Optimization of seebeck coefficients in polyaniline-doped manganese dioxide nanocomposites

Polyaniline (PANI) and PANI-MnO2 composites were synthesized via a chemical route with varying manganese dioxide (MnO2) content, specifically 5wt% and 15wt%. X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirmed the structural formation of both PANI and PANI-MnO2 composites. The direct current conductivity was measured, showing an increase with temperature: at 393K, pure PANI had a conductivity of 2.25 × 10-4 S/cm, which increased significantly in the composites, reaching 9.03 × 10-4 S/cm for the 15wt% MnO2 composite. The Seebeck coefficient also increased with temperature and MnO2 concentration, achieving a maximum value of 52 mV K-1 at 373K for the 15wt% MnO2 composite. These results indicate that the synthesized PANI- MnO2 composites exhibit semiconducting behavior with improved thermoelectric properties, making them promising candidates for applications in thermoelectric devices such as generators and thermopiles. The study highlights the potential of these materials in enhancing the efficiency of thermoelectric energy conversion.

A review on the advancement of polydopamine (PDA)-based nanomaterials for cancer treatment

The significance of cancer treatment research lies in addressing the high incidence of cancer, overcoming treatment challenges, and mitigating the harsh side effects of chemotherapeutic agents. Currently, nanotechnology is garnering significant attention for its potential applications in diagnostics and drug delivery, offering innovative solutions for disease detection and treatment. Among different types of nanoparticles (NPs), polymeric nanoparticles comprise biocompatible and biodegradable polymers that enhance drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, minimize adverse effects, increase stability, and facilitate sustained drug release. These polymeric nanoparticle-based nanomedicines offer a versatile platform for various cancer treatments, notably enabling targeted drug delivery directly to tumors, tumor-imaging, hyperthermia, and photodynamic therapy. Being polymeric in nature polydopamine (PDA) nanomaterials are appeared as promising approaches in biology and medicine. This review article offers a concise summary of the latest developments in polydopamine-based cancer treatment, covering key findings, limitations, and emerging trend therapeutic approach of polydopamine nanomaterials, along with the properties and various methods of preparation. Physico-chemical properties of PDA-based nanomaterials in therapeutics have permitted several successful modifications in the field of cancer treatment.

Advancements of nanoscale drug formulations for combination treatment of colorectal cancer

Combination chemotherapy is widely utilized in treating colorectal cancer (CRC), particularly for patients who are ineligible for surgery or those with metastatic CRC (mCRC). While this therapeutic method has demonstrated efficacy in managing CRC and mCRC, its broader clinical application is limited due to the unique physical properties, mechanisms of action, and pharmacokinetics of different chemotherapeutic drugs. Consequently, achieving satisfactory treatment outcomes proves to be challenging. Nanotechnology has given rise to innovative drug systems that are precise, controllable, and highly efficient in drug delivery. These nanoscale drug delivery systems can integrate the advantageous aspects of various therapeutic modalities, including chemotherapy, gene therapy, and immunotherapy. This review aims to explain the application of nano-drug delivery system in the treatment of colorectal cancer. Through its unique physical/chemical properties and biological functions, it can solve the limitations of traditional therapy and achieve more accurate, efficient and safe treatment. The advantages/disadvantages, physical and chemical characteristics of various drug delivery systems are described in detail, and suggestions on selecting reasonable NDDSs according to different drug combination methods are given to achieve the best therapeutic effect. This review paper presents an exhaustive summary of the diverse range of drugs utilized in chemotherapy, in addition to outlining strategies for effectively integrating chemotherapy with other treatment modalities. Furthermore, it delves into the principle of selecting carriers for various drug combinations.

Comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of PPP1R3G reveals its diagnostic, prognostic, and immunotherapeutic implications

BACKGROUND

PPP1R3G, a regulatory subunit of protein phosphatase 1, plays a critical role in glycogen metabolism and has been implicated in various cancers. This study provides a comprehensive pan-cancer analysis of PPP1R3G, evaluating its expression, diagnostic and prognostic significance, and potential as a therapeutic target.

