, Reissfelder C, Schölch S. Isolation of Circulating Tumor Cells in an Orthotopic Mouse Model of Colorectal Cancer. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28745637 DOI: 10.3791/55357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advantages of easy applicability and cost-effectiveness, subcutaneous mouse models have severe limitations and do not accurately simulate tumor biology and tumor cell dissemination. Orthotopic mouse models have been introduced to overcome these limitations; however, such models are technically demanding, especially in hollow organs such as the large bowel. In order to produce uniform tumors which reliably grow and metastasize, standardized techniques of tumor cell preparation and injection are critical. We have developed an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer (CRC) which develops highly uniform tumors and can be used for tumor biology studies as well as therapeutic trials. Tumor cells from either primary tumors, 2-dimensional (2D) cell lines or 3-dimensional (3D) organoids are injected into the cecum and, depending on the metastatic potential of the injected tumor cells, form highly metastatic tumors. In addition, CTCs can be found regularly. We here describe the technique of tumor cell preparation from both 2D cell lines and 3D organoids as well as primary tumor tissue, the surgical and injection techniques as well as the isolation of CTCs from the tumor-bearing mice, and present tips for troubleshooting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Kochall
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - May-Linn Thepkaysone
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Sebastián A García
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Alexander M Betzler
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Jürgen Weitz
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ)
| | - Christoph Reissfelder
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden
| | - Sebastian Schölch
- Department of Gastrointestinal, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK); German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ);
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266
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The effect of early life experience, environment, and genetic factors on spontaneous home-cage aggression-related wounding in male C57BL/6 mice. Lab Anim (NY) 2017; 46:176-184. [PMID: 28328870 DOI: 10.1038/laban.1225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aggression is a major welfare issue in mice, particularly when mice unfamiliar to each other are first placed in cages, as happens on receipt from a vendor, and following cage cleaning. Injuries from aggression are the second leading cause of unplanned euthanasia in mice, following ulcerative dermatitis. Commonly employed strategies for reducing aggression-related injury are largely anecdotal, and may even be counterproductive. Here we report a series of experiments testing potential explanations and interventions for post-shipping aggression-related injuries in C57BL/6 mice. First, we examined the effects of weaning: testing whether manipulating weaning age reduced aggression-related injuries, and if repeated mixing of weaned mice before shipping increased these injuries. Contrary to our predictions, repeated mixing did not increase post-shipping injurious aggression, and early weaning reduced aggression-related injuries. Second, we examined potential post-shipping interventions: testing whether lavender essential oil applied to the cage reduced aggression-related injuries, and whether a variety of enrichments decreased injurious aggression. Again, contrary to predictions, lavender increased wounding, and none of the enrichments reduced it. However, consistent with the effects of weaning age in the first experiment, cages with higher mean body weight showed elevated levels of aggression-related wounding. Finally, we tested whether C57BL/6 substrains and identification methods affected levels of intra-cage wounding from aggression. We found no effect of strain, but cages where mice were ear-notched for identification showed higher levels of wounding than cages where mice were tail-tattooed. Overall, these results emphasize the multifactorial nature of home-cage injurious aggression, and the importance of testing received wisdom when it comes to managing complex behavioral and welfare problems. In terms of practical recommendations to reduce aggressive wounding in the home cage, tail tattooing is recommended over ear notching and late weaning should be avoided.
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267
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Buscher N, van Dorsselaer P, Steckler T, Talpos JC. Evaluating aged mice in three touchscreen tests that differ in visual demands: Impaired cognitive function and impaired visual abilities. Behav Brain Res 2017; 333:142-149. [PMID: 28690184 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Normal aging is often accompanied by reductions in cognitive abilities as well as impairments in visual acuity in men and mice. In preclinical models of human cognition this concomitance can make it difficult to assess the relative contributions of declined vision and cognitive ability on behavioral measures of cognition. To assess the influence of age on cognition and the impact of visual decline on the performance of touchscreen-based behavioral paradigms in mice, aged (11, 12, 16, 17, 19 and 21 months old) male C57BL/6J mice were compared to young (3 or 4 months old) male C57BL/6J mice using three tests of cognition as well as an assessment of visual acuity. Performance of a Visual Discrimination, Spatial Reversal, and an Automated Search Task were all affected by age. However, there was no relationship between reduced visual acuity and the observed performance impairments. Moreover, the visual acuity of animals with profound cognitive impairments overlapped with those showing normal cognitive ability. Despite the potential confound of impaired visual ability, it appears that the touchscreen approach might be particularly effective in studying age-related cognitive decline. This approach will increase the utility of aged mice as a model of decreased cognitive flexibility and may be particularly important for the study of age-related disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Buscher
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; University of Bristol, Biomedical Sciences Building, University Walk, Bristol BS8 1TD, United Kingdom.
| | | | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - John C Talpos
- Janssen Research & Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
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268
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Lajko M, Cardona HJ, Taylor JM, Farrow KN, Fawzi AA. Photoreceptor oxidative stress in hyperoxia-induced proliferative retinopathy accelerates rd8 degeneration. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180384. [PMID: 28671996 PMCID: PMC5495396 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate the impact of photoreceptor oxidative stress on photoreceptor degeneration in mice carrying the rd8 mutation (C57BL/6N). We compared the hyperoxia-induced proliferative retinopathy (HIPR) model in two mouse strains (C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N). Pups were exposed to 75% oxygen, starting at birth and continuing for 14 days (P14). Mice were euthanized at P14, or allowed to recover in room air for one day (P15), seven days (P21), or 14 days (P28). We quantified retinal thickness and the length of residual photoreceptors not affected by rosette formation. In addition we explored differences in retinal immunostaining for NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4), Rac1, vascular endothelium, and activated Mϋller cells. We analyzed photoreceptor oxidative stress using DCF staining in cross sections and quantified NOX4 protein levels using western blotting. C57BL/6N mice in HIPR showed increased oxidative stress, NOX4, and Rac1 in the photoreceptors at P14 and P15 compared to C57BL/6J. In addition, we observed significant progression of photoreceptor degeneration, with significantly accelerated rosette formation in C57BL/6N under HIPR, compared to their room air counterparts. Furthermore, C57BL/6N under HIPR had significantly thinner central retinas than C57BL/6J in HIPR. We did not find a difference in vascular disruption or Mϋller cell activation comparing the two strains in hyperoxia. In HIPR, the C57BL/6N strain carrying the rd8 mutation showed significantly accelerated photoreceptor degeneration, mediated via exacerbated photoreceptor oxidative stress, which we believe relates to Rac1-NOX dysregulation in the setting of Crb1 loss-of-function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Lajko
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Herminio J. Cardona
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Joann M. Taylor
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Kathryn N. Farrow
- Department of Pediatrics, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Amani A. Fawzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Feinberg School of Medicine at Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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269
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En route to precision medicine through the integration of biological sex into pharmacogenomics. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:329-342. [PMID: 28159880 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Frequently, pharmacomechanisms are not fully elucidated. Therefore, drug use is linked to an elevated interindividual diversity of effects, whether therapeutic or adverse, and the role of biological sex has as yet unrecognized and underestimated consequences. A pharmacogenomic approach could contribute towards the development of an adapted therapy for each male and female patient, considering also other fundamental features, such as age and ethnicity. This would represent a crucial step towards precision medicine and could be translated into clinical routine. In the present review, we consider recent results from pharmacogenomics and the role of sex in studies that are relevant to cardiovascular therapy. We focus on genome-wide analyses, because they have obvious advantages compared with targeted single-candidate gene studies. For instance, genome-wide approaches do not necessarily depend on prior knowledge of precise molecular mechanisms of drug action. Such studies can lead to findings that can be classified into three categories: first, effects occurring in the pharmacokinetic properties of the drug, e.g. through metabolic and transporter differences; second, a pharmacodynamic or drug target-related effect; and last diverse adverse effects. We conclude that the interaction of sex with genetic determinants of drug response has barely been tested in large, unbiased, pharmacogenomic studies. We put forward the theory that, to contribute towards the realization of precision medicine, it will be necessary to incorporate sex into pharmacogenomics.
