3301
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Saab AS, Tzvetavona ID, Trevisiol A, Baltan S, Dibaj P, Kusch K, Möbius W, Goetze B, Jahn HM, Huang W, Steffens H, Schomburg ED, Pérez-Samartín A, Pérez-Cerdá F, Bakhtiari D, Matute C, Löwel S, Griesinger C, Hirrlinger J, Kirchhoff F, Nave KA. Oligodendroglial NMDA Receptors Regulate Glucose Import and Axonal Energy Metabolism. Neuron 2016; 91:119-32. [PMID: 27292539 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes make myelin and support axons metabolically with lactate. However, it is unknown how glucose utilization and glycolysis are adapted to the different axonal energy demands. Spiking axons release glutamate and oligodendrocytes express NMDA receptors of unknown function. Here we show that the stimulation of oligodendroglial NMDA receptors mobilizes glucose transporter GLUT1, leading to its incorporation into the myelin compartment in vivo. When myelinated optic nerves from conditional NMDA receptor mutants are challenged with transient oxygen-glucose deprivation, they show a reduced functional recovery when returned to oxygen-glucose but are indistinguishable from wild-type when provided with oxygen-lactate. Moreover, the functional integrity of isolated optic nerves, which are electrically silent, is extended by preincubation with NMDA, mimicking axonal activity, and shortened by NMDA receptor blockers. This reveals a novel aspect of neuronal energy metabolism in which activity-dependent glutamate release enhances oligodendroglial glucose uptake and glycolytic support of fast spiking axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiman S Saab
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Physiology, University of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany; University of Zurich, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iva D Tzvetavona
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Andrea Trevisiol
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Selva Baltan
- Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Department of Neurosciences, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Payam Dibaj
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kusch
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany
| | - Wiebke Möbius
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Bianka Goetze
- Bernstein Focus for Neurotechnology (BFNT) and School of Biology, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannah M Jahn
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Physiology, University of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Wenhui Huang
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Physiology, University of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany
| | - Heinz Steffens
- Institute of Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Department of NanoBiophotonics, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Eike D Schomburg
- Institute of Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Alberto Pérez-Samartín
- Universidad del País Vasco, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Fernando Pérez-Cerdá
- Universidad del País Vasco, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Davood Bakhtiari
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carlos Matute
- Universidad del País Vasco, CIBERNED and Departamento de Neurociencias and Achucarro Basque Center for Neuroscience, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Siegrid Löwel
- Bernstein Focus for Neurotechnology (BFNT) and School of Biology, Department of Systems Neuroscience, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christian Griesinger
- Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany; Department of NMR Based Structural Biology, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Johannes Hirrlinger
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank Kirchhoff
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center for Integrative Physiology and Molecular Medicine, Molecular Physiology, University of Saarland, Homburg 66421, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Department of Neurogenetics, Göttingen 37075, Germany; Center Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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3302
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Auderset L, Cullen CL, Young KM. Low Density Lipoprotein-Receptor Related Protein 1 Is Differentially Expressed by Neuronal and Glial Populations in the Developing and Mature Mouse Central Nervous System. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155878. [PMID: 27280679 PMCID: PMC4900551 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The low density lipoprotein-receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) is a large endocytic cell surface receptor that is known to interact with a variety of ligands, intracellular adaptor proteins and other cell surface receptors to regulate cellular behaviours ranging from proliferation to cell fate specification, migration, axon guidance, and lipid metabolism. A number of studies have demonstrated that LRP1 is expressed in the brain, yet it is unclear which central nervous system cell types express LRP1 during development and in adulthood. Herein we undertake a detailed study of LRP1 expression within the mouse brain and spinal cord, examining a number of developmental stages ranging from embryonic day 13.5 to postnatal day 60. We report that LRP1 expression in the brain peaks during postnatal development. On a cellular level, LRP1 is expressed by radial glia, neuroblasts, microglia, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), astrocytes and neurons, with the exception of parvalbumin+ interneurons in the cortex. Most cell populations exhibit stable expression of LRP1 throughout development; however, the proportion of OPCs that express LRP1 increases significantly from ~69% at E15.5 to ~99% in adulthood. We also report that LRP1 expression is rapidly lost as OPCs differentiate, and is absent from all oligodendrocytes, including newborn oligodendrocytes. While LRP1 function has been primarily examined in mature neurons, these expression data suggest it plays a more critical role in glial cell regulation-where expression levels are much higher.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Carlie L. Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
| | - Kaylene M. Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, 7000, Australia
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3303
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Dissecting direct reprogramming from fibroblast to neuron using single-cell RNA-seq. Nature 2016; 534:391-5. [PMID: 27281220 PMCID: PMC4928860 DOI: 10.1038/nature18323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Direct lineage reprogramming represents a remarkable conversion of cellular and transcriptome states1–3. However, the intermediates through which individual cells progress are largely undefined. Here we used single-cell RNA-seq4–7 at multiple time points to dissect direct reprogramming from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) to induced neuronal (iN) cells. By deconstructing heterogeneity at each time point and ordering cells by transcriptome similarity, we find that the molecular reprogramming path is remarkably continuous. Overexpression of the proneural pioneer factor Ascl1 results in a well-defined initialization, causing cells to exit the cell cycle and re-focus gene expression through distinct neural transcription factors. The initial transcriptional response is relatively homogeneous among fibroblasts suggesting the early steps are not limiting for productive reprogramming. Instead, the later emergence of a competing myogenic program and variable transgene dynamics over time appear to be the major efficiency limits of direct reprogramming. Moreover, a transcriptional state, distinct from donor and target cell programs, is transiently induced in cells undergoing productive reprogramming. Our data provide a high-resolution approach for understanding transcriptome states during lineage differentiation.
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3304
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Bazargani N, Attwell D. Astrocyte calcium signaling: the third wave. Nat Neurosci 2016; 19:182-9. [PMID: 26814587 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that transient elevations of calcium concentration occur in astrocytes, and release 'gliotransmitters' which act on neurons and vascular smooth muscle, led to the idea that astrocytes are powerful regulators of neuronal spiking, synaptic plasticity and brain blood flow. These findings were challenged by a second wave of reports that astrocyte calcium transients did not mediate functions attributed to gliotransmitters and were too slow to generate blood flow increases. Remarkably, the tide has now turned again: the most important calcium transients occur in fine astrocyte processes not resolved in earlier studies, and new mechanisms have been discovered by which astrocyte [Ca(2+)]i is raised and exerts its effects. Here we review how this third wave of discoveries has changed our understanding of astrocyte calcium signaling and its consequences for neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Bazargani
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology &Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK
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3305
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LoVerso PR, Cui F. Cell type-specific transcriptome profiling in mammalian brains. Front Biosci (Landmark Ed) 2016; 21:973-85. [PMID: 27100485 DOI: 10.2741/4434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A mammalian brain contains numerous types of cells. Advances in neuroscience in the past decade allow us to identify and isolate neural cells of interest from mammalian brains. Recent developments in high-throughput technologies, such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS), provide detailed information on gene expression in pooled cells on a genomic scale. As a result, many novel genes have been found critical in cell type-specific transcriptional regulation. These differentially expressed genes can be used as molecular signatures, unique to a particular class of neural cells. Use of this gene expression-based approach can further differentiate neural cell types into subtypes, potentially linking some of them with neurological diseases. In this article, experimental techniques used to purify neural cells are described, followed by a review on recent microarray- or NGS-based transcriptomic studies of common neural cell types. The future prospects of cell type-specific research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter R LoVerso
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623
| | - Feng Cui
- Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623,
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3306
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Cerebrospinal fluid soluble TREM2 is higher in Alzheimer disease and associated with mutation status. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:925-33. [PMID: 26754641 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-016-1533-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 12/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Low frequency coding variants in TREM2 are associated with increased Alzheimer disease (AD) risk, while loss of functions mutations in the gene lead to an autosomal recessive early-onset dementia, named Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD). TREM2 can be detected as a soluble protein in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma, and its CSF levels are elevated in inflammatory CNS diseases. We measured soluble TREM2 (sTREM2) in the CSF of a large AD case-control dataset (n = 180) and 40 TREM2 risk variant carriers to determine whether CSF sTREM2 levels are associated with AD status or mutation status. We also performed genetic studies to identify genetic variants associated with CSF sTREM2 levels. CSF, but not plasma, sTREM2 was highly correlated with CSF total tau and phosphorylated-tau levels (r = 0.35, P < 1×10(-4); r = 0.40, P < 1×10(-4), respectively), but not with CSF Aβ42. AD cases presented higher CSF sTREM2 levels than controls (P = 0.01). Carriers of NHD-associated TREM2 variants presented significantly lower CSF sTREM2 levels, supporting the hypothesis that these mutations lead to reduced protein production/function (R136Q, D87N, Q33X or T66M; P = 1×10(-3)). In contrast, CSF sTREM2 levels were significantly higher in R47H carriers compared to non-carriers (P = 6×10(-3)), suggesting that this variant does not impact protein expression and increases AD risk through a different pathogenic mechanism than NHD variants. In GWAS analyses for CSF sTREM2 levels the most significant signal was located on the MS4A gene locus (P = 5.45 × 10(-07)) corresponding to one of the SNPs reported to be associated with AD risk in this locus. Furthermore, SNPs involved in pathways related to virus cellular entry and vesicular trafficking were overrepresented, suggesting that CSF sTREM2 levels could be an informative phenotype for AD.