METHODS

We performed an extensive pan-cancer analysis of PPP1R3G using several databases to assess its expression and investigate its correlations with clinical outcomes. Our investigation included assessing PPP1R3G's impact on survival, its correlation with immune checkpoints and tumor stemness scores, and its prognostic significance. We also explored its relationship with immunomodulators, genomic profiles, and immunological characteristics, as well as its response to immunotherapy and involvement in various biological pathways.

RESULTS

PPP1R3G expression varied significantly across different cancers and correlated with both diagnostic and prognostic outcomes. Moreover, PPP1R3G was significantly linked to immune checkpoints, immunomodulators, prognosis, immunoregulatory genes, tumor stemness, cellular function, and immune infiltration across numerous cancer types. Further analysis of PPP1R3G-related gene enrichment, mutation profiles, RNA modifications, and genomic heterogeneity revealed that missense mutations were the predominant alteration affecting PPP1R3G.

CONCLUSIONS

Overall, the expression of PPP1R3G is closely associated with various cancers and may serve as a potential biomarker for cancer detection.

Asparagine drives immune evasion in bladder cancer via RIG-I stability and type I IFN signaling

Tumor cells often employ many ways to restrain type I IFN signaling to evade immune surveillance. However, whether cellular amino acid metabolism regulates this process remains unclear, and its effects on antitumor immunity are relatively unexplored. Here, we found that asparagine inhibited IFN-I signaling and promoted immune escape in bladder cancer. Depletion of asparagine synthetase (ASNS) strongly limited in vivo tumor growth in a CD8+ T cell-dependent manner and boosted immunotherapy efficacy. Moreover, clinically approved L-asparaginase (ASNase),synergized with anti-PD-1 therapy in suppressing tumor growth. Mechanistically, asparagine can directly bind to RIG-I and facilitate CBL-mediated RIG-I degradation, thereby suppressing IFN signaling and antitumor immune responses. Clinically, tumors with higher ASNS expression show decreased responsiveness to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Together, our findings uncover asparagine as a natural metabolite to modulate RIG-I-mediated IFN-I signaling, providing the basis for developing the combinatorial use of ASNase and anti-PD-1 for bladder cancer.

Advancements in Degenerative Disc Disease Treatment: A Regenerative Medicine Approach

Regenerative medicine represents a transformative approach to treating nucleus pulposus degeneration and offers hope for patients suffering from chronic low back pain due to disc degeneration. By focusing on restoring the natural structure and function of the nucleus pulposus rather than merely alleviating symptoms, these innovative therapies hold the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. As research continues to advance in this field, we may soon witness a paradigm shift in how we approach spinal health and degenerative disc disease. The main purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the various regenerative approaches that target the restoration of the nucleus pulposus, a primary site for initiation of intervertebral disc degeneration.

Fabrication of a hierarchical PtIr@Rh hollow trimetallic nanozyme with a higher specific activity than that of HRP for sensitive colorimetric detection

Nanozymes have emerged as promising alternatives to natural enzymes in various fields, owing to their advantages in terms of stability, cost-effectiveness, and multifunctionality. However, their relatively low catalytic activity compared to natural enzymes remains a major challenge for practical applications. Here, we developed hierarchical PtIr@Rh hollow trimetallic nanorods, where Rh served as the substrate and the surface was decorated with numerous Pt nanoparticles doped with a small amount of Ir. The resulting nanorods exhibited remarkable peroxidase-like activity, with a specific activity of 2287 U mg-1, surpassing that of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). Additionally, the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax) was 1.024 × 10-6 M s-1, and the Michaelis-Menten constant (Km) was 1.706 mM. The enhanced catalytic performance was attributed to the unique hierarchical structure and the small amount of Ir doping, as supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The PtIr@Rh nanozyme was successfully applied for the colorimetric detection of L-ascorbic acid, achieving a rapid detection with a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.12 μM. This study introduces a novel nanozyme with superior specific activity compared to natural enzymes, highlighting its potential for colorimetric sensing applications.

