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Zhang SF, Zhou Y, Zhang KJ, Luan JJ, Qi SM. [Neuroprotective effect of Nogo-66 receptor silencing in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:1035-1043. [PMID: 27751227 PMCID: PMC7389554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the effect of Nogo-66 receptor (NgR) silencing with specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) on brain injury repair in preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection and related mechanism of action. METHODS The pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats (with a gestational age of 15 days) were selected, and premature delivery was induced by RU486 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The preterm rats delivered by those treated with RU486 were selected as the control group. The preterm rats with brain injury caused by intrauterine infection induced by LPS were divided into model, empty vector, and NgR-siRNA groups, with 36 rats in each group. The rats in the control and model groups were given routine feeding only, and those in the empty vector and NgR-siRNA groups were given an injection of lentiviral empty vector or NgR-siRNA lentivirus via the lateral ventricle on postnatal day 1 (P1) and then fed routinely. On P3, P7, and P14, 8 rats in each group were randomly selected and sacrificed to harvest the brain tissue. RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA expression of NgR. Western blot was used to to measure the protein expression of active RhoA. The immunofluorescence histochemistry was used to determine the degree of activation of microglial cells and the morphology of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to observe the pathological changes in brain tissue. The behavioral score was evaluated on P30. RESULTS On P3, the NgR-siRNA group had significantly lower mRNA expression of NgR and protein expression of active RhoA in brain tissue than the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). In each group, the mRNA expression of NgR was positively correlated with the protein expression of active RhoA (P<0.05). The results of immunofluorescence histochemistry showed that on P3, the NgR-siRNA group had a significantly reduced fluorescence intensity of the microglial cells labeled with CD11b compared with the model and empty vector groups (P<0.05). The OPCs labeled with O4 antibody in the four groups were mainly presented with tripolar cell morphology. The results of pathological examination showed a normal structure of white matter with clear staining in the periventriclar area in the control group, a loose structure of white matter with disorganized fibers and softening lesions in the model and empty vector groups, and a loose structure of white matter with slightly disorganized fibers, slight gliocyte proliferation, and no significant necrotic lesions in the NgR-siRNA group. As for the behavioral score, compared with the model and empty vector groups, the NgR-siRNA group had a higher score in the suspension test, a longer total activity distance, and greater mean velocity and number of squares crossed, as well as a shorter time of slope test and a shorter time and distance of activity in the central area (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences in these parameters between the NgR-siRNA and control groups (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS NgR silencing with specific siRNA can effectively silence the expression of NgR in pertem rats with brain injury caused by interauterine infection and has a significant neuroprotective effect in brain injury repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Fa Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241001, China.
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Zhu Y, Xing B, Dang W, Ji Y, Yan P, Li Y, Qiao X, Lai J. AUTS2 in the nucleus accumbens is essential for heroin-induced behavioral sensitization. Neuroscience 2016; 333:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 06/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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253
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Mooney MA, McWeeney SK, Faraone SV, Hinney A, Hebebrand J, Nigg JT, Wilmot B. Pathway analysis in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: An ensemble approach. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171:815-26. [PMID: 27004716 PMCID: PMC4983253 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite a wealth of evidence for the role of genetics in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), specific and definitive genetic mechanisms have not been identified. Pathway analyses, a subset of gene-set analyses, extend the knowledge gained from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) by providing functional context for genetic associations. However, there are numerous methods for association testing of gene sets and no real consensus regarding the best approach. The present study applied six pathway analysis methods to identify pathways associated with ADHD in two GWAS datasets from the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium. Methods that utilize genotypes to model pathway-level effects identified more replicable pathway associations than methods using summary statistics. In addition, pathways implicated by more than one method were significantly more likely to replicate. A number of brain-relevant pathways, such as RhoA signaling, glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis, fibroblast growth factor receptor activity, and pathways containing potassium channel genes, were nominally significant by multiple methods in both datasets. These results support previous hypotheses about the role of regulation of neurotransmitter release, neurite outgrowth and axon guidance in contributing to the ADHD phenotype and suggest the value of cross-method convergence in evaluating pathway analysis results. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Mooney
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Shannon K. McWeeney
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Portland, Oregon
| | - Stephen V. Faraone
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience & Physiology, State University of New York, Syracuse, New York,K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Anke Hinney
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | | | - Joel T. Nigg
- Division of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Beth Wilmot
- Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon,OHSU Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, Oregon,Oregon Clinical and Translational Research Institute, Portland, Oregon,Correspondence to: Beth Wilmot, Ph.D., Division of Bioinformatics & Computational Biology, Department of Medical Informatics & Clinical Epidemiology, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd., Mail code: CR145, Portland, OR 97239.