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270
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Karp NA, Mason J, Beaudet AL, Benjamini Y, Bower L, Braun RE, Brown SDM, Chesler EJ, Dickinson ME, Flenniken AM, Fuchs H, Angelis MHD, Gao X, Guo S, Greenaway S, Heller R, Herault Y, Justice MJ, Kurbatova N, Lelliott CJ, Lloyd KCK, Mallon AM, Mank JE, Masuya H, McKerlie C, Meehan TF, Mott RF, Murray SA, Parkinson H, Ramirez-Solis R, Santos L, Seavitt JR, Smedley D, Sorg T, Speak AO, Steel KP, Svenson KL, Wakana S, West D, Wells S, Westerberg H, Yaacoby S, White JK. Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits. Nat Commun 2017. [PMID: 28650954 PMCID: PMC5490203 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of sex in biomedical studies has often been overlooked, despite evidence of sexually dimorphic effects in some biological studies. Here, we used high-throughput phenotype data from 14,250 wildtype and 40,192 mutant mice (representing 2,186 knockout lines), analysed for up to 234 traits, and found a large proportion of mammalian traits both in wildtype and mutants are influenced by sex. This result has implications for interpreting disease phenotypes in animal models and humans. Systemic dissection of sexually dimorphic phenotypes in mice is lacking. Here, Karp and the International Mouse Phenotype Consortium show that approximately 10% of qualitative traits and 56% of quantitative traits in mice as measured in laboratory setting are sexually dimorphic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha A Karp
- Mouse Informatics Group, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Quantitative Biology, AstraZeneca, Unit 310, Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge CB4 0WG, UK
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Arthur L Beaudet
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Yoav Benjamini
- Department of Statistics and O.R. School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Lynette Bower
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, 2795 Second Street, Suite 400, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | - Robert E Braun
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Elissa J Chesler
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Mary E Dickinson
- Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Ann M Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7
| | - Helmut Fuchs
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.,School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Alte Akademie 8, Freising 85354, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Ingostädter Landstr. 1, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Xiang Gao
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | - Shiying Guo
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, 12 Xuefu Road, Pukou, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210061, China
| | | | - Ruth Heller
- Department of Statistics and O.R. School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Yann Herault
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Monica J Justice
- The Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Natalja Kurbatova
- Department of Statistics and O.R. School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Christopher J Lelliott
- Mouse Genetics Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - K C Kent Lloyd
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, 2795 Second Street, Suite 400, Davis, California 95618, USA
| | | | - Judith E Mank
- Department of Genetics, Evolution &Environment, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Hiroshi Masuya
- BioResource Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, 25 Orde Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5T 3H7.,The Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Terrence F Meehan
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Richard F Mott
- Genetics Institute, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Stephen A Murray
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | - Helen Parkinson
- European Bioinformatics Institute (EMBL-EBI), European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Ramiro Ramirez-Solis
- Mouse Genetics Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Luis Santos
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | - John R Seavitt
- Human and Molecular Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, 1 Baylor Plaza, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Damian Smedley
- Clinical Pharmacology, Queen Mary University of London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Tania Sorg
- CELPHEDIA, PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 1 Rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR7104, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U964, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France.,Université de Strasbourg, 1 rue Laurent Fries, Illkirch 67404, France
| | - Anneliese O Speak
- Mouse Genetics Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
| | - Karen P Steel
- Mouse Genetics Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK.,Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, Wolfson Wing, Hodgkin Building, Guys Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK
| | - Karen L Svenson
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA
| | | | - Shigeharu Wakana
- BioResource Center, RIKEN, 3-1-1 Koyadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0074, Japan
| | - David West
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, 5700 Martin Luther King Jr Way, Oakland, California 94609, USA
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Harwell Campus, Harwell OX11 0RD, UK
| | | | - Shay Yaacoby
- Department of Statistics and O.R. School of Mathematical Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Jacqueline K White
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, Maine 04609, USA.,Mouse Genetics Project, The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, UK
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271
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Liron T, Raphael B, Hiram‐Bab S, Bab IA, Gabet Y. Bone loss in C57BL/6J‐OlaHsd mice, a substrain of C57BL/6J carrying mutated alpha‐synuclein and multimerin‐1 genes. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:371-377. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Liron
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Bitya Raphael
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Sahar Hiram‐Bab
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Itai A. Bab
- Bone LaboratoryThe Hebrew University of JerusalemJerusalemIsrael
| | - Yankel Gabet
- Sackler Faculty of MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and AnthropologyTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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272
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Lassi G, Tucci V. Gene-environment interaction influences attachment-like style in mice. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 16:612-618. [PMID: 28421709 DOI: 10.1111/gbb.12385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Attachment styles are established soon after birth and form the basis for a healthy psychological life during adulthood. Here, we investigated whether genetic background (i.e. isogenic strains: C57BL/6N and BALB/c) and parent-of-origin (i.e. reciprocal hybrids) epigenetic effects influence attachment-like styles in mice. We discovered that a specific genetic and epigenetic assortment exerts a role on the development of a secure or insecure attachment-like style. In particular, when biological mothers raise their pups, the attachment-like style is mainly secure, independently of the genetic background. However, when foster mothers raise pups, the attachment-like style can be either secure or insecure, depending on the particular genetic background, and this effect is paternally transmitted. Finally, we observed that secure attachment-like in mice leads to greater sociability during adulthood, while insecure attachment-like leads to reduced sociability. Our study sheds light on gene-environment interactions that shape the attachment-like style early in development and pave the way for a healthy psychological life.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Lassi
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Genetic and Epigenetics of Behaviour - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - V Tucci
- Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies (NBT), Genetic and Epigenetics of Behaviour - Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
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273
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Trial J, Heredia CP, Taffet GE, Entman ML, Cieslik KA. Dissecting the role of myeloid and mesenchymal fibroblasts in age-dependent cardiac fibrosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2017; 112:34. [PMID: 28478479 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-017-0623-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Aging is associated with increased cardiac interstitial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Our previous study has shown that mesenchymal fibroblasts in the C57BL/6J (B6J) aging mouse heart acquire an inflammatory phenotype and produce higher levels of chemokines. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) secreted by these aged fibroblasts promotes leukocyte uptake into the heart. Some of the monocytes that migrate into the heart polarize into M2a macrophages/myeloid fibroblasts. The number of activated mesenchymal fibroblasts also increases with age, and consequently, both sources of fibroblasts contribute to fibrosis. Here, we further investigate mechanisms by which inflammation influences activation of myeloid and mesenchymal fibroblasts and their collagen synthesis. We examined cardiac fibrosis and heart function in three aged mouse strains; we compared C57BL/6J (B6J) with two other strains that have reduced inflammation via different mechanisms. Aged C57BL/6N (B6N) hearts are protected from oxidative stress and fibroblasts derived from them do not develop an inflammatory phenotype. Likewise, these mice have preserved diastolic function. Aged MCP-1 null mice on the B6J background (MCP-1KO) are protected from elevated leukocyte infiltration; they develop moderate but reduced fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. Based on these studies, we further delineated the role of resident versus monocyte-derived M2a macrophages in myeloid-dependent fibrosis and found that the number of monocyte-derived M2a (but not resident) macrophages correlates with age-related fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. In conclusion, we have found that ROS and inflammatory mediators are necessary for activation of fibroblasts of both developmental origins, and prevention of either led to better functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- JoAnn Trial