Organic Molecules as a Bridge Connecting Photoelectrochemistry and Fluorescence for Dual-Signal Assay

We report a strategy based on pyridyl-anchored organic small-molecule fluorescent probes to develop a dual-signal sensing platform. The strategy accomplishes an intelligent integration of fluorescence analysis with photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing, thereby enabling rapid and precise detection of hypochlorite. In this work, the natural dye chromone was selected as the fluorophore for generating fluorescent signals. Meanwhile, by using phenothiazine (PTZ) as the specific recognition group and pyridine as the anchoring moiety, we designed and synthesized a novel organic small-molecule fluorescent probe. The obtained probe was used as a photosensitive material anchored to the TiO2 surface via N → Ti bonds, to form an FTO/TiO2/FPTZ-1 heterostructure-based dual-signal sensing platform for the detection of hypochlorite. This sensing platform has the characteristics of high specificity, sensitivity, and ease of preparation, enabling rapid qualitative fluorescence readout and quantitative photoelectrochemical readout of hypochlorite, with a limit of detection of 0.288 μM for fluorescence and 1.37 nM for PEC.

Unraveling the hidden complexity of cancer through long-read sequencing

Cancer is fundamentally a disease of the genome, characterized by extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and epigenomic alterations. Most current studies predominantly use short-read sequencing, gene panels, or microarrays to explore these alterations; however, these technologies can systematically miss or misrepresent certain types of alterations, especially structural variants, complex rearrangements, and alterations within repetitive regions. Long-read sequencing is rapidly emerging as a transformative technology for cancer research by providing a comprehensive view across the genome, transcriptome, and epigenome, including the ability to detect alterations that previous technologies have overlooked. In this Perspective, we explore the current applications of long-read sequencing for both germline and somatic cancer analysis. We provide an overview of the computational methodologies tailored to long-read data and highlight key discoveries and resources within cancer genomics that were previously inaccessible with prior technologies. We also address future opportunities and persistent challenges, including the experimental and computational requirements needed to scale to larger sample sizes, the hurdles in sequencing and analyzing complex cancer genomes, and opportunities for leveraging machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies for cancer informatics. We further discuss how the telomere-to-telomere genome and the emerging human pangenome could enhance the resolution of cancer genome analysis, potentially revolutionizing early detection and disease monitoring in patients. Finally, we outline strategies for transitioning long-read sequencing from research applications to routine clinical practice.

Multisite long-read sequencing reveals the early contributions of somatic structural variations to HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma tumorigenesis

Somatic structural variations (SVs) represent a critical category of genomic mutations in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the accurate identification of somatic SVs using short-read high-throughput sequencing is challenging. Here, we applied long-read nanopore sequencing and multisite sampling in a cohort of 42 samples from five patients. We found that adjacent nontumor tissue is not entirely normal, as significant somatic SV alterations were detected in these nontumor genomes. The adjacent nontumor tissue is highly similar to tumor tissue in terms of somatic SVs but differs in somatic single-nucleotide variants and copy number variations. The types of SVs in adjacent nontumor and tumor tissue are markedly different, with somatic insertions and deletions identified as early genomic events associated with HCC. Notably, hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA integration frequently results in the generation of somatic SVs, particularly inducing interchromosomal translocations (TRAs). Although HBV DNA integration into the liver genome occurs randomly, multisite shared HBV-induced SVs are early driving events in the pathogenesis of HCC. Long-read RNA sequencing reveals that some HBV-induced SVs impact cancer-associated genes, with TRAs being capable of inducing the formation of fusion genes. These findings enhance our understanding of somatic SVs in HCC and their role in early tumorigenesis.