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Gan P, Ding ZY, Gan C, Mao RR, Zhou H, Xu L, Zhou QX. Corticosterone regulates fear memory via Rac1 activity in the hippocampus. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2016; 71:86-93. [PMID: 27249795 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Stressful events can generate enduring memories, which may induce certain psychiatric disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms in these processes remain unclear. In this study, we examined whether the active form of the small G protein Rac1, Rac1-GTP, is involved in fear memory. Firstly, we detected the time course changes of Rac1-GTP after foot shocks (a strong stressor) and exogenous corticosterone (CORT) treatment. The data showed that stress and CORT induced the downregulation of Rac1-GTP in the hippocampus. Changes in the serum CORT level were negatively correlated with the level of Rac1-GTP. Additionally, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU38486, not only recovered the expression of Rac1-GTP but also impaired fear memory. Furthermore, systemic administration of NSC23766, an inhibitor of Rac1-GTP, improved fear memory at 1.5 and 24h. Therefore, Rac1 activity plays a critical role in stress-related cognition and may be a potential target in stress-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Gan
- College of Life Sciences, Yunnan University, China; College of Basic Medicine, Kunming Medical University, China; Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ze-Yang Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Cheng Gan
- Endocrinology Department, Second Affiliated Hospital, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Rong-Rong Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science, 320 Yue Yang Road, Shanghai, 200031, China
| | - Qi-Xin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, and KIZ/CUHK Joint Laboratory of Bioresources and Molecular Research in Common Disease, and Laboratory of Learning and Memory, Kunming Institute of Zoology, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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255
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Xiang X, Li S, Zhuang X, Shi L. Arhgef1 negatively regulates neurite outgrowth through activation of RhoA signaling pathways. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:2940-55. [PMID: 27489999 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neurite outgrowth is essential for the establishment of functional neuronal connections during brain development. This study identifies that Arhgef1 is predominantly expressed in early neuronal developmental stages and negatively regulates neurite outgrowth. Knockdown of Arhgef1 in either Neuro-2a cells or primary cortical neurons leads to excess growth of neurites, whereas overexpression of Arhgef1 prominently restricts neurite formation. Arhgef1 strongly activates RhoA activity while concomitantly inhibits Rac1 and Cdc42 activities. Pharmacological blockade of RhoA activity restores normal neurite outgrowth in Arhgef1-overexpressed neurons. Importantly, Arhgef1 promotes F-actin polymerization in neurons, probably through inhibiting the activity of the actin-depolymerizing factor cofilin. Collectively, these findings reveal that Arhgef1 functions as a negative regulator of neurite outgrowth through regulating RhoA-cofilin pathway and actin dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Xiang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shengnan Li
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaoji Zhuang
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lei Shi
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
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256
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Wei YB, Melas PA, Villaescusa JC, Liu JJ, Xu N, Christiansen SH, Elbrønd-Bek H, Woldbye DPD, Wegener G, Mathé AA, Lavebratt C. MicroRNA 101b Is Downregulated in the Prefrontal Cortex of a Genetic Model of Depression and Targets the Glutamate Transporter SLC1A1 (EAAT3) in Vitro. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2016; 19:pyw069. [PMID: 27507301 PMCID: PMC5203758 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory molecules that cause translational repression by base pairing with target mRNAs. Cumulative evidence suggests that changes in miRNA expression may in part underlie the pathophysiology and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS A miRNA expression assay that can simultaneously detect 423 rat miRNAs (miRBase v.17) was used to profile the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of a genetic rat model of MDD (the Flinders Sensitive Line [FSL]) and the controls, the Flinders Resistant Line (FRL). Gene expression data from the PFC of FSL/FRL animals (GEO accession no. GSE20388) were used to guide mRNA target selection. Luciferase reporter assays were used to verify miRNA targets in vitro. RESULTS We identified 23 miRNAs that were downregulated in the PFC of the FSL model compared with controls. Interestingly, one of the identified miRNAs (miR-101b) is highly conserved between rat and human and was recently found to be downregulated in the PFC of depressed suicide subjects. Using a combination of in silico and in vitro analyses, we found that miR-101b targets the neuronal glutamate transporter SLC1A1 (also known as EAAC1 or EAAT3). Accordingly, both mRNA and protein levels of SLC1A1 were found to be upregulated in the PFC of the FSL model. CONCLUSIONS Besides providing a list of novel miRNAs associated with depression-like states, this preclinical study replicated the human association of miR-101 with depression. In addition, since one of the targets of miR-101b appears to be a glutamate transporter, our preclinical data support the hypothesis of a glutamatergic dysregulation being implicated in the etiology of depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Bin Wei
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener).
| | - Philippe A Melas
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - J Carlos Villaescusa
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Jia Jia Liu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Ning Xu
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Søren Hofman Christiansen
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Heidi Elbrønd-Bek
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - David Paul Drucker Woldbye
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Aleksander A Mathé
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
| | - Catharina Lavebratt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Neurogenetics Unit (Drs Wei, Melas, Liu, and Lavebratt), Center for Molecular Medicine (Drs Wei, Melas, Villaescusa, Liu, Xu, and Lavebratt), Department of Clinical Neuroscience (Drs Melas and Mathé), Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Biophysics, Neurogenetics Unit (Dr Villaescusa), and Department of Medicine (Dr Xu), Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Laboratory for Neural Plasticity, University of Copenhagen, Denmark (Drs Christiansen, Elbrønd-Bek, and Woldbye); Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark (Dr Wegener); Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa (Dr Wegener)
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Chazeau A, Giannone G. Organization and dynamics of the actin cytoskeleton during dendritic spine morphological remodeling. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3053-73. [PMID: 27105623 PMCID: PMC11108290 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2214-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, most excitatory post-synapses are small subcellular structures called dendritic spines. Their structure and morphological remodeling are tightly coupled to changes in synaptic transmission. The F-actin cytoskeleton is the main driving force of dendritic spine remodeling and sustains synaptic plasticity. It is therefore essential to understand how changes in synaptic transmission can regulate the organization and dynamics of actin binding proteins (ABPs). In this review, we will provide a detailed description of the organization and dynamics of F-actin and ABPs in dendritic spines and will discuss the current models explaining how the actin cytoskeleton sustains both structural and functional synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaël Chazeau
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France
- Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Grégory Giannone
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, University of Bordeaux, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
- Interdisciplinary Institute for Neuroscience, CNRS, UMR 5297, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
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258
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Yang J, Wu C, Stefanescu I, Jakobsson L, Chervoneva I, Horowitz A. RhoA inhibits neural differentiation in murine stem cells through multiple mechanisms. Sci Signal 2016; 9:ra76. [PMID: 27460990 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaf0791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous neural differentiation of embryonic stem cells is induced by Noggin-mediated inhibition of bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) signaling. RhoA is a guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) that regulates cytoskeletal dynamics and gene expression, both of which control stem cell fate. We found that disruption of Syx, a gene encoding a RhoA-specific guanine nucleotide exchange factor, accelerated retinoic acid-induced neural differentiation in murine embryonic stem cells aggregated into embryoid bodies. Cells from Syx(+/+) and Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies had different abundances of proteins implicated in stem cell pluripotency. The differentiation-promoting proteins Noggin and RARγ (a retinoic acid receptor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, whereas the differentiation-suppressing proteins SIRT1 (a protein deacetylase) and the phosphorylated form of SMAD1 (the active form of this transcription factor) were more abundant in cells of Syx(+/+) embryoid bodies. These differences were blocked by the overexpression of constitutively active RhoA, indicating that the abundance of these proteins was maintained, at least in part, by RhoA activity. The peripheral stress fibers in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies were thinner than those in Syx(+/+) cells. Furthermore, less Noggin and fewer vesicles containing Rab3d, a GTPase that mediates Noggin trafficking, were detected in cells from Syx(-/-) embryoid bodies, which could result from increased Noggin exocytosis. These results suggested that, in addition to inhibiting Noggin transcription, RhoA activity in wild-type murine embryonic stem cells also prevented neural differentiation by limiting Noggin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junning Yang