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3307
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Cheli VT, Santiago González DA, Smith J, Spreuer V, Murphy GG, Paez PM. L-type voltage-operated calcium channels contribute to astrocyte activation In vitro. Glia 2016; 64:1396-415. [PMID: 27247164 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
We have found a significant upregulation of L-type voltage-operated Ca(++) channels (VOCCs) in reactive astrocytes. To test if VOCCs are centrally involved in triggering astrocyte reactivity, we used in vitro models of astrocyte activation in combination with pharmacological inhibitors, siRNAs and the Cre/lox system to reduce the activity of L-type VOCCs in primary cortical astrocytes. The endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as well as high extracellular K(+) , glutamate, and ATP promote astrogliosis in vitro. L-type VOCC inhibitors drastically reduce the number of reactive cells, astrocyte hypertrophy, and cell proliferation after these treatments. Astrocytes transfected with siRNAs for the Cav1.2 subunit that conducts L-type Ca(++) currents as well as Cav1.2 knockout astrocytes showed reduce Ca(++) influx by ∼80% after plasma membrane depolarization. Importantly, Cav1.2 knock-down/out prevents astrocyte activation and proliferation induced by LPS. Similar results were found using the scratch wound assay. After injuring the astrocyte monolayer, cells extend processes toward the cell-free scratch region and subsequently migrate and populate the scratch. We found a significant increase in the activity of L-type VOCCs in reactive astrocytes located in the growing line in comparison to quiescent astrocytes situated away from the scratch. Moreover, the migration of astrocytes from the scratching line as well as the number of proliferating astrocytes was reduced in Cav1.2 knock-down/out cultures. In summary, our results suggest that Cav1.2 L-type VOCCs play a fundamental role in the induction and/or proliferation of reactive astrocytes, and indicate that the inhibition of these Ca(++) channels may be an effective way to prevent astrocyte activation. GLIA 2016. GLIA 2016;64:1396-1415.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica T Cheli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo. NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York
| | - Diara A Santiago González
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo. NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York
| | - Jessica Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo. NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York
| | - Vilma Spreuer
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo. NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York
| | - Geoffrey G Murphy
- Department of Physiology, Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Pablo M Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, SUNY, University at Buffalo. NYS Center of Excellence, 701 Ellicott St., Buffalo, New York
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3308
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Mungenast AE, Siegert S, Tsai LH. Modeling Alzheimer's disease with human induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Mol Cell Neurosci 2016; 73:13-31. [PMID: 26657644 PMCID: PMC5930170 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In the last decade, induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells have revolutionized the utility of human in vitro models of neurological disease. The iPS-derived and differentiated cells allow researchers to study the impact of a distinct cell type in health and disease as well as performing therapeutic drug screens on a human genetic background. In particular, clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease (AD) have been failing. Two of the potential reasons are first, the species gap involved in proceeding from initial discoveries in rodent models to human studies, and second, an unsatisfying patient stratification, meaning subgrouping patients based on the disease severity due to the lack of phenotypic and genetic markers. iPS cells overcome this obstacles and will improve our understanding of disease subtypes in AD. They allow researchers conducting in depth characterization of neural cells from both familial and sporadic AD patients as well as preclinical screens on human cells. In this review, we briefly outline the status quo of iPS cell research in neurological diseases along with the general advantages and pitfalls of these models. We summarize how genome-editing techniques such as CRISPR/Cas9 will allow researchers to reduce the problem of genomic variability inherent to human studies, followed by recent iPS cell studies relevant to AD. We then focus on current techniques for the differentiation of iPS cells into neural cell types that are relevant to AD research. Finally, we discuss how the generation of three-dimensional cell culture systems will be important for understanding AD phenotypes in a complex cellular milieu, and how both two- and three-dimensional iPS cell models can provide platforms for drug discovery and translational studies into the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison E Mungenast
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Siegert
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA, USA; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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3309
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Abstract
In this issue of Neuron, Zhang et al. (2016) develop a novel approach to generate populations of human astrocytes to uncover their uniquely human traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Kelley
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - David H Rowitch
- Departments of Pediatrics and Neurosurgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Paediatrics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK.
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3310
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Abstract
Oligodendrocytes produce myelin, an insulating sheath required for the saltatory conduction of electrical impulses along axons. Oligodendrocyte loss results in demyelination, which leads to impaired neurological function in a broad array of diseases ranging from pediatric leukodystrophies and cerebral palsy, to multiple sclerosis and white matter stroke. Accordingly, replacing lost oligodendrocytes, whether by transplanting oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) or by mobilizing endogenous progenitors, holds great promise as a therapeutic strategy for the diseases of central white matter. In this Primer, we describe the molecular events regulating oligodendrocyte development and how our understanding of this process has led to the establishment of methods for producing OPCs and oligodendrocytes from embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as directly from somatic cells. In addition, we will discuss the safety of engrafted stem cell-derived OPCs, as well as approaches by which to modulate their differentiation and myelinogenesis in vivo following transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Goldman
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark Neuroscience Center, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Nicholas J Kuypers
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine and the Department of Neurology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
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3311
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Pitman KA, Young KM. Activity-dependent calcium signalling in oligodendrocyte generation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2016; 77:30-34. [PMID: 27233230 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 05/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Throughout postnatal life oligodendrocyte progenitor cells proliferate and differentiate into mature myelinating oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system. Neuronal activity is a major external signal controlling this process. Neurotransmitters, or other signalling molecules released in response to neuronal activity, evoke transient increases in intracellular calcium in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. As calcium can mediate cellular processes, including the transcription of genes involved in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell division and maturation, a rise in intracellular calcium may be a key signal translating changes in neuronal activity into changes in oligodendrocyte progenitor cell behaviour. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how neuronal activity can evoke calcium signalling in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley A Pitman
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
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3312
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Eyo UB, Murugan M, Wu LJ. Microglia-Neuron Communication in Epilepsy. Glia 2016; 65:5-18. [PMID: 27189853 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy has remained a significant social concern and financial burden globally. Current therapeutic strategies are based primarily on neurocentric mechanisms that have not proven successful in at least a third of patients, raising the need for novel alternative and complementary approaches. Recent evidence implicates glial cells and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of epilepsy with the promise of targeting these cells to complement existing strategies. Specifically, microglial involvement, as a major inflammatory cell in the epileptic brain, has been poorly studied. In this review, we highlight microglial reaction to experimental seizures, discuss microglial control of neuronal activities, and propose the functions of microglia during acute epileptic phenotypes, delayed neurodegeneration, and aberrant neurogenesis. Future research that would help fill in the current gaps in our knowledge includes epilepsy-induced alterations in basic microglial functions, neuro-microglial interactions during chronic epilepsy, and microglial contribution to developmental seizures. Studying the role of microglia in epilepsy could inform therapies to better alleviate the disease. GLIA 2016;65:5-18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ukpong B Eyo
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Madhuvika Murugan
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey
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3313
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Astrocyte-Microglia Cross Talk through Complement Activation Modulates Amyloid Pathology in Mouse Models of Alzheimer's Disease. J Neurosci 2016; 36:577-89. [PMID: 26758846 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2117-15.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Increasing evidence supports a role of neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Previously, we identified a neuron-glia signaling pathway whereby Aβ acts as an upstream activator of astroglial nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), leading to the release of complement C3, which acts on the neuronal C3a receptor (C3aR) to influence dendritic morphology and cognitive function. Here we report that astrocytic complement activation also regulates Aβ dynamics in vitro and amyloid pathology in AD mouse models through microglial C3aR. We show that in primary microglial cultures, acute C3 or C3a activation promotes, whereas chronic C3/C3a treatment attenuates, microglial phagocytosis and that the effect of chronic C3 exposure can be blocked by cotreatment with a C3aR antagonist and by genetic deletion of C3aR. We further demonstrate that Aβ pathology and neuroinflammation in amyloid precursor protein (APP) transgenic mice are worsened by astroglial NF-κB hyperactivation and resulting C3 elevation, whereas treatment with the C3aR antagonist (C3aRA) ameliorates plaque load and microgliosis. Our studies define a complement-dependent intercellular cross talk in which neuronal overproduction of Aβ activates astroglial NF-κB to elicit extracellular release of C3. This promotes a pathogenic cycle by which C3 in turn interacts with neuronal and microglial C3aR to alter cognitive function and impair Aβ phagocytosis. This feedforward loop can be effectively blocked by C3aR inhibition, supporting the therapeutic potential of C3aR antagonists under chronic neuroinflammation conditions. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The complement pathway is activated in Alzheimer's disease. Here we show that the central complement factor C3 secreted from astrocytes interacts with microglial C3a receptor (C3aR) to mediate β-amyloid pathology and neuroinflammation in AD mouse models. Our study provides support for targeting C3aR as a potential therapy for Alzheimer's disease.