Recent advances in microfluidic-based photoelectrochemical (PEC) sensing platforms for biomedical applications

Photoelectrochemical (PEC) techniques seamlessly combine electrochemical and spectroscopic principles, offering a powerful platform for the detection of biomarkers and biological molecules in clinical and biomedical settings. This review provides a comprehensive overview of microfluidic PEC probes, emphasizing their potential for ultrasensitive detection through enhanced light absorption and charge transfer processes. Key advantages of microfluidic PEC include real-time monitoring of biological processes, non-invasive detection, and the possibility of multiplexing when integrated with various quantification modalities. However, the practical implementation of PEC faces challenges such as bulky setup, matrix interference, and stability of PEC-active materials. Also, this paper discusses the intricate mechanisms of PEC sensing, highlighting the roles of nanomaterials in enhancing microfluidic PEC systems. Additionally, the limitations inherent in PEC material selection, including stability and bandgap engineering, are critically discussed. Solutions such as doping and the development of composite materials are proposed to address these issues. Through presented examples of PEC applications in biomedical fields, this review elucidates the future potential of PEC-based methods as reliable and effective tools for diagnostic applications. Additionally, this review proposes the most effective probes for future investigations to develop commercial devices.

Nano drug delivery systems for advanced immune checkpoint blockade therapy

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been widely utilized in the first-line therapy of various types of cancer. However, immune-related adverse events (irAEs) and resistance to ICIs remain intractable challenges for immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy during clinic treatment. Nano drug delivery systems (NDDSs) have shown promising potential to improve anticancer efficacy and reduce side effects of small molecular drugs. The combination of nanotechnology and ICB provides new opportunities to overcome the challenges of immunotherapy. Nanoplatforms have been employed for direct delivery of ICIs, and they are preferred vehicles for combination therapy of ICIs and other therapeutic agents. In this review, the strategies of using NDDSs for advancing ICB therapy in recent years are surveyed, emphasizing the employment of NDDSs for combination treatment by ICIs and other agents to manipulate antitumor immunity. Analysis of current strategies for applying NDDSs for ICB leads to future research directions and development trends.

Harnessing Oncolytic Viruses for Targeted Therapy in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer

Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among women, with triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) being one of the most aggressive forms due to its high invasiveness and metastatic potential. Traditional treatments such as endocrine therapy and anti-HER2-targeted therapy are largely ineffective for TNBC, and while chemotherapy shows some promise, resistance remains a significant hurdle. Recently, there has been increasing interest in biological therapies, especially oncolytic viruses (OVs). OVs promote anti-tumor effects by selectively killing tumor cells and stimulating immune responses, and have achieved notable breakthroughs in breast cancer treatment. OVs have demonstrated effectiveness comparable to surgery, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy in selected cancers, but data are sparse in the context of TNBC. This review provides an overview of recent progress in the application of OVs as a tool for precision TNBC treatment.

Metabolic buffering suppresses phenotype switching in cancer

The impact of the microenvironment on epigenetically plastic cancer cells underpins phenotypic heterogeneity, a major cause of metastatic dissemination and therapy resistance that together represent the primary cause of cancer-related death. Nutrient limitation is a key microenvironmental stress that can cause a phenotypic transition from proliferation to invasion via activation of the integrated stress response. However, whether and how the capacity to store and mobilize nutrients impacts phenotype-switching through metabolic buffering remains unknown. Here, using melanoma as a model, we reveal that the ability to accumulate and mobilize glycogen, that buffers glucose availability, plays a key role in phenotypic transitions in melanoma. While proliferative phenotype cells exhibit high levels of glycogen, invasion is marked by low glycogen levels. Significantly, an inability to store and metabolize glycogen leads to phenotype instability and a switch to invasion. Accordingly, glycogen levels inversely correlate with Clark levels in primary melanomas, with low expression of the glycogen phosphorylases PYGB/L and phosphoglucomutase 1 (PGM1) being associated with worse overall survival. The importance of metabolic buffering in suppressing phenotypic transitions likely extrapolates to other cancer types.