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Chuanshen Wu
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Ioana Stefanescu
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Lars Jakobsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 17177, Sweden
| | - Inna Chervoneva
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Arie Horowitz
- Cardeza Foundation for Hematologic Research, Department of Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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259
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Shaw PX, Sang A, Wang Y, Ho D, Douglas C, Dia L, Goldberg JL. Topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes retinal ganglion cell survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve injury. Exp Eye Res 2016; 158:33-42. [PMID: 27443501 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2016.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering ophthalmic solutions that inhibit Rho-associated protein kinases (Rock) and norepinephrine transporters (Net) are currently under clinical evaluation. Here we evaluate topical application of one such drug for its effects on retinal ganglion cell (RGC) survival and axon regeneration after optic nerve crush injury. We performed unilateral optic nerve crush on young rats (P18) and topically applied Rock/Net inhibitor AR-13324 or placebo 3 times a day for 14 days. IOP was measured starting 3 days before and up to 9 days after injury. On day 12, cholera toxin B (CTB) was injected intravitreally to trace optic nerve regeneration. On day 14, retinas and optic nerves were collected. The retinas were flat-mounted and stained with RBPMS to quantify RGC survival and the optic nerves were sectioned for optic nerve axon quantification using fluorescent and confocal microscopy. Rock phosphorylation targets implicated in axon growth including cofilin and LIMK were examined by fluorescence microscopy and quantitative western blotting. AR-13324 lowered IOP as expected. RGC survival and optic nerve axon regeneration were significantly higher with Rock/Net inhibitor treatment compared with placebo. Furthermore, topical therapy decreased Rock target protein phosphorylation in the retinas and proximal optic nerves. These data suggest that topical administration of a Rock/Net inhibitor promotes RGC survival and regeneration after optic nerve injury, with associated molecular changes indicative of posterior drug activity. Coordinated IOP lowering and neuroprotective or regenerative effects may be advantageous in the treatment of patients with glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter X Shaw
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Alan Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Daisy Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Douglas
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Lara Dia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey L Goldberg
- Department of Ophthalmology and Shiley Eye Institute, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States; Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94303, United States.
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260
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Kobayashi K, Sano H, Kato S, Kuroda K, Nakamuta S, Isa T, Nambu A, Kaibuchi K, Kobayashi K. Survival of corticostriatal neurons by Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway. Neurosci Lett 2016; 630:45-52. [PMID: 27424794 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Developing cortical neurons undergo a number of sequential developmental events including neuronal survival/apoptosis, and the molecular mechanism underlying each characteristic process has been studied in detail. However, the survival pathway of cortical neurons at mature stages remains largely uninvestigated. We herein focused on mature corticostriatal neurons because of their important roles in various higher brain functions and the spectrum of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders. The small GTPase Rho is known to control diverse and essential cellular functions through some effector molecules, including Rho-kinase, during neural development. In the present study, we investigated the role of Rho signaling through Rho-kinase in the survival of corticostriatal neurons. We performed the conditional expression of Clostridium botulinum C3 ADP-ribosyltransferase (C3 transferase) or dominant-negative form for Rho-kinase (Rho-K DN), a well-known inhibitor of Rho or Rho-kinase, respectively, in corticostriatal neurons using a dual viral vector approach combining a neuron-specific retrograde gene transfer lentiviral vector and an adeno-associated virus vector. C3 transferase markedly decreased the number of corticostriatal neurons, which was attributed to caspase-3-dependent enhanced apoptosis. In addition, Rho-K DN produced phenotypic defects similar to those caused by C3 transferase. These results indicate that the Rho/Rho-kinase signaling pathway plays a crucial role in the survival of corticostriatal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenta Kobayashi
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan.
| | - Hiromi Sano
- SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeki Kato
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kuroda
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Shinichi Nakamuta
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nambu
- Section of Viral Vector Development, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan; SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Hayama 240-0193, Japan; Division of System Neurophysiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Kozo Kaibuchi
- Department of Cell Pharmacology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Kazuto Kobayashi
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
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261
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Ji X, Liu H, An C, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Li M, Qi F, Chen Z, Wang X, Wang L. You-Gui pills promote nerve regeneration by regulating netrin1, DCC and Rho family GTPases RhoA, Racl, Cdc42 in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:123-133. [PMID: 27106785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE You-Gui pills (YGPs) are an effective traditional Chinese formula being used clinically for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies demonstrated that YGPs exerted the potent neuroprotective effects in murine models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an equivalent animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism of YGPs functions remained unclear. AIM OF THIS STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of YGPs in MOG35-55-induced EAE mice and to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups, including the non-treated EAE model, prednisone acetate- and 1.2, 2.4 or 4.8g/kg YGPs-treated EAE groups, and a normal control group. The EAE model was established by injecting the mice subcutaneously with MOG35-55 antigen. The body weights were measured and the neurological functions were scored in each group. The pathology and morphology of the brain and spinal cord was examined. The expression of MAP-2 was detected by immunofluorescent staining. The levels of netrin1, DCC, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 were assayed by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot on day 40 post-immunization (PI). RESULTS YGPs treatments significantly reduced neurological function scores in EAE mice, where the inflammatory infiltration was reduced and the axon and myelin damage in both brain and spinal cord was alleviated. In the brain and spinal cord tissues, YGPs increased the expression of neuronal factors MAP-2, netrin1 and DCC. The expression of Rac1 and Cdc42 were increased, while RhoA was reduced following YGPs treatments. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that YGPs exhibited a neuroprotective effect on promoting nerve regeneration at the brain and spinal cord in EAE mice induced by MOG35-55. Netrin1, DCC and the Rho family GTPases of RhoA, Racl, Cdc42 were involved in mediating the effects of YGPs on nerve regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- DCC Receptor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Netrin-1
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments
- Phytotherapy
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
- Tablets
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Haolong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Chen An
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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262
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Chen X, Hao J, Fu T, Liu J, Yu M, He S, Qian R, Zhang F. Temporal and Spatial Expression of LGR5 After Acute Spinal Cord Injury in Adult Rats. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2645-2654. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1977-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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263