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3314
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Cole AE, Murray SS, Xiao J. Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 Signalling in Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells during Development and after Injury. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:9260592. [PMID: 27293450 PMCID: PMC4884839 DOI: 10.1155/2016/9260592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Substantial progress has been made in identifying the extracellular signalling pathways that regulate neural stem and precursor cell biology in the central nervous system (CNS). The bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs), in particular BMP4, are key players regulating neuronal and glial cell development from neural precursor cells in the embryonic, postnatal, and injured CNS. Here we review recent studies on BMP4 signalling in the generation of neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendroglial cells in the CNS. We also discuss putative mechanisms that BMP4 may utilise to influence glial cell development following CNS injury and highlight some questions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alistair E. Cole
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Simon S. Murray
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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3315
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Thakurela S, Garding A, Jung RB, Müller C, Goebbels S, White R, Werner HB, Tiwari VK. The transcriptome of mouse central nervous system myelin. Sci Rep 2016; 6:25828. [PMID: 27173133 PMCID: PMC4865983 DOI: 10.1038/srep25828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapid nerve conduction in the CNS is facilitated by insulation of axons with myelin, a specialized oligodendroglial compartment distant from the cell body. Myelin is turned over and adapted throughout life; however, the molecular and cellular basis of myelin dynamics remains elusive. Here we performed a comprehensive transcriptome analysis (RNA-seq) of myelin biochemically purified from mouse brains at various ages and find a surprisingly large pool of transcripts enriched in myelin. Further computational analysis showed that the myelin transcriptome is closely related to the myelin proteome but clearly distinct from the transcriptomes of oligodendrocytes and brain tissues, suggesting a highly selective incorporation of mRNAs into the myelin compartment. The mRNA-pool in myelin displays maturation-dependent dynamic changes of composition, abundance, and functional associations; however ageing-dependent changes after 6 months were minor. We suggest that this transcript pool enables myelin turnover and the local adaptation of individual pre-existing myelin sheaths.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela Garding
- Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ramona B. Jung
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Christina Müller
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sandra Goebbels
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Robin White
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hauke B. Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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3316
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Bagot RC, Cates HM, Purushothaman I, Lorsch ZS, Walker DM, Wang J, Huang X, Schlüter OM, Maze I, Peña CJ, Heller EA, Issler O, Wang M, Song WM, Stein JL, Liu X, Doyle MA, Scobie KN, Sun HS, Neve RL, Geschwind D, Dong Y, Shen L, Zhang B, Nestler EJ. Circuit-wide Transcriptional Profiling Reveals Brain Region-Specific Gene Networks Regulating Depression Susceptibility. Neuron 2016; 90:969-83. [PMID: 27181059 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Depression is a complex, heterogeneous disorder and a leading contributor to the global burden of disease. Most previous research has focused on individual brain regions and genes contributing to depression. However, emerging evidence in humans and animal models suggests that dysregulated circuit function and gene expression across multiple brain regions drive depressive phenotypes. Here, we performed RNA sequencing on four brain regions from control animals and those susceptible or resilient to chronic social defeat stress at multiple time points. We employed an integrative network biology approach to identify transcriptional networks and key driver genes that regulate susceptibility to depressive-like symptoms. Further, we validated in vivo several key drivers and their associated transcriptional networks that regulate depression susceptibility and confirmed their functional significance at the levels of gene transcription, synaptic regulation, and behavior. Our study reveals novel transcriptional networks that control stress susceptibility and offers fundamentally new leads for antidepressant drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary C Bagot
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hannah M Cates
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Immanuel Purushothaman
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Zachary S Lorsch
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Deena M Walker
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Junshi Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Oliver M Schlüter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Ian Maze
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Catherine J Peña
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Heller
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Orna Issler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Won-Min Song
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jason L Stein
- Department of Genetics and Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Xiaochuan Liu
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Marie A Doyle
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Kimberly N Scobie
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Hao Sheng Sun
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rachael L Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Li Shen
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
| | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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3317
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Battefeld A, Klooster J, Kole MHP. Myelinating satellite oligodendrocytes are integrated in a glial syncytium constraining neuronal high-frequency activity. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11298. [PMID: 27161034 PMCID: PMC4866043 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Satellite oligodendrocytes (s-OLs) are closely apposed to the soma of neocortical layer 5 pyramidal neurons but their properties and functional roles remain unresolved. Here we show that s-OLs form compact myelin and action potentials of the host neuron evoke precisely timed Ba2+-sensitive K+ inward rectifying (Kir) currents in the s-OL. Unexpectedly, the glial K+ inward current does not require oligodendrocytic Kir4.1. Action potential-evoked Kir currents are in part mediated by gap–junction coupling with neighbouring OLs and astrocytes that form a syncytium around the pyramidal cell body. Computational modelling predicts that glial Kir constrains the perisomatic [K+]o increase most importantly during high-frequency action potentials. Consistent with these predictions neurons with s-OLs showed a reduced probability for action potential burst firing during [K+]o elevations. These data suggest that s-OLs are integrated into a glial syncytium for the millisecond rapid K+ uptake limiting activity-dependent [K+]o increase in the perisomatic neuron domain. Satellite oligodendrocytes (s-OLs) are characterised by their close proximity to neocortical pyramidal cells. Here, the authors find that s-OLs myelinate axons and activity of host neurons evokes inward K+ currents in s-OLs which may work to modulate action potential burst firing by buffering extracellular K+ levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Battefeld
- Axonal Signalling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Klooster
- Axonal Signalling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten H P Kole
- Axonal Signalling Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Meibergdreef 47, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Utrecht, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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3318
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Laitman BM, Asp L, Mariani JN, Zhang J, Liu J, Sawai S, Chapouly C, Horng S, Kramer EG, Mitiku N, Loo H, Burlant N, Pedre X, Hara Y, Nudelman G, Zaslavsky E, Lee YM, Braun DA, Lu QR, Narla G, Raine CS, Friedman SL, Casaccia P, John GR. The Transcriptional Activator Krüppel-like Factor-6 Is Required for CNS Myelination. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002467. [PMID: 27213272 PMCID: PMC4877075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth factors of the gp130 family promote oligodendrocyte differentiation, and viability, and myelination, but their mechanisms of action are incompletely understood. Here, we show that these effects are coordinated, in part, by the transcriptional activator Krüppel-like factor-6 (Klf6). Klf6 is rapidly induced in oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLP) by gp130 factors, and promotes differentiation. Conversely, in mice with lineage-selective Klf6 inactivation, OLP undergo maturation arrest followed by apoptosis, and CNS myelination fails. Overlapping transcriptional and chromatin occupancy analyses place Klf6 at the nexus of a novel gp130-Klf-importin axis, which promotes differentiation and viability in part via control of nuclear trafficking. Klf6 acts as a gp130-sensitive transactivator of the nuclear import factor importin-α5 (Impα5), and interfering with this mechanism interrupts step-wise differentiation. Underscoring the significance of this axis in vivo, mice with conditional inactivation of gp130 signaling display defective Klf6 and Impα5 expression, OLP maturation arrest and apoptosis, and failure of CNS myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M. Laitman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Linnéa Asp
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - John N. Mariani
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jingya Zhang
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Jia Liu
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Setsu Sawai
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Candice Chapouly
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Sam Horng
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elisabeth G. Kramer
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Nesanet Mitiku
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Hannah Loo
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Natalie Burlant
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Xiomara Pedre
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Yuko Hara
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - German Nudelman
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Elena Zaslavsky
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Young-Min Lee
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - David A. Braun
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Systems Biology Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Pediatrics, Cincinnati Childrens’ Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Goutham Narla
- School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Cedric S. Raine
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, United States of America
| | - Scott L. Friedman
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gareth R. John
- Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York, United States of America
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3319
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Lopez Juarez A, He D, Richard Lu Q. Oligodendrocyte progenitor programming and reprogramming: Toward myelin regeneration. Brain Res 2016; 1638:209-220. [PMID: 26546966 PMCID: PMC5119932 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.10.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis (MS) are among the most disabling and cost-intensive neurological disorders. The loss of myelin in the central nervous system, produced by oligodendrocytes (OLs), impairs saltatory nerve conduction, leading to motor and cognitive deficits. Immunosuppression therapy has a limited efficacy in MS patients, arguing for a paradigm shift to strategies that target OL lineage cells to achieve myelin repair. The inhibitory microenvironment in MS lesions abrogates the expansion and differentiation of resident OL precursor cells (OPCs) into mature myelin-forming OLs. Recent studies indicate that OPCs display a highly plastic ability to differentiate into alternative cell lineages under certain circumstances. Thus, understanding the mechanisms that maintain and control OPC fate and differentiation into mature OLs in a hostile, non-permissive lesion environment may open new opportunities for regenerative therapies. In this review, we will focus on 1) the plasticity of OPCs in terms of their developmental origins, distribution, and differentiation potentials in the normal and injured brain; 2) recent discoveries of extrinsic and intrinsic factors and small molecule compounds that control OPC specification and differentiation; and 3) therapeutic potential for motivation of neural progenitor cells and reprogramming of differentiated cells into OPCs and their likely impacts on remyelination. OL-based therapies through activating regenerative potentials of OPCs or cell replacement offer exciting opportunities for innovative strategies to promote remyelination and neuroprotection in devastating demyelinating diseases like MS. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Lopez Juarez
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Danyang He
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Divisions of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology & Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children׳s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA.