Highlights

Melanoma phenotypes are distinguished by their ability to store and mobilize glycogen. Proliferative MITF High melanoma cells store glycogen to improve survival under stressful conditions. Inhibition of glycogen degradation impairs proliferation in MITF High melanoma cells. Lack of PGM1 drives invasion and metastatic dissemination.

The evolving landscape of biomarkers for systemic therapy in advanced hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains one of the most prevalent and deadliest cancers. With the approval of multiple first- and second-line agents, especially the combination therapies based on immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) regimens, the landscape of systemic therapy for advanced HCC (aHCC) is more diverse than ever before. The efficacy of current systemic therapies shows great heterogeneity in patients with aHCC, thereby identifying biomarkers for response prediction and patient stratification has become an urgent need. The main biomarkers for systemic therapy in hepatocellular carcinoma are derived from peripheral blood, tissues, and imaging. Currently, the understanding of the clinical response to systemic therapy indicates unequivocally that a single biomarker cannot be used to identify patients who are likely to benefit from these treatments. In this review, we provide an integrated landscape of the recent development in molecular targeted therapies and ICIs-based therapies, especially focusing on the role of clinically applicable predictive biomarkers. Additionally, we further highlight the latest advancements in biomarker-driven therapies, including targeted treatments, adoptive cell therapies, and bispecific antibodies.

Attenuation of Cellular Senescence and Improvement of Osteogenic Differentiation Capacity of Human Liver Stem Cells Using Specific Senomorphic and Senolytic Agents

Expansion of adult stem cells in culture increases the percent of senescent cells, reduces their differentiation capacity and limits their clinical use. Here, we investigated whether treatment with certain senotherapeutic drugs would reduce the accumulation of senescent cells during expansion of human liver stem cells (HLSCs) while maintaining their differentiation capacity. Our results demonstrate that chronic treatment with the senomorphic XJB-5-131 or the senolytics cocktail D + Q reduced the number of senescent cells and significantly reduced the expression of senescence-associated genes and several inflammatory SASP factors in later passage HLSCs. Additionally, treatment with XJB-5-131 and D + Q improved the capacity of HLSCs to undergo osteogenic differentiation following extensive in vitro expansion. Overall, our data demonstrate that treatment with XJB-5-13 or D + Q results in a reduction in the percentage of replication-induced senescent HLSCs and likely other types of adult stem cells and improve the potential therapeutic use of later passage human stem cells.

Glycogen stores mediated by the p53-GYS1 feedback circuit engenders platinum resistance in ovarian clear cell carcinoma

Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly fatal and refractory malignancy affecting women, and platinum resistance remains a major clinical dilemma. Compared with other OC subtypes, ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) frequently exhibits increased platinum refractoriness, accompanied by increased glycogen levels, which promotes clear-cell morphology, and wild-type p53. However, the roles of these factors in platinum resistance of OCCC are unclear. Here, we investigated whether glycogen promotes OCCC resistance to platinum agents and reported that GYS1, a rate-limiting enzyme in glycogen synthesis, is clinically associated with poor prognosis and chemoresistance in OCCC. Mechanistically, p53 promotes GYS1 breakdown via the upregulation of RNF144a, whereas GYS1 induces the reversal of p53 ubiquitination and degradation by competitively binding to USP14, forming a positive feedback circuit. Under platinum stress, the accumulated glycogen is mobilized by the p53/GYS1 feedback circuit, which fuels energetic NADPH production, resulting in resistance to disulfidptosis and increased platinum resistance in OCCC. Collectively, our findings identify glycogen as a contributor to OCCC platinum resistance and elucidate the underlying mechanisms, highlighting a crucial p53/GYS1 positive feedback loop.

A Comprehensive Review About the Use of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer Therapy

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) targeting various pathways in cancer therapy play crucial roles in enhancing the immune system's ability to recognise and eliminate tumour cells. These therapies are designed to either block inhibitory immune checkpoint pathways or to target specific tumour cell markers for direct destruction. Additionally, mAbs can modulate the tumour microenvironment, enhance antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity, and inhibit angiogenesis, further amplifying their therapeutic impact. Below is a summary of monoclonal antibodies targeting key pathways, along with their indications and mechanisms of action, which are reviewed based on therapeutic mechanisms.

