251
|
Nguyen D, Rieu I, Mariani C, van Dam NM. How plants handle multiple stresses: hormonal interactions underlying responses to abiotic stress and insect herbivory. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:727-40. [PMID: 27095445 PMCID: PMC4932144 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0481-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive plant responses to specific abiotic stresses or biotic agents are fine-tuned by a network of hormonal signaling cascades, including abscisic acid (ABA), ethylene, jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid. Moreover, hormonal cross-talk modulates plant responses to abiotic stresses and defenses against insect herbivores when they occur simultaneously. How such interactions affect plant responses under multiple stresses, however, is less understood, even though this may frequently occur in natural environments. Here, we review our current knowledge on how hormonal signaling regulates abiotic stress responses and defenses against insects, and discuss the few recent studies that attempted to dissect hormonal interactions occurring under simultaneous abiotic stress and herbivory. Based on this we hypothesize that drought stress enhances insect resistance due to synergistic interactions between JA and ABA signaling. Responses to flooding or waterlogging involve ethylene signaling, which likely reduces plant resistance to chewing herbivores due to its negative cross-talk with JA. However, the outcome of interactions between biotic and abiotic stress signaling is often plant and/or insect species-dependent and cannot simply be predicted based on general knowledge on the involvement of signaling pathways in single stress responses. More experimental data on non-model plant and insect species are needed to reveal general patterns and better understand the molecular mechanisms allowing plants to optimize their responses in complex environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Duy Nguyen
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Ivo Rieu
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Celestina Mariani
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole M van Dam
- Molecular Plant Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research (IWWR), Radboud University, PO Box 9010, 6500 GL, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5e, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute of Ecology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Dornburger-Str. 159, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
252
|
Goossens J, Fernández-Calvo P, Schweizer F, Goossens A. Jasmonates: signal transduction components and their roles in environmental stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 68:1333-1347. [PMID: 27927998 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, oxylipin-type plant hormones, are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth development and interaction with the environment. Following diverse developmental and environmental cues, jasmonate is produced, conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine and perceived by a co-receptor complex composed of the Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the F-box CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). This event triggers the degradation of the JAZ proteins and the release of numerous transcription factors, including MYC2 and its homologues, which are otherwise bound and inhibited by the JAZ repressors. Here, we will review the role of the COI1, JAZ and MYC2 proteins in the interaction of the plant with its environment, illustrating the significance of jasmonate signalling, and of the proteins involved, for responses to both biotic stresses caused by insects and numerous microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses caused by adverse climatic conditions. It has also become evident that crosstalk with other hormone signals, as well as light and clock signals, plays an important role in the control and fine-tuning of these stress responses. Finally, we will discuss how several pathogens exploit the jasmonate perception and early signalling machinery to decoy the plants defence systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
253
|
Goossens J, Fernández-Calvo P, Schweizer F, Goossens A. Jasmonates: signal transduction components and their roles in environmental stress responses. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 91:673-89. [PMID: 27086135 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-016-0480-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Jasmonates, oxylipin-type plant hormones, are implicated in diverse aspects of plant growth development and interaction with the environment. Following diverse developmental and environmental cues, jasmonate is produced, conjugated to the amino acid isoleucine and perceived by a co-receptor complex composed of the Jasmonate ZIM-domain (JAZ) repressor proteins and an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex containing the F-box CORONATINE INSENSITIVE 1 (COI1). This event triggers the degradation of the JAZ proteins and the release of numerous transcription factors, including MYC2 and its homologues, which are otherwise bound and inhibited by the JAZ repressors. Here, we will review the role of the COI1, JAZ and MYC2 proteins in the interaction of the plant with its environment, illustrating the significance of jasmonate signalling, and of the proteins involved, for responses to both biotic stresses caused by insects and numerous microbial pathogens and abiotic stresses caused by adverse climatic conditions. It has also become evident that crosstalk with other hormone signals, as well as light and clock signals, plays an important role in the control and fine-tuning of these stress responses. Finally, we will discuss how several pathogens exploit the jasmonate perception and early signalling machinery to decoy the plants defence systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Fernández-Calvo
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fabian Schweizer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Alain Goossens
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, Flanders Institute for Biotechnology, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052, Ghent, Belgium.
| |
Collapse
|
254
|
Genome-wide Identification and Structural, Functional and Evolutionary Analysis of WRKY Components of Mulberry. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30794. [PMID: 27477686 PMCID: PMC4967854 DOI: 10.1038/srep30794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mulberry is known to be sensitive to several biotic and abiotic stresses, which in turn have a direct impact on the yield of silk, because it is the sole food source for the silk worm. WRKYs are a family of transcription factors, which play an important role in combating various biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, we identified 54 genes with conserved WRKY motifs in the Morus notabilis genome. Motif searches coupled with a phylogenetic analysis revealed seven sub-groups as well as the absence of members of Group Ib in mulberry. Analyses of the 2K upstream region in addition to a gene ontology terms enrichment analysis revealed putative functions of mulberry WRKYs under biotic and abiotic stresses. An RNA-seq-based analysis showed that several of the identified WRKYs have shown preferential expression in the leaf, bark, root, male flower, and winter bud of M. notabilis. Finally, expression analysis by qPCR under different stress and hormone treatments revealed genotype-specific responses. Taken together, our results briefs about the genome-wide identification of WRKYs as well as their differential response to stresses and hormones. Importantly, these data can also be utilized to identify potential molecular targets for conferring tolerance to various stresses in mulberry.