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Celia Pena Heredia
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - George E Taffet
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Mark L Entman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.,Houston Methodist, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Katarzyna A Cieslik
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences and the DeBakey Heart Center, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, M.S. BCM620, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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274
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Kirkpatrick SL, Goldberg LR, Yazdani N, Babbs RK, Wu J, Reed ER, Jenkins DF, Bolgioni A, Landaverde KI, Luttik KP, Mitchell KS, Kumar V, Johnson WE, Mulligan MK, Cottone P, Bryant CD. Cytoplasmic FMR1-Interacting Protein 2 Is a Major Genetic Factor Underlying Binge Eating. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 81:757-769. [PMID: 27914629 PMCID: PMC5386810 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Eating disorders are lethal and heritable; however, the underlying genetic factors are unknown. Binge eating is a highly heritable trait associated with eating disorders that is comorbid with mood and substance use disorders. Therefore, understanding its genetic basis will inform therapeutic development that could improve several comorbid neuropsychiatric conditions. METHODS We assessed binge eating in closely related C57BL/6 mouse substrains and in an F2 cross to identify quantitative trait loci associated with binge eating. We used gene targeting to validate candidate genetic factors. Finally, we used transcriptome analysis of the striatum via messenger RNA sequencing to identify the premorbid transcriptome and the binge-induced transcriptome to inform molecular mechanisms mediating binge eating susceptibility and establishment. RESULTS C57BL/6NJ but not C57BL/6J mice showed rapid and robust escalation in palatable food consumption. We mapped a single genome-wide significant quantitative trait locus on chromosome 11 (logarithm of the odds = 7.4) to a missense mutation in cytoplasmic FMR1-interacting protein 2 (Cyfip2). We validated Cyfip2 as a major genetic factor underlying binge eating in heterozygous knockout mice on a C57BL/6N background that showed reduced binge eating toward a wild-type C57BL/6J-like level. Transcriptome analysis of premorbid genetic risk identified the enrichment terms morphine addiction and retrograde endocannabinoid signaling, whereas binge eating resulted in the downregulation of a gene set enriched for decreased myelination, oligodendrocyte differentiation, and expression. CONCLUSIONS We identified Cyfip2 as a major significant genetic factor underlying binge eating and provide a behavioral paradigm for future genome-wide association studies in populations with increased genetic complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey L. Kirkpatrick
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Lisa R. Goldberg
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Neema Yazdani
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University
| | - R. Keith Babbs
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Jiayi Wu
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Transformative Training Program in Addiction Science, Boston University,Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences, Graduate Program in Genetics and Genomics, Boston University School of Medicine
| | - Eric R. Reed
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA
| | - David F. Jenkins
- Ph.D. Program in Bioinformatics, Boston University, Boston, MA USA,Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Amanda Bolgioni
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,Graduate Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kelsey I. Landaverde
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Kimberly P. Luttik
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Karen S. Mitchell
- Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | | | - W. Evan Johnson
- Computational Biomedicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Megan K. Mulligan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN USA
| | - Pietro Cottone
- Laboratory of Addictive Disorders, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA
| | - Camron D. Bryant
- Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA USA,*Corresponding Author Camron D. Bryant, Ph.D., Laboratory of Addiction Genetics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Psychiatry, 72 E. Concord St., L-606C, Boston, MA 02118 USA, P: (617) 638-4489 F: (617) 638-4329
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Santos LR, Muller C, de Souza AH, Takahashi HK, Spégel P, Sweet IR, Chae H, Mulder H, Jonas JC. NNT reverse mode of operation mediates glucose control of mitochondrial NADPH and glutathione redox state in mouse pancreatic β-cells. Mol Metab 2017; 6:535-547. [PMID: 28580284 PMCID: PMC5444111 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The glucose stimulation of insulin secretion (GSIS) by pancreatic β-cells critically depends on increased production of metabolic coupling factors, including NADPH. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) typically produces NADPH at the expense of NADH and ΔpH in energized mitochondria. Its spontaneous inactivation in C57BL/6J mice was previously shown to alter ATP production, Ca2+ influx, and GSIS, thereby leading to glucose intolerance. Here, we tested the role of NNT in the glucose regulation of mitochondrial NADPH and glutathione redox state and reinvestigated its role in GSIS coupling events in mouse pancreatic islets. Methods Islets were isolated from female C57BL/6J mice (J-islets), which lack functional NNT, and genetically close C57BL/6N mice (N-islets). Wild-type mouse NNT was expressed in J-islets by adenoviral infection. Mitochondrial and cytosolic glutathione oxidation was measured with glutaredoxin 1-fused roGFP2 probes targeted or not to the mitochondrial matrix. NADPH and NADH redox state was measured biochemically. Insulin secretion and upstream coupling events were measured under dynamic or static conditions by standard procedures. Results NNT is largely responsible for the acute glucose-induced rise in islet NADPH/NADP+ ratio and decrease in mitochondrial glutathione oxidation, with a small impact on cytosolic glutathione. However, contrary to current views on NNT in β-cells, these effects resulted from a glucose-dependent reduction in NADPH consumption by NNT reverse mode of operation, rather than from a stimulation of its forward mode of operation. Accordingly, the lack of NNT in J-islets decreased their sensitivity to exogenous H2O2 at non-stimulating glucose. Surprisingly, the lack of NNT did not alter the glucose-stimulation of Ca2+ influx and upstream mitochondrial events, but it markedly reduced both phases of GSIS by altering Ca2+-induced exocytosis and its metabolic amplification. Conclusion These results drastically modify current views on NNT operation and mitochondrial function in pancreatic β-cells.
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Key Words
- AT2, aldrithiol
- C57BL/6J mice
- C57BL/6N mice
- CMV, cytomegalovirus
- DTT, dithiotreitol
- Dz, diazoxide
- FCCP, carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenylhydrazone
- GRX1, glutaredoxin 1
- GRX1-roGFP2
- GSIS, glucose stimulation of insulin secretion
- Glucose metabolism
- IDH, isocitrate dehydrogenase
- Insulin secretion
- KRB, Krebs solution
- ME, malic enzyme
- Mitochondrial shuttles
- NNT, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase
- OCR, oxygen consumption rate
- Pancreatic islet
- Redox-sensitive GFP
- Stimulus-secretion coupling
- WT, wild-type
- [Ca2+]i, intracellular Ca2+ concentration
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Affiliation(s)
- Laila R.B. Santos
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
| | - Carole Muller
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
| | - Arnaldo H. de Souza
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hilton K. Takahashi
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
| | - Peter Spégel
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Malmö, 205 02, Sweden
- Lund University, Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analysis and Synthesis, Lund, 221 00, Sweden
| | - Ian R. Sweet
- University of Washington Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Heeyoung Chae
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
| | - Hindrik Mulder
- Lund University, Department of Clinical Sciences in Malmö, Unit of Molecular Metabolism, Malmö, 205 02, Sweden
| | - Jean-Christophe Jonas
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institute of Experimental and Clinical Research, Pole of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Brussels, B-1200, Belgium
- Corresponding author. Université catholique de Louvain, UCL/SSS/IREC/EDIN, Avenue Hippocrate 55, B1.55.06, B-1200, Brussels, Belgium.Université catholique de LouvainUCL/SSS/IREC/EDINAvenue Hippocrate 55B1.55.06BrusselsB-1200Belgium
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276
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Ingvorsen C, Karp NA, Lelliott CJ. The role of sex and body weight on the metabolic effects of high-fat diet in C57BL/6N mice. Nutr Diabetes 2017; 7:e261. [PMID: 28394359 PMCID: PMC5436097 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2017.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metabolic disorders are commonly investigated using knockout and transgenic mouse models on the C57BL/6N genetic background due to its genetic susceptibility to the deleterious metabolic effects of high-fat diet (HFD). There is growing awareness of the need to consider sex in disease progression, but limited attention has been paid to sexual dimorphism in mouse models and its impact in metabolic phenotypes. We assessed the effect of HFD and the impact of sex on metabolic variables in this strain. METHODS We generated a reference data set encompassing glucose tolerance, body composition and plasma chemistry data from 586 C57BL/6N mice fed a standard chow and 733 fed a HFD collected as part of a high-throughput phenotyping pipeline. Linear mixed model regression analysis was used in a dual analysis to assess the effect of HFD as an absolute change in phenotype, but also as a relative change accounting for the potential confounding effect of body weight. RESULTS HFD had a significant impact on all variables tested with an average absolute effect size of 29%. For the majority of variables (78%), the treatment effect was modified by sex and this was dominated by male-specific or a male stronger effect. On average, there was a 13.2% difference in the effect size between the male and female mice for sexually dimorphic variables. HFD led to a significant body weight phenotype (24% increase), which acts as a confounding effect on the other analysed variables. For 79% of the variables, body weight was found to be a significant source of variation, but even after accounting for this confounding effect, similar HFD-induced phenotypic changes were found to when not accounting for weight. CONCLUSION HFD and sex are powerful modifiers of metabolic parameters in C57BL/6N mice. We also demonstrate the value of considering body size as a covariate to obtain a richer understanding of metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ingvorsen