Engineered Metal-Organic Frameworks for Targeted CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing

The development of precise and efficient delivery systems is pivotal for advancing CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technologies, particularly for therapeutic applications. Engineered metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a promising class of inorganic nonviral vectors, offering unique advantages such as tunable porosity, high cargo-loading capacity, and biocompatibility. This review explores the design and application of MOF-based nanoplatforms tailored for the targeted delivery of CRISPR/Cas9 components, aiming to enhance gene-editing precision and efficiency. By incorporating stimuli-responsive linkers and bioactive ligands, these MOFs enable controlled release of CRISPR/Cas9 payloads at the target site. Comparative discussions demonstrate superior performance of MOFs over conventional nonviral systems in terms of stability, transfection efficiency, and reduced off-target effects. Additionally, the intracellular trafficking mechanisms and the therapeutic potential of these platforms in preclinical models are discussed. These findings highlight the transformative potential of MOF-based delivery systems in overcoming the challenges associated with gene-editing technologies, such as immunogenicity and cytotoxicity, paving the way for their application in precision medicine. This review provides a blueprint for the integration of nanotechnology and genome editing, advancing the frontier of nonviral therapeutic delivery systems.

Identification and validation of a novel autophagy-related biomarker in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

STUDY OBJECTIVES

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is closely associated with tumor growth. Chronic intermittent hypoxia promotes autophagy and is related to malignant tumor development. However, the role of autophagy in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome progression remains unclear.

METHODS

obstructive sleep apnea syndrome datasets (GSE135917 and GSE38792) from Gene Expression Omnibus were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes and autophagy-related differentially expressed genes. Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, and gene set enrichment analysis were conducted, and a protein-protein interaction network identified hub genes. Colorectal cancer datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas were used for differential expression and survival analyses, along with gene set enrichment analysis and immune infiltration analysis. Chronic intermittent hypoxia-induced autophagy and oxidative stress were investigated in Sprague-Dawley rats using reactive oxygen species assays. Hub genes were validated in rats and obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patient samples.

RESULTS

Gene set enrichment analysis revealed significant differences in autophagy-related gene expression among obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients. Hub genes ATG5, CASP1, MAPK8, EIF4G1, and TANK-binding kinase 1 were identified, with ATG5 and TANK-binding kinase 1 validated. Autophagy-related differentially expressed genes were predominantly upregulated in colorectal cancer tissues. TANK-binding kinase 1 expression in colorectal cancer patients was associated with enhanced sensitivity to immunotherapy and CD8 + T cell, macrophage, and regulatory T cell infiltration, potentially influencing the immune microenvironment. The animal experiments showed that chronic intermittent hypoxia increased reactive oxygen species levels, suggesting that chronic intermittent hypoxia plays a role in autophagy. TANK-binding kinase 1 expression was significantly higher in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome patients than in controls, and continuous positive airway pressure did not alter TANK-binding kinase 1 levels.

CONCLUSIONS

This study is the first to describe the potential contribution of TANK-binding kinase 1 to the development of obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and its potential as a novel biomarker and potential therapeutic target for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome.

