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252
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The development of alginate-based amperometric nanoreactors for biochemical profiling of living yeast cells. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 145:108082. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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253
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Lorenzen AL, dos Santos AM, dos Santos LP, da Silva Pinto L, Conceição FR, Wolfart F. PEDOT-AuNPs-based impedimetric immunosensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies. Electrochim Acta 2022; 404:139757. [PMID: 34955549 PMCID: PMC8684030 DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical sensors and biosensors are useful techniques for fast, inexpensive, sensitive, and easy detection of innumerous specimen. In face of COVID-19 pandemic, it became evident the necessity of a rapid and accurate diagnostic test, so the impedimetric immunosensor approach can be a good alternative to replace the conventional tests due to the specific antibody-antigen binding interaction and the fast response in comparison to traditional methods. In this work, a modified electrode with electrosynthesized PEDOT and gold nanoparticles followed by the immobilization of truncated nucleoprotein (N aa160-406aa) was used for a fast and reliable detection of antibodies against COVID-19 in human serum sample. The method consists in analyzing the charge-transfer resistance (RCT) variation before and after the modified electrode comes into contact with the positive and negative serum sample for COVID-19, using [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- as a probe. The results show a linear and selective response for serum samples diluted in a range of 2.5 × 103 to 20 × 103. Also, the electrode material was fully characterized by Raman spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS, indicating that the gold nanoparticles were well distributed around the polymer matrix and the presence of the biological sample was confirmed by EDS analysis. EIS measurements allowed to differentiate the negative and positive samples by the difference in the RCT magnitude, proving that the material developed here has potential properties to be applied in impedimetric immunosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in about 30 min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Luiza Lorenzen
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha – Campus São Borja, Rua Otaviano Castilho Mendes, 355, Betim, São Borja, RS CEP 97670-000, Brazil
| | - Ariane Moraes dos Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha – Campus São Borja, Rua Otaviano Castilho Mendes, 355, Betim, São Borja, RS CEP 97670-000, Brazil
| | - Luâni Poll dos Santos
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha – Campus São Borja, Rua Otaviano Castilho Mendes, 355, Betim, São Borja, RS CEP 97670-000, Brazil
| | - Luciano da Silva Pinto
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia – Campus Capão do Leão, S/N, Capão do Leão, RS CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Fabricio Rochedo Conceição
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Centro de Desenvolvimento Tecnológico, Núcleo de Biotecnologia – Campus Capão do Leão, S/N, Capão do Leão, RS CEP 96160-000, Brazil
| | - Franciele Wolfart
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia Farroupilha – Campus São Borja, Rua Otaviano Castilho Mendes, 355, Betim, São Borja, RS CEP 97670-000, Brazil,Corresponding author
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254
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Tiwari N, Chatterjee S, Kaswan K, Chung JH, Fan KP, Lin ZH. Recent advancements in sampling, power management strategies and development in applications for non-invasive wearable electrochemical sensors. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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255
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Saeed R, Feng H, Wang X, Xiaoshuan Z, Zetian F. Fish quality evaluation by sensor and machine learning: A mechanistic review. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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256
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Mishra A, Pilloton R, Jain S, Roy S, Khanuja M, Mathur A, Narang J. Paper-Based Electrodes Conjugated with Tungsten Disulfide Nanostructure and Aptamer for Impedimetric Detection of Listeria monocytogenes. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12020088. [PMID: 35200347 PMCID: PMC8869618 DOI: 10.3390/bios12020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on a novel aptasensor based on an electrochemical paper-based analytical device (ePAD) that employs a tungsten disulfide (WS2)/aptamer hybrid for the detection of Listeria monocytogenes. Listeria is a well-known causative pathogen for foodborne diseases. The proposed aptasensor signifies many lucrative features which include simple, cost-effective, reliable, and disposable. Furthermore, the use of an aptamer added more advantageous features in the biosensor. The morphological, optical, elemental composition, and phase properties of the synthesized tungsten disulfide (WS2) nanostructures were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), RAMAN spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), while electrochemical impedance spectroscopy was performed to corroborate the immobilization of aptamer and to assess the L. monocytogenes sensing performance. The limit of detection (LoD) and limit of quantification (LoQ) of the aptasensor was found to be 10 and 4.5 CFU/mL, respectively, within a linear range of 101-108 CFU/mL. The proposed sensor was found to be selective solely towards Listeria monocytogenes in the presence of various bacterial species such as Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Validation of the aptasensor operation was also evaluated in real samples by spiking them with fixed concentrations (101, 103, and 105) of Listeria monocytogenes, thereby, paving the way for its potential in a point-of-care scenario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annu Mishra
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India; (A.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Roberto Pilloton
- CNR-IC, Area dellaRicerca di RM1, Via Salaria km 29.3, Monterotondo, I-00015 Rome, Italy
| | - Swati Jain
- Amity Institute of Nanotechnology, Amity University, Noida 201313, India; (A.M.); (S.J.)
| | - Souradeep Roy
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIDRI), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India; (S.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Manika Khanuja
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Ashish Mathur
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIDRI), University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun 248007, India; (S.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Jagriti Narang
- Department of Biotechnology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
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257
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Electrochemical Sensors for Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing: Strategies and Applications. CHEMOSENSORS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors10020053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Increasing awareness of the impacts of infectious diseases has driven the development of advanced techniques for detecting pathogens in clinical and environmental settings. However, this process is hindered by the complexity and variability inherent in antibiotic-resistant species. A great deal of effort has been put into the development of antibiotic-resistance/susceptibility testing (AST) sensors and systems to administer proper drugs for patient-tailored therapy. Electrochemical sensors have garnered increasing attention due to their powerful potential to allow rapid, sensitive, and real-time monitoring, alongside the low-cost production, feasibility of minimization, and easy integration with other techniques. This review focuses on the recent advances in electrochemical sensing strategies that have been used to determine the level of antibiotic resistance/susceptibility of pathogenic bacteria. The recent examples of the current electrochemical AST sensors discussed here are classified into four categories according to what is detected and quantitated: the presence of antibiotic-resistant genes, changes in impedance caused by cell lysis, current response caused by changes in cellular membrane properties, and changes in the redox state of redox molecules. It also discusses potential strategies for the development of electrochemical AST sensors, with the goal of broadening their practical applications across various scientific and technological fields.