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3320
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Helms HC, Abbott NJ, Burek M, Cecchelli R, Couraud PO, Deli MA, Förster C, Galla HJ, Romero IA, Shusta EV, Stebbins MJ, Vandenhaute E, Weksler B, Brodin B. In vitro models of the blood-brain barrier: An overview of commonly used brain endothelial cell culture models and guidelines for their use. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2016; 36:862-90. [PMID: 26868179 PMCID: PMC4853841 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16630991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial cells lining the brain capillaries separate the blood from the brain parenchyma. The endothelial monolayer of the brain capillaries serves both as a crucial interface for exchange of nutrients, gases, and metabolites between blood and brain, and as a barrier for neurotoxic components of plasma and xenobiotics. This "blood-brain barrier" function is a major hindrance for drug uptake into the brain parenchyma. Cell culture models, based on either primary cells or immortalized brain endothelial cell lines, have been developed, in order to facilitate in vitro studies of drug transport to the brain and studies of endothelial cell biology and pathophysiology. In this review, we aim to give an overview of established in vitro blood-brain barrier models with a focus on their validation regarding a set of well-established blood-brain barrier characteristics. As an ideal cell culture model of the blood-brain barrier is yet to be developed, we also aim to give an overview of the advantages and drawbacks of the different models described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans C Helms
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - N Joan Abbott
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, UK
| | - Malgorzata Burek
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | | | - Pierre-Olivier Couraud
- Institut Cochin, INSERM U1016, CNRS UMR8104, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Maria A Deli
- Institute of Biophysics, Biological Research Centre, HAS, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Carola Förster
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie, University of Wurzburg, Germany
| | - Hans J Galla
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Muenster, Germany
| | - Ignacio A Romero
- Department of Biological Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Eric V Shusta
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew J Stebbins
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - Babette Weksler
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, NY, USA
| | - Birger Brodin
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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3321
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Moyon S, Liang J, Casaccia P. Epigenetics in NG2 glia cells. Brain Res 2016; 1638:183-198. [PMID: 26092401 PMCID: PMC4683112 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The interplay of transcription and epigenetic marks is essential for oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) proliferation and differentiation during development. Here, we review the recent advances in this field and highlight mechanisms of transcriptional repression and activation involved in OPC proliferation, differentiation and plasticity. We also describe how dysregulation of these epigenetic events may affect demyelinating disorders, and consider potential ways to manipulate NG2 cell behavior through modulation of the epigenome. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:NG2-glia(Invited only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jialiang Liang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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3322
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Petit JM, Magistretti P. Regulation of neuron–astrocyte metabolic coupling across the sleep–wake cycle. Neuroscience 2016; 323:135-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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3323
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Cembrowski MS, Wang L, Sugino K, Shields BC, Spruston N. Hipposeq: a comprehensive RNA-seq database of gene expression in hippocampal principal neurons. eLife 2016; 5:e14997. [PMID: 27113915 PMCID: PMC4846374 DOI: 10.7554/elife.14997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Clarifying gene expression in narrowly defined neuronal populations can provide insight into cellular identity, computation, and functionality. Here, we used next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to produce a quantitative, whole genome characterization of gene expression for the major excitatory neuronal classes of the hippocampus; namely, granule cells and mossy cells of the dentate gyrus, and pyramidal cells of areas CA3, CA2, and CA1. Moreover, for the canonical cell classes of the trisynaptic loop, we profiled transcriptomes at both dorsal and ventral poles, producing a cell-class- and region-specific transcriptional description for these populations. This dataset clarifies the transcriptional properties and identities of lesser-known cell classes, and moreover reveals unexpected variation in the trisynaptic loop across the dorsal-ventral axis. We have created a public resource, Hipposeq (http://hipposeq.janelia.org), which provides analysis and visualization of these data and will act as a roadmap relating molecules to cells, circuits, and computation in the hippocampus. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14997.001 Both mouse and human brains are made up of many millions of cells called neurons that are interconnected to form circuits. These neurons are not all the same, because different classes of neurons express different complements of genes. Neurons that express similar genes tend to look and act alike, whereas neurons that express different genes tend to be dissimilar. Cembrowski et al. have used a technique called next-generation RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to determine which genes are expressed in groups of neurons that represent the main cell types found in a part of the brain called the hippocampus. This brain region is important for memory, and was chosen because the location and appearance of the main cell types in the hippocampus were already well understood. The approach revealed that the main types of neurons in the mouse hippocampus are all very different from each other in terms of gene expression, and that even neurons of the same type can exhibit large differences across the hippocampus. Cembrowski et al. created a website that will allow other researchers to easily navigate, analyze, and visualize gene expression data in these populations of neurons. Future work could next make use of recent technological advances to analyze gene expression in individual neurons, rather than groups of cells, to provide an even more detailed picture. It is also hoped that understanding the differences in gene expression will guide examination of how the hippocampus contributes to memory and what goes wrong in diseases that affect this region of the brain. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.14997.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Cembrowski
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Lihua Wang
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Ken Sugino
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Brenda C Shields
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
| | - Nelson Spruston
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, United States
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3325
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Larsen BR, Stoica A, MacAulay N. Managing Brain Extracellular K(+) during Neuronal Activity: The Physiological Role of the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase Subunit Isoforms. Front Physiol 2016; 7:141. [PMID: 27148079 PMCID: PMC4841311 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During neuronal activity in the brain, extracellular K+ rises and is subsequently removed to prevent a widespread depolarization. One of the key players in regulating extracellular K+ is the Na+/K+-ATPase, although the relative involvement and physiological impact of the different subunit isoform compositions of the Na+/K+-ATPase remain unresolved. The various cell types in the brain serve a certain temporal contribution in the face of network activity; astrocytes respond directly to the immediate release of K+ from neurons, whereas the neurons themselves become the primary K+ absorbers as activity ends. The kinetic characteristics of the catalytic α subunit isoforms of the Na+/K+-ATPase are, partly, determined by the accessory β subunit with which they combine. The isoform combinations expressed by astrocytes and neurons, respectively, appear to be in line with the kinetic characteristics required to fulfill their distinct physiological roles in clearance of K+ from the extracellular space in the face of neuronal activity. Understanding the nature, impact and effects of the various Na+/K+-ATPase isoform combinations in K+ management in the central nervous system might reveal insights into pathological conditions such as epilepsy, migraine, and spreading depolarization following cerebral ischemia. In addition, particular neurological diseases occur as a result of mutations in the α2- (familial hemiplegic migraine type 2) and α3 isoforms (rapid-onset dystonia parkinsonism/alternating hemiplegia of childhood). This review addresses aspects of the Na+/K+-ATPase in the regulation of extracellular K+ in the central nervous system as well as the related pathophysiology. Understanding the physiological setting in non-pathological tissue would provide a better understanding of the pathological events occurring during disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roland Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anca Stoica
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nanna MacAulay
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen Copenhagen, Denmark
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Molumby MJ, Keeler AB, Weiner JA. Homophilic Protocadherin Cell-Cell Interactions Promote Dendrite Complexity. Cell Rep 2016; 15:1037-1050. [PMID: 27117416 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth of a properly complex dendrite arbor is a key step in neuronal differentiation and a prerequisite for neural circuit formation. Diverse cell surface molecules, such as the clustered protocadherins (Pcdhs), have long been proposed to regulate circuit formation through specific cell-cell interactions. Here, using transgenic and conditional knockout mice to manipulate γ-Pcdh repertoire in the cerebral cortex, we show that the complexity of a neuron's dendritic arbor is determined by homophilic interactions with other cells. Neurons expressing only one of the 22 γ-Pcdhs can exhibit either exuberant or minimal dendrite complexity, depending only on whether surrounding cells express the same isoform. Furthermore, loss of astrocytic γ-Pcdhs, or disruption of astrocyte-neuron homophilic matching, reduces dendrite complexity cell non-autonomously. Our data indicate that γ-Pcdhs act locally to promote dendrite arborization via homophilic matching, and they confirm that connectivity in vivo depends on molecular interactions between neurons and between neurons and astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Molumby
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Austin B Keeler
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Joshua A Weiner
- Department of Biology, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Graduate Program in Genetics, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Graduate Program in Neuroscience, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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3327
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Progranulin Deficiency Promotes Circuit-Specific Synaptic Pruning by Microglia via Complement Activation. Cell 2016; 165:921-35. [PMID: 27114033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 498] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Microglia maintain homeostasis in the brain, but whether aberrant microglial activation can cause neurodegeneration remains controversial. Here, we use transcriptome profiling to demonstrate that deficiency in frontotemporal dementia (FTD) gene progranulin (Grn) leads to an age-dependent, progressive upregulation of lysosomal and innate immunity genes, increased complement production, and enhanced synaptic pruning in microglia. During aging, Grn(-/-) mice show profound microglia infiltration and preferential elimination of inhibitory synapses in the ventral thalamus, which lead to hyperexcitability in the thalamocortical circuits and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)-like grooming behaviors. Remarkably, deleting C1qa gene significantly reduces synaptic pruning by Grn(-/-) microglia and mitigates neurodegeneration, behavioral phenotypes, and premature mortality in Grn(-/-) mice. Together, our results uncover a previously unrecognized role of progranulin in suppressing aberrant microglia activation during aging. These results represent an important conceptual advance that complement activation and microglia-mediated synaptic pruning are major drivers, rather than consequences, of neurodegeneration caused by progranulin deficiency.
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Astrocytes Grown in Alvetex(®) Three Dimensional Scaffolds Retain a Non-reactive Phenotype. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1857-67. [PMID: 27099962 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1911-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Revised: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protocols which permit the extraction of primary astrocytes from either embryonic or postnatal mice are well established however astrocytes in culture are different to those in the mature CNS. Three dimensional (3D) cultures, using a variety of scaffolds may enable better phenotypic properties to be developed in culture. We present data from embryonic (E15) and postnatal (P4) murine primary cortical astrocytes grown on coated coverslips or a 3D polystyrene scaffold, Alvetex. Growth of both embryonic and postnatal primary astrocytes in the 3D scaffold changed astrocyte morphology to a mature, protoplasmic phenotype. Embryonic-derived astrocytes in 3D expressed markers of mature astrocytes, namely the glutamate transporter GLT-1 with low levels of the chondroitin sulphate proteoglycans, NG2 and SMC3. Embryonic astrocytes derived in 3D show lower levels of markers of reactive astrocytes, namely GFAP and mRNA levels of LCN2, PTX3, Serpina3n and Cx43. Postnatal-derived astrocytes show few protein changes between 2D and 3D conditions. Our data shows that Alvetex is a suitable scaffold for growth of astrocytes, and with appropriate choice of cells allows the maintenance of astrocytes with the properties of mature cells and a non-reactive phenotype.