Collapse
|
255
|
Amil-Ruiz F, Garrido-Gala J, Gadea J, Blanco-Portales R, Muñoz-Mérida A, Trelles O, de los Santos B, Arroyo FT, Aguado-Puig A, Romero F, Mercado JÁ, Pliego-Alfaro F, Muñoz-Blanco J, Caballero JL. Partial Activation of SA- and JA-Defensive Pathways in Strawberry upon Colletotrichum acutatum Interaction. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1036. [PMID: 27471515 PMCID: PMC4945649 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the nature of pathogen host interaction may help improve strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) cultivars. Plant resistance to pathogenic agents usually operates through a complex network of defense mechanisms mediated by a diverse array of signaling molecules. In strawberry, resistance to a variety of pathogens has been reported to be mostly polygenic and quantitatively inherited, making it difficult to associate molecular markers with disease resistance genes. Colletotrichum acutatum spp. is a major strawberry pathogen, and completely resistant cultivars have not been reported. Moreover, strawberry defense network components and mechanisms remain largely unknown and poorly understood. Assessment of the strawberry response to C. acutatum included a global transcript analysis, and acidic hormones SA and JA measurements were analyzed after challenge with the pathogen. Induction of transcripts corresponding to the SA and JA signaling pathways and key genes controlling major steps within these defense pathways was detected. Accordingly, SA and JA accumulated in strawberry after infection. Contrastingly, induction of several important SA, JA, and oxidative stress-responsive defense genes, including FaPR1-1, FaLOX2, FaJAR1, FaPDF1, and FaGST1, was not detected, which suggests that specific branches in these defense pathways (those leading to FaPR1-2, FaPR2-1, FaPR2-2, FaAOS, FaPR5, and FaPR10) were activated. Our results reveal that specific aspects in SA and JA dependent signaling pathways are activated in strawberry upon interaction with C. acutatum. Certain described defense-associated transcripts related to these two known signaling pathways do not increase in abundance following infection. This finding suggests new insight into a specific putative molecular strategy for defense against this pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Amil-Ruiz
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular e Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - José Garrido-Gala
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular e Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - José Gadea
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Plantas, Universidad Politécnica de Valencia–Consejo Superior de Investigaciones CientíficasValencia, Spain
| | - Rosario Blanco-Portales
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular e Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - Antonio Muñoz-Mérida
- Departamento de Arquitectura de Computación, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Oswaldo Trelles
- Departamento de Arquitectura de Computación, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Berta de los Santos
- Centro Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishering Research and Training (IFAPA) Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPMA–Junta de AndalucíaSevilla, Spain
| | - Francisco T. Arroyo
- Centro Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishering Research and Training (IFAPA) Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPMA–Junta de AndalucíaSevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Aguado-Puig
- Centro Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishering Research and Training (IFAPA) Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPMA–Junta de AndalucíaSevilla, Spain
| | - Fernando Romero
- Centro Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fishering Research and Training (IFAPA) Las Torres-Tomejil, CAPMA–Junta de AndalucíaSevilla, Spain
| | - José-Ángel Mercado
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Pliego-Alfaro
- Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de TeatinosMálaga, Spain
| | - Juan Muñoz-Blanco
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular e Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| | - José L. Caballero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular e Instituto Andaluz de Biotecnología, Edificio Severo Ochoa (C6), Universidad de CórdobaCórdoba, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
256
|
Reimer-Michalski EM, Conrath U. Innate immune memory in plants. Semin Immunol 2016; 28:319-27. [PMID: 27264335 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The plant innate immune system comprises local and systemic immune responses. Systemic plant immunity develops after foliar infection by microbial pathogens, upon root colonization by certain microbes, or in response to physical injury. The systemic plant immune response to localized foliar infection is associated with elevated levels of pattern-recognition receptors, accumulation of dormant signaling enzymes, and alterations in chromatin state. Together, these systemic responses provide a memory to the initial infection by priming the remote leaves for enhanced defense and immunity to reinfection. The plant innate immune system thus builds immunological memory by utilizing mechanisms and components that are similar to those employed in the trained innate immune response of jawed vertebrates. Therefore, there seems to be conservation, or convergence, in the evolution of innate immune memory in plants and vertebrates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Uwe Conrath
- Department of Plant Physiology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen 52056, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
257
|
Davila Olivas NH, Coolen S, Huang P, Severing E, van Verk MC, Hickman R, Wittenberg AHJ, de Vos M, Prins M, van Loon JJA, Aarts MGM, van Wees SCM, Pieterse CMJ, Dicke M. Effect of prior drought and pathogen stress on Arabidopsis transcriptome changes to caterpillar herbivory. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2016; 210:1344-56. [PMID: 26847575 DOI: 10.1111/nph.13847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants are exposed to biotic and abiotic stresses that often occur simultaneously. Therefore, plant responses to combinations of stresses are most representative of how plants respond to stresses. We used RNAseq to assess temporal changes in the transcriptome of Arabidopsis thaliana to herbivory by Pieris rapae caterpillars, either alone or in combination with prior exposure to drought or infection with the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. Pre-exposure to drought stress or Botrytis infection resulted in a significantly different timing of the caterpillar-induced transcriptional changes. Additionally, the combination of drought and P. rapae induced an extensive downregulation of A. thaliana genes involved in defence against pathogens. Despite a more substantial growth reduction observed for plants exposed to drought plus P. rapae feeding compared with P. rapae feeding alone, this did not affect weight increase of this specialist caterpillar. Plants respond to combined stresses with phenotypic and transcriptional changes that differ from the single stress situation. The effect of a previous exposure to drought or B. cinerea infection on transcriptional changes to caterpillars is largely overridden by the stress imposed by caterpillars, indicating that plants shift their response to the most recent stress applied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nelson H Davila Olivas
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Silvia Coolen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Pingping Huang
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Edouard Severing
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel C van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Bioinformatics, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - Martin de Vos
- Keygene N.V., PO Box 216, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Keygene N.V., PO Box 216, 6700 AE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Mark G M Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
258
|