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King JR, Kabbani N. Alpha 7 nicotinic receptor coupling to heterotrimeric G proteins modulates RhoA activation, cytoskeletal motility, and structural growth. J Neurochem 2016; 138:532-45. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin R. King
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study; George Mason University; Fairfax Virginia USA
| | - Nadine Kabbani
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience; Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study; George Mason University; Fairfax Virginia USA
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264
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Korecka J, Levy S, Isacson O. In vivo modeling of neuronal function, axonal impairment and connectivity in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders using induced pluripotent stem cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:3-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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265
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Xue Q, Yu C, Wang Y, Liu L, Zhang K, Fang C, Liu F, Bian G, Song B, Yang A, Ju G, Wang J. miR-9 and miR-124 synergistically affect regulation of dendritic branching via the AKT/GSK3β pathway by targeting Rap2a. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26781. [PMID: 27221778 PMCID: PMC4879704 DOI: 10.1038/srep26781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A single microRNA (miRNA) can regulate expression of multiple proteins, and expression of an individual protein may be controlled by numerous miRNAs. This regulatory pattern strongly suggests that synergistic effects of miRNAs play critical roles in regulating biological processes. miR-9 and miR-124, two of the most abundant miRNAs in the mammalian nervous system, have important functions in neuronal development. In this study, we identified the small GTP-binding protein Rap2a as a common target of both miR-9 and miR-124. miR-9 and miR-124 together, but neither miRNA alone, strongly suppressed Rap2a, thereby promoting neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and dendritic branching of differentiated neurons. Rap2a also diminished the dendritic complexity of mature neurons by decreasing the levels of pAKT and pGSK3β. Our results reveal a novel pathway in which miR-9 and miR-124 synergistically repress expression of Rap2a to sustain homeostatic dendritic complexity during neuronal development and maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Xue
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Caiyong Yu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Oral and maxillofacial surgery, Stomatology Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 710004, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Kun Zhang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chao Fang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fangfang Liu
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Ganlan Bian
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bing Song
- Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering &Repair, School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Angang Yang
- Department of Immunology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Gong Ju
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Institute of Neurosciences, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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266
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Bye N, Christie KJ, Turbic A, Basrai HS, Turnley AM. Rho kinase inhibition following traumatic brain injury in mice promotes functional improvement and acute neuron survival but has little effect on neurogenesis, glial responses or neuroinflammation. Exp Neurol 2016; 279:86-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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267
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Saracaloglu A, Demiryürek S, Okumus S, Oztuzcu S, Bozgeyik I, Coskun E, Aksoy U, Kaydu E, Erbagci I, Gürler B, Alasehirli B, Demiryürek AT. Toward Novel Diagnostics for Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma? An Association Study of Polymorphic Variation in Ras Homolog Family Member (A, B, C, D) Genes RHOA, RHOB, RHOC, and RHOD. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2016; 20:290-5. [DOI: 10.1089/omi.2016.0031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmet Saracaloglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Seniz Demiryürek
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Seydi Okumus
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Serdar Oztuzcu
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Bozgeyik
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Erol Coskun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Umit Aksoy
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Erdal Kaydu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Ibrahim Erbagci
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Bulent Gürler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Belgin Alasehirli
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Abdullah T. Demiryürek
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Gaziantep University, Gaziantep, Turkey
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268
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Impairments in dendrite morphogenesis as etiology for neurodevelopmental disorders and implications for therapeutic treatments. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 68:946-978. [PMID: 27143622 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendrite morphology is pivotal for neural circuitry functioning. While the causative relationship between small-scale dendrite morphological abnormalities (shape, density of dendritic spines) and neurodevelopmental disorders is well established, such relationship remains elusive for larger-scale dendrite morphological impairments (size, shape, branching pattern of dendritic trees). Here, we summarize published data on dendrite morphological irregularities in human patients and animal models for neurodevelopmental disorders, with focus on autism and schizophrenia. We next discuss high-risk genes for these disorders and their role in dendrite morphogenesis. We finally overview recent developments in therapeutic attempts and we discuss how they relate to dendrite morphology. We find that both autism and schizophrenia are accompanied by dendritic arbor morphological irregularities, and that majority of their high-risk genes regulate dendrite morphogenesis. Thus, we present a compelling argument that, along with smaller-scale morphological impairments in dendrites (spines and synapse), irregularities in larger-scale dendrite morphology (arbor shape, size) may be an important part of neurodevelopmental disorders' etiology. We suggest that this should not be ignored when developing future therapeutic treatments.
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269
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Abstract
A spinal cord injury refers to an injury to the spinal cord that is caused by a trauma instead of diseases. Spinal cord injury includes a primary mechanical injury and a much more complex secondary injury process involving inflammation, oxidation, excitotoxicity, and cell death. During the secondary injury, many signal pathways are activated and play important roles in mediating the pathogenesis of spinal cord injury. Among them, the RhoA/Rho kinase pathway plays a particular role in mediating spinal degeneration and regeneration. In this review, we will discuss the role and mechanism of RhoA/Rho kinase-mediated spinal cord pathogenesis, as well as the potential of targeting RhoA/Rho kinase as a strategy for promoting both neuroprotection and axonal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangbing Wu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA; Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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270
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An Y, Liu T, Liu X, Zhao L, Wang J. Rac1 and Cdc42 Play Important Roles in Arsenic Neurotoxicity in Primary Cultured Rat Cerebellar Astrocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2016; 170:173-82. [PMID: 26231544 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0456-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore whether Rac1 and Cdc42, representative members of Ras homologue guanosine triphosphatases (Rho GTPases), are involved in neurotoxicity induced by arsenic exposure in rat nervous system. Expressions of Rac1 and Cdc42 in rat cerebellum and cerebrum exposed to different doses of NaAsO2 (Wistar rats drank 0, 2, 10, and 50 mg/L NaAsO2 water for 3 months) were examined. Both Rac1 and Cdc42 expressions increased significantly in a dose-dependent manner in cerebellum (P < 0.01) by Western blot and immunohistochemistry assay, but in cerebrum, Rac1 and Cdc42 expressions only in 2 mg/L exposure groups were significantly higher than those in control groups (P < 0.01). Five to 50 μM NaAsO2 decreased cell viability in a dose-dependent manner in primary cultured rat astrocytes, whereas 1 μM NaAsO2 increased the cell viability in these cells. Rac1 inhibitor, NSC23766, decreased NaAsO2-induced apoptosis and increased the cell viability in primary cultured rat cerebellar astrocytes exposed to 30 μM NaAsO2. Cdc42 inhibitor, ZCL278, increased cell viability in the cells exposed to 30 μM NaAsO2. Taken together, our current studies in vivo and in vitro indicate that activations of Rac1 and Cdc42 play a very important role in arsenic neurotoxicity in rat cerebellum, providing a new insight into arsenic neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan An
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaona Liu
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Zhao
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Endemic Disease Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Key Lab of Etiology and Epidemiology, Education Bureau of Heilongjiang Province & Ministry of Health (23618504), Harbin Medical University, 157# Baojian Road, Harbin, 150081, People's Republic of China.