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258
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Ganguly A, Ebrahimzadeh T, Zimmern P, De Nisco NJ, Prasad S. Label-Free, Novel Electrofluidic Capacitor Biosensor for Prostaglandin E2 Detection toward Early and Rapid Urinary Tract Infection Diagnosis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:186-198. [PMID: 34928577 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.1c01951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urine Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) has been identified as an attractive diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for urinary tract infection (UTI). This work demonstrates the use of PGE2 as a biomarker for rapid and label-free testing for UTI. In this work, we have developed a novel electrofluidic capacitor-based biosensor that can used for home-based UTI management with high accuracy in less than 5 min for small volume urine samples (<60 μL). The PGE2 biosensor works on the principle of affinity capture using highly specific monoclonal PGE2 antibody and relies on non-faradaic electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Mott-Schottky (MS) for quantifying subtle variations in PGE2 levels expressed in human urine (pH 5-8). Dynamic light scattering experiments were performed to characterize surface charge properties and the impact of bulk interferents on the interfacial modulation of electrical properties due to binding and urine pH variations. Binding chemistry between the key elements of the immunosensor stack was validated using attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and surface plasmon resonance studies. Linear calibration dose responses were obtained for PGE2 for both EIS and MS. The sensor reliably distinguished between UTI negative and UTI positive cases for both artificial (pH 5-8) and pooled human urine samples. The sensor was not found to cross-react with Prostaglandin D2, a structurally similar interferent, and other abundant urine interferents (urea and creatinine). Human subject studies confirmed the validity of the sensor for robust and accurate UTI diagnosis. This work can be extended to achieve easy, reliable, and rapid home-based UTI management, which can consequently help physicians with timely and appropriate administration of therapy to improve patient outcomes and treatment success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antra Ganguly
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Tahmineh Ebrahimzadeh
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Philippe Zimmern
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, United States
| | - Nicole J. De Nisco
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Shalini Prasad
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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259
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Macchia E, Torricelli F, Bollella P, Sarcina L, Tricase A, Di Franco C, Österbacka R, Kovács-Vajna ZM, Scamarcio G, Torsi L. Large-Area Interfaces for Single-Molecule Label-free Bioelectronic Detection. Chem Rev 2022; 122:4636-4699. [PMID: 35077645 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bioelectronic transducing surfaces that are nanometric in size have been the main route to detect single molecules. Though enabling the study of rarer events, such methodologies are not suited to assay at concentrations below the nanomolar level. Bioelectronic field-effect-transistors with a wide (μm2-mm2) transducing interface are also assumed to be not suited, because the molecule to be detected is orders of magnitude smaller than the transducing surface. Indeed, it is like seeing changes on the surface of a one-kilometer-wide pond when a droplet of water falls on it. However, it is a fact that a number of large-area transistors have been shown to detect at a limit of detection lower than femtomolar; they are also fast and hence innately suitable for point-of-care applications. This review critically discusses key elements, such as sensing materials, FET-structures, and target molecules that can be selectively assayed. The amplification effects enabling extremely sensitive large-area bioelectronic sensing are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Di Franco
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Ronald Österbacka
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Zsolt M Kovács-Vajna
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione, Università degli Studi di Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaetano Scamarcio
- CNR, Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie, Sede di Bari, 70125 Bari, Italy.,Dipartimento Interateneo di Fisica "M. Merlin", Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Åbo Akademi University, 20500 Turku, Finland.,Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy.,Centre for Colloid and Surface Science - Università degli Studi di Bari "Aldo Moro", 70125 Bari, Italy
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260
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Dinu A, Apetrei C. A Review of Sensors and Biosensors Modified with Conducting Polymers and Molecularly Imprinted Polymers Used in Electrochemical Detection of Amino Acids: Phenylalanine, Tyrosine, and Tryptophan. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1218. [PMID: 35163145 PMCID: PMC8835779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, the studies on developing sensors and biosensors-with an obvious interdisciplinary character-have drawn the attention of many researchers specializing in various fundamental, but also complex domains such as chemistry, biochemistry, physics, biophysics, biology, bio-pharma-medicine, and bioengineering. Along these lines, the present paper is structured into three parts, and is aimed at synthesizing the most relevant studies on the construction and functioning of versatile devices, of electrochemical sensors and biosensors, respectively. The first part presents examples of the most representative scientific research focusing on the role and the importance of the phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan amino acids, selected depending on their chemical structure and their impact on the central nervous system. The second part is dedicated to presenting and exemplifying conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers used as sensitive materials in achieving electrochemical sensors and biosensors. The last part of the review analyzes the sensors and biosensors developed so far to detect amino acids with the aid of conductor polymers and molecularly imprinted polymers from the point of view of the performances obtained, with emphasis on the detection methods, on the electrochemical reactions that take place upon detection, and on the electroanalytical performances. The present study was carried out with a view to highlighting, for the benefit of specialists in medicine and pharmacy, the possibility of achieving and purchasing efficient devices that might be used in the quality control of medicines, as well as in studying and monitoring diseases associated with these amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Constantin Apetrei
- Department of Chemistry, Physics and Environment, Faculty of Sciences and Environment, “Dunărea de Jos” University of Galati, RO-800008 Galati, Romania;
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261
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Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a wide bandgap semiconductor material that has been widely explored for countless applications, including in biosensing. Among its interesting properties, its remarkable photoluminescence (PL), which typically exhibits an intense signal at room temperature (RT), arises as an extremely appealing alternative transduction approach due to the high sensitivity of its surface properties, providing high sensitivity and selectivity to the sensors relying on luminescence output. Therefore, even though not widely explored, in recent years some studies have been devoted to the use of the PL features of ZnO as an optical transducer for detection and quantification of specific analytes. Hence, in the present paper, we revised the works that have been published in the last few years concerning the use of ZnO nanostructures as the transducer element in different types of PL-based biosensors, namely enzymatic and immunosensors, towards the detection of analytes relevant for health and environment, like antibiotics, glucose, bacteria, virus or even tumor biomarkers. A comprehensive discussion on the possible physical mechanisms that rule the optical sensing response is also provided, as well as a warning regarding the effect that the buffer solution may play on the sensing experiments, as it was seen that the use of phosphate-containing solutions significantly affects the stability of the ZnO nanostructures, which may conduct to misleading interpretations of the sensing results and unreliable conclusions.