- Mouse Pipelines, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
- University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Wellcome Trust-MRC Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Robinson Way, Cambridge, UK
| | - N A Karp
- Mouse Informatics Group, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - C J Lelliott
- Mouse Pipelines, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Cambridge, UK
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277
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Abstract
Identifying genes and pathways that contribute to differences in neurobehavioural traits is a key goal in psychiatric research. Despite considerable success in identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with behaviour in laboratory rodents, pinpointing the causal variants and genes is more challenging. For a long time, the main obstacle was the size of QTLs, which could encompass tens if not hundreds of genes. However, recent studies have exploited mouse and rat resources that allow mapping of phenotypes to narrow intervals, encompassing only a few genes. Here, we review these studies, showcase the rodent resources they have used and highlight the insights into neurobehavioural traits provided to date. We discuss what we see as the biggest challenge in the field - translating QTLs into biological knowledge by experimentally validating and functionally characterizing candidate genes - and propose that the CRISPR/Cas genome-editing system holds the key to overcoming this obstacle. Finally, we challenge traditional views on inbred versus outbred resources in the light of recent resource and technology developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelie Baud
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Jonathan Flint
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1761, USA
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278
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Hull RL, Willard JR, Struck MD, Barrow BM, Brar GS, Andrikopoulos S, Zraika S. High fat feeding unmasks variable insulin responses in male C57BL/6 mouse substrains. J Endocrinol 2017; 233:53-64. [PMID: 28138002 PMCID: PMC5358546 DOI: 10.1530/joe-16-0377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models are widely used for elucidating mechanisms underlying type 2 diabetes. Genetic background profoundly affects metabolic phenotype; therefore, selecting the appropriate model is critical. Although variability in metabolic responses between mouse strains is now well recognized, it also occurs within C57BL/6 mice, of which several substrains exist. This within-strain variability is poorly understood and could emanate from genetic and/or environmental differences. To better define the within-strain variability, we performed the first comprehensive comparison of insulin secretion from C57BL/6 substrains 6J, 6JWehi, 6NJ, 6NHsd, 6NTac and 6NCrl. In vitro, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion correlated with Nnt mutation status, wherein responses were uniformly lower in islets from C57BL/6J vs C57BL/6N mice. In contrast, in vivo insulin responses after 18 weeks of low fat feeding showed no differences among any of the six substrains. When challenged with a high-fat diet for 18 weeks, C57BL/6J substrains responded with a similar increase in insulin release. However, variability was evident among C57BL/6N substrains. Strikingly, 6NJ mice showed no increase in insulin release after high fat feeding, contributing to the ensuing hyperglycemia. The variability in insulin responses among high-fat-fed C57BL/6N mice could not be explained by differences in insulin sensitivity, body weight, food intake or beta-cell area. Rather, as yet unidentified genetic and/or environmental factor(s) are likely contributors. Together, our findings emphasize that caution should be exercised in extrapolating data from in vitro studies to the in vivo situation and inform on selecting the appropriate C57BL/6 substrain for metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L Hull
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington, USA
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Joshua R Willard
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington, USA
| | - Matthias D Struck
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Breanne M Barrow
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington, USA
| | - Gurkirat S Brar
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington, USA
| | - Sofianos Andrikopoulos
- Department of MedicineUniversity of Melbourne, Austin Hospital, Heidelberg, Victoria, Australia
| | - Sakeneh Zraika
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care SystemSeattle, Washington, USA
- Division of MetabolismEndocrinology and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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279
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Abstract
A key characteristic of systems genetics is its reliance on populations that vary to a greater or lesser degree in genetic complexity-from highly admixed populations such as the Collaborative Cross and Diversity Outcross to relatively simple crosses such as sets of consomic strains and reduced complexity crosses. This protocol is intended to help investigators make more informed decisions about choices of resources given different types of questions. We consider factors such as costs, availability, and ease of breeding for common scenarios. In general, we recommend using complementary resources and minimizing depth of resampling of any given genome or strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert W Williams
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 77 S. Manassas Street, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA.
| | - Evan G Williams
- Department of Biology, Institute for Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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280
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Bezdek S, Hdnah A, Sezin T, Mousavi S, Zillikens D, Ibrahim S, Ludwig RJ, Sadik CD. The genetic difference between C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N mice significantly impacts Aldara™-induced psoriasiform dermatitis. Exp Dermatol 2016; 26:349-351. [PMID: 27315297 DOI: 10.1111/exd.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Bezdek
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ashref Hdnah
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tanya Sezin
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Sadegh Mousavi
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Detlef Zillikens
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ralf J Ludwig
- Lübeck Institute of Experimental Dermatology (LIED), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Christian D Sadik
- Department of Dermatology, Allergy, and Venereology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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281
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Leskov I, Neville A, Shen X, Pardue S, Kevil CG, Granger DN, Krzywanski DM. Nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase activity impacts mitochondrial redox balance and the development of hypertension in mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 11:110-121. [PMID: 28087333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidant stress contributes to the initiation and progression of hypertension (HTN) by enhancing endothelial dysfunction and/or causing perturbations in nitric oxide homeostasis. Differences in mitochondrial function may augment this process and provide insight into why age of onset and clinical outcomes differ among individuals from distinct ethnic groups. We have previously demonstrated that variation in normal mitochondrial function and oxidant production exists in endothelial cells from individuals of Caucasian and African-American ethnicity and that this variation contributes to endothelial dysfunction. To model these distinct mitochondrial redox phenotypes, we used C57Bl/6N (6N) and C57Bl/6J (6J) mice that also display unique mitochondrial functional properties due to the differential expression nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT). We demonstrate that the absence of NNT in 6J cells led to distinct mitochondrial bioenergetic profiles and a pro-oxidative mitochondrial phenotype characterized by increased superoxide production and reduced glutathione peroxidase activity. Interestingly, we found that 6J animals have significantly higher systolic blood pressure compared to 6N animals, and this difference is exacerbated by angiotensin II treatment. The changes in pressure were accompanied by both mitochondrial and vascular dysfunction revealed by impaired respiratory control ratios and endothelial-dependent vessel dilation. All end points could be significantly ameliorated by treatment with the mitochondria-targeted superoxide dismutase mimetic MitoTEMPO demonstrating a critical role for the production of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in the development of HTN in these animals. Taken together, these data indicate that the absence of NNT leads to variation in mitochondrial function and contributes to a unique mitochondrial redox phenotype that influences susceptibility to HTN by contributing to endothelial and vascular dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Leskov
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Amber Neville
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Xinggui Shen
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Sibile Pardue
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Christopher G Kevil
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - D Neil Granger
- Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - David M Krzywanski
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shreveport, LA, USA; Center for Cardiovascular Diseases and Sciences, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center-Shreveport, Shreveport, LA, USA.