Couto N, Wood J, Barber J. The role of glutathione reductase and related enzymes on cellular redox homoeostasis network. Free Radic Biol Med 2016; 95:27-42. [PMID: 26923386 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this review article we examine the role of glutathione reductase in the regulation, modulation and maintenance of cellular redox homoeostasis. Glutathione reductase is responsible for maintaining the supply of reduced glutathione; one of the most abundant reducing thiols in the majority of cells. In its reduced form, glutathione plays key roles in the cellular control of reactive oxygen species. Reactive oxygen species act as intracellular and extracellular signalling molecules and complex cross talk between levels of reactive oxygen species, levels of oxidised and reduced glutathione and other thiols, and antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione reductase determine the most suitable conditions for redox control within a cell or for activation of programmed cell death. Additionally, we discuss the translation and expression of glutathione reductase in a number of organisms including yeast and humans. In yeast and human cells, a single gene expresses more than one form of glutathione reductase, destined for residence in the cytoplasm or for translocation to different organelles; in plants, however, two genes encoding this protein have been described. In general, insects and kinetoplastids (a group of protozoa, including Plasmodia and Trypanosoma) do not express glutathione reductase or glutathione biosynthetic enzymes. Instead, they express either the thioredoxin system or the trypanothione system. The thioredoxin system is also present in organisms that have the glutathione system and there may be overlapping functions with cross-talk between the two systems. Finally we evaluate therapeutic targets to overcome oxidative stress associated cellular disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Narciso Couto
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; ChELSI Institute, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Sheffield, Mappin Street, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Jennifer Wood
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK
| | - Jill Barber
- Michael Barber Centre for Mass Spectrometry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, University of Manchester, Princess Road, Manchester M1 7DN, UK; Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
259
|
Kmiecik P, Leonardelli M, Teige M. Novel connections in plant organellar signalling link different stress responses and signalling pathways. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:3793-807. [PMID: 27053718 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
To coordinate growth, development and responses to environmental stimuli, plant cells need to communicate the metabolic state between different sub-compartments of the cell. This requires signalling pathways, including protein kinases, secondary messengers such as Ca(2+) ions or reactive oxygen species (ROS) as well as metabolites and plant hormones. The signalling networks involved have been intensively studied over recent decades and have been elaborated more or less in detail. However, it has become evident that these signalling networks are also tightly interconnected and often merge at common targets such as a distinct group of transcription factors, most prominently ABI4, which are amenable to regulation by phosphorylation, potentially also in a Ca(2+)- or ROS-dependent fashion. Moreover, the signalling pathways connect several organelles or subcellular compartments, not only in functional but also in physical terms, linking for example chloroplasts to the nucleus or peroxisomes to chloroplasts thereby enabling physical routes for signalling by metabolite exchange or even protein translocation. Here we briefly discuss these novel findings and try to connect them in order to point out the remaining questions and emerging developments in plant organellar signalling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Przemyslaw Kmiecik
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Manuela Leonardelli
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Markus Teige
- Department of Ecogenomics and Systems Biology, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
260
|
de Marchi R, Sorel M, Mooney B, Fudal I, Goslin K, Kwaśniewska K, Ryan PT, Pfalz M, Kroymann J, Pollmann S, Feechan A, Wellmer F, Rivas S, Graciet E. The N-end rule pathway regulates pathogen responses in plants. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26020. [PMID: 27173012 PMCID: PMC4865862 DOI: 10.1038/srep26020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
To efficiently counteract pathogens, plants rely on a complex set of immune responses that are tightly regulated to allow the timely activation, appropriate duration and adequate amplitude of defense programs. The coordination of the plant immune response is known to require the activity of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, which controls the stability of proteins in eukaryotes. Here, we demonstrate that the N-end rule pathway, a subset of the ubiquitin/proteasome system, regulates the defense against a wide range of bacterial and fungal pathogens in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana. We show that this pathway positively regulates the biosynthesis of plant-defense metabolites such as glucosinolates, as well as the biosynthesis and response to the phytohormone jasmonic acid, which plays a key role in plant immunity. Our results also suggest that the arginylation branch of the N-end rule pathway regulates the timing and amplitude of the defense program against the model pathogen Pseudomonas syringae AvrRpm1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rémi de Marchi
- Maynooth University, Department of Biology, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland.,LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Maud Sorel
- Maynooth University, Department of Biology, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Brian Mooney
- Maynooth University, Department of Biology, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Isabelle Fudal
- UMR BIOGER, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris Saclay, 78850 Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Kevin Goslin
- Maynooth University, Department of Biology, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Kamila Kwaśniewska
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Patrick T Ryan
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Marina Pfalz
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Juergen Kroymann
- Ecologie Systématique Evolution, CNRS/Université Paris-Sud/AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Stephan Pollmann
- Centro de Biotecnología y Genómica de Plantas, U.P.M. - I.N.I.A., Parque Científico y Tecnológico de la U.P.M., Campus de Montegancedo, 28223 Pozuelo de Alarcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angela Feechan
- School of Agriculture &Food Science and UCD Earth Institute, College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Frank Wellmer
- Trinity College Dublin, Smurfit Institute of Genetics, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Susana Rivas
- LIPM, Université de Toulouse, INRA, CNRS, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Emmanuelle Graciet
- Maynooth University, Department of Biology, Maynooth, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
261
|
Collum TD, Padmanabhan MS, Hsieh YC, Culver JN. Tobacco mosaic virus-directed reprogramming of auxin/indole acetic acid protein transcriptional responses enhances virus phloem loading. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E2740-9. [PMID: 27118842 PMCID: PMC4868455 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1524390113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular phloem loading has long been recognized as an essential step in the establishment of a systemic virus infection. In this study, an interaction between the replication protein of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) and phloem-specific auxin/indole acetic acid (Aux/IAA) transcriptional regulators was found to modulate virus phloem loading in an age-dependent manner. Promoter expression studies show that in mature tissues TMV 126/183-kDa-interacting Aux/IAAs predominantly express and accumulate within the nuclei of phloem companion cells (CCs). Furthermore, CC Aux/IAA nuclear localization is disrupted upon infection with an interacting virus. In situ analysis of virus spread shows that the inability to disrupt Aux/IAA CC nuclear localization correlates with a reduced ability to load into the vascular tissue. Subsequent systemic movement assays also demonstrate that a virus capable of disrupting Aux/IAA localization is significantly more competitive at moving out of older plant tissues than a noninteracting virus. Similarly, CC expression and overaccumulation of a degradation-resistant Aux/IAA-interacting protein was found to inhibit TMV accumulation and phloem loading selectively in flowering plants. Transcriptional expression studies demonstrate a role for Aux/IAA-interacting proteins in the regulation of salicylic and jasmonic acid host defense responses as well as virus-specific movement factors, including pectin methylesterase, that are involved in regulating plasmodesmata size-exclusion limits and promoting virus cell-to-cell movement. Combined, these findings indicate that TMV directs the reprogramming of auxin-regulated gene expression within the vascular phloem of mature tissues as a means to enhance phloem loading and systemic spread.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara D Collum