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262
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Gunasekaran D, Gerchman Y, Vernick S. Electrochemical Detection of Waterborne Bacteria Using Bi-Functional Magnetic Nanoparticle Conjugates. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12010036. [PMID: 35049664 PMCID: PMC8774000 DOI: 10.3390/bios12010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Detection of microbial contamination in water is imperative to ensure water quality. We have developed an electrochemical method for the detection of E. coli using bi-functional magnetic nanoparticle (MNP) conjugates. The bi-functional MNP conjugates were prepared by terminal-specific conjugation of anti-E. coli IgG antibody and the electroactive marker ferrocene. The bi-functional MNP conjugate possesses both E. coli-specific binding and electroactive properties, which were studied in detail. The conjugation efficiency of ferrocene and IgG antibodies with amine-functionalized MNPs was investigated. Square-wave voltammetry enabled the detection of E. coli concentrations ranging from 101-107 cells/mL in a dose-dependent manner, as ferrocene-specific current signals were inversely dependent on E. coli concentrations, completely suppressed at concentrations higher than 107 cells/mL. The developed electrochemical method is highly sensitive (10 cells/mL) and, coupled to magnetic separation, provides specific signals within 1h. Overall, the bi-functional conjugates serve as ideal candidates for electrochemical detection of waterborne bacteria. This approach can be applied for the detection of other bacteria and viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharanivasan Gunasekaran
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Volcani Institute (ARO), Rishon leZion 5025001, Israel;
| | - Yoram Gerchman
- The Faculty of Natural Sciences, Oranim Academic College of Education, The University of Haifa, Tivon 3600600, Israel;
| | - Sefi Vernick
- Department of Sensing, Information and Mechanization Engineering, Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Volcani Institute (ARO), Rishon leZion 5025001, Israel;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-3-968-3499
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263
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Dillen A, Lammertyn J. Paving the way towards continuous biosensing by implementing affinity-based nanoswitches on state-dependent readout platforms. Analyst 2022; 147:1006-1023. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02308j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Combining affinity-based nanoswitches with state-dependent readout platforms allows for continuous biosensing and acquisition of real-time information about biochemical processes occurring in the environment of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Dillen
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems – Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2428, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Lammertyn
- KU Leuven, Department of Biosystems – Biosensors Group, Willem de Croylaan 42, Box 2428, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
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264
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Emerging Microfluidic and Biosensor Technologies for Improved Cancer Theranostics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:461-495. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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265
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Baluta S, Meloni F, Halicka K, Szyszka A, Zucca A, Pilo MI, Cabaj J. Differential pulse voltammetry and chronoamperometry as analytical tools for epinephrine detection using a tyrosinase-based electrochemical biosensor. RSC Adv 2022; 12:25342-25353. [PMID: 36199318 PMCID: PMC9446417 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra04045j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the presented study was to design a biosensor-based system for epinephrine (EP) detection using a poly-thiophene derivative and tyrosinase as a biorecognition element. We compared two different electroanalytical techniques to select the most prominent technique for analyzing the neurotransmitter. The prepared biosensor system exhibited good parameters; the differential pulse (DPV) technique presented a wide linear range (1–20 μM and 30–200 μM), with a low detection limit (0.18 nM and 1.03 nM). In the case of chronoamperometry (CA), a high signal-to-noise ratio and lower reproducibility were observed, causing a less broad linear range (10–200 μM) and a higher detection limit (125 nM). Therefore, the DPV technique was used for the calculation of sensitivity (0.0011 μA mM−1 cm−2), stability (49 days), and total surface coverage (4.18 × 10−12 mol cm−2). The biosensor also showed very high selectivity in the presence of common interfering species (i.e. ascorbic acid, uric acid, norepinephrine, dopamine) and was successfully applied for EP determination in a pharmaceutical sample. GCE/poly-4,4′-bBT/tyrosinase biosensor for epinephrine was constructed. Comparison of differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and chronoamperometry was performed. DPV showed more reproducible results giving high selectivity, sensitivity, stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Baluta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Francesca Meloni
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Kinga Halicka
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adam Szyszka
- Faculty of Microsystem Electronics and Photonics, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Antonio Zucca
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Itria Pilo
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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266
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Fatoni A, Widanarto W, Anggraeni MD, Dwiasi DW. Glucose biosensor based on activated carbon – NiFe2O4 nanoparticles composite modified carbon paste electrode. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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267
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Anusuya P, Kumar P, Esakki P, Agarwal L. Recent Study on Schottky Tunnel Field Effect Transistor for Biosensing Applications. SILICON 2022; 14:10187-10198. [PMCID: PMC8942811 DOI: 10.1007/s12633-022-01828-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discussed highly sensitive biosensor devices which is having a more attractive, wide scope and development in the sensing field. Biosensor devices can detect the charged and neutral charged biomolecules such as protein, nucleic acids, antibody agents and viruses. Due to these highly sensitive biosensor devices, we mainly focused on schottky tunnel field-effect transistors (STFET), these transistors have unique properties such as enhanced transconductance and gate controllability, low leakage current etc. In addition, we studied the performances and challenges of STFET by dielectric modulation doping concentration, dielectric modulation, and heterostructure devices. Further, we have reviewed the comparison of STFET and conventional devices. This article reviews mainly on the study of high sensitivity analysis of STFET and modified Schottky-TFET structures for the use of biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Anusuya
- Microelectronics and VLSI Design Group, School of Electronics, VIT-Chennai University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
| | - Prashanth Kumar
- Microelectronics and VLSI Design Group, School of Electronics, VIT-Chennai University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
| | - Papanasam Esakki
- Microelectronics and VLSI Design Group, School of Electronics, VIT-Chennai University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
| | - Lucky Agarwal
- Microelectronics and VLSI Design Group, School of Electronics, VIT-Chennai University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600127 India
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268
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Cheng J, Yang G, Guo J, Liu S, Guo J. Integrated electrochemical lateral flow immunoassays (eLFIAs): recent advances. Analyst 2022; 147:554-570. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an01478a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Schematic of integrated electrochemical lateral flow immunoassays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Cheng
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Guopan Yang
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- School of Automation Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, P. R. China
| | - Shan Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, Chengdu 610072, China
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Information and Communication Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
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269
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Latent potential of current plant diagnostics for detection of sugarcane diseases. CURRENT RESEARCH IN BIOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crbiot.2022.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
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270
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Ma R, An X, Shao R, Zhang Q, Sun S. Recent advancement in noninvasive glucose monitoring and closed-loop management system for diabetes. J Mater Chem B 2022; 10:5537-5555. [DOI: 10.1039/d2tb00749e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes can cause many complications, which has become one of the most common diseases that may lead to death. Currently, the number of diabetics continues increasing year by year. Thus,...
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271
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Advancing Tumor Microenvironment Research by Combining Organs-on-Chips and Biosensors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1379:171-203. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-04039-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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272
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Development of nano-sensor and biosensor as an air pollution detection technique for the foreseeable future. COMPREHENSIVE ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2022; 99:163-188. [PMCID: PMC9906420 DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2024]
Abstract
Nowadays, the air quality control has become an important issue, especially after “COVID-19.” The air respiratory viruses cause a severe infection. The detection of airborne viruses and air contaminants is an urgent trend. The quality of a certain environment is based on the analysis of its indoor air. Thus, the design and production of rapid sensors for the control purposes are an urgent goal. This chapter should contribute to increase the scientific knowledge in the environmental fields, everyone that is exposed to air pollutants, occupational health services, medicine clinics, and work inspectors. This chapter aims also to support the readers with details about the relation between nanotechnology and air pollution control, and to link these issues to the eco-friendly nanomaterial production. The chapter provides an overview of information on diverse types of nanosensors and nanobiosensors, followed by a brief section on eco-friendly development of biomass-based nanomaterials.