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282
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Dyadic social interaction of C57BL/6 mice versus interaction with a toy mouse: conditioned place preference/aversion, substrain differences, and no development of a hierarchy. Behav Pharmacol 2016; 27:279-88. [PMID: 26905190 PMCID: PMC4780246 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Impaired social interaction is a hallmark symptom of many psychiatric diseases, including dependence syndromes (substance use disorders). Helping the addict reorient her/his behavior away from the drug of abuse toward social interaction would be of considerable therapeutic benefit. To study the neural basis of such a reorientation, we have developed several animal models in which the attractiveness of a dyadic (i.e. one-to-one) social interaction (DSI) can be compared directly with that of cocaine as a prototypical drug of abuse. Our models are based on the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm. In an ongoing effort to validate our experimental paradigms in C57BL/6 mice to make use of the plethora of transgenic models available in this genus, we found the following: (a) DSI with a live mouse produced CPP, whereas an interaction with an inanimate mouse-like object (i.e. a 'toy mouse'; toy mouse interaction) led to conditioned place aversion - but only in the Jackson substrain (C57BL/6J). (b) In the NIH substrain (C57BL/6N), both DSI and toy mouse interaction produced individual aversion in more than 50% of the tested mice. (c) Four 15 min DSI episodes did not result in the development of an observable hierarchy, that is, dominance/subordination behavior in the overwhelming majority (i.e. 30 of 32) of the tested Jackson mouse pairs. Therefore, dominance/subordination does not seem to be a confounding variable in our paradigm, at least not in C57BL/6J mice. Respective data for NIH mice were too limited to allow any conclusion. The present findings indicate that (a) DSI with a live mouse produces CPP to a greater degree than an interaction with an inanimate object resembling a mouse and that (b) certain substrain differences with respect to CPP/aversion to DSI do exist between the Jax and NIH substrain of C57BL/6 mice. These differences have to be considered when choosing a proper mouse substrain model for investigating the neural basis of DSI reward versus drug reward.
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283
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Arif E, Solanki AK, Nihalani D. Adriamycin susceptibility among C57BL/6 substrains. Kidney Int 2016; 89:721-3. [PMID: 26880466 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2015.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Arif
- Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Ashish K Solanki
- Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Deepak Nihalani
- Nephrology Division, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.
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284
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Sukoff Rizzo SJ, Silverman JL. Methodological Considerations for Optimizing and Validating Behavioral Assays. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:364-379. [PMID: 27906464 DOI: 10.1002/cpmo.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical animal models are indispensable tools for translational research for which behavioral characterization and phenotyping are essential to testing hypotheses and for evaluating the potential of novel therapeutic agents to treat diseases. The methods employed for comprehensive behavioral phenotyping and pharmacological experiments are complex and should be conducted exclusively by trained technicians with demonstrated proficiency. The ultimate goal is to identify disease-relevant and translational behavioral endpoints that are robust, reliable, and reproducible, and that can be employed to evaluate potential of novel therapeutic agents to treat disease. The intent of the present article is to provide a pragmatic outline for establishing and optimizing behavioral assays and phenotyping batteries, ensuring that the assays and the data are reliable such that they can be reproduced within and across technicians and laboratories and, more importantly, that the data is translatable to the clinic. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey J Sukoff Rizzo
- Mouse Neurobehavioral Phenotyping Facility, Center for Biometric Analysis, The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, Maine
| | - Jill L Silverman
- MIND Institute and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California
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285
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Labots M, Zheng X, Moattari G, Ohl F, van Lith HA. Effects of light regime and substrain on behavioral profiles of male C57BL/6 mice in three tests of unconditioned anxiety. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:306-315. [PMID: 27845603 DOI: 10.1080/01677063.2016.1249868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Substrains of the C57BL/6 inbred mouse are widely used in genetic, behavioral and physiological research, as well as models for human disease. Throughout, the choice of the respective substrain can have a large influence on experimental results. Likewise, the conditions under which experiments are performed, such as the light regime, can significantly affect the outcome of an experiment, especially when aiming at experimental behavior. Here, two commonly used mouse substrains, C57BL/6JOlaHsd and C57BL/6NCrl, were housed under either a conventional or a reverse light regime and were tested in either the light phase or the dark phase, respectively. All animals were exposed to three unconditioned anxiety-related behavior set-ups: the modified Hole Board test, the light-dark box and the elevated plus maze. Significant substrain and light regime effects were found in all three behavioral tests, with some of the latter being substrain and test specific. This signifies the importance of the choice of substrain used in for example, a mouse knockout experiment studying behavior, also in relation to light regime under which the animals are tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike Labots
- a Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,b Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Xiaochu Zheng
- a Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Golnaz Moattari
- a Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Frauke Ohl
- a Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,b Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
| | - Hein A van Lith
- a Department of Animals in Science and Society, Division of Animal Welfare & Laboratory Animal Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine , Utrecht University , Utrecht , the Netherlands.,b Brain Center Rudolf Magnus , University Medical Center Utrecht , Utrecht , the Netherlands
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286
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Abstract
Mice and humans branched from a common ancestor approximately 80 million years ago. Despite this, mice are routinely utilized as animal models of human disease and in drug development because they are inexpensive, easy to handle, and relatively straightforward to genetically manipulate. While this has led to breakthroughs in the understanding of genotype-phenotype relationships and in the identification of therapeutic targets, translation of beneficial responses to therapeutics from mice to humans has not always been successful. In a large part, these differences may be attributed to variations in the alignment of protein expression and signaling in the immune systems between mice and humans. Well-established inbred strains of "The Laboratory Mouse" vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from intentional selection for research relevant traits, and even closely related substrains vary in their immune response patterns as a result of genetic mutations and polymorphisms arising from genetic drift. This article reviews some of the differences between the mouse and human immune system and between inbred mouse strains and shares examples of how these differences can impact the usefulness of mouse models of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rani S Sellers
- 1 Drug Safety Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Pearl River, NY, USA
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287
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Fisher-Wellman KH, Ryan TE, Smith CD, Gilliam LAA, Lin CT, Reese LR, Torres MJ, Neufer PD. A Direct Comparison of Metabolic Responses to High-Fat Diet in C57BL/6J and C57BL/6NJ Mice. Diabetes 2016; 65:3249-3261. [PMID: 27495226 PMCID: PMC5079634 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Although nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT)-deficient C57BL/6J (6J) mice are known to be highly susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disease, this notion stems primarily from comparisons of 6J mice to other inbred strains. To date, very few studies have directly compared metabolic disease susceptibility between NNT-deficient 6J mice and NNT-competent C57BL/6 substrains. In this study, comprehensive profiling of the metabolic response to a high-fat/high-sucrose diet (HFD) were compared across time in 6J and C57BL/6NJ (6N) mice. Given that increased peroxide exposure drives insulin resistance, coupled with the fact that NNT regulates peroxide detoxification, it was hypothesized that 6J mice would experience greater derangements in redox homeostasis/metabolic disease upon HFD exposure. Contrary to this, both lines were found to be highly susceptible to diet-induced metabolic disease, as evidenced by impairments in glucose tolerance as early as 24 h into the HFD. Moreover, various markers of the metabolic syndrome, as well as peroxide stress, were actually blunted, rather than exacerbated, in the 6J mice, likely reflecting compensatory increases in alterative redox-buffering pathways. Together, these data provide evidence that the susceptibility to HFD-induced metabolic disease is similar in the 6J and 6N substrains. Given the numerous genetic variances in the 6J stain, including loss of NNT function, these findings suggest that the 6N substrain is the more logical and representative genetic background model for metabolic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey H Fisher-Wellman
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC
| | - Terence E Ryan
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Cody D Smith
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Laura A A Gilliam
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Chien-Te Lin
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Lauren R Reese
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - Maria J Torres
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
| | - P Darrell Neufer
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC
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288
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Justice MJ, Dhillon P. Using the mouse to model human disease: increasing validity and reproducibility. Dis Model Mech 2016; 9:101-3. [PMID: 26839397 PMCID: PMC4770152 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.024547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Experiments that use the mouse as a model for disease have recently come under scrutiny because of the repeated failure of data, particularly derived from preclinical studies, to be replicated or translated to humans. The usefulness of mouse models has been questioned because of irreproducibility and poor recapitulation of human conditions. Newer studies, however, point to bias in reporting results and improper data analysis as key factors that limit reproducibility and validity of preclinical mouse research. Inaccurate and incomplete descriptions of experimental conditions also contribute. Here, we provide guidance on best practice in mouse experimentation, focusing on appropriate selection and validation of the model, sources of variation and their influence on phenotypic outcomes, minimum requirements for control sets, and the importance of rigorous statistics. Our goal is to raise the standards in mouse disease modeling to enhance reproducibility, reliability and clinical translation of findings. Summary: Raising standards for carrying out and reporting mouse model studies will improve reproducibility and relevance to human disease research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica J Justice
- Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, SickKids Research Institute, 686 Bay St, 14.9716, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 0A4
| | - Paraminder Dhillon
- Disease Models & Mechanisms, The Company of Biologists, Bidder Building, Station Road, Histon, Cambridge CB24 9LF, UK
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289
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Nlrp12 mutation causes C57BL/6J strain-specific defect in neutrophil recruitment. Nat Commun 2016; 7:13180. [PMID: 27779193 PMCID: PMC5093323 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The inbred mouse strain C57BL/6J is widely used in models of immunological and infectious diseases. Here we show that C57BL/6J mice have a defect in neutrophil recruitment to a range of inflammatory stimuli compared with the related C57BL/6N substrain. This immune perturbation is associated with a missense mutation in Nlrp12 in C57BL/6J mice. Both C57BL/6J and NLRP12-deficient mice have increased susceptibility to bacterial infection that correlates with defective neutrophil migration. C57BL/6J and NLRP12-deficient macrophages have impaired CXCL1 production and the neutrophil defect observed in C57BL/6J and NLRP12-deficient mice is rescued by restoration of macrophage NLRP12. These results demonstrate that C57BL/6J mice have a functional defect in NLRP12 and that macrophages require NLRP12 expression for effective recruitment of neutrophils to inflammatory sites.