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271
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Wang Y, Lu YF, Li CL, Sun W, Li Z, Wang RR, He T, Yang F, Yang Y, Wang XL, Guan SM, Chen J. Involvement of Rac1 signalling pathway in the development and maintenance of acute inflammatory pain induced by bee venom injection. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 173:937-50. [PMID: 26700000 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The Rho GTPase, Rac1, is involved in the pathogenesis of neuropathic pain induced by malformation of dendritic spines in the spinal dorsal horn (sDH) neurons. In the present study, the contribution of spinal Rac1 to peripheral inflammatory pain was studied. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Effects of s.c. bee venom (BV) injection on cellular localization of Rac1 in the rat sDH was determined with double labelling immunofluorescence. Activation of Rac1 and its downstream effector p21-activated kinase (PAK), ERKs and p38 MAPK in inflammatory pain states was evaluated with a pull-down assay and Western blotting. The preventive and therapeutic analgesic effects of intrathecal administration of NSC23766, a selective inhibitor of Rac1, on BV-induced spontaneous nociception and pain hypersensitivity were investigated. KEY RESULTS Rac1 labelling was mainly localized within neurons in both the superficial and deep layers of the sDH in rats of naïve, vehicle-treated and inflamed (BV injected) groups. GTP-Rac1-PAK and ERKs/p38 were activated following s.c. BV injection. Post-treatment with intrathecal NSC23766 significantly inhibited GTP-Rac1 activity and phosphorylation of Rac1-PAK, ERKs and p38 MAPK in the sDH. Both pre-treatment and post-treatment with intrathecal NSC23766 dose-dependently attenuated the paw flinches, primary thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia and the mirror-image thermal hyperalgesia induced by BV injection, but without affecting the baseline pain sensitivity and motor coordination. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The spinal GTP-Rac1-PAK-ERK/p38MAPK signalling pathway is involved in both the development and maintenance of peripheral inflammatory pain and can be used as a potential molecular target for developing a novel therapeutic strategy for clinical pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yun-Fei Lu
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Chun-Li Li
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Rui-Rui Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Ting He
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Fan Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiao-Liang Wang
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Su-Min Guan
- School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences of Pain, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Institute for Functional Brain Disorders, Tangdu Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Key Laboratory of Brain Stress and Behavior, PLA, Xi'an, 710038, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100069, China
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272
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Min H, Dong J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Yu Y, Shan Z, Xi Q, Teng W, Chen J. Marginal Iodine Deficiency Affects Dendritic Spine Development by Disturbing the Function of Rac1 Signaling Pathway on Cytoskeleton. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:437-449. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9657-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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273
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Emerging Roles of Filopodia and Dendritic Spines in Motoneuron Plasticity during Development and Disease. Neural Plast 2015; 2016:3423267. [PMID: 26843990 PMCID: PMC4710938 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3423267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Motoneurons develop extensive dendritic trees for receiving excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs to perform a variety of complex motor tasks. At birth, the somatodendritic domains of mouse hypoglossal and lumbar motoneurons have dense filopodia and spines. Consistent with Vaughn's synaptotropic hypothesis, we propose a developmental unified-hybrid model implicating filopodia in motoneuron spinogenesis/synaptogenesis and dendritic growth and branching critical for circuit formation and synaptic plasticity at embryonic/prenatal/neonatal period. Filopodia density decreases and spine density initially increases until postnatal day 15 (P15) and then decreases by P30. Spine distribution shifts towards the distal dendrites, and spines become shorter (stubby), coinciding with decreases in frequency and increases in amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic currents with maturation. In transgenic mice, either overexpressing the mutated human Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (hSOD1G93A) gene or deficient in GABAergic/glycinergic synaptic transmission (gephyrin, GAD-67, or VGAT gene knockout), hypoglossal motoneurons develop excitatory glutamatergic synaptic hyperactivity. Functional synaptic hyperactivity is associated with increased dendritic growth, branching, and increased spine and filopodia density, involving actin-based cytoskeletal and structural remodelling. Energy-dependent ionic pumps that maintain intracellular sodium/calcium homeostasis are chronically challenged by activity and selectively overwhelmed by hyperactivity which eventually causes sustained membrane depolarization leading to excitotoxicity, activating microglia to phagocytose degenerating neurons under neuropathological conditions.