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273
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Sensitive recognition of Shiga toxin using biosensor technology: An efficient platform towards bioanalysis of pathogenic bacterial. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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274
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Pillai S, Upadhyay A, Sayson D, Nguyen BH, Tran SD. Advances in Medical Wearable Biosensors: Design, Fabrication and Materials Strategies in Healthcare Monitoring. Molecules 2021; 27:165. [PMID: 35011400 PMCID: PMC8746599 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, wearable biosensors have radically changed our outlook on contemporary medical healthcare monitoring systems. These smart, multiplexed devices allow us to quantify dynamic biological signals in real time through highly sensitive, miniaturized sensing platforms, thereby decentralizing the concept of regular clinical check-ups and diagnosis towards more versatile, remote, and personalized healthcare monitoring. This paradigm shift in healthcare delivery can be attributed to the development of nanomaterials and improvements made to non-invasive biosignal detection systems alongside integrated approaches for multifaceted data acquisition and interpretation. The discovery of new biomarkers and the use of bioaffinity recognition elements like aptamers and peptide arrays combined with the use of newly developed, flexible, and conductive materials that interact with skin surfaces has led to the widespread application of biosensors in the biomedical field. This review focuses on the recent advances made in wearable technology for remote healthcare monitoring. It classifies their development and application in terms of electrochemical, mechanical, and optical modes of transduction and type of material used and discusses the shortcomings accompanying their large-scale fabrication and commercialization. A brief note on the most widely used materials and their improvements in wearable sensor development is outlined along with instructions for the future of medical wearables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeeth Pillai
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Akshaya Upadhyay
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Darren Sayson
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
| | - Bich Hong Nguyen
- Department of Pediatrics, CHU Sainte Justine Hospital, Montreal, QC H3T 1C5, Canada;
| | - Simon D. Tran
- McGill Craniofacial Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells Laboratory, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, 3640 University Street, Montreal, QC H3A 0C7, Canada; (S.P.); (A.U.); (D.S.)
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275
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Garg D, Singh M, Verma N, Monika. Review on recent advances in fabrication of enzymatic and chemical sensors for hypoxanthine. Food Chem 2021; 375:131839. [PMID: 34968951 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxanthine is an important product of the nucleotide degradation pathway. It has been considered as a potential marker for assessing meat freshness and clinical diagnosis. In the review, we focus on advancement made in the fabrication of hypoxanthine sensors. Several traditional methods are being utilized for the detection of hypoxanthine, but these methods are expensive, complex, require pretreatment of the sample which is time-consuming and trained persons to operate. Sensors have emerged as simple, rapid, economic, disposable, and portable tools for hypoxanthine detection in biological samples. In particular, the review describes the significant role of hypoxanthine in clinical and food applications. Classification of sensors into enzymatic and non-enzymatic sensors along with the different methods used for xanthine oxidase immobilization and type of transducers used for hypoxanthine detection are briefly explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diksha Garg
- Biosensor Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Minni Singh
- Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Neelam Verma
- Biosensor Technology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Punjabi University, Patiala 147002, Punjab, India.
| | - Monika
- Department of Biotechnology, Mata Gujri College, Fatehgarh 140407, Punjab, India.
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276
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Dulay S, Rivas L, Pla L, Berdún S, Eixarch E, Gratacós E, Illa M, Mir M, Samitier J. Fetal ischemia monitoring with in vivo implanted electrochemical multiparametric microsensors. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:28. [PMID: 34930385 PMCID: PMC8691007 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00280-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Under intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), abnormal attainment of the nutrients and oxygen by the fetus restricts the normal evolution of the prenatal causing in many cases high morbidity being one of the top-ten causes of neonatal death. The current gold standards in hospitals to detect this relevant problem is the clinical observation by echography, cardiotocography and Doppler. These qualitative techniques are not conclusive and requires risky invasive fetal scalp blood testing and/or amniocentesis. We developed micro-implantable multiparametric electrochemical sensors for measuring ischemia in real time in fetal tissue and vascular. This implantable technology is designed to continuous monitoring for an early detection of ischemia to avoid potential fetal injury. Two miniaturized electrochemical sensors were developed based on oxygen and pH detection. The sensors were optimized in vitro under controlled concentration, to assess the selectivity and sensitivity required. The sensors were then validated in vivo in the ewe fetus model, by means of their insertion in the muscle leg and inside the iliac artery of the fetus. Ischemia was achieved by gradually obstructing the umbilical cord to regulate the amount of blood reaching the fetus. An important challenge in fetal monitoring is the detection of low levels of oxygen and pH changes under ischemic conditions, requiring high sensitivity sensors. Significant differences were observed in both; pH and pO2 sensors under changes from normoxia to hypoxia states in the fetus tissue and vascular with both sensors. Herein, we demonstrate the feasibility of the developed sensors for future fetal monitoring in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Dulay
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Rivas
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Pla
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergio Berdún
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisenda Eixarch
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Gratacós
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Illa
- Fetal Medicine Research Center, BCNatal. Hospital Clínic and Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Building Helios 2, Sabino Arana Street 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Mir
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain. .,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain. .,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Josep Samitier
- Nanobioengineering group, Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC) Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), 12 Baldiri Reixac 15-21, 08028, Barcelona, Spain.,Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Monforte de Lemos 3-5, Pabellón 11, 28029, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Electronics and Biomedical Engineering, University of Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
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277
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Joe C, Lee BH, Kim SH, Ko Y, Gu MB. Aptamer duo-based portable electrochemical biosensors for early diagnosis of periodontal disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 199:113884. [PMID: 34942544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, point-of-care tests (POCT) have gained much attention due to their convenient, fast, simple, and easy characteristics. For POCT, portability is an essential feature. In this study, we have successfully fabricated a portable mini-potentiostat. Using chronoamperometry, electrical signals of this portable mini-potentiostat were measured, and the analytical performance of electrochemical aptasensors was compared with a benchtop potentiostat. The electrochemical signals measured by mini-potentiostat can be displayed on the screen of a smartphone. To verify the analytical performance of this portable electrochemical aptasensor platform with a mini-potentiostat, two well-known model protein biomarkers, vaspin, a type 2 diabetes biomarker, and thrombin, a biomarker for pulmonary metastasis and cardiovascular disease, were confirmed to be detected by using corresponding aptamer duo. After solid verification of this portable electrochemical aptasensor platform, we have successfully implemented this portable mini-potentiostat system to develop a portable sandwich-type binding pair of aptamers-based electrochemical biosensor, which can diagnose periodontal disease by measuring ODAM biomarker. The linear range of this ODAM biosensor was 0 to 15 nM with a detection limit of 0.02 nM and 1 nM in buffer and saliva, respectively. The sensitivity of this biosensor has been greatly enhanced, compared to previously developed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) or lateral flow assay (LFA) based aptasensors. This study showed that this new portable aptamer duo-based biosensor is expected to diagnose the early stage of periodontal diseases from real samples, such as saliva or gingival crevicular fluid in a short time as a point-of-care (POC) testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheulmin Joe
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang Hyun Lee
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, 890 Oval Dr, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Kim
- University of North Carolina -- Chapel Hill, Department of Applied Physical Sciences, 1112 Murray Hall, CB#3050, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599-2100, USA
| | - Youngkyung Ko
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Bock Gu
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Anam-dong, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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278