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Meenu S Padmanabhan
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - Yi-Cheng Hsieh
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| | - James N Culver
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742; Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742
| |
Collapse
|
262
|
Garner CM, Kim SH, Spears BJ, Gassmann W. Express yourself: Transcriptional regulation of plant innate immunity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 56:150-162. [PMID: 27174437 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The plant immune system is a complex network of components that function together to sense the presence and activity of potential biotic threats, and integrate these signals into an appropriate output, namely the transcription of genes that activate an immune response that is commensurate with the perceived threat. Given the variety of biotic threats a plant must face the immune response must be plastic, but because an immune response is costly to the plant in terms of energy expenditure and development it must also be under tight control. To meet these needs transcriptional control is exercised at multiple levels. In this article we will review some of the latest developments in understanding how the plant immune response is regulated at the level of transcription. New roles are being discovered for the long-studied WRKY and TGA transcription factor families, while additional critical defense functions are being attributed to TCPs and other transcription factors. Dynamically controlling access to DNA through post-translational modification of histones is emerging as an essential component of priming, maintaining, attenuating, and repressing transcription in response to biotic stress. Unsurprisingly, the plant's transcriptional response is targeted by pathogen effectors, and in turn resistance proteins stand guard over and participate in transcriptional regulation. Together, these multiple layers lead to the observed complexity of the plant transcriptional immune response, with different transcription factors or chromatin components playing a prominent role depending on the plant-pathogen interaction being studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Garner
- Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sang Hee Kim
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Benjamin J Spears
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA; C.S. Bond Life Sciences Center and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
263
|
Coolen S, Proietti S, Hickman R, Davila Olivas NH, Huang PP, Van Verk MC, Van Pelt JA, Wittenberg AHJ, De Vos M, Prins M, Van Loon JJA, Aarts MGM, Dicke M, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Transcriptome dynamics of Arabidopsis during sequential biotic and abiotic stresses. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:249-67. [PMID: 26991768 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In nature, plants have to cope with a wide range of stress conditions that often occur simultaneously or in sequence. To investigate how plants cope with multi-stress conditions, we analyzed the dynamics of whole-transcriptome profiles of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to six sequential double stresses inflicted by combinations of: (i) infection by the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea, (ii) herbivory by chewing larvae of Pieris rapae, and (iii) drought stress. Each of these stresses induced specific expression profiles over time, in which one-third of all differentially expressed genes was shared by at least two single stresses. Of these, 394 genes were differentially expressed during all three stress conditions, albeit often in opposite directions. When two stresses were applied in sequence, plants displayed transcriptome profiles that were very similar to the second stress, irrespective of the nature of the first stress. Nevertheless, significant first-stress signatures could be identified in the sequential stress profiles. Bioinformatic analysis of the dynamics of co-expressed gene clusters highlighted specific clusters and biological processes of which the timing of activation or repression was altered by a prior stress. The first-stress signatures in second stress transcriptional profiles were remarkably often related to responses to phytohormones, strengthening the notion that hormones are global modulators of interactions between different types of stress. Because prior stresses can affect the level of tolerance against a subsequent stress (e.g. prior herbivory strongly affected resistance to B. cinerea), the first-stress signatures can provide important leads for the identification of molecular players that are decisive in the interactions between stress response pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Coolen
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Proietti
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Richard Hickman
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Nelson H Davila Olivas
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ping-Ping Huang
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel C Van Verk
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Bioinformatics, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Johan A Van Pelt
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Martin De Vos
- Keygene N.V., PO Box 216, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Prins
- Keygene N.V., PO Box 216, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A Van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark G M Aarts
- Laboratory of Genetics, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, PO Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Utrecht University, PO Box 800.56, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
264
|
Pan L, Zhang X, Wang J, Ma X, Zhou M, Huang L, Nie G, Wang P, Yang Z, Li J. Transcriptional Profiles of Drought-Related Genes in Modulating Metabolic Processes and Antioxidant Defenses in Lolium multiflorum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:519. [PMID: 27200005 PMCID: PMC4842912 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.00519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Drought is a major environmental stress that limits growth and development of cool-season annual grasses. Drought transcriptional profiles of resistant and susceptible lines were studied to understand the molecular mechanisms of drought tolerance in annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.). A total of 4718 genes exhibited significantly differential expression in two L. multiflorum lines. Additionally, up-regulated genes associated with drought response in the resistant lines were compared with susceptible lines. Gene ontology enrichment and pathway analyses revealed that genes partially encoding drought-responsive proteins as key regulators were significantly involved in carbon metabolism, lipid metabolism, and signal transduction. Comparable gene expression was used to identify the genes that contribute to the high drought tolerance in resistant lines of annual ryegrass. Moreover, we proposed the hypothesis that short-term drought have a beneficial effect on oxidation stress, which may be ascribed to a direct effect on the drought tolerance of annual ryegrass. Evidence suggests that some of the genes encoding antioxidants (HPTs, GGT, AP, 6-PGD, and G6PDH) function as antioxidant in lipid metabolism and signal transduction pathways, which have indispensable and promoting roles in drought resistance. This study provides the first transcriptome data on the induction of drought-related gene expression in annual ryegrass, especially via modulation of metabolic homeostasis, signal transduction, and antioxidant defenses to improve drought tolerance response to short-term drought stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Pan
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Xinquan Zhang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Agronomy Department, University of FloridaGainesville, FL, USA
| | - Xiao Ma
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Meiliang Zhou
- Department of Crop Molecular Breeding, Biotechnology Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural SciencesBeijing, China
| | - LinKai Huang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Gang Nie
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Pengxi Wang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Zhongfu Yang
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Grassland Science, Sichuan Agricultural UniversityChengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
265
|