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Srinivasan K, Friedman BA, Larson JL, Lauffer BE, Goldstein LD, Appling LL, Borneo J, Poon C, Ho T, Cai F, Steiner P, van der Brug MP, Modrusan Z, Kaminker JS, Hansen DV. Untangling the brain's neuroinflammatory and neurodegenerative transcriptional responses. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11295. [PMID: 27097852 PMCID: PMC4844685 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A common approach to understanding neurodegenerative disease is comparing gene expression in diseased versus healthy tissues. We illustrate that expression profiles derived from whole tissue RNA highly reflect the degenerating tissues' altered cellular composition, not necessarily transcriptional regulation. To accurately understand transcriptional changes that accompany neuropathology, we acutely purify neurons, astrocytes and microglia from single adult mouse brains and analyse their transcriptomes by RNA sequencing. Using peripheral endotoxemia to establish the method, we reveal highly specific transcriptional responses and altered RNA processing in each cell type, with Tnfr1 required for the astrocytic response. Extending the method to an Alzheimer's disease model, we confirm that transcriptomic changes observed in whole tissue are driven primarily by cell type composition, not transcriptional regulation, and identify hundreds of cell type-specific changes undetected in whole tissue RNA. Applying similar methods to additional models and patient tissues will transform our understanding of aberrant gene expression in neurological disease. Whole tissue RNA profiling can help identify altered molecular pathways underlying neurodegenerative disease, but often masks cell type-specific transcriptional changes. Here, the authors compare transcriptomes of neurons, astrocytes, and microglia from Alzheimer's disease model brains and identify hundreds of cell-type specific changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karpagam Srinivasan
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Brad A Friedman
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jessica L Larson
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Benjamin E Lauffer
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Leonard D Goldstein
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Laurie L Appling
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Jovencio Borneo
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Chungkee Poon
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Terence Ho
- Department of Immunology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Fang Cai
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Marcel P van der Brug
- Department of Diagnostics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Zora Modrusan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - Joshua S Kaminker
- Department of Bioinformatics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
| | - David V Hansen
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, USA
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Andrae J, Gouveia L, Gallini R, He L, Fredriksson L, Nilsson I, Johansson BR, Eriksson U, Betsholtz C. A role for PDGF-C/PDGFRα signaling in the formation of the meningeal basement membranes surrounding the cerebral cortex. Biol Open 2016; 5:461-74. [PMID: 26988758 PMCID: PMC4890675 DOI: 10.1242/bio.017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor-C (PDGF-C) is one of three known ligands for the tyrosine kinase receptor PDGFRα. Analysis ofPdgfcnull mice has demonstrated roles for PDGF-C in palate closure and the formation of cerebral ventricles, but redundancy with other PDGFRα ligands might obscure additional functions. In search of further developmental roles for PDGF-C, we generated mice that were double mutants forPdgfc(-/-)andPdgfra(GFP/+) These mice display a range of severe phenotypes including spina bifida, lung emphysema, abnormal meninges and neuronal over-migration in the cerebral cortex. We focused our analysis on the central nervous system (CNS), where PDGF-C was identified as a critical factor for the formation of meninges and assembly of the glia limitans basement membrane. We also present expression data onPdgfa,PdgfcandPdgfrain the cerebral cortex and microarray data on cerebral meninges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Andrae
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Leonor Gouveia
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Radiosa Gallini
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Liqun He
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
| | - Linda Fredriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Nilsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Bengt R Johansson
- The Electron Microscopy Unit, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg 405 30, Sweden
| | - Ulf Eriksson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
| | - Christer Betsholtz
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala 751 85, Sweden
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3331
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Liu SJ, Nowakowski TJ, Pollen AA, Lui JH, Horlbeck MA, Attenello FJ, He D, Weissman JS, Kriegstein AR, Diaz AA, Lim DA. Single-cell analysis of long non-coding RNAs in the developing human neocortex. Genome Biol 2016; 17:67. [PMID: 27081004 PMCID: PMC4831157 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-016-0932-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 235] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) comprise a diverse class of transcripts that can regulate molecular and cellular processes in brain development and disease. LncRNAs exhibit cell type- and tissue-specific expression, but little is known about the expression and function of lncRNAs in the developing human brain. Furthermore, it has been unclear whether lncRNAs are highly expressed in subsets of cells within tissues, despite appearing lowly expressed in bulk populations. Results We use strand-specific RNA-seq to deeply profile lncRNAs from polyadenylated and total RNA obtained from human neocortex at different stages of development, and we apply this reference to analyze the transcriptomes of single cells. While lncRNAs are generally detected at low levels in bulk tissues, single-cell transcriptomics of hundreds of neocortex cells reveal that many lncRNAs are abundantly expressed in individual cells and are cell type-specific. Notably, LOC646329 is a lncRNA enriched in single radial glia cells but is detected at low abundance in tissues. CRISPRi knockdown of LOC646329 indicates that this lncRNA regulates cell proliferation. Conclusion The discrete and abundant expression of lncRNAs among individual cells has important implications for both their biological function and utility for distinguishing neural cell types. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13059-016-0932-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan John Liu
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Alex A Pollen
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jan H Lui
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Present Address: Department of Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Max A Horlbeck
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Center for RNA Systems Biology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Frank J Attenello
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Daniel He
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan S Weissman
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,California Institute for Quantitative Biomedical Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Center for RNA Systems Biology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,Department of Neurology, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Aaron A Diaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
| | - Daniel A Lim
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, Ray and Dagmar Dolby Regeneration Medicine Building, 35 Medical Center Way, RMB 1037, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA. .,San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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3332
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Moyon S, Huynh JL, Dutta D, Zhang F, Ma D, Yoo S, Lawrence R, Wegner M, John GR, Emery B, Lubetzki C, Franklin RJM, Fan G, Zhu J, Dupree JL, Casaccia P. Functional Characterization of DNA Methylation in the Oligodendrocyte Lineage. Cell Rep 2016; 15:748-760. [PMID: 27149841 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2015] [Revised: 02/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes derive from progenitors (OPCs) through the interplay of epigenomic and transcriptional events. By integrating high-resolution methylomics, RNA-sequencing, and multiple transgenic lines, this study defines the role of DNMT1 in developmental myelination. We detected hypermethylation of genes related to cell cycle and neurogenesis during differentiation of OPCs, yet genetic ablation of Dnmt1 resulted in inefficient OPC expansion and severe hypomyelination associated with ataxia and tremors in mice. This phenotype was not caused by lineage switch or massive apoptosis but was characterized by a profound defect of differentiation associated with changes in exon-skipping and intron-retention splicing events and by the activation of an endoplasmic reticulum stress response. Therefore, loss of Dnmt1 in OPCs is not sufficient to induce a lineage switch but acts as an important determinant of the coordination between RNA splicing and protein synthesis necessary for myelin formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Moyon
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jimmy L Huynh
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dipankar Dutta
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Dan Ma
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Seungyeul Yoo
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Rebecca Lawrence
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gareth R John
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research and Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Catherine Lubetzki
- Sorbonne Universités UPMC Université, Paris 06, UMR_S 1127, ICM-GHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Robin J M Franklin
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Guoping Fan
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Jun Zhu
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Dupree
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA
| | - Patrizia Casaccia
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Corinne Goldsmith Dickinson Center for Multiple Sclerosis, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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3333
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Microglia-specific targeting by novel capsid-modified AAV6 vectors. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2016; 3:16026. [PMID: 27308302 PMCID: PMC4909093 DOI: 10.1038/mtm.2016.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Recombinant adeno-associated viruses (rAAV) have been widely used in gene therapy
applications for central nervous system diseases. Though rAAV can efficiently target
neurons and astrocytes in mouse brains, microglia, the immune cells of the brain, are
refractile to rAAV. To identify AAV capsids with microglia-specific transduction
properties, we initially screened the most commonly used serotypes, AAV1–9 and
rh10, on primary mouse microglia cultures. While these capsids were not permissive, we
then tested the microglial targeting properties of a newly characterized set of modified
rAAV6 capsid variants with high tropism for monocytes. Indeed, these newly characterized
rAAV6 capsid variants, specially a triply mutated Y731F/Y705F/T492V form, carrying a
self-complementary genome and microglia-specific promoters (F4/80 or CD68) could
efficiently and selectively transduce microglia in vitro. Delivery of these
constructs in mice brains resulted in microglia-specific expression of green fluorescent
protein, albeit at modest levels. We further show that CD68 promoter–driven
expression of the inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-6, using this capsid variant leads to
increased astrogliosis in the brains of wild-type mice. Our study describes the first
instance of AAV-targeted microglial gene expression leading to functional modulation of
the innate immune system in mice brains. This provides the rationale for utilizing these
unique capsid/promoter combinations for microglia-specific gene targeting for modeling or
functional studies.