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Banks JM, Capistrano K, Thakkar P, Ranade H, Soni V, Datta M, Naqvi AR. Current molecular diagnostics assays for SARS-CoV-2 and emerging variants. METHODS IN MICROBIOLOGY 2021; 50:83-121. [PMID: 38620738 PMCID: PMC8655725 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mim.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Since the SARS-CoV-2 virus triggered the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, scientists, government officials, and healthcare professionals around the world recognized the need for accessible, affordable, and accurate testing to predict and contain the spread of COVID-19. In the months that followed, research teams designed, tested, and rolled out hundreds of diagnostic assays, each with different sampling methods, diagnostic technologies, and sensitivity levels. However, the contagious virus continued to spread; SARS-CoV-2 travelled through airborne particles and spread rapidly, despite the widening use of diagnostic assays. As the pandemic continued, hundreds of millions of people contracted COVID-19 and millions died worldwide. With so many infections, SARS-CoV-2 received many opportunities to replicate and mutate, and from these mutations emerged more contagious, deadly, and difficult-to-diagnose viral mutants. Each change to the viral genome presented potential added challenges to containing the virus, and as such, researchers have continued developing and improving testing methods to keep up with COVID-19. In this chapter, we examine several SARS-CoV-2 variants that have emerged during the pandemic. Additionally, we discuss a few major COVID-19 diagnostic technique categories, including those involving real-time PCR, serology, CRISPR, and electronic biosensors. Finally, we address SARS-CoV-2 variants and diagnostic assays in the age of COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Banks
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kristelle Capistrano
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Pari Thakkar
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Hemangi Ranade
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vaidik Soni
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Manali Datta
- Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Afsar R Naqvi
- Department of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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279
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Ali MA, Hu C, Yuan B, Jahan S, Saleh MS, Guo Z, Gellman AJ, Panat R. Breaking the barrier to biomolecule limit-of-detection via 3D printed multi-length-scale graphene-coated electrodes. Nat Commun 2021; 12:7077. [PMID: 34873183 PMCID: PMC8648898 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27361-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing of clinically relevant biomolecules such as neurotransmitters at low concentrations can enable an early detection and treatment of a range of diseases. Several nanostructures are being explored by researchers to detect biomolecules at sensitivities beyond the picomolar range. It is recognized, however, that nanostructuring of surfaces alone is not sufficient to enhance sensor sensitivities down to the femtomolar level. In this paper, we break this barrier/limit by introducing a sensing platform that uses a multi-length-scale electrode architecture consisting of 3D printed silver micropillars decorated with graphene nanoflakes and use it to demonstrate the detection of dopamine at a limit-of-detection of 500 attomoles. The graphene provides a high surface area at nanoscale, while micropillar array accelerates the interaction of diffusing analyte molecules with the electrode at low concentrations. The hierarchical electrode architecture introduced in this work opens the possibility of detecting biomolecules at ultralow concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Azahar Ali
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Chunshan Hu
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Bin Yuan
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Sanjida Jahan
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Mohammad S. Saleh
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Zhitao Guo
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Chemical Engineering, and Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Andrew J. Gellman
- grid.147455.60000 0001 2097 0344Department of Chemical Engineering, and Wilton E. Scott Institute for Energy Innovation, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA 15213 USA
| | - Rahul Panat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
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280
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DeBrosse M, Yuan Y, Brothers M, Karajic A, van Duren J, Kim S, Hussain S, Heikenfeld J. A Dual Approach of an Oil-Membrane Composite and Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode to Mitigate Biofluid Interferences. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21238063. [PMID: 34884067 PMCID: PMC8659581 DOI: 10.3390/s21238063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical biosensors promise a simple method to measure analytes for both point-of-care diagnostics and continuous, wearable biomarker monitors. In a liquid environment, detecting the analyte of interest must compete with other solutes that impact the background current, such as redox-active molecules, conductivity changes in the biofluid, water electrolysis, and electrode fouling. Multiple methods exist to overcome a few of these challenges, but not a comprehensive solution. Presented here is a combined boron-doped diamond electrode and oil–membrane protection approach that broadly mitigates the impact of biofluid interferents without a biorecognition element. The oil–membrane blocks the majority of interferents in biofluids that are hydrophilic while permitting passage of important hydrophobic analytes such as hormones and drugs. The boron-doped diamond then suppresses water electrolysis current and maintains peak electrochemical performance due to the foulant-mitigation benefits of the oil–membrane protection. Results show up to a 365-fold reduction in detection limits using the boron-doped diamond electrode material alone compared with traditional gold in the buffer. Combining the boron-doped diamond material with the oil–membrane protection scheme maintained these detection limits while exposed to human serum for 18 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine DeBrosse
- Novel Device Lab., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.D.); (Y.Y.); (A.K.)
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (M.B.); (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Yuchan Yuan
- Novel Device Lab., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.D.); (Y.Y.); (A.K.)
| | - Michael Brothers
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (M.B.); (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Aleksandar Karajic
- Novel Device Lab., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.D.); (Y.Y.); (A.K.)
| | | | - Steve Kim
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (M.B.); (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Saber Hussain
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Dayton, OH 45433, USA; (M.B.); (S.K.); (S.H.)
| | - Jason Heikenfeld
- Novel Device Lab., University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA; (M.D.); (Y.Y.); (A.K.)
- Correspondence:
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281
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Zhao M, Wang M, Zhang X, Zhu Y, Cao J, She Y, Cao Z, Li G, Wang J, Abd El-Aty AM. Recognition elements based on the molecular biological techniques for detecting pesticides in food: A review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-24. [PMID: 34852703 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.2009762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Excessive use of pesticides can cause contamination of the environment and agricultural products that are directly threatening human life and health. Therefore, in the process of food safety supervision, it is crucial to conduct sensitive and rapid detection of pesticide residues. The recognition element is the vital component of sensors and methods for fast testing pesticide residues in food. Improper recognition elements may lead to defects of testing methods, such as poor stability, low sensitivity, high economic costs, and waste of time. We can use the molecular biological technique to address these challenges as a good strategy for recognition element production and modification. Herein, we review the molecular biological methods of five specific recognition elements, including aptamers, genetic engineering antibodies, DNAzymes, genetically engineered enzymes, and whole-cell-based biosensors. In addition, the application of these identification elements combined with biosensor and immunoassay methods in actual detection was also discussed. The purpose of this review was to provide a valuable reference for further development of rapid detection methods for pesticide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqi Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Miao Wang
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhang
- Hebei Xiangzhi Testing Technology Co., Ltd, Shijiazhuang, China.,Core Facilities and Centers of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yongan Zhu
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Cao
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxin She
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Cao
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Quality Standardization & Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China.,Key Laboratory of Agrofood Safety and Quality (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Areas, Beijing, China
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.,Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
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282
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Jing L, Xie C, Li Q, Yang M, Li S, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for the Analysis of Breast Cancer Biomarkers: From Design to Application. Anal Chem 2021; 94:269-296. [PMID: 34854296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chongyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meiqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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283