The role of NLRP12 in immunity to bacterial infection is controversial as varied and contrasting results have been published using C57BL/6 mice. Here the authors shed light on this issue, showing that unlike C57BL/6N mice, C57BL/6J mice have a missense point mutation in NLRP12 that is associated with defective neutrophil recruitment.
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290
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Duan L, Davis JS, Woolbright BL, Du K, Cahkraborty M, Weemhoff J, Jaeschke H, Bourdi M. Differential susceptibility to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in sub-strains of C57BL/6 mice: 6N versus 6J. Food Chem Toxicol 2016; 98:107-118. [PMID: 27773698 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mouse models of acetaminophen (APAP) hepatotoxicity are considered relevant for the human pathophysiology. The C57BL/6 strain is most popular because it is the background strain of gene knock-out mice. However, conflicting results in the literature may have been caused by sub-strain mismatches, e.g. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N. This study was initiated to determine the mechanism behind the sub-strain susceptibility to APAP toxicity. C57BL/6N and C57BL/6J mice were dosed with 200 mg/kg APAP and sacrificed at different time points. C57BL/6N mice developed significantly more liver injury as measured by plasma ALT activities and histology. Although there was no difference in glutathione depletion or cytochrome P450 activity between groups, C57BL/6N had a higher glutathione disulfide-to-glutathione ratio and more APAP protein adducts. C57BL/6N showed more mitochondrial translocation of phospho-JNK and BAX, and more release of mitochondrial intermembrane proteins apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF), second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases (SMAC), which caused more DNA fragmentation. The increased mitochondrial dysfunction was confirmed in vitro as C57BL/6N hepatocytes had a more precipitous drop in JC-1 fluorescence after APAP exposure. CONCLUSION C57BL/6N mice are more susceptible to APAP-induced hepatotoxicity, likely due to increased formation of APAP-protein adducts and a subsequent enhancement of mitochondrial dysfunction associated with aggravated nuclear DNA fragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luqi Duan
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - John S Davis
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
| | | | - Kuo Du
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Mala Cahkraborty
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
| | - James Weemhoff
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Hartmut Jaeschke
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Therapeutics, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
| | - Mohammed Bourdi
- Molecular and Cellular Toxicology Section, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20850, USA.
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291
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Kõks S, Dogan S, Tuna BG, González-Navarro H, Potter P, Vandenbroucke RE. Mouse models of ageing and their relevance to disease. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 160:41-53. [PMID: 27717883 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ageing is a process that gradually increases the organism's vulnerability to death. It affects different biological pathways, and the underlying cellular mechanisms are complex. In view of the growing disease burden of ageing populations, increasing efforts are being invested in understanding the pathways and mechanisms of ageing. We review some mouse models commonly used in studies on ageing, highlight the advantages and disadvantages of the different strategies, and discuss their relevance to disease susceptibility. In addition to addressing the genetics and phenotypic analysis of mice, we discuss examples of models of delayed or accelerated ageing and their modulation by caloric restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulev Kõks
- University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia and Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Soner Dogan
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Biology, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Bilge Guvenc Tuna
- Yeditepe University, School of Medicine, Department of Biophysics, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Herminia González-Navarro
- Institute of Health Research-INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain and CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas (CIBERDEM), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paul Potter
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK.
| | - Roosmarijn E Vandenbroucke
- Inflammation Research Center, VIB, Ghent, Belgium, Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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292
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Stough JMA, Dearth SP, Denny JE, LeCleir GR, Schmidt NW, Campagna SR, Wilhelm SW. Functional Characteristics of the Gut Microbiome in C57BL/6 Mice Differentially Susceptible to Plasmodium yoelii. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:1520. [PMID: 27729904 PMCID: PMC5037233 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.01520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
C57BL/6 mice are widely used for in vivo studies of immune function and metabolism in mammals. In a previous study, it was observed that when C57BL/6 mice purchased from different vendors were infected with Plasmodium yoelii, a causative agent of murine malaria, they exhibited both differential immune responses and significantly different parasite burdens: these patterns were reproducible when gut contents were transplanted into gnotobiotic mice. To gain insight into the mechanism of resistance, we removed whole ceca from mice purchased from two vendors, Taconic Biosciences (low parasitemia) and Charles River Laboratories (high parasitemia), to determine the combined host and microflora metabolome and metatranscriptome. With the exception of two Charles River samples, we observed ≥90% similarity in overall bacterial gene expression within vendors and ≤80% similarity between vendors. In total 33 bacterial genes were differentially expressed in Charles River mice (p-value < 0.05) relative to the mice purchased from Taconic. Included among these, fliC, ureABC, and six members of the nuo gene family were overrepresented in microbiomes susceptible to more severe malaria. Moreover, 38 mouse genes were differentially expressed in these purported genetically identical mice. Differentially expressed genes included basigin, a cell surface receptor required for P. falciparum invasion of red blood cells. Differences in metabolite pools were detected, though their relevance to malaria infection, microbial community activity, or host response is not yet understood. Our data have provided new targets that may connect gut microbial activity to malaria resistance and susceptibility phenotypes in the C57BL/6 model organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M A Stough
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Stephen P Dearth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Joshua E Denny
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Gary R LeCleir
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Nathan W Schmidt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Louisville, KY, USA
| | - Shawn R Campagna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
| | - Steven W Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, University of Tennessee Knoxville, TN, USA
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293
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Dickinson ME, Flenniken AM, Ji X, Teboul L, Wong MD, White JK, Meehan TF, Weninger WJ, Westerberg H, Adissu H, Baker CN, Bower L, Brown JM, Caddle LB, Chiani F, Clary D, Cleak J, Daly MJ, Denegre JM, Doe B, Dolan ME, Edie SM, Fuchs H, Gailus-Durner V, Galli A, Gambadoro A, Gallegos J, Guo S, Horner NR, Hsu CW, Johnson SJ, Kalaga S, Keith LC, Lanoue L, Lawson TN, Lek M, Mark M, Marschall S, Mason J, McElwee ML, Newbigging S, Nutter LM, Peterson KA, Ramirez-Solis R, Rowland DJ, Ryder E, Samocha KE, Seavitt JR, Selloum M, Szoke-Kovacs Z, Tamura M, Trainor AG, Tudose I, Wakana S, Warren J, Wendling O, West DB, Wong L, Yoshiki A, MacArthur DG, Tocchini-Valentini GP, Gao X, Flicek P, Bradley A, Skarnes WC, Justice MJ, Parkinson HE, Moore M, Wells S, Braun RE, Svenson KL, de Angelis MH, Herault Y, Mohun T, Mallon AM, Henkelman RM, Brown SD, Adams DJ, Lloyd KK, McKerlie C, Beaudet AL, Bucan M, Murray SA. High-throughput discovery of novel developmental phenotypes. Nature 2016; 537:508-514. [PMID: 27626380 PMCID: PMC5295821 DOI: 10.1038/nature19356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 799] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Approximately one-third of all mammalian genes are essential for life. Phenotypes resulting from knockouts of these genes in mice have provided tremendous insight into gene function and congenital disorders. As part of the International Mouse Phenotyping Consortium effort to generate and phenotypically characterize 5,000 knockout mouse lines, here we identify 410 lethal genes during the production of the first 1,751 unique gene knockouts. Using a standardized phenotyping platform that incorporates high-resolution 3D imaging, we identify phenotypes at multiple time points for previously uncharacterized genes and additional phenotypes for genes with previously reported mutant phenotypes. Unexpectedly, our analysis reveals that incomplete penetrance and variable expressivity are common even on a defined genetic background. In addition, we show that human disease genes are enriched for essential genes, thus providing a dataset that facilitates the prioritization and validation of mutations identified in clinical sequencing efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E. Dickinson
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ann M. Flenniken
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiao Ji
- Genomics and Computational Biology Program, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104
| | - Lydia Teboul
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Michael D. Wong
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jacqueline K. White
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Terrence F. Meehan