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274
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Eom DS, Bain EJ, Patterson LB, Grout ME, Parichy DM. Long-distance communication by specialized cellular projections during pigment pattern development and evolution. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26701906 PMCID: PMC4764569 DOI: 10.7554/elife.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in gene activity are essential for evolutionary diversification. Yet, elucidating the cellular behaviors that underlie modifications to adult form remains a profound challenge. We use neural crest-derived adult pigmentation of zebrafish and pearl danio to uncover cellular bases for alternative pattern states. We show that stripes in zebrafish require a novel class of thin, fast cellular projection to promote Delta-Notch signaling over long distances from cells of the xanthophore lineage to melanophores. Projections depended on microfilaments and microtubules, exhibited meandering trajectories, and stabilized on target cells to which they delivered membraneous vesicles. By contrast, the uniformly patterned pearl danio lacked such projections, concomitant with Colony stimulating factor 1-dependent changes in xanthophore differentiation that likely curtail signaling available to melanophores. Our study reveals a novel mechanism of cellular communication, roles for differentiation state heterogeneity in pigment cell interactions, and an unanticipated morphogenetic behavior contributing to a striking difference in adult form. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12401.001 Animals have very different patterns of skin pigmentation, and these patterns can be important for survival and reproduction. Zebrafish, for example, have horizontal dark and light stripes along their bodies, while a closely related fish called the pearl danio has an almost uniform pattern. The dark stripes of the zebrafish contain cells called melanophores, while the lighter regions contain two other types of cells known as xanthophores and iridophores. These pigment cell types interact with each other to create stripes. The iridophores establish the lighter stripes and specify the position and orientation of the dark stripes. They also produce a protein called Csf1, which allows the xanthophores to mature. As the stripes form, melanophores present in lighter stripes move into nearby dark stripes. Pearl danios also contain these three types of pigment cells, but these cells remain intermingled giving the fish their uniform color. Eom et al. have now used microscopy to image pigment cells in zebrafish and pearl danio to uncover how interactions between these cells differ in species with different pigment patterns. The technique involved tagging pigment cells with fluorescent markers and using time-lapse imaging to track them during the formation of the adult pigmentation pattern. The experiments show that stripes form in zebrafish because the cells that make the xanthophores form long, thin projections that extend to neighboring melanophores. These so-called ‘airinemes’ deliver materials to melanophores and help to clear the melanophores from interstripe regions, partly by activating a cell communication pathway called Delta-Notch signaling. These cell projections are mostly absent from the cells that make xanthophores in the pearl danio due to differences in when Csf1 is produced. This alters the timing of when the xanthophores develop, leading to the loss of long-distance airineme signaling. Eom et al.’s findings identify a new way in which cells can communicate and an unanticipated cell behavior that contributes to a striking difference in the pigmentation patterns of zebrafish and pearl danio. Future studies should further our understanding of these unique projections and reveal whether they are produced by other types of cells. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.12401.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Seok Eom
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - Emily J Bain
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | | | - Megan E Grout
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, United States.,Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, United States
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275
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Jeong D, Park S, Kim H, Kim CJ, Ahn TS, Bae SB, Kim HJ, Kim TH, Im J, Lee MS, Kwon HY, Baek MJ. RhoA is associated with invasion and poor prognosis in colorectal cancer. Int J Oncol 2015; 48:714-22. [PMID: 26648547 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is one of the most common cancers and is the fourth leading cause of cancer death in Korea. Mortality of colorectal cancer is strongly associated with the metastatic spread of the disease. As such, it is important to find and characterize signaling pathways involved in colon cancer metastasis. We investigated the functional importance of RhoA using human cell lines as well as 150 colorectal cancer patient-derived samples as it remains unclear whether RhoA functions as either an oncogene or a tumor suppressor in colon cancer. RhoA was highly expressed in metastatic cancer cell lines. Although cancer cell proliferation was only moderately impaired after depletion of RhoA, RhoA-depleted cancer cells exhibited markedly reduced migration and invasion ability in vitro. Furthermore, we found that RhoA is associated with the invasion of lymph nodes and blood vessels in the patient colorectal cancer samples. Most notably, patients with higher RhoA expression had a significantly poorer 5-year survival rate after surgery. These results suggest that RhoA is a marker of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer and may be a promising target for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongjun Jeong
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Soyoung Park
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjoo Kim
- Soonchunhyang Medical Science Research Institute, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Jin Kim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Sung Ahn
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Byung Bae
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Jo Kim
- Department of Oncology, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungkyun Im
- Department of Nanochemical Engineering, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Soo Lee
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyog Young Kwon
- Soonchunhyang Institute of Medi-bio Science, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Jun Baek
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Soonchunhyang University, Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
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276
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Yu B, Zhou S, Yi S, Gu X. The regulatory roles of non-coding RNAs in nerve injury and regeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 134:122-39. [PMID: 26432164 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), especially microRNAs (miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have attracted much attention since their regulatory roles in diverse cell processes were recognized. Emerging studies demonstrate that many ncRNAs are differentially expressed after injury to the nervous system, significantly affecting nerve regeneration. In this review, we compile the miRNAs and lncRNAs that have been reported to be dysregulated following a variety of central and peripheral nerve injuries, including acquired brain injury, spinal cord injury, and peripheral nerve injury. We also list investigations on how these miRNAs and lncRNAs exert the regulatory actions in neurodegenerative and neuroregenerative processes through different mechanisms involving their interaction with target coding genes. We believe that comprehension of the expression profiles and the possible functions of ncRNAs during the processes of nerve injury and regeneration will help understand the molecular mechanisms responsible for post-nerve-injury changes, and may contribute to the potential use of ncRNAs as a diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Sheng Yi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, JS 226001, China.
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277
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Double-Edge Sword of Sustained ROCK Activation in Prion Diseases through Neuritogenesis Defects and Prion Accumulation. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005073. [PMID: 26241960 PMCID: PMC4524729 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In prion diseases, synapse dysfunction, axon retraction and loss of neuronal polarity precede neuronal death. The mechanisms driving such polarization defects, however, remain unclear. Here, we examined the contribution of RhoA-associated coiled-coil containing kinases (ROCK), key players in neuritogenesis, to prion diseases. We found that overactivation of ROCK signaling occurred in neuronal stem cells infected by pathogenic prions (PrPSc) and impaired the sprouting of neurites. In reconstructed networks of mature neurons, PrPSc-induced ROCK overactivation provoked synapse disconnection and dendrite/axon degeneration. This overactivation of ROCK also disturbed overall neurotransmitter-associated functions. Importantly, we demonstrated that beyond its impact on neuronal polarity ROCK overactivity favored the production of PrPSc through a ROCK-dependent control of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) activity. In non-infectious conditions, ROCK and PDK1 associated within a complex and ROCK phosphorylated PDK1, conferring basal activity to PDK1. In prion-infected neurons, exacerbated ROCK activity increased the pool of PDK1 molecules physically interacting with and phosphorylated by ROCK. ROCK-induced PDK1 overstimulation then canceled the neuroprotective α-cleavage of normal cellular prion protein PrPC by TACE α-secretase, which physiologically precludes PrPSc production. In prion-infected cells, inhibition of ROCK rescued neurite sprouting, preserved neuronal architecture, restored neuronal functions and reduced the amount of PrPSc. In mice challenged with prions, inhibition of ROCK also lowered brain PrPSc accumulation, reduced motor impairment and extended survival. We conclude that ROCK overactivation exerts a double detrimental effect in prion diseases by altering neuronal polarity and triggering PrPSc accumulation. Eventually ROCK emerges as therapeutic target to combat prion diseases. Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs), commonly named prion diseases, are caused by deposition in the brain of pathogenic prions PrPSc that trigger massive neuronal death. Because of our poor understanding of the mechanisms sustaining prion-induced neurodegeneration, there is to date no effective medicine to combat TSEs. The current study demonstrates that ROCK kinases are overactivated in prion-infected cells and contribute to prion pathogenesis at two levels. First, PrPSc-induced ROCK overactivation affects neuronal polarity with synapse disconnection, axon/dendrite degradation, and disturbs neuronal functions. Second, ROCK overactivity amplifies the production of pathogenic prions. The pharmacological inhibition of ROCK protects diseased neurons from PrPSc toxicity by preserving neuronal architecture and functions and lowering PrPSc level. Inhibition of ROCK in prion-infected mice reduces brain PrPSc levels, improves motor activity and extends lifespan. This study opens up new avenues to design ROCK-based therapeutic strategies to fight TSEs.