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Hashem A, Hossain MAM, Marlinda AR, Mamun MA, Sagadevan S, Shahnavaz Z, Simarani K, Johan MR. Nucleic acid-based electrochemical biosensors for rapid clinical diagnosis: Advances, challenges, and opportunities. Crit Rev Clin Lab Sci 2021; 59:156-177. [PMID: 34851806 DOI: 10.1080/10408363.2021.1997898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Clinical diagnostic tests should be quick, reliable, simple to perform, and affordable for diagnosis and treatment of diseases. In this regard, owing to their novel properties, biosensors have attracted the attention of scientists as well as end-users. They are efficient, stable, and relatively cheap. Biosensors have broad applications in medical diagnosis, including point-of-care (POC) monitoring, forensics, and biomedical research. The electrochemical nucleic acid (NA) biosensor, the latest invention in this field, combines the sensitivity of electroanalytical methods with the inherent bioselectivity of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA). The NA biosensor exploits the affinity of single-stranded DNA/RNA for its complementary strand and is used to detect complementary sequences of NA based on hybridization. After the NA component in the sensor detects the analyte, a catalytic reaction or binding event that generates an electrical signal in the transducer ensues. Since 2000, much progress has been made in this field, but there are still numerous challenges. This critical review describes the advances, challenges, and prospects of NA-based electrochemical biosensors for clinical diagnosis. It includes the basic principles, classification, sensing enhancement strategies, and applications of biosensors as well as their advantages, limitations, and future prospects, and thus it should be useful to academics as well as industry in the improvement and application of EC NA biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Hashem
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Microbial Biotechnology Division, National Institute of Biotechnology, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M A Motalib Hossain
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ab Rahman Marlinda
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Al Mamun
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Department of Chemistry, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Suresh Sagadevan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zohreh Shahnavaz
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Khanom Simarani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rafie Johan
- Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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284
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Ilkhani H, Hedayat N, Farhad S. Novel approaches for rapid detection of COVID-19 during the pandemic: A review. Anal Biochem 2021; 634:114362. [PMID: 34478703 PMCID: PMC8406551 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2021.114362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The rapid spread of the SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 disease, has highlighted our urgent need for sensitive, fast and accurate diagnostic technologies. In fact, one of the main challenges for flatting COVID-19 spread charts is the ability to accurately and rapidly identify asymptomatic cases that result in spreading the virus to close contacts. SARS-CoV-2 virus mutation is also relatively rapid, which makes the detection of COVID-19 diseases still crucial even after the vaccination. Conventional techniques, which are commercially available have focused on clinical manifestation, along with molecular and serological detection tools that can identify the SARS-CoV-2 virus however, owing to various disadvantages including low specificity and sensitivity, a quick, low cost and easy approach is needed for diagnosis of COVID-19. Scientists are now showing extensive interest in an effective portable and simple detection method to diagnose COVID-19. There are several novel methods and approaches that are considered viable advanced systems that can meet the demands. This study reviews the new approaches and sensing technologies that work on COVID-19 diagnosis for easy and successful detection of SARS-CoV-2 virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hoda Ilkhani
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87144, United States.
| | - Nader Hedayat
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States
| | - Siamak Farhad
- Advanced Energy & Sensor Lab, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, United States.
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285
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Optimizing antimicrobial use: challenges, advances and opportunities. Nat Rev Microbiol 2021; 19:747-758. [PMID: 34158654 DOI: 10.1038/s41579-021-00578-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
An optimal antimicrobial dose provides enough drug to achieve a clinical response while minimizing toxicity and development of drug resistance. There can be considerable variability in pharmacokinetics, for example, owing to comorbidities or other medications, which affects antimicrobial pharmacodynamics and, thus, treatment success. Although current approaches to antimicrobial dose optimization address fixed variability, better methods to monitor and rapidly adjust antimicrobial dosing are required to understand and react to residual variability that occurs within and between individuals. We review current challenges to the wider implementation of antimicrobial dose optimization and highlight novel solutions, including biosensor-based, real-time therapeutic drug monitoring and computer-controlled, closed-loop control systems. Precision antimicrobial dosing promises to improve patient outcome and is important for antimicrobial stewardship and the prevention of antimicrobial resistance.
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286
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Usha SP, Manoharan H, Deshmukh R, Álvarez-Diduk R, Calucho E, Sai VVR, Merkoçi A. Attomolar analyte sensing techniques (AttoSens): a review on a decade of progress on chemical and biosensing nanoplatforms. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:13012-13089. [PMID: 34673860 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Detecting the ultra-low abundance of analytes in real-life samples, such as biological fluids, water, soil, and food, requires the design and development of high-performance biosensing modalities. The breakthrough efforts from the scientific community have led to the realization of sensing technologies that measure the analyte's ultra-trace level, with relevant sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and sampling efficiency, referred to as Attomolar Analyte Sensing Techniques (AttoSens) in this review. In an AttoSens platform, 1 aM detection corresponds to the quantification of 60 target analyte molecules in 100 μL of sample volume. Herein, we review the approaches listed for various sensor probe design, and their sensing strategies that paved the way for the detection of attomolar (aM: 10-18 M) concentration of analytes. A summary of the technological advances made by the diverse AttoSens trends from the past decade is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Prasood Usha
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Hariharan Manoharan
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Rehan Deshmukh
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Ruslan Álvarez-Diduk
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Enric Calucho
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V V R Sai
- Biomedical Engineering, Department of Applied Mechanics, Indian Institute of Technology Madras (IITM), India.
| | - Arben Merkoçi
- Nanobioelectronics & Biosensors Group, Institut Català de Nanociència i Nanotecnologia (ICN2), Campus UAB, Barcelona, Spain. .,ICREA, Institució Catalana de Recercai Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
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287
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Rafat N, Satoh P, Worden RM. Electrochemical Biosensor for Markers of Neurological Esterase Inhibition. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:459. [PMID: 34821676 PMCID: PMC8615868 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A novel, integrated experimental and modeling framework was applied to an inhibition-based bi-enzyme (IBE) electrochemical biosensor to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that may trigger neurological diseases. The biosensor was fabricated by co-immobilizing AChE and tyrosinase (Tyr) on the gold working electrode of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) array. The reaction chemistry included a redox-recycle amplification mechanism to improve the biosensor's current output and sensitivity. A mechanistic mathematical model of the biosensor was used to simulate key diffusion and reaction steps, including diffusion of AChE's reactant (phenylacetate) and inhibitor, the reaction kinetics of the two enzymes, and electrochemical reaction kinetics at the SPE's working electrode. The model was validated by showing that it could reproduce a steady-state biosensor current as a function of the inhibitor (PMSF) concentration and unsteady-state dynamics of the biosensor current following the addition of a reactant (phenylacetate) and inhibitor phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride). The model's utility for characterizing and optimizing biosensor performance was then demonstrated. It was used to calculate the sensitivity of the biosensor's current output and the redox-recycle amplification factor as a function of experimental variables. It was used to calculate dimensionless Damkohler numbers and current-control coefficients that indicated the degree to which individual diffusion and reaction steps limited the biosensor's output current. Finally, the model's utility in designing IBE biosensors and operating conditions that achieve specific performance criteria was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neda Rafat
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paul Satoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
| | - Robert Mark Worden
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, 428 S. Shaw Lane, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA; (N.R.); (P.S.)