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3334
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O'Rourke JG, Bogdanik L, Yáñez A, Lall D, Wolf AJ, Muhammad AKMG, Ho R, Carmona S, Vit JP, Zarrow J, Kim KJ, Bell S, Harms MB, Miller TM, Dangler CA, Underhill DM, Goodridge HS, Lutz CM, Baloh RH. C9orf72 is required for proper macrophage and microglial function in mice. Science 2016; 351:1324-9. [PMID: 26989253 DOI: 10.1126/science.aaf1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 406] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expansions of a hexanucleotide repeat (GGGGCC) in the noncoding region of the C9orf72 gene are the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia. Decreased expression of C9orf72 is seen in expansion carriers, suggesting that loss of function may play a role in disease. We found that two independent mouse lines lacking the C9orf72 ortholog (3110043O21Rik) in all tissues developed normally and aged without motor neuron disease. Instead, C9orf72 null mice developed progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenopathy with accumulation of engorged macrophage-like cells. C9orf72 expression was highest in myeloid cells, and the loss of C9orf72 led to lysosomal accumulation and altered immune responses in macrophages and microglia, with age-related neuroinflammation similar to C9orf72 ALS but not sporadic ALS human patient tissue. Thus, C9orf72 is required for the normal function of myeloid cells, and altered microglial function may contribute to neurodegeneration in C9orf72 expansion carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J G O'Rourke
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - L Bogdanik
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - A Yáñez
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - D Lall
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - A J Wolf
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - A K M G Muhammad
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - R Ho
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - S Carmona
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J P Vit
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - J Zarrow
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - K J Kim
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - S Bell
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - M B Harms
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - T M Miller
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | | | - D M Underhill
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - H S Goodridge
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
| | - C M Lutz
- The Jackson Laboratory, Bar Harbor, ME, USA
| | - R H Baloh
- Board of Governors Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA. Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA
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3335
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Gómez-López S, Martínez-Silva AV, Montiel T, Osorio-Gómez D, Bermúdez-Rattoni F, Massieu L, Escalante-Alcalde D. Neural ablation of the PARK10 candidate Plpp3 leads to dopaminergic transmission deficits without neurodegeneration. Sci Rep 2016; 6:24028. [PMID: 27063549 PMCID: PMC4827058 DOI: 10.1038/srep24028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by the progressive loss of midbrain dopaminergic neurons and a variety of motor symptoms. The gene coding for the phospholipid phosphatase 3, PLPP3 (formerly PPAP2B or LPP3), maps within the PARK10 locus, a region that has been linked with increased risk to late-onset PD. PLPP3 modulates the levels of a range of bioactive lipids controlling fundamental cellular processes within the central nervous system. Here we show that PLPP3 is enriched in astroglial cells of the adult murine ventral midbrain. Conditional inactivation of Plpp3 using a Nestin::Cre driver results in reduced mesencephalic levels of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1P1), a well-known mediator of pro-survival responses. Yet, adult PLPP3-deficient mice exhibited no alterations in the number of dopaminergic neurons or in the basal levels of striatal extracellular dopamine (DA). Potassium-evoked DA overflow in the striatum, however, was significantly decreased in mutant mice. Locomotor evaluation revealed that, although PLPP3-deficient mice exhibit motor impairment, this is not progressive or responsive to acute L-DOPA therapy. These findings suggest that disruption of Plpp3 during early neural development leads to dopaminergic transmission deficits in the absence of nigrostriatal degeneration, and without causing an age-related locomotor decline consistent with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gómez-López
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Ana Valeria Martínez-Silva
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Teresa Montiel
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Daniel Osorio-Gómez
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Federico Bermúdez-Rattoni
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Lourdes Massieu
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
| | - Diana Escalante-Alcalde
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, División de Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, Mexico City, 04510, Mexico
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3336
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Wallace SW, Singhvi A, Liang Y, Lu Y, Shaham S. PROS-1/Prospero Is a Major Regulator of the Glia-Specific Secretome Controlling Sensory-Neuron Shape and Function in C. elegans. Cell Rep 2016; 15:550-562. [PMID: 27068465 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensory neurons are an animal's gateway to the world, and their receptive endings, the sites of sensory signal transduction, are often associated with glia. Although glia are known to promote sensory-neuron functions, the molecular bases of these interactions are poorly explored. Here, we describe a post-developmental glial role for the PROS-1/Prospero/PROX1 homeodomain protein in sensory-neuron function in C. elegans. Using glia expression profiling, we demonstrate that, unlike previously characterized cell fate roles, PROS-1 functions post-embryonically to control sense-organ glia-specific secretome expression. PROS-1 functions cell autonomously to regulate glial secretion and membrane structure, and non-cell autonomously to control the shape and function of the receptive endings of sensory neurons. Known glial genes controlling sensory-neuron function are PROS-1 targets, and we identify additional PROS-1-dependent genes required for neuron attributes. Drosophila Prospero and vertebrate PROX1 are expressed in post-mitotic sense-organ glia and astrocytes, suggesting conserved roles for this class of transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean W Wallace
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Aakanksha Singhvi
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yupu Liang
- CCTS Research Bioinformatics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Yun Lu
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Shai Shaham
- Laboratory of Developmental Genetics, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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3337
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Gitler AD, Tsuiji H. There has been an awakening: Emerging mechanisms of C9orf72 mutations in FTD/ALS. Brain Res 2016; 1647:19-29. [PMID: 27059391 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of C9orf72 mutations as the most common genetic cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) has awakened a surge of interest in deciphering how mutations in this mysterious gene cause disease and what can be done to stop it. C9orf72 harbors a hexanucleotide repeat, GGGGCC, in a non-coding region of the gene and a massive expansion of this repeat causes ALS, FTD, or both (FTD/ALS). Many questions lie ahead. What does this gene normally do? What is the consequence of an enormous GGGGCC repeat expansion on that gene's function? Could that hexanucleotide repeat expansion have additional pathological actions unrelated to C9orf72 function? There has been tremendous progress on all fronts in the quest to define how C9orf72 mutations cause disease. Many new experimental models have been constructed and unleashed in powerful genetic screens. Studies in mouse and human patient samples, including iPS-derived neurons, have provided unprecedented insights into pathogenic mechanisms. Three major hypotheses have emerged and are still being hotly debated in the field. These include (1) loss of function owing to decrease in the abundance of C9orf72 protein and its ability to carryout its still unknown cellular role; (2) RNA toxicity from bidirectionally transcribed sense (GGGGCC) and antisense (GGCCCC) transcripts that accumulate in RNA foci and might sequester critical RNA-binding proteins; (3) proteotoxicity from dipeptide repeat proteins produced by an unconventional form of translation from the expanded nucleotide repeats. Here we review the evidence in favor and against each of these three hypotheses. We also suggest additional experiments and considerations that we propose will help clarify which mechanism(s) are most important for driving disease and therefore most critical for considering during the development of therapeutic interventions. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI:RNA Metabolism in Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D Gitler
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, M322 Alway Building, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.
| | - Hitomi Tsuiji
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabedori, Mizuhoku, Nagoya, Aichi 467-8603, Japan.
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3338
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Couttas TA, Kain N, Suchowerska AK, Quek LE, Turner N, Fath T, Garner B, Don AS. Loss of ceramide synthase 2 activity, necessary for myelin biosynthesis, precedes tau pathology in the cortical pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 43:89-100. [PMID: 27255818 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The anatomical progression of neurofibrillary tangle pathology throughout Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis runs inverse to the pattern of developmental myelination, with the disease preferentially affecting thinly myelinated regions. Myelin is comprised 80% of lipids, and the prototypical myelin lipids, galactosylceramide, and sulfatide are critical for neurological function. We observed severe depletion of galactosylceramide and sulfatide in AD brain tissue, which can be traced metabolically to the loss of their biosynthetic precursor, very long chain ceramide. The synthesis of very long chain ceramides is catalyzed by ceramide synthase 2 (CERS2). We demonstrate a significant reduction in CERS2 activity as early as Braak stage I/II in temporal cortex, and Braak stage III/IV in hippocampus and frontal cortex, indicating that loss of myelin-specific ceramide synthase activity precedes neurofibrillary tangle pathology in cortical regions. These findings open a new vista on AD pathogenesis by demonstrating a defect in myelin lipid biosynthesis at the preclinical stages of the disease. We posit that, over time, this defect contributes significantly to myelin deterioration, synaptic dysfunction, and neurological decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy A Couttas
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nupur Kain
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alexandra K Suchowerska
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lake-Ee Quek
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel Turner
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Thomas Fath
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Brett Garner
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia
| | - Anthony S Don
- Prince of Wales Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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3339
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Martini-Stoica H, Xu Y, Ballabio A, Zheng H. The Autophagy-Lysosomal Pathway in Neurodegeneration: A TFEB Perspective. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:221-234. [PMID: 26968346 PMCID: PMC4928589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The autophagy-lysosomal pathway (ALP) is involved in the degradation of long-lived proteins. Deficits in the ALP result in protein aggregation, the generation of toxic protein species, and accumulation of dysfunctional organelles, which are hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and prion disease. Decades of research have therefore focused on enhancing the ALP in neurodegenerative diseases. More recently, transcription factor EB (TFEB), a major regulator of autophagy and lysosomal biogenesis, has emerged as a leading factor in addressing disease pathology. We review the regulation of the ALP and TFEB and their impact on neurodegenerative diseases. We also offer our perspective on the complex role of autophagy and TFEB in disease pathogenesis and its therapeutic implications through the examination of prion disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Martini-Stoica
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Interdepartmental Program in Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Medical Scientist Training Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yin Xu
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; Dan and Jan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM) and Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Frederico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Hui Zheng
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX.