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Wolfgang J. Weninger
- Centre for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Henrik Westerberg
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Hibret Adissu
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Lynette Bower
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis
| | - James M. Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | - Francesco Chiani
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Itally
| | - Dave Clary
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis
| | - James Cleak
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Mark J. Daly
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Brendan Doe
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - Helmut Fuchs
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Valerie Gailus-Durner
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Antonella Galli
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alessia Gambadoro
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Itally
| | - Juan Gallegos
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Shiying Guo
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, China
| | - Neil R. Horner
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Chih-wei Hsu
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Sara J. Johnson
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Sowmya Kalaga
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Lance C. Keith
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Louise Lanoue
- Mouse Biology Program, University of California, Davis
| | - Thomas N. Lawson
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - Monkol Lek
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Manuel Mark
- Infrastructure Nationale PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), et Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Susan Marschall
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Jeremy Mason
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Susan Newbigging
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lauryl M.J. Nutter
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Ramiro Ramirez-Solis
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Edward Ryder
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kaitlin E. Samocha
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - John R. Seavitt
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Mohammed Selloum
- Infrastructure Nationale PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), et Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Zsombor Szoke-Kovacs
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Ilinca Tudose
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Jonathan Warren
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Olivia Wendling
- Infrastructure Nationale PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), et Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - David B. West
- Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA 94609
| | - Leeyean Wong
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel G. MacArthur
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston MA, USA
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Glauco P. Tocchini-Valentini
- Monterotondo Mouse Clinic, Italian National Research Council (CNR), Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Monterotondo Scalo, Itally
| | - Xiang Gao
- SKL of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology and Model Animal Research Center, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, Nanjing Biomedical Research Institute, Nanjing University, China
| | - Paul Flicek
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Allan Bradley
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - William C. Skarnes
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Monica J. Justice
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Helen E. Parkinson
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory- European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Sara Wells
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | | | | | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics and German Mouse Clinic, Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Yann Herault
- Infrastructure Nationale PHENOMIN, Institut Clinique de la Souris (ICS), et Institut de Génétique Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) CNRS, INSERM, University of Strasbourg, Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Tim Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute Mill Hill Laboratory, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, UK
| | - Ann-Marie Mallon
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - R. Mark Henkelman
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Mouse Imaging Centre, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Steve D.M. Brown
- Medical Research Council Harwell (Mammalian Genetics Unit and Mary Lyon Centre), Harwell, Oxfordshire, UK
| | - David J. Adams
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Wellcome Trust Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Colin McKerlie
- The Centre for Phenogenomics, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Arthur L. Beaudet
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX USA
| | - Maja Bucan
- Departments of Genetics and Psychiatry, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia PA 19104
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294
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Robinson SM, Mann DA, Manas DM, Oakley F, Mann J, White SA. Response to 'Comment on 'The potential contribution of tumour-related factors to the development of FOLFOX-induced sinusoidal obstruction syndrome'’. Br J Cancer 2016; 115:e8. [PMID: 27632370 PMCID: PMC5061903 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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295
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Brain damage resulting from postnatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is reduced in C57BL/6J mice as compared to C57BL/6N mice. Brain Res 2016; 1650:224-231. [PMID: 27620649 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxia is a critical complication during delivery and is mostly studied in animal models of postnatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. We here studied the effects of postnatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in two different sub-strains of C57BL/6 mice, i.e. C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice. These two sub-strains show different metabolic properties, for instance an impaired glucose tolerance in C57BL/6J mice. Genetically, this was linked to differences in their nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (Nnt) genes: In C57BL/6J mice, exons 7-11 of the Nnt gene are deleted, resulting in the absence of functional Nnt protein. The mitochondrial Nnt-protein is one of several enzymes that catalyses the generation of NADPH, which in turn is important for the elimination of reactive oxygen species (ROS). As ROS is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of hypoxia-ischemia, the lack of Nnt might indirectly increase ROS levels and therefore result in increased brain damage. We therefore hypothesize that lesion score and lesion size will increase in C57BL/6J mice as compared to C57BL/6N mice. Surprisingly, the results showed exactly the opposite: C57BL/6J mice showed a decrease in lesion score and size, associated with a reduced number of apoptotic cells and activated microglia. In contrast, the number of cells with ROS-induced DNA modifications (detected by 8OHdG) was higher in C57BL/6J than C57BL/6N mice. In conclusion, C57BL/6J mice showed reduced ischemic consequences after postnatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury compared to C57BL/6N mice, with the exception of the amount of ROS-induced DNA-damage. These differences might relate to the lack of Nnt, but also to a modified metabolic setting (cardiovascular parameters, oxygen and glucose metabolism, immune function) in C57BL/6J mice.
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296
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Dupuis LE, Doucette L, Rice AK, Lancaster AE, Berger MG, Chakravarti S, Kern CB. Development of myotendinous-like junctions that anchor cardiac valves requires fibromodulin and lumican. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:1029-42. [PMID: 27503167 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many patients that exhibit connective tissue related cardiac malformations but do not have mutations in collagen genes. The Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRP) fibromodulin (FMOD) and lumican (LUM) bind collagen and regulate fibril assembly in other biological contexts. RESULTS FMOD deficient mice and double deficient FMOD; LUM mice exhibited anomalies in regions where cardiac valve tissue interdigitates with adjacent muscle for support. Ectopic connective and/or myocardial tissue(s) was associated with the more severe cardiac valve anomalies in FMOD; LUM deficient mice. At postnatal day 0 (P0) there was an increase in the mesenchymal cell number in the regions where valve cusps anchor in FMOD; LUM deficient mice compared to WT. The cardiac valve anomalies correlated with the highest levels of FMOD expression in the heart and also where myotendinous junctions (MTJ) components biglycan, collagen type I alpha 1, and collagen type VI, are also localized. CONCLUSIONS The postnatal assembly of the collagen-rich ECM in regions where cardiac valves anchor, that we have designated 'myotendinous-like junctions' (MTLJ) requires the SLRPs FMOD and LUM. Moreover, FMOD and LUM may facilitate mesenchymal cell differentiation in late stages of cardiac valve development. Developmental Dynamics 245:1029-1042, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren E Dupuis
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Lorna Doucette
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - A Kittrell Rice
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Ashton E Lancaster
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Matthew G Berger
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina
| | - Shukti Chakravarti
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Christine B Kern
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Cell Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina.