- The Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan State University, 775 Woodlot Dr, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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288
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Lee A, Kang W, Choi JS. Highly Enhanced Enzymatic Activity of Mn-Induced Carbon Dots and Their Application as Colorimetric Sensor Probes. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3046. [PMID: 34835810 PMCID: PMC8625186 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Nanomaterial-based enzyme mimetics (nanozymes) have attracted significant interest because of their lower cost and higher stability compared to natural enzymes. In this study, we focused on improving the enzymatic properties of metal induced N-doped carbon dots (N-CDs), which are nanozymes of interest, and their applications for sensory systems. For this purpose, Mn(acetate)2 was introduced during the synthetic step of N-doped carbon dots, and its influence on the enzymatic properties of Mn-induced N-CDs (Mn:N-CDs) was investigated. Their chemical structure was analyzed through infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry; the results suggest that Mn ions lead to the variation in the population of chemical bonding in Mn:N-CDs, whereas these ions were not incorporated into N-CD frameworks. This structural change improved the enzymatic properties of Mn:N-CDs with respect to those of N-CDs when the color change of a 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine/H2O2 solution was examined in the presence of Mn:N-CDs and N-CDs. Based on this enhanced enzymatic property, a simple colorimetric system with Mn:N-CDs was used for the detection of γ-aminobutyric acid, which is an indicator of brain-related disease. Therefore, we believe that Mn:N-CDs will be an excellent enzymatic probe for the colorimetric sensor system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jin-sil Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Korea; (A.L.); (W.K.)
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289
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Siontorou CG, Georgopoulos KN. A Ready-to-Use Metal-Supported Bilayer Lipid Membrane Biosensor for the Detection of Phenol in Water. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:871. [PMID: 34832100 PMCID: PMC8622659 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11110871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This work presents a novel metal-supported bilayer lipid membrane (BLM) biosensor built on tyrosinase to quantitate phenol. The detection strategy is based on the enzyme-analyte initial association and not the commonly adopted monitoring of the redox cascade reactions; such an approach has not been proposed in the literature to date and offers many advantages for environmental monitoring with regard to sensitivity, selectivity, reliability and assay simplicity. The phenol sensor developed herein showed good analytical and operational characteristics: the detection limit (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) was 1.24 pg/mL and the sensitivity was 33.45 nA per pg/mL phenol concentration. The shelf life of the tyrosinase sensor was 12 h and the lifetime (in consecutive assays) was 8 h. The sensor was reversible with bathing at pH 8.5 and could be used for eight assay runs in consecutive assays. The validation in real water samples showed that the sensor could reliably detect 2.5 ppb phenol in tap and river water and 6.1 ppb phenol in lake water, without sample pretreatment. The prospects and applicability of the proposed biosensor and the underlying technology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G. Siontorou
- Laboratory of Simulation of Industrial Processes, Department of Industrial Management and Technology, University of Piraeus, 80 Karaoli and Dimitriou Str., 18534 Piraeus, Greece;
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290
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Anthi J, Kolivoška V, Holubová B, Vaisocherová-Lísalová H. Probing polymer brushes with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: a mini review. Biomater Sci 2021; 9:7379-7391. [PMID: 34693954 DOI: 10.1039/d1bm01330k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymer brushes are frequently used as surface-tethered antifouling layers in biosensors to improve sensor surface-analyte recognition in the presence of abundant non-target molecules in complex biological samples by suppressing nonspecific interactions. However, because brushes are complex systems highly responsive to changes in their surrounding environment, studying their properties remains a challenge. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is an emerging method in this context. In this mini review, we aim to elucidate the potential of EIS for investigating the physicochemical properties and structural aspects of polymer brushes. The application of EIS in brush-based biosensors is also discussed. Most common principles employed in these biosensors are presented, as well as interpretation of EIS data obtained in such setups. Overall, we demonstrate that the EIS-polymer brush pairing has a considerable potential for providing new insights into brush functionalities and designing highly sensitive and specific biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judita Anthi
- Institute of Physics of the CAS, Na Slovance 2, 182 21 Prague, Czech Republic. .,Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Viliam Kolivoška
- J. Heyrovský Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Dolejškova 3, 182 23 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Barbora Holubová
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 3, 16628 Prague, Czech Republic
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291
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Zhang G, Zeng H, Liu J, Nagashima K, Takahashi T, Hosomi T, Tanaka W, Yanagida T. Nanowire-based sensor electronics for chemical and biological applications. Analyst 2021; 146:6684-6725. [PMID: 34667998 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01096d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Detection and recognition of chemical and biological species via sensor electronics are important not only for various sensing applications but also for fundamental scientific understanding. In the past two decades, sensor devices using one-dimensional (1D) nanowires have emerged as promising and powerful platforms for electrical detection of chemical species and biologically relevant molecules due to their superior sensing performance, long-term stability, and ultra-low power consumption. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the recent progress and achievements in 1D nanowire synthesis, working principles of nanowire-based sensors, and the applications of nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological analytes detection and recognition. In addition, some critical issues that hinder the practical applications of 1D nanowire-based sensor electronics, including device reproducibility and selectivity, stability, and power consumption, will be highlighted. Finally, challenges, perspectives, and opportunities for developing advanced and innovative nanowire-based sensor electronics in chemical and biological applications are featured.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhu Zhang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Jiangyang Liu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Kazuki Nagashima
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Tsunaki Takahashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Takuro Hosomi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,JST-PRESTO, 4-1-8 Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
| | - Wataru Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Takeshi Yanagida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8654, Japan. .,Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University, 6-1 Kasuga-Koen, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan
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292
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Er S, Laraib U, Arshad R, Sargazi S, Rahdar A, Pandey S, Thakur VK, Díez-Pascual AM. Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins: Implications for Nanotechnological Applications in Biosensing and Drug/Gene Delivery. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:3002. [PMID: 34835766 PMCID: PMC8622868 DOI: 10.3390/nano11113002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over various scientific fields in biochemistry, amino acids have been highlighted in research works. Protein, peptide- and amino acid-based drug delivery systems have proficiently transformed nanotechnology via immense flexibility in their features for attaching various drug molecules and biodegradable polymers. In this regard, novel nanostructures including carbon nanotubes, electrospun carbon nanofibers, gold nanoislands, and metal-based nanoparticles have been introduced as nanosensors for accurate detection of these organic compounds. These nanostructures can bind the biological receptor to the sensor surface and increase the surface area of the working electrode, significantly enhancing the biosensor performance. Interestingly, protein-based nanocarriers have also emerged as useful drug and gene delivery platforms. This is important since, despite recent advancements, there are still biological barriers and other obstacles limiting gene and drug delivery efficacy. Currently available strategies for gene therapy are not cost-effective, and they do not deliver the genetic cargo effectively to target sites. With rapid advancements in nanotechnology, novel gene delivery systems are introduced as nonviral vectors such as protein, peptide, and amino acid-based nanostructures. These nano-based delivery platforms can be tailored into functional transformation using proteins and peptides ligands based nanocarriers, usually overexpressed in the specified diseases. The purpose of this review is to shed light on traditional and nanotechnology-based methods to detect amino acids, peptides, and proteins. Furthermore, new insights into the potential of amino protein-based nanoassemblies for targeted drug delivery or gene transfer are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simge Er
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ege University, Bornova-Izmir 35100, Turkey;
| | - Ushna Laraib
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, University of Sargodha, Sargodha 40100, Pakistan;
| | - Rabia Arshad
- Department of Pharmacy, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan;
| | - Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Research Institute of Cellular and Molecular Sciences in Infectious Diseases, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan 9816743463, Iran;
| | - Abbas Rahdar
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Zabol, Zabol 538-98615, Iran
| | - Sadanand Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Science, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Centre, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK;
- School of Engineering, University of Petroleum & Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun 248007, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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293
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Lim WY, Lan BL, Ramakrishnan N. Emerging Biosensors to Detect Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): A Review. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:bios11110434. [PMID: 34821650 PMCID: PMC8615996 DOI: 10.3390/bios11110434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a global health crisis caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is the gold standard test for diagnosing COVID-19. Although it is highly accurate, this lab test requires highly-trained personnel and the turn-around time is long. Rapid and inexpensive immuno-diagnostic tests (antigen or antibody test) are available, but these point of care (POC) tests are not as accurate as the RT-PCR test. Biosensors are promising alternatives to these rapid POC tests. Here we review three types of recently developed biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection: surface plasmon resonance (SPR)-based, electrochemical and field-effect transistor (FET)-based biosensors. We explain the sensing principles and discuss the advantages and limitations of these sensors. The accuracies of these sensors need to be improved before they could be translated into POC devices for commercial use. We suggest potential biorecognition elements with highly selective target-analyte binding that could be explored to increase the true negative detection rate. To increase the true positive detection rate, we suggest two-dimensional materials and nanomaterials that could be used to modify the sensor surface to increase the sensitivity of the sensor.