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3340
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Geoffroy CG, Hilton BJ, Tetzlaff W, Zheng B. Evidence for an Age-Dependent Decline in Axon Regeneration in the Adult Mammalian Central Nervous System. Cell Rep 2016; 15:238-46. [PMID: 27050519 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
How aging impacts axon regeneration after CNS injury is not known. We assessed the impact of age on axon regeneration induced by Pten deletion in corticospinal and rubrospinal neurons, two neuronal populations with distinct innate regenerative abilities. As in young mice, Pten deletion in older mice remains effective in preventing axotomy-induced decline in neuron-intrinsic growth state, as assessed by mTOR activity, neuronal soma size, and axonal growth proximal to a spinal cord injury. However, axonal regeneration distal to injury is greatly diminished, accompanied by increased expression of astroglial and inflammatory markers at the injury site. Thus, the mammalian CNS undergoes an age-dependent decline in axon regeneration, as revealed when neuron-intrinsic growth state is elevated. These results have important implications for developing strategies to promote axonal repair after CNS injuries or diseases, which increasingly affect middle-aged to aging populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric G Geoffroy
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0691, USA
| | - Brett J Hilton
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Wolfram Tetzlaff
- International Collaboration on Repair Discoveries, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Zoology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada; Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Binhai Zheng
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0691, USA.
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3341
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Hwang HW, Park CY, Goodarzi H, Fak JJ, Mele A, Moore MJ, Saito Y, Darnell RB. PAPERCLIP Identifies MicroRNA Targets and a Role of CstF64/64tau in Promoting Non-canonical poly(A) Site Usage. Cell Rep 2016; 15:423-35. [PMID: 27050522 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate and precise annotation of 3' UTRs is critical for understanding how mRNAs are regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) and RNA-binding proteins (RBPs). Here, we describe a method, poly(A) binding protein-mediated mRNA 3' end retrieval by crosslinking immunoprecipitation (PAPERCLIP), that shows high specificity for mRNA 3' ends and compares favorably with existing 3' end mapping methods. PAPERCLIP uncovers a previously unrecognized role of CstF64/64tau in promoting the usage of a selected group of non-canonical poly(A) sites, the majority of which contain a downstream GUKKU motif. Furthermore, in the mouse brain, PAPERCLIP discovers extended 3' UTR sequences harboring functional miRNA binding sites and reveals developmentally regulated APA shifts, including one in Atp2b2 that is evolutionarily conserved in humans and results in the gain of a functional binding site of miR-137. PAPERCLIP provides a powerful tool to decipher post-transcriptional regulation of mRNAs through APA in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hun-Way Hwang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA.
| | - Christopher Y Park
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013, USA
| | - Hani Goodarzi
- Laboratory of Systems Cancer Biology, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - John J Fak
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Aldo Mele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Michael J Moore
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Yuhki Saito
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA
| | - Robert B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, New York 10065, USA; New York Genome Center, 101 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10013, USA.
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3342
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Pearson BL, Simon JM, McCoy ES, Salazar G, Fragola G, Zylka MJ. Identification of chemicals that mimic transcriptional changes associated with autism, brain aging and neurodegeneration. Nat Commun 2016; 7:11173. [PMID: 27029645 PMCID: PMC4821887 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors, including pesticides, have been linked to autism and neurodegeneration risk using retrospective epidemiological studies. Here we sought to prospectively identify chemicals that share transcriptomic signatures with neurological disorders, by exposing mouse cortical neuron-enriched cultures to hundreds of chemicals commonly found in the environment and on food. We find that rotenone, a pesticide associated with Parkinson's disease risk, and certain fungicides, including pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, famoxadone and fenamidone, produce transcriptional changes in vitro that are similar to those seen in brain samples from humans with autism, advanced age and neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease). These chemicals stimulate free radical production and disrupt microtubules in neurons, effects that can be reduced by pretreating with a microtubule stabilizer, an antioxidant, or with sulforaphane. Our study provides an approach to prospectively identify environmental chemicals that transcriptionally mimic autism and other brain disorders. This study presents gene expression responses of cultured brain cells to hundreds of chemicals found in the environment and in food. The authors identified chemicals that induce transcriptomic profiles that overlap those seen in human brains affected with autism, aging, and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon L Pearson
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7255, USA
| | - Jeremy M Simon
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7255, USA
| | - Eric S McCoy
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA
| | - Gabriela Salazar
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA
| | - Giulia Fragola
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA
| | - Mark J Zylka
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Road, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7545, USA.,Carolina Institute for Developmental Disabilities, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599-7255, USA
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3343
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Astrocyte scar formation aids central nervous system axon regeneration. Nature 2016; 532:195-200. [PMID: 27027288 DOI: 10.1038/nature17623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1211] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Transected axons fail to regrow in the mature central nervous system. Astrocytic scars are widely regarded as causal in this failure. Here, using three genetically targeted loss-of-function manipulations in adult mice, we show that preventing astrocyte scar formation, attenuating scar-forming astrocytes, or ablating chronic astrocytic scars all failed to result in spontaneous regrowth of transected corticospinal, sensory or serotonergic axons through severe spinal cord injury (SCI) lesions. By contrast, sustained local delivery via hydrogel depots of required axon-specific growth factors not present in SCI lesions, plus growth-activating priming injuries, stimulated robust, laminin-dependent sensory axon regrowth past scar-forming astrocytes and inhibitory molecules in SCI lesions. Preventing astrocytic scar formation significantly reduced this stimulated axon regrowth. RNA sequencing revealed that astrocytes and non-astrocyte cells in SCI lesions express multiple axon-growth-supporting molecules. Our findings show that contrary to the prevailing dogma, astrocyte scar formation aids rather than prevents central nervous system axon regeneration.
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3344
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Miro1 Regulates Activity-Driven Positioning of Mitochondria within Astrocytic Processes Apposed to Synapses to Regulate Intracellular Calcium Signaling. J Neurosci 2016; 35:15996-6011. [PMID: 26631479 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2068-15.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It is fast emerging that maintaining mitochondrial function is important for regulating astrocyte function, although the specific mechanisms that govern astrocyte mitochondrial trafficking and positioning remain poorly understood. The mitochondrial Rho-GTPase 1 protein (Miro1) regulates mitochondrial trafficking and detachment from the microtubule transport network to control activity-dependent mitochondrial positioning in neurons. However, whether Miro proteins are important for regulating signaling-dependent mitochondrial dynamics in astrocytic processes remains unclear. Using live-cell confocal microscopy of rat organotypic hippocampal slices, we find that enhancing neuronal activity induces transient mitochondrial remodeling in astrocytes, with a concomitant, transient reduction in mitochondrial trafficking, mediated by elevations in intracellular Ca(2+). Stimulating neuronal activity also induced mitochondrial confinement within astrocytic processes in close proximity to synapses. Furthermore, we show that the Ca(2+)-sensing EF-hand domains of Miro1 are important for regulating mitochondrial trafficking in astrocytes and required for activity-driven mitochondrial confinement near synapses. Additionally, activity-dependent mitochondrial positioning by Miro1 reciprocally regulates the levels of intracellular Ca(2+) in astrocytic processes. Thus, the regulation of intracellular Ca(2+) signaling, dependent on Miro1-mediated mitochondrial positioning, could have important consequences for astrocyte Ca(2+) wave propagation, gliotransmission, and ultimately neuronal function.