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278
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Mitkovski M, Dahm L, Heinrich R, Monnheimer M, Gerhart S, Stegmüller J, Hanisch UK, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin dampens injury-induced microglial motility. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2015; 35:1233-6. [PMID: 25966953 PMCID: PMC4527993 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2015.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury causes progressive brain atrophy and cognitive decline. Surprisingly, an early treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) prevents these consequences of secondary neurodegeneration, but the mechanisms have remained obscure. Here we show by advanced imaging and innovative analytical tools that recombinant human EPO, a clinically established and neuroprotective growth factor, dampens microglial activity, as visualized also in vivo by a strongly attenuated injury-induced cellular motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miso Mitkovski
- Light Microscopy Facility, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Dahm
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute of Zoology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mathieu Monnheimer
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Simone Gerhart
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Judith Stegmüller
- 1] Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Group, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany [2] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- 1] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany [2] Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- 1] Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany [2] Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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279
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Chen Y, Liang Z, Fei E, Chen Y, Zhou X, Fang W, Fu WY, Fu AKY, Ip NY. Axin Regulates Dendritic Spine Morphogenesis through Cdc42-Dependent Signaling. PLoS One 2015. [PMID: 26204446 PMCID: PMC4512687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
During development, scaffold proteins serve as important platforms for orchestrating signaling complexes to transduce extracellular stimuli into intracellular responses that regulate dendritic spine morphology and function. Axin (“axis inhibitor”) is a key scaffold protein in canonical Wnt signaling that interacts with specific synaptic proteins. However, the cellular functions of these protein–protein interactions in dendritic spine morphology and synaptic regulation are unclear. Here, we report that Axin protein is enriched in synaptic fractions, colocalizes with the postsynaptic marker PSD-95 in cultured hippocampal neurons, and interacts with a signaling protein Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in synaptosomal fractions. Axin depletion by shRNA in cultured neurons or intact hippocampal CA1 regions significantly reduced dendritic spine density. Intriguingly, the defective dendritic spine morphogenesis in Axin-knockdown neurons could be restored by overexpression of the small Rho-GTPase Cdc42, whose activity is regulated by CaMKII. Moreover, pharmacological stabilization of Axin resulted in increased dendritic spine number and spontaneous neurotransmission, while Axin stabilization in hippocampal neurons reduced the elimination of dendritic spines. Taken together, our findings suggest that Axin promotes dendritic spine stabilization through Cdc42-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (NI); (YC)
| | - Zhuoyi Liang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Erkang Fei
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuewen Chen
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaopu Zhou
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Weiqun Fang
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wing-Yu Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Amy K. Y. Fu
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Nancy Y. Ip
- Division of Life Science, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Molecular Neuroscience Center, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Brain Science, Disease and Drug Development, HKUST Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (NI); (YC)
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280
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Meijering RAM, Wiersma M, van Marion DMS, Zhang D, Hoogstra-Berends F, Dijkhuis AJ, Schmidt M, Wieland T, Kampinga HH, Henning RH, Brundel BJJM. RhoA Activation Sensitizes Cells to Proteotoxic Stimuli by Abrogating the HSF1-Dependent Heat Shock Response. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133553. [PMID: 26193369 PMCID: PMC4508109 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The heat shock response (HSR) is an ancient and highly conserved program of stress-induced gene expression, aimed at reestablishing protein homeostasis to preserve cellular fitness. Cells that fail to activate or maintain this protective response are hypersensitive to proteotoxic stress. The HSR is mediated by the heat shock transcription factor 1 (HSF1), which binds to conserved heat shock elements (HSE) in the promoter region of heat shock genes, resulting in the expression of heat shock proteins (HSP). Recently, we observed that hyperactivation of RhoA conditions cardiomyocytes for the cardiac arrhythmia atrial fibrillation. Also, the HSR is annihilated in atrial fibrillation, and induction of HSR mitigates sensitization of cells to this disease. Therefore, we hypothesized active RhoA to suppress the HSR resulting in sensitization of cells for proteotoxic stimuli. METHODS AND RESULTS Stimulation of RhoA activity significantly suppressed the proteotoxic stress-induced HSR in HL-1 atrial cardiomyocytes as determined with a luciferase reporter construct driven by the HSF1 regulated human HSP70 (HSPA1A) promoter and HSP protein expression by Western Blot analysis. Inversely, RhoA inhibition boosted the proteotoxic stress-induced HSR. While active RhoA did not preclude HSF1 nuclear accumulation, phosphorylation, acetylation, or sumoylation, it did impair binding of HSF1 to the hsp genes promoter element HSE. Impaired binding results in suppression of HSP expression and sensitized cells to proteotoxic stress. CONCLUSION These results reveal that active RhoA negatively regulates the HSR via attenuation of the HSF1-HSE binding and thus may play a role in sensitizing cells to proteotoxic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roelien A. M. Meijering
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marit Wiersma
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Denise M. S. van Marion
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Deli Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Femke Hoogstra-Berends
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Anne-Jan Dijkhuis
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Schmidt
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Wieland
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Mannheim Medical Faculty, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Harm H. Kampinga
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert H. Henning
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca J. J. M. Brundel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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281
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Retinal ganglion cell dendrite pathology and synapse loss: Implications for glaucoma. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2015; 220:199-216. [PMID: 26497792 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pbr.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Dendrites are exquisitely specialized cellular compartments that critically influence how neurons collect and process information. Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendrites receive synaptic inputs from bipolar and amacrine cells, thus allowing cell-to-cell communication and flow of visual information. In glaucoma, damage to RGC axons results in progressive neurodegeneration and vision loss. Recent data indicate that axonal injury triggers rapid structural alterations in RGC dendritic arbors, prior to manifest axonal loss, which lead to synaptic rearrangements and functional deficits. Here, we provide an update on recent work addressing the role of RGC dendritic degeneration in models of acute and chronic optic nerve damage as well as novel mechanisms that regulate RGC dendrite stability. A better understanding of how defects in RGC dendrites contribute to neurodegeneration in glaucoma might provide new insights into disease onset and progression, while informing the development of novel therapies to prevent vision loss.