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294
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Kim JH, Suh YJ, Park D, Yim H, Kim H, Kim HJ, Yoon DS, Hwang KS. Technological advances in electrochemical biosensors for the detection of disease biomarkers. Biomed Eng Lett 2021; 11:309-334. [PMID: 34466275 PMCID: PMC8396145 DOI: 10.1007/s13534-021-00204-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increasing focus on health in contemporary society, interest in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of diseases has grown rapidly. Accordingly, the demand for biosensors for the early diagnosis of disease is increasing. However, the measurement range of existing electrochemical sensors is relatively high, which is not suitable for early disease diagnosis, requiring the detection of small amounts of biocomponents. Various attempts have been made to overcome this and amplify the signal, including binding with various labeling molecules, such as DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials. Efforts are also being made to increase the sensitivity of electrochemical sensors, and the combination of nanomaterials, materials, and biotechnology offers the potential to increase sensitivity in a variety of ways. Recent studies suggest that electrochemical sensors can be a powerful tool in providing comprehensive insights into the targeting and detection of disease-associated biomarkers. Significant advances in nanomaterial and biomolecule approaches for improved sensitivity have resulted in the development of electrochemical biosensors capable of detecting multiple biomarkers in real time in clinically relevant samples. In this review, we have discussed the recent studies on electrochemical sensors for detection of diseases such as diabetes, degenerative diseases, and cancer. Further, we have highlighted new technologies to improve sensitivity using various materials, including DNA, enzymes, nanoparticles, and carbon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Joon Suh
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongsung Park
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoju Yim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Hongrae Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Jin Kim
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Yoon
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyo Seon Hwang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Kyungheedae-ro 26, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447 Republic of Korea
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295
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Yilmaz T, Goluch ED. A comprehensive review of conventional techniques and biosensor systems developed for in situ detection of vibrio cholerae. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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296
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Januarie KC, Uhuo OV, Iwuoha E, Feleni U. Recent advances in the detection of interferon-gamma as a TB biomarker. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 414:907-921. [PMID: 34665279 PMCID: PMC8523729 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03702-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the main infectious diseases worldwide and accounts for many deaths. It is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis usually affecting the lungs of patients. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential to control the TB epidemic. Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) is a cytokine that plays a part in the body’s immune response when fighting infection. Current conventional antibody-based TB sensing techniques which are commonly used include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs). However, these methods have major drawbacks, such as being time-consuming, low sensitivity, and inability to distinguish between the different stages of the TB disease. Several electrochemical biosensor systems have been reported for the detection of interferon-gamma with high sensitivity and selectivity. Microfluidic techniques coupled with multiplex analysis in regular format and as lab-on-chip platforms have also been reported for the detection of IFN-γ. This article is a review of the techniques for detection of interferon-gamma as a TB disease biomarker. The objective is to provide a concise assessment of the available IFN-γ detection techniques (including conventional assays, biosensors, microfluidics, and multiplex analysis) and their ability to distinguish the different stages of the TB disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaylin Cleo Januarie
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), University of the Western Cape, 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Onyinyechi V Uhuo
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), University of the Western Cape, 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Emmanuel Iwuoha
- SensorLab (University of the Western Cape Sensor Laboratories), University of the Western Cape, 4th Floor Chemical Sciences Building, Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability (iNanoWS), College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida Campus, Florida Park, Johannesburg, 1710, South Africa.
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298
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Saylakcı R, Incebay H. An electrochemical platform of tannic acid and carbon nanotubes for the sensitive determination of the antipsychotic medication clozapine in pharmaceutical and biological samples. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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299
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Özmen EN, Kartal E, Turan MB, Yazıcıoğlu A, Niazi JH, Qureshi A. Graphene and carbon nanotubes interfaced electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other respiratory viral infections: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112356. [PMID: 34579878 PMCID: PMC8339589 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives due to lack of a rapid diagnostic tool. Global scientific community is now making joint efforts on developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for early detection of viral infections to preventing future outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic methods for virus detection are expensive and time consuming. There is an immediate requirement for a sensitive, reliable, rapid and easy-to-use Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic technology. Electrochemical biosensors have the potential to fulfill these requirements, but they are less sensitive for sensing viruses/viral infections. However, sensitivity and performance of these electrochemical platforms can be improved by integrating carbon nanostructure, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanostructures offer excellent electrical property, biocompatibility, chemical stability, mechanical strength and, large surface area that are most desired in developing PoC diagnostic tools for detecting viral infections with speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes recent advancements made toward integrating graphene/CNTs nanostructures and their surface modifications useful for developing new generation of electrochemical nanobiosensors for detecting viral infections. The review also provides prospects and considerations for extending the graphene/CNTs based electrochemical transducers into portable and wearable PoC tools that can be useful in preventing future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Nur Özmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Kartal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bora Turan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alperen Yazıcıoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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300
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Lohcharoenkal W, Abbas Z, Rojanasakul Y. Advances in Nanotechnology-Based Biosensing of Immunoregulatory Cytokines. BIOSENSORS 2021; 11:364. [PMID: 34677320 PMCID: PMC8533878 DOI: 10.3390/bios11100364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines are a large group of small proteins secreted by immune and non-immune cells in response to external stimuli. Much attention has been given to the application of cytokines' detection in early disease diagnosis/monitoring and therapeutic response assessment. To date, a wide range of assays are available for cytokines detection. However, in specific applications, multiplexed or continuous measurements of cytokines with wearable biosensing devices are highly desirable. For such efforts, various nanomaterials have been extensively investigated due to their extraordinary properties, such as high surface area and controllable particle size and shape, which leads to their tunable optical emission, electrical, and magnetic properties. Different types of nanomaterials such as noble metal, metal oxide, and carbon nanoparticles have been explored for various biosensing applications. Advances in nanomaterial synthesis and device development have led to significant progress in pushing the limit of cytokine detection. This article reviews currently used methods for cytokines detection and new nanotechnology-based biosensors for ultrasensitive cytokine detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zareen Abbas
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 4, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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