Shen L, Liu Z, Yang S, Yang T, Liang J, Wen J, Liu Y, Li J, Shi L, Tang Q, Shi W, Hu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Lin W, Wang R, Yu H, Mou S, Hussain A, Cheng W, Cai H, He L, Guan D, Wu Y, He S. Pepper CabZIP63 acts as a positive regulator during Ralstonia solanacearum or high temperature-high humidity challenge in a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:2439-51. [PMID: 26936828 PMCID: PMC4809298 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
CaWRKY40 is known to act as a positive regulator in the response of pepper (Capsicum annuum) to Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI) or high temperature-high humidity (HTHH), but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Herein, we report that CabZIP63, a pepper bZIP family member, participates in this process by regulating the expression of CaWRKY40. CabZIP63 was found to localize in the nuclei, be up-regulated by RSI or HTHH, bind to promoters of both CabZIP63(pCabZIP63) and CaWRKY40(pCaWRKY40), and activate pCabZIP63- and pCaWRKY40-driven β-glucuronidase expression in a C- or G-box-dependent manner. Silencing of CabZIP63 by virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) in pepper plants significantly attenuated their resistance to RSI and tolerance to HTHH, accompanied by down-regulation of immunity- or thermotolerance-associated CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1, and CaHSP24. Hypersensitive response-mediated cell death and expression of the tested immunity- and thermotolerance-associated marker genes were induced by transient overexpression (TOE) of CabZIP63, but decreased by that of CabZIP63-SRDX. Additionally, binding of CabZIP63 to pCaWRKY40 was up-regulated by RSI or HTHH, and the transcript level of CaWRKY40 and binding of CaWRKY40 to the promoters of CaPR1, CaNPR1, CaDEF1 and CaHSP24 were up-regulated by TOE of CabZIP63. On the other hand, CabZIP63 was also up-regulated transcriptionally by TOE of CaWRKY40. The data suggest collectively that CabZIP63 directly or indirectly regulates the expression of CaWRKY40 at both the transcriptional and post-transcriptional level, forming a positive feedback loop with CaWRKY40 during pepper's response to RSI or HTHH. Altogether, our data will help to elucidate the underlying mechanism of crosstalk between pepper's response to RSI and HTHH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lanping Shi
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiong Hu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Cailing Liu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yangwen Zhang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Lin
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Rongzhang Wang
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Huanxin Yu
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Ansar Hussain
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Li He
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Minister, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
266
|
Schmiesing A, Emonet A, Gouhier-Darimont C, Reymond P. Arabidopsis MYC Transcription Factors Are the Target of Hormonal Salicylic Acid/Jasmonic Acid Cross Talk in Response to Pieris brassicae Egg Extract. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:2432-43. [PMID: 26884488 PMCID: PMC4825139 DOI: 10.1104/pp.16.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants recognize insect eggs and activate the salicylic acid (SA) pathway. As a consequence, expression of defense genes regulated by the jasmonic acid (JA) pathway is suppressed and larval performance is enhanced. Cross talk between defense signaling pathways is common in plant-pathogen interactions, but the molecular mechanism mediating this phenomenon is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that egg-induced SA/JA antagonism works independently of the APETALA2/ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR (AP2/ERF) transcription factor ORA59, which controls the ERF branch of the JA pathway. In addition, treatment with egg extract did not enhance expression or stability of JASMONATE ZIM-domain transcriptional repressors, and SA/JA cross talk did not involve JASMONATE ASSOCIATED MYC2-LIKEs, which are negative regulators of the JA pathway. Investigating the stability of MYC2, MYC3, and MYC4, three basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors that additively control jasmonate-related defense responses, we found that egg extract treatment strongly diminished MYC protein levels in an SA-dependent manner. Furthermore, we identified WRKY75 as a novel and essential factor controlling SA/JA cross talk. These data indicate that insect eggs target the MYC branch of the JA pathway and uncover an unexpected modulation of SA/JA antagonism depending on the biological context in which the SA pathway is activated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Schmiesing
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aurélia Emonet
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Philippe Reymond
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
267
|
Shen L, Yang S, Yang T, Liang J, Cheng W, Wen J, Liu Y, Li J, Shi L, Tang Q, Shi W, Hu J, Liu C, Zhang Y, Mou S, Liu Z, Cai H, He L, Guan D, Wu Y, He S. CaCDPK15 positively regulates pepper responses to Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation and forms a positive-feedback loop with CaWRKY40 to amplify defense signaling. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22439. [PMID: 26928570 PMCID: PMC4772545 DOI: 10.1038/srep22439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CaWRKY40 is a positive regulator of pepper (Capsicum annum) response to Ralstonia solanacearum inoculation (RSI), but the underlying mechanism remains largely unknown. Here, we functionally characterize CaCDPK15 in the defense signaling mediated by CaWRKY40. Pathogen-responsive TGA, W, and ERE boxes were identified in the CaCDPK15 promoter (pCaCDPK15), and pCaCDPK15-driven GUS expression was significantly enhanced in response to RSI and exogenously applied salicylic acid, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, and ethephon. Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) of CaCDPK15 significantly increased the susceptibility of pepper to RSI and downregulated the immunity-associated markers CaNPR1, CaPR1, and CaDEF1. By contrast, transient CaCDPK15 overexpression significantly activated hypersensitive response associated cell death, upregulated the immunity-associated marker genes, upregulated CaWRKY40 expression, and enriched CaWRKY40 at the promoters of its targets genes. Although CaCDPK15 failed to interact with CaWRKY40, the direct binding of CaWRKY40 to pCaCDPK15 was detected by chromatin immunoprecipitation, which was significantly potentiated by RSI in pepper plants. These combined results suggest that RSI in pepper induces CaCDPK15 and indirectly activates downstream CaWRKY40, which in turn potentiates CaCDPK15 expression. This positive-feedback loop would amplify defense signaling against RSI and efficiently activate strong plant immunity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Shen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Tong Yang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiaqi Liang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Cheng
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiayu Wen
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yanyan Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiazhi Li
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Lanping Shi
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Qian Tang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Wei Shi
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Jiong Hu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Cailing Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yangwen Zhang
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Shaoliang Mou
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Zhiqin Liu
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Hanyang Cai
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Life Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Li He
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Deyi Guan
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| | - Yang Wu
- College of Life Science, Jinggang Shan University, Ji'an, Jiangxi 343000, PR China
| | - Shuilin He
- National Education Ministry, Key Laboratory of Plant Genetic Improvement and Comprehensive Utilization, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China.,College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350002, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
268
|