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282
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Rousset M, Cens T, Menard C, Bowerman M, Bellis M, Brusés J, Raoul C, Scamps F, Charnet P. Regulation of neuronal high-voltage activated Ca(V)2 Ca(2+) channels by the small GTPase RhoA. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:201-9. [PMID: 26044639 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-Voltage-Activated (HVA) Ca(2+) channels are known regulators of synapse formation and transmission and play fundamental roles in neuronal pathophysiology. Small GTPases of Rho and RGK families, via their action on both cytoskeleton and Ca(2+) channels are key molecules for these processes. While the effects of RGK GTPases on neuronal HVA Ca(2+) channels have been widely studied, the effects of RhoA on the HVA channels remains however elusive. Using heterologous expression in Xenopus laevis oocytes, we show that RhoA activity reduces Ba(2+) currents through CaV2.1, CaV2.2 and CaV2.3 Ca(2+) channels independently of CaVβ subunit. This inhibition occurs independently of RGKs activity and without modification of biophysical properties and global level of expression of the channel subunit. Instead, we observed a marked decrease in the number of active channels at the plasma membrane. Pharmacological and expression studies suggest that channel expression at the plasma membrane is impaired via a ROCK-sensitive pathway. Expression of constitutively active RhoA in primary culture of spinal motoneurons also drastically reduced HVA Ca(2+) current amplitude. Altogether our data revealed that HVA Ca(2+) channels regulation by RhoA might govern synaptic transmission during development and potentially contribute to pathophysiological processes when axon regeneration and growth cone kinetics are impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Rousset
- IBMM, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Thierry Cens
- IBMM, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Claudine Menard
- IBMM, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Melissa Bowerman
- Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Michel Bellis
- IBMM, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France
| | - Juan Brusés
- Department of Natural Sciences, Mercy College, Dobbs Ferry, NY 10522, USA; Institute for Cell Biology and Neuroscience (CONICET-UBA), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cedric Raoul
- Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Frédérique Scamps
- Institut des Neurosciences, INSERM U1051, 80 rue Augustin Fliche, 34091 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Charnet
- IBMM, CNRS UMR 5247, Université de Montpellier, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, France.
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Natsvlishvili N, Goguadze N, Zhuravliova E, Mikeladze D. Sigma-1 receptor directly interacts with Rac1-GTPase in the brain mitochondria. BMC BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 16:11. [PMID: 25924612 PMCID: PMC4430930 DOI: 10.1186/s12858-015-0040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Small Rho-GTPases are critical mediators of neuronal plasticity and are involved in the pathogenesis of several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Rac-GTPase forms a multiprotein complex with upstream and downstream regulators that are essential for the spatiotemporal transmission of Rac signaling. The sigma-1 receptor (Sig1R) is a ligand-regulated membrane protein chaperone, and multiprotein complex assembly is essential to sigma-receptor function. RESULTS Using immunoprecipitation techniques, we have shown that in mitochondrial membranes Sig1R could directly interact with Rac1. Besides Rac1, the Sig1R forms complexes with inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor and Bcl2, suggesting that mitochondrial associated membranes (MAM) are involved in this macromolecular complex formation. Assembly of this complex is ligand-specific and depends on the presence of sigma agonist/antagonist, as well as on the presence of GTP/GDP. Treatment of mitochondrial membranes with (+)-pentazocine leads to the (+)-pentazocine-sensitive phosphorylation of Bad and the pentazocine-sensitive NADPH-dependent production of ROS. CONCLUSION We suggest that Sig1R through Rac1 signaling induces mild oxidative stress that possibly is involved in the regulation of neuroplasticity, as well as in the prevention of apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nino Natsvlishvili
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili av, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia.
- Department of Biochemistry, I.Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua st, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia.
| | - Nino Goguadze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili av, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia.
| | - Elene Zhuravliova
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili av, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia.
- Department of Biochemistry, I.Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua st, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia.
| | - David Mikeladze
- Institute of Chemical Biology, Ilia State University, 3/5 Cholokashvili av, Tbilisi, 0162, Georgia.
- Department of Biochemistry, I.Beritashvili Center of Experimental Biomedicine, 14 Gotua st, Tbilisi, 0160, Georgia.
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284
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Regulating Rac in the nervous system: molecular function and disease implication of Rac GEFs and GAPs. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:632450. [PMID: 25879033 PMCID: PMC4388020 DOI: 10.1155/2015/632450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Rho family GTPases, including RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 as the most studied members, are master regulators of actin cytoskeletal organization. Rho GTPases control various aspects of the nervous system and are associated with a number of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases. The activity of Rho GTPases is controlled by two families of regulators, guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) as the activators and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) as the inhibitors. Through coordinated regulation by GEFs and GAPs, Rho GTPases act as converging signaling molecules that convey different upstream signals in the nervous system. So far, more than 70 members of either GEFs or GAPs of Rho GTPases have been identified in mammals, but only a small subset of them have well-known functions. Thus, characterization of important GEFs and GAPs in the nervous system is crucial for the understanding of spatiotemporal dynamics of Rho GTPase activity in different neuronal functions. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of GEFs and GAPs for Rac1, with emphasis on the molecular function and disease implication of these regulators in the nervous system.
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285
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Correani V, Francesco LD, Cera I, Mignogna G, Giorgi A, Mazzanti M, Fumagalli L, Fabrizi C, Maras B, Schininà ME. Reversible redox modifications in the microglial proteome challenged by beta amyloid. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1584-93. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mb00703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Reversible redox modifications of the microglial proteome contribute to switching of these neuronal sentinel cells toward a neuroinflammatory phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia Correani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Laura Di Francesco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Isabella Cera
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Giuseppina Mignogna
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - Michele Mazzanti
- Dipartimento di Bioscienze
- Università degli Studi di Milano
- Milan
- Italy
| | - Lorenzo Fumagalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche
- Istologiche
- Medico-Legali e dell'Apparato Locomotore
- Sapienza University of Rome
- Rome
| | - Cinzia Fabrizi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Anatomiche
- Istologiche
- Medico-Legali e dell'Apparato Locomotore
- Sapienza University of Rome
- Rome
| | - Bruno Maras
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
| | - M. Eugenia Schininà
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche
- Sapienza University of Rome
- 00185 Rome
- Italy
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