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297
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Attané C, Peyot ML, Lussier R, Zhang D, Joly E, Madiraju SRM, Prentki M. Differential Insulin Secretion of High-Fat Diet-Fed C57BL/6NN and C57BL/6NJ Mice: Implications of Mixed Genetic Background in Metabolic Studies. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159165. [PMID: 27403868 PMCID: PMC4942110 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Many metabolic studies employ tissue-specific gene knockout mice, which requires breeding of floxed gene mice, available mostly on C57BL/6N (NN) genetic background, with cre or Flp recombinase-expressing mice, available on C57BL/6J (JJ) background, resulting in the generation of mixed C57BL/6NJ (NJ) genetic background mice. Recent awareness of many genetic differences between NN and JJ strains including the deletion of nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (nnt), necessitates examination of the consequence of mixed NJ background on glucose tolerance, beta cell function and other metabolic parameters. Male mice with NN and NJ genetic background were fed with normal or high fat diets (HFD) for 12 weeks and glucose and insulin homeostasis were studied. Genotype had no effect on body weight and food intake in mice fed normal or high fat diets. Insulinemia in the fed and fasted states and after a glucose challenge was lower in HFD-fed NJ mice, even though their glycemia and insulin sensitivity were similar to NN mice. NJ mice showed mild glucose intolerance. Moreover, glucose- but not KCl-stimulated insulin secretion in isolated islets was decreased in HFD-fed NJ vs NN mice without changes in insulin content and beta cell mass. Under normal diet, besides reduced fed insulinemia, NN and NJ mice presented similar metabolic parameters. However, HFD-fed NJ mice displayed lower fed and fasted insulinemia and glucose-induced insulin secretion in vivo and ex vivo, as compared to NN mice. These results strongly caution against using unmatched mixed genetic background C57BL/6 mice for comparisons, particularly under HFD conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Attané
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie-Line Peyot
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Roxane Lussier
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Dongwei Zhang
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Erik Joly
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - S. R. Murthy Madiraju
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marc Prentki
- Departments of Nutrition and Biochemistry, Montreal Diabetes Research Center, CRCHUM and Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- * E-mail:
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298
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Mitochondrial regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production—Unexpected observations in early postnatal cerebral vasculature. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 74:1-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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299
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Li B, Sankaran JS, Judex S. Trabecular and Cortical Bone of Growing C3H Mice Is Highly Responsive to the Removal of Weightbearing. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156222. [PMID: 27223115 PMCID: PMC4880346 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic make-up strongly influences the skeleton’s susceptibility to the loss of weight bearing with some inbred mouse strains experiencing great amounts of bone loss while others lose bone at much smaller rates. At young adulthood, female inbred C3H/HeJ (C3H) mice are largely resistant to catabolic pressure induced by unloading. Here, we tested whether the depressed responsivity to unloading is inherent to the C3H genetic make-up or whether a younger age facilitates a robust skeletal response to unloading. Nine-week-old, skeletally immature, female C3H mice were subjected to 3wk of hindlimb unloading (HLU, n = 12) or served as normal baseline controls (BC, n = 10) or age-matched controls (AC, n = 12). In all mice, cortical and trabecular architecture of the femur, as well as levels of bone formation and resorption, were assessed with μCT, histomorphometry, and histology. Changes in bone marrow progenitor cell populations were determined with flow cytometry. Following 21d of unloading, HLU mice had 52% less trabecular bone in the distal femur than normal age-matched controls. Reflecting a loss of trabecular tissue compared to baseline controls, trabecular bone formation rates (BFR/BS) in HLU mice were 40% lower than in age-matched controls. Surfaces undergoing osteoclastic resorption were not significantly different between groups. In the mid-diaphysis, HLU inhibited cortical bone growth leading to 14% less bone area compared to age-matched controls. Compared to AC, BFR/BS of HLU mice were 53% lower at the endo-cortical surface and 49% lower at the periosteal surface of the mid-diaphysis. The enriched osteoprogenitor cell population (OPC) comprised 2% of the bone marrow stem cells in HLU mice, significantly different from 3% OPC in the AC group. These data show that bone tissue in actively growing C3H mice is lost rapidly, or fails to grow, during the removal of functional weight bearing—in contrast to the insignificant response previously demonstrated in female young adult C3H mice. Thus, the attributed low sensitivity of the C3H mouse strain to the loss of mechanical signals is not apparent at a young age and this trait therefore does not reflect a genetic regulation throughout the life span of this strain. These results highlight the significance of age in modulating the contribution of genetics in orchestrating bone’s response to unloading and that the skeletal unresponsiveness of young adult C3H mice to the loss of weight bearing is not genetically hard-wired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, 300211, China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Jeyantt Srinivas Sankaran
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
| | - Stefan Judex
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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300
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Dando SJ, Naranjo Golborne C, Chinnery HR, Ruitenberg MJ, McMenamin PG. A case of mistaken identity: CD11c-eYFP(+) cells in the normal mouse brain parenchyma and neural retina display the phenotype of microglia, not dendritic cells. Glia 2016; 64:1331-49. [PMID: 27189804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Under steady-state conditions the central nervous system (CNS) is traditionally thought to be devoid of antigen presenting cells; however, putative dendritic cells (DCs) expressing enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (eYFP) are present in the retina and brain parenchyma of CD11c-eYFP mice. We previously showed that these mice carry the Crb1(rd8) mutation, which causes retinal dystrophic lesions; therefore we hypothesized that the presence of CD11c-eYFP(+) cells within the CNS may be due to pathology associated with the Crb1(rd8) mutation. We generated CD11c-eYFP Crb1(wt/wt) mice and compared the distribution and immunophenotype of CD11c-eYFP(+) cells in CD11c-eYFP mice with and without the Crb1(rd8) mutation. The number and distribution of CD11c-eYFP(+) cells in the CNS was similar between CD11c-eYFP Crb1(wt/wt) and CD11c-eYFP Crb1(rd8/rd8) mice. CD11c-eYFP(+) cells were distributed throughout the inner retina, and clustered in brain regions that receive input from the external environment or lack a blood-brain barrier. CD11c-eYFP(+) cells within the retina and cerebral cortex of CD11c-eYFP Crb1(wt/wt) mice expressed CD11b, F4/80, CD115 and Iba-1, but not DC or antigen presentation markers, whereas CD11c-eYFP(+) cells within the choroid plexus and pia mater expressed CD11c, I-A/I-E, CD80, CD86, CD103, DEC205, CD8α and CD135. The immunophenotype of CD11c-eYFP(+) cells and microglia within the CNS was similar between CD11c-eYFP Crb1(wt/wt) and CD11c-eYFP Crb1(rd8/rd8) mice; however, CD11c and I-A/I-E expression was significantly increased in CD11c-eYFP Crb1(rd8/rd8) mice. This study demonstrates that the overwhelming majority of CNS CD11c-eYFP(+) cells do not display the phenotype of DCs or their precursors and are most likely a subpopulation of microglia. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1331-1349.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Dando
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cecilia Naranjo Golborne
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Holly R Chinnery
- Department of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marc J Ruitenberg
- School of Biomedical Sciences, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Queensland Brain Institute, the University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Paul G McMenamin
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology and Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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