Smakowska E, Kong J, Busch W, Belkhadir Y. Organ-specific regulation of growth-defense tradeoffs by plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 29:129-37. [PMID: 26802804 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Plants grow while also defending themselves against phylogenetically unrelated pathogens. Because defense and growth are both costly programs, a plant's success in colonizing resource-scarce environments requires tradeoffs between the two. Here, we summarize efforts aimed at understanding how plants use iterative tradeoffs to modulate differential organ growth when defenses are elicited. First, we focus on shoots to illustrate how light, in conjunction with the growth hormone gibberellin (GA) and the defense hormone jasmonic acid (JA), act to finely regulate defense and growth programs in this organ. Second, we expand on the regulation of growth-defense trade-offs in the root, a less well-studied topic despite the critical role of this organ in acquiring resources in an environment deeply entrenched with disparate populations of microbes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Smakowska
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Jixiang Kong
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Wolfgang Busch
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Youssef Belkhadir
- Gregor Mendel Institute (GMI), Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr Gasse 3, Vienna 1030, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
269
|
Onkokesung N, Reichelt M, van Doorn A, Schuurink RC, Dicke M. Differential Costs of Two Distinct Resistance Mechanisms Induced by Different Herbivore Species in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:891-906. [PMID: 26603653 PMCID: PMC4734589 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants respond to herbivory with the induction of resistance, mediated by distinct phytohormonal signaling pathways and their interactions. Phloem feeders are known to induce plant resistance via the salicylic acid pathway, whereas biting-chewing herbivores induce plant resistance mainly via the jasmonate pathway. Here, we show that a specialist caterpillar (biting-chewing herbivore) and a specialist aphid (phloem feeder) differentially induce resistance against Pieris brassicae caterpillars in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants. Caterpillar feeding induces resistance through the jasmonate signaling pathway that is associated with the induction of kaempferol 3,7-dirhamnoside, whereas aphid feeding induces resistance via a novel mechanism involving sinapoyl malate. The role of sinapoyl malate is confirmed through the use of a mutant compromised in the biosynthesis of this compound. Caterpillar-induced resistance is associated with a lower cost in terms of plant growth reduction than aphid-induced resistance. A strong constitutive resistance against P. brassicae caterpillars in combination with a strong growth attenuation in plants of a transfer DNA (T-DNA) insertion mutant of WRKY70 (wrky70) suggest that the WRKY70 transcription factor, a regulator of downstream responses mediated by jasmonate-salicylic acid signaling cross talk, is involved in the negative regulation of caterpillar resistance and in the tradeoff between growth and defense. In conclusion, different mechanisms of herbivore-induced resistance come with different costs, and a functional WRKY70 transcription factor is required for the induction of low-cost resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nawaporn Onkokesung
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Michael Reichelt
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Arjen van Doorn
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Robert C Schuurink
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, 6700AA Wageningen, The Netherlands (N.O., M.D.);Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, D-07745 Jena, Germany (M.R.);Keygene, 6708OW, Wageningen, The Netherlands (A.v.D.); andPlant Physiology, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, 1098XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands (A.v.D., R.C.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
270
|
Kuhn H, Kwaaitaal M, Kusch S, Acevedo-Garcia J, Wu H, Panstruga R. Biotrophy at Its Best: Novel Findings and Unsolved Mysteries of the Arabidopsis-Powdery Mildew Pathosystem. THE ARABIDOPSIS BOOK 2016; 14:e0184. [PMID: 27489521 PMCID: PMC4957506 DOI: 10.1199/tab.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
It is generally accepted in plant-microbe interactions research that disease is the exception rather than a common outcome of pathogen attack. However, in nature, plants with symptoms that signify colonization by obligate biotrophic powdery mildew fungi are omnipresent. The pervasiveness of the disease and the fact that many economically important plants are prone to infection by powdery mildew fungi drives research on this interaction. The competence of powdery mildew fungi to establish and maintain true biotrophic relationships renders the interaction a paramount example of a pathogenic plant-microbe biotrophy. However, molecular details underlying the interaction are in many respects still a mystery. Since its introduction in 1990, the Arabidopsis-powdery mildew pathosystem has become a popular model to study molecular processes governing powdery mildew infection. Due to the many advantages that the host Arabidopsis offers in terms of molecular and genetic tools this pathosystem has great capacity to answer some of the questions of how biotrophic pathogens overcome plant defense and establish a persistent interaction that nourishes the invader while in parallel maintaining viability of the plant host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Kuhn
- RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Biology I, Unit of Plant
Molecular Cell Biology, Worringerweg 1, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
- Address correspondence to
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
271
|
Broekgaarden C, Caarls L, Vos IA, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Ethylene: Traffic Controller on Hormonal Crossroads to Defense. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 169:2371-9. [PMID: 26482888 PMCID: PMC4677896 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene (ET) is an important hormone in plant responses to microbial pathogens and herbivorous insects, and in the interaction of plants with beneficial microbes and insects. Early ET signaling events during these biotic interactions involve activities of mitogen-activated protein kinases and ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR transcription factors. Rather than being the principal regulator, ET often modulates defense signaling pathways, including those regulated by jasmonic acid and salicylic acid. Hormonal signal integrations with ET steer the defense signaling network to activate specific defenses that can have direct effects on attackers, or systemically prime distant plant parts for enhanced defense against future attack. ET also regulates volatile signals that attract carnivorous enemies of herbivores or warn neighboring plants. Conversely, ET signaling can also be exploited by attackers to hijack the defense signaling network to suppress effective defenses. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the significant role of ET in the plants' battle against their enemies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Lotte Caarls
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Irene A Vos
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Corné M J Pieterse
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia C M Van Wees
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
272
|
Analysis of key genes of jasmonic acid mediated signal pathway for defense against insect damages by comparative transcriptome sequencing. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16500. [PMID: 26560755 PMCID: PMC4642351 DOI: 10.1038/srep16500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Corn defense systems against insect herbivory involve activation of genes that lead to metabolic reconfigurations to produce toxic compounds, proteinase inhibitors, oxidative enzymes, and behavior-modifying volatiles. Similar responses occur when the plant is exposed to methyl jasmonate (MeJA). To compare the defense responses between stalk borer feeding and exogenous MeJA on a transcriptional level, we employed deep transcriptome sequencing methods following Ostrinia furnacalis leaf feeding and MeJA leaf treatment. 39,636 genes were found to be differentially expressed with O. furnacalis feeding, MeJA application, and O. furnacalis feeding and MeJA application. Following Gene Ontology enrichment analysis of the up- or down- regulated genes, many were implicated in metabolic processes, stimuli-responsive catalytic activity, and transfer activity. Fifteen genes that indicated significant changes in the O. furnacalis feeding group: LOX1, ASN1, eIF3, DXS, AOS, TIM, LOX5, BBTI2, BBTI11, BBTI12, BBTI13, Cl-1B, TPS10, DOX, and A20/AN1 were found to almost all be involved in jasmonate defense signaling pathways. All of the data demonstrate that the jasmonate defense signal pathway is a major defense signaling pathways of Asian corn borer’s defense against insect herbivory. The transcriptome data are publically available at NCBI SRA: SRS965087.