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3345
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Jolly S, Fudge A, Pringle N, Richardson WD, Li H. Combining Double Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization with Immunolabelling for Detection of the Expression of Three Genes in Mouse Brain Sections. J Vis Exp 2016:e53976. [PMID: 27077668 DOI: 10.3791/53976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Detection of gene expression in different types of brain cells e.g., neurons, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte precursors and microglia, can be hampered by the lack of specific primary or secondary antibodies for immunostaining. Here we describe a protocol to detect the expression of three different genes in the same brain section using double fluorescence in situ hybridization with two gene-specific probes followed by immunostaining with an antibody of high specificity directed against the protein encoded by a third gene. The Aspartoacyclase (ASPA) gene, mutations of which can lead to a rare human white matter disease - Canavan disease - is thought to be expressed in oligodendrocytes and microglia but not in astrocytes and neurons. However, the precise expression pattern of ASPA in the brain has yet to be established. This protocol has allowed us to determine that ASPA is expressed in a subset of mature oligodendrocytes and it can be generally applied to a wide range of gene expression pattern studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Jolly
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London
| | - Alexander Fudge
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London
| | - Nigel Pringle
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London
| | | | - Huiliang Li
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London;
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3346
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Mironova YA, Lenk GM, Lin JP, Lee SJ, Twiss JL, Vaccari I, Bolino A, Havton LA, Min SH, Abrams CS, Shrager P, Meisler MH, Giger RJ. PI(3,5)P2 biosynthesis regulates oligodendrocyte differentiation by intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27008179 PMCID: PMC4889328 DOI: 10.7554/elife.13023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper development of the CNS axon-glia unit requires bi-directional communication between axons and oligodendrocytes (OLs). We show that the signaling lipid phosphatidylinositol-3,5-bisphosphate [PI(3,5)P2] is required in neurons and in OLs for normal CNS myelination. In mice, mutations of Fig4, Pikfyve or Vac14, encoding key components of the PI(3,5)P2 biosynthetic complex, each lead to impaired OL maturation, severe CNS hypomyelination and delayed propagation of compound action potentials. Primary OLs deficient in Fig4 accumulate large LAMP1+ and Rab7+ vesicular structures and exhibit reduced membrane sheet expansion. PI(3,5)P2 deficiency leads to accumulation of myelin-associated glycoprotein (MAG) in LAMP1+perinuclear vesicles that fail to migrate to the nascent myelin sheet. Live-cell imaging of OLs after genetic or pharmacological inhibition of PI(3,5)P2 synthesis revealed impaired trafficking of plasma membrane-derived MAG through the endolysosomal system in primary cells and brain tissue. Collectively, our studies identify PI(3,5)P2 as a key regulator of myelin membrane trafficking and myelinogenesis. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13023.001 Neurons communicate with each other through long cable-like extensions called axons. An insulating sheath called myelin (or white matter) surrounds each axon, and allows electrical impulses to travel more quickly. Cells in the brain called oligodendrocytes produce myelin. If the myelin sheath is not properly formed during development, or is damaged by injury or disease, the consequences can include paralysis, impaired thought, and loss of vision. Oligodendrocytes have complex shapes, and each can generate myelin for as many as 50 axons. Oligodendrocytes produce the building blocks of myelin inside their cell bodies, by following instructions encoded by genes within the nucleus. However, the signals that regulate the trafficking of these components to the myelin sheath are poorly understood. Mironova et al. set out to determine whether signaling molecules called phosphoinositides help oligodendrocytes to mature and move myelin building blocks from the cell bodies to remote contact points with axons. Genetic techniques were used to manipulate an enzyme complex in mice that controls the production and turnover of a phosphoinositide called PI(3,5)P2. Mironova et al. found that reducing the levels of PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes caused the trafficking of certain myelin building blocks to stall. Key myelin components instead accumulated inside bubble-like structures near the oligodendrocyte’s cell body. This showed that PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes is essential for generating myelin. Further experiments then revealed that reducing PI(3,5)P2 in the neurons themselves indirectly prevented the oligodendrocytes from maturing. This suggests that PI(3,5)P2 also takes part in communication between axons and oligodendrocytes during development of the myelin sheath. A key next step will be to identify the regulatory mechanisms that control the production of PI(3,5)P2 in oligodendrocytes and neurons. Future studies could also explore what PI(3,5)P2 acts upon inside the axons, and which signaling molecules support the maturation of oligodendrocytes. Finally, it remains unclear whether PI(3,5)P2signaling is also required for stabilizing mature myelin, and for repairing myelin after injury in the adult brain. Further work could therefore address these questions as well. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.13023.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya A Mironova
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Guy M Lenk
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Jing-Ping Lin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Seung Joon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Jeffery L Twiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, United States
| | - Ilaria Vaccari
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, INSPE-Institute for Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandra Bolino
- Human Inherited Neuropathies Unit, INSPE-Institute for Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Leif A Havton
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Sang H Min
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Charles S Abrams
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, United States
| | - Peter Shrager
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, United States
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
| | - Roman J Giger
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, United States
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3347
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Astroglial glutamate transporters coordinate excitatory signaling and brain energetics. Neurochem Int 2016; 98:56-71. [PMID: 27013346 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the mammalian brain, a family of sodium-dependent transporters maintains low extracellular glutamate and shapes excitatory signaling. The bulk of this activity is mediated by the astroglial glutamate transporters GLT-1 and GLAST (also called EAAT2 and EAAT1). In this review, we will discuss evidence that these transporters co-localize with, form physical (co-immunoprecipitable) interactions with, and functionally couple to various 'energy-generating' systems, including the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase, the Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger, glycogen metabolizing enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, and mitochondria/mitochondrial proteins. This functional coupling is bi-directional with many of these systems both being regulated by glutamate transport and providing the 'fuel' to support glutamate uptake. Given the importance of glutamate uptake to maintaining synaptic signaling and preventing excitotoxicity, it should not be surprising that some of these systems appear to 'redundantly' support the energetic costs of glutamate uptake. Although the glutamate-glutamine cycle contributes to recycling of neurotransmitter pools of glutamate, this is an over-simplification. The ramifications of co-compartmentalization of glutamate transporters with mitochondria for glutamate metabolism are discussed. Energy consumption in the brain accounts for ∼20% of the basal metabolic rate and relies almost exclusively on glucose for the production of ATP. However, the brain does not possess substantial reserves of glucose or other fuels. To ensure adequate energetic supply, increases in neuronal activity are matched by increases in cerebral blood flow via a process known as 'neurovascular coupling'. While the mechanisms for this coupling are not completely resolved, it is generally agreed that astrocytes, with processes that extend to synapses and endfeet that surround blood vessels, mediate at least some of the signal that causes vasodilation. Several studies have shown that either genetic deletion or pharmacologic inhibition of glutamate transport impairs neurovascular coupling. Together these studies strongly suggest that glutamate transport not only coordinates excitatory signaling, but also plays a pivotal role in regulating brain energetics.
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3348
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Wang LC, Almazan G. Cdon, a cell surface protein, mediates oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Glia 2016; 64:1021-33. [PMID: 26988125 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
During central nervous system development, oligodendrocyte progenitors (OLPs) establish multiple branched processes and axonal contacts to initiate myelination. A complete understanding of the molecular signals implicated in cell surface interaction to initiate myelination/remyelination is currently lacking. The objective of our study was to assess whether Cdon, a cell surface protein that was shown to participate in muscle and neuron cell development, is involved in oligodendrocyte (OLG) differentiation and myelination. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Cdon protein is expressed in OLPs, increasing in the early differentiation stages and decreasing in mature OLGs. Immunocytochemistry of endogenous Cdon showed localization on both OLG cell membranes and cellular processes exhibiting puncta- or varicosity-like structures. Cdon knockdown with siRNA decreased protein levels by 62% as well as two myelin-specific proteins, MBP and MAG. Conversely, overexpression of full-length rat Cdon increased myelin proteins in OLGs. The complexity of OLGs branching and contact point numbers with axons were also increased in Cdon overexpressing cells growing alone or in coculture with dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGNs). Furthermore, myelination of DRGNs was decreased when OLPs were transfected with Cdon siRNA. Altogether, our results suggest that Cdon participates in OLG differentiation and myelination, most likely in the initial stages of development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Guillermina Almazan
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, 3655 Promenade Sir William Osler, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
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3349
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Bolaños JP. Bioenergetics and redox adaptations of astrocytes to neuronal activity. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 2:115-125. [PMID: 26968531 PMCID: PMC5018236 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is a high‐energy demanding process recruiting all neural cells that adapt their metabolism to sustain the energy and redox balance of neurons. During neurotransmission, synaptic cleft glutamate activates its receptors in neurons and in astrocytes, before being taken up by astrocytes through energy costly transporters. In astrocytes, the energy requirement for glutamate influx is likely to be met by glycolysis. To enable this, astrocytes are constitutively glycolytic, robustly expressing 6‐phosphofructo‐2‐kinase/fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphatase‐3 (PFKFB3), an enzyme that is negligibly present in neurons by continuous degradation because of the ubiquitin‐proteasome pathway via anaphase‐promoting complex/cyclosome (APC)‐Cdh1. Additional factors contributing to the glycolytic frame of astrocytes may include 5′‐AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1 (HIF‐1), pyruvate kinase muscle isoform‐2 (PKM2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase‐4 (PDK4), lactate dehydrogenase‐B, or monocarboxylate transporter‐4 (MCT4). Neurotransmission‐associated messengers, such as nitric oxide or ammonium, stimulate lactate release from astrocytes. Astrocyte‐derived glycolytic lactate thus sustains the energy needs of neurons, which in contrast to astrocytes mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation. Neuronal activity unavoidably triggers reactive oxygen species, but the antioxidant defense of neurons is weak; hence, they use glucose for oxidation through the pentose‐phosphate pathway to preserve the redox status. Furthermore, neural activity is coupled with erythroid‐derived erythroid‐derived 2‐like 2 (Nrf2) mediated transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes in astrocytes, which boost the de novo glutathione biosynthesis in neighbor neurons. Thus, the bioenergetics and redox programs of astrocytes are adapted to sustain neuronal activity and survival. Developing therapeutic strategies to interfere with these pathways may be useful to combat neurological diseases.
Our current knowledge on brain's management of bioenergetics and redox requirements associated with neural activity is herein revisited. The astrocyte‐neuronal lactate shuttle (ANLS) explains the energy needs of neurotransmission. Furthermore, neurotransmission unavoidably triggers increased mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in neurons. By coupling glutamatergic activity with transcriptional activation of antioxidant genes, astrocytes provide neurons with neuroprotective glutathione through an astrocyte‐neuronal glutathione shuttle (ANGS).
This article is part of the60th Anniversary special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan P Bolaños
- Institute of Functional Biology and Genomics (IBFG), University of Salamanca-CSIC-IBSAL, Salamanca, Spain.
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3350
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G protein-coupled receptor 37 is a negative regulator of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination. Nat Commun 2016; 7:10884. [PMID: 26961174 PMCID: PMC4792952 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
While the formation of myelin by oligodendrocytes is critical for the function of the
central nervous system, the molecular mechanism controlling oligodendrocyte
differentiation remains largely unknown. Here we identify G protein-coupled receptor
37 (GPR37) as an inhibitor of late-stage oligodendrocyte differentiation and
myelination. GPR37 is enriched in oligodendrocytes and its expression increases
during their differentiation into myelin forming cells. Genetic deletion of
Gpr37 does not affect the number of oligodendrocyte precursor cells, but
results in precocious oligodendrocyte differentiation and hypermyelination. The
inhibition of oligodendrocyte differentiation by GPR37 is mediated by suppression of
an exchange protein activated by cAMP (EPAC)-dependent activation of Raf-MAPK-ERK1/2
module and nuclear translocation of ERK1/2. Our data suggest that GPR37 regulates
central nervous system myelination by controlling the transition from
early-differentiated to mature oligodendrocytes. The molecular mechanism controlling oligodendrocyte differentiation is
not fully understood. Here the authors show that G protein coupled receptor 37 acts as a
negative regulator of CNS myelination, and this effect is mediated by suppression of ERK
signalling.
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