Collapse
|
273
|
Vega A, Canessa P, Hoppe G, Retamal I, Moyano TC, Canales J, Gutiérrez RA, Rubilar J. Transcriptome analysis reveals regulatory networks underlying differential susceptibility to Botrytis cinerea in response to nitrogen availability in Solanum lycopersicum. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:911. [PMID: 26583019 PMCID: PMC4631835 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) is one of the main limiting nutrients for plant growth and crop yield. It is well documented that changes in nitrate availability, the main N source found in agricultural soils, influences a myriad of developmental programs and processes including the plant defense response. Indeed, many agronomical reports indicate that the plant N nutritional status influences their ability to respond effectively when challenged by different pathogens. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in N-modulation of plant susceptibility to pathogens are poorly characterized. In this work, we show that Solanum lycopersicum defense response to the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea is affected by plant N availability, with higher susceptibility in nitrate-limiting conditions. Global gene expression responses of tomato against B. cinerea under contrasting nitrate conditions reveals that plant primary metabolism is affected by the fungal infection regardless of N regimes. This result suggests that differential susceptibility to pathogen attack under contrasting N conditions is not only explained by a metabolic alteration. We used a systems biology approach to identify the transcriptional regulatory network implicated in plant response to the fungus infection under contrasting nitrate conditions. Interestingly, hub genes in this network are known key transcription factors involved in ethylene and jasmonic acid signaling. This result positions these hormones as key integrators of nitrate and defense against B. cinerea in tomato plants. Our results provide insights into potential crosstalk mechanisms between necrotrophic defense response and N status in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Vega
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Paulo Canessa
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Millennium Nucleus for Fungal Integrative and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
| | - Gustavo Hoppe
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Retamal
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Tomas C. Moyano
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Javier Canales
- Facultad de Ciencias, Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Universidad Austral de ChileValdivia, Chile
| | - Rodrigo A. Gutiérrez
- Millennium Nucleus Center for Plant Systems and Synthetic BiologySantiago, Chile
- Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| | - Joselyn Rubilar
- Facultad de Agronomía e Ingeniería Forestal, Pontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiago, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
274
|
Lemarié S, Robert-Seilaniantz A, Lariagon C, Lemoine J, Marnet N, Jubault M, Manzanares-Dauleux MJ, Gravot A. Both the Jasmonic Acid and the Salicylic Acid Pathways Contribute to Resistance to the Biotrophic Clubroot Agent Plasmodiophora brassicae in Arabidopsis. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 56:2158-68. [PMID: 26363358 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The role of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) signaling in resistance to root pathogens has been poorly documented. We assessed the contribution of SA and JA to basal and partial resistance of Arabidopsis to the biotrophic clubroot agent Plasmodiophora brassicae. SA and JA levels as well as the expression of the SA-responsive genes PR2 and PR5 and the JA-responsive genes ARGAH2 and THI2.1 were monitored in infected roots of the accessions Col-0 (susceptible) and Bur-0 (partially resistant). SA signaling was activated in Bur-0 but not in Col-0. The JA pathway was weakly activated in Bur-0 but was strongly induced in Col-0. The contribution of both pathways to clubroot resistance was then assessed using exogenous phytohormone application and mutants affected in SA or JA signaling. Exogenous SA treatment decreased clubroot symptoms in the two Arabidopsis accessions, whereas JA treatment reduced clubroot symptoms only in Col-0. The cpr5-2 mutant, in which SA responses are constitutively induced, was more resistant to clubroot than the corresponding wild type, and the JA signaling-deficient mutant jar1 was more susceptible. Finally, we showed that the JA-mediated induction of NATA1 drove N(δ)-acetylornithine biosynthesis in infected Col-0 roots. The 35S::NATA1 and nata1 lines displayed reduced or enhanced clubroot symptoms, respectively, thus suggesting that in Col-0 this pathway was involved in the JA-mediated basal clubroot resistance. Overall, our data support the idea that, depending on the Arabidopsis accession, both SA and JA signaling can play a role in partial inhibition of clubroot development in compatible interactions with P. brassicae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nathalie Marnet
- Plateau de Profilage Métabolique et Métabolomique (P2M2) Centre de Recherche Angers Nantes BIA, INRA de Rennes, F-35653 Le Rheu, France
| | | | | | - Antoine Gravot
- Université Rennes 1, UMR1349 IGEPP, F-35000 Rennes, France
| |
Collapse
|
275
|
Dieryckx C, Gaudin V, Dupuy JW, Bonneu M, Girard V, Job D. Beyond plant defense: insights on the potential of salicylic and methylsalicylic acid to contain growth of the phytopathogen Botrytis cinerea. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:859. [PMID: 26528317 PMCID: PMC4607878 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Using Botrytis cinerea we confirmed in the present work several previous studies showing that salicylic acid, a main plant hormone, inhibits fungal growth in vitro. Such an inhibitory effect was also observed for the two salicylic acid derivatives, methylsalicylic and acetylsalicylic acid. In marked contrast, 5-sulfosalicylic acid was totally inactive. Comparative proteomics from treated vs. control mycelia showed that both the intracellular and extracellular proteomes were affected in the presence of salicylic acid or methylsalicylic acid. These data suggest several mechanisms that could potentially account for the observed fungal growth inhibition, notably pH regulation, metal homeostasis, mitochondrial respiration, ROS accumulation and cell wall remodeling. The present observations support a role played by the phytohormone SA and derivatives in directly containing the pathogen. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002873.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Dieryckx
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Vanessa Gaudin
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Jean-William Dupuy
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Marc Bonneu
- Plateforme Protéome, Centre de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Université de BordeauxBordeaux, France
| | - Vincent Girard
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| | - Dominique Job
- Laboratoire Mixte UMR 5240, Plateforme de Protéomique, Centre National de la Recherche ScientifiqueLyon, France
| |
Collapse
|
276
|
Camañes G, Scalschi L, Vicedo B, González-Bosch C, García-Agustín P. An untargeted global metabolomic analysis reveals the biochemical changes underlying basal resistance and priming in Solanum lycopersicum, and identifies 1-methyltryptophan as a metabolite involved in plant responses to Botrytis cinerea and Pseudomonas syringae. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 84:125-39. [PMID: 26270176 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have used untargeted global metabolomic analysis to determine and compare the chemical nature of the metabolites altered during the infection of tomato plants (cv. Ailsa Craig) with Botrytis cinerea (Bot) or Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst), pathogens that have different invasion mechanisms and lifestyles. We also obtained the metabolome of tomato plants primed using the natural resistance inducer hexanoic acid and then infected with these pathogens. By contrasting the metabolomic profiles of infected, primed, and primed + infected plants, we determined not only the processes or components related directly to plant defense responses, but also inferred the metabolic mechanisms by which pathogen resistance is primed. The data show that basal resistance and hexanoic acid-induced resistance to Bot and Pst are associated with a marked metabolic reprogramming. This includes significant changes in amino acids, sugars and free fatty acids, and in primary and secondary metabolism. Comparison of the metabolic profiles of the infections indicated clear differences, reflecting the fact that the plant's chemical responses are highly adapted to specific attackers. The data also indicate involvement of signaling molecules, including pipecolic and azelaic acids, in response to Pst and, interestingly, to Bot. The compound 1-methyltryptophan was shown to be associated with the tomato-Pst and tomato-Bot interactions as well as with hexanoic acid-induced resistance. Root application of this Trp-derived metabolite also demonstrated its ability to protect tomato plants against both pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camañes
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Loredana Scalschi
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Begonya Vicedo
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| | - Carmen González-Bosch
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universitat de València, Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar García-Agustín
- Grup de Bioquímica i Biotecnología, Àrea de Fisiologa Vegetal, Departament de Ciències Agràries y del Medi Natural, Escola Superior de Tecnología i Ciències Experimentals, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
277
|
Kim YH, Khan AL, Lee IJ. Silicon: a duo synergy for regulating crop growth and hormonal signaling under abiotic stress conditions. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2015; 36:1099-1109. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2015.1084265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoon-Ha Kim
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,
- Division of Plant Sciences and National Center for Soybean Biotechnology, University of Missouri-Columbia, MO, USA, and
| | - Abdul Latif Khan
- UoN Chair of Medicinal Plants and Marine Natural Products, University of Nizwa, Nizwa, Oman
| | - In-Jung Lee
- School of Applied Biosciences, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea,
| |
Collapse
|
278
|
Isolation, Expression, and Promoter Analysis of GbWRKY2: A Novel Transcription Factor Gene from Ginkgo biloba. Int J Genomics 2015; 2015:607185. [PMID: 26351628 PMCID: PMC4553201 DOI: 10.1155/2015/607185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
WRKY transcription factor is involved in multiple life activities including plant growth and development as well as biotic and abiotic responses. We identified 28 WRKY genes from transcriptome data of Ginkgo biloba according to conserved WRKY domains and zinc finger structure and selected three WRKY genes, which are GbWRKY2, GbWRKY16, and GbWRKY21, for expression pattern analysis. GbWRKY2 was preferentially expressed in flowers and strongly induced by methyl jasmonate. Here, we cloned the full-length cDNA and genomic DNA of GbWRKY2. The full-length cDNA of GbWRKY2 was 1,713 bp containing a 1,014 bp open reading frame encoding a polypeptide of 337 amino acids. The GbWRKY2 genomic DNA had one intron and two exons. The deduced GbWRKY2 contained one WRKY domain and one zinc finger motif. GbWRKY2 was classified into Group II WRKYs. Southern blot analysis revealed that GbWRKY2 was a single copy gene in G. biloba. Many cis-acting elements related to hormone and stress responses were identified in the 1,363 bp-length 5'-flanking sequence of GbWRKY2, including W-box, ABRE-motif, MYBCOREs, and PYRIMIDINE-boxes, revealing the molecular mechanism of upregulated expression of GbWRKY2 by hormone and stress treatments. Further functional characterizations in transiently transformed tobacco leaves allowed us to identify the region that can be considered as the minimal promoter.
Collapse
|
279
|
Acevedo FE, Rivera-Vega LJ, Chung SH, Ray S, Felton GW. Cues from chewing insects - the intersection of DAMPs, HAMPs, MAMPs and effectors. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 26:80-6. [PMID: 26123394 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Chewing herbivores cause massive damage when crushing plant tissues with their mandibles, thus releasing a vast array of cues that may be perceived by the plant to mobilize defenses. Besides releasing damage cues in wounded tissues, herbivores deposit abundant cues from their saliva, regurgitant and feces that trigger herbivore specific responses in plants. Herbivores can manipulate the perception mechanisms and defense signals to suppress plant defenses by secreting effectors and/or by exploiting their associated oral microbes. Recent studies indicate that both the composition of herbivore cues and the plant's ability to recognize them are highly dependent upon the specific plant-herbivore system. There is a growing amount of work on identifying herbivore elicitors and effectors, but the most significant bottleneck in the discipline is the identification and characterization of plant receptors that perceive these herbivore-specific cues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Flor E Acevedo
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Loren J Rivera-Vega
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Seung Ho Chung
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
| | - Swayamjit Ray
- Department of Plant Science, Plant Biology Graduate Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Gary W Felton
- Department of Entomology, Penn State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
280
|
Vos IA, Moritz L, Pieterse CMJ, Van Wees SCM. Impact of hormonal crosstalk on plant resistance and fitness under multi-attacker conditions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:639. [PMID: 26347758 PMCID: PMC4538242 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The hormone salicylic acid (SA) generally induces plant defenses against biotrophic pathogens. Jasmonic acid (JA) and its oxylipin derivatives together with ethylene (ET) are generally important hormonal regulators of induced plant defenses against necrotrophic pathogens, whereas JAs together with abscisic acid (ABA) are implicated in induced plant defenses against herbivorous insects. Hormonal crosstalk between the different plant defense pathways has often been hypothesized to be a cost-saving strategy that has evolved as a means of the plant to reduce allocation costs by repression of unnecessary defenses, thereby minimizing trade-offs between plant defense and growth. However, proof for this hypothesis has not been demonstrated yet. In this study the impact of hormonal crosstalk on disease resistance and fitness of Arabidopsis thaliana when under multi-species attack was investigated. Induction of SA- or JA/ABA-dependent defense responses by the biotrophic pathogen Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis or the herbivorous insect Pieris rapae, respectively, was shown to reduce the level of induced JA/ET-dependent defense against subsequent infection with the necrotrophic pathogen Botrytis cinerea. However, despite the enhanced susceptibility to this second attacker, no additional long-term negative effects were observed on plant fitness when plants had been challenged by multiple attackers. Similarly, when plants were grown in dense competition stands to enlarge fitness effects of induced defenses, treatment with a combination of SA and MeJA did not cause additional negative effects on plant fitness in comparison to the single MeJA treatment. Together, these data support the notion that hormonal crosstalk in plants during multi-attacker interactions allows plants to prioritize their defenses, while limiting the fitness costs associated with induction of defenses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Saskia C. M. Van Wees
- *Correspondence: Saskia C. M. Van Wees, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, P. O. Box 800.56, Kruyt Building, Padualaan 8, 3508 TB Utrecht, Netherlands,
| |
Collapse
|