Programming a multiplex lanthanide nanoparticle for customized cancer treatment with real-time efficiency feedback

Customized cancer therapy relies on timely therapeutic effect evaluation to provide prescription adjustment for individual cases. However, currently reported therapeutic reagents are rarely integrated with imaging probes for self-evaluation of effects. Contrast imaging agents to measure tumor size changes must be administrated separately after therapy, complicating the therapeutic process and delaying reporting time. Herein, we design a customized therapy platform (LNPs-RB/Pep/cRGD) by conjugating lanthanide nanoparticles (LNPs) with the photosensitizer rose bengal, a caspase-3 substrate peptide (with Cy7.5 labelled at the terminal), and the tumor-targeting molecule cRGD. LNPs exhibit NIR-IIb downconversion luminescence under 980 nm/808 nm excitations for in vivo imaging, and visible upconversion luminescence under high-power 980 nm excitation for photodynamic therapy (PDT). By sequentially programming NIR excitation wavelength and power, NIR-IIb-imaging guided PDT and real-time cancer cell apoptosis imaging are achieved as therapeutic efficiency feedback. PDT induces cell apoptosis, generating caspase-3, which cleaves Cy7.5-containing peptide fragments from LNPs. This process corresponds to a recovery in vivo of NIR-IIb ratiometric imaging at 808 nm versus 980 nm excitation. The cleaved Cy7.5-containing peptide fragment is cleared into urine for NIR imaging. Both cell apoptosis imaging processes are completed 12 h after PDT, which is 7 days earlier than tumor size measurement. Therefore, customized therapy is achieved by timely adjusting PDT dosage, enhancing therapeutic efficacy.

Comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial solute carrier family 25 (SLC25) identifies member 19 (SLC25A19) as a regulatory factor in hepatocellular carcinoma

BACKGROUND

The mitochondrial solute carrier family 25 (SLC25) is known to play a pivotal role in oncogenesis, yet its specific involvement in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains poorly elucidated.

METHODS

In this study, we performed a clustering analysis of HCC patients in the Cancer Genome Atlas database based on the expression levels of SLC25 members, and conducted clinical feature analysis for each patient within the clusters. Subsequently, we developed a prognostic model using a Lasso regression approach with SLC25A19, SLC25A49, and SLC25A51 as features, and generated a risk score for each HCC patient. We then identified SLC25A19 as a potential prognostic marker for HCC through single-cell analysis, and validated this finding using in vitro and in vivo experiments.

RESULTS

Our results revealed significant differences in the expression of most SLC25 family members in HCC patients, enabling the stratification of patients into three clusters, with those in cluster 1 exhibiting the most favorable prognosis and showing a correlation with enhanced immune infiltration. The risk scores derived from the features SLC25A19, SLC25A49, and SLC25A51 effectively predicted the prognosis of HCC patients, with area under the curve (AUC) values exceeding 0.7 in the test group. Single-cell analysis further demonstrated h eightened expression of SLC25A19 in the immune microenvironment of HCC, and in vitro experiments indicated that SLC25A19 may regulate the proliferation, migration, invasion, cycle, and apoptosis of liver cancer cells through the Wnt pathway. In the HepG2 animal model, overexpression of SLC25A19 significantly promotes tumor growth, while knockdown inhibits tumor growth. Analysis of patient tumor tissues shows that SLC25A19 is highly expressed in liver cancer tissues and is associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, our comprehensive analysis of the role of SLC25 in HCC unveiled SLC25A19 as a potential regulatory factor in HCC.

Transforming tumors into 'high-risk bombs' triggers a neoantigen storm and amplifies immune responses

Although various immunotherapies have improved the treatment of several challenging malignancies in clinical applications, current research suggests that neoantigens remain fundamental to the initiation of immunotherapy, implying a dependence on high mutation loads in tumors and stable target antigens. To overcome these limitations, we propose a novel immunotherapy paradigm that interferes with splicing to induce the expression of neoantigens and neoepitopes while simultaneously blocking autophagy to prevent their degradation through endogenous pathways. This approach ensures the stable expression and accumulation of neoantigens and neoepitopes in tumor cells. To fully unleash the potential of neoantigens, we further induce tumors to undergo immunogenic cell death (ICD), triggering a "neoantigen storm" at the tumor site to recruit and activate more dendritic cells (DCs). Through a DC-dependent mechanism, communication between the tumor and the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN) is enhanced, summoning more neoantigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes to lyse tumor cells and establish immune circulation. In summary, this work presents a novel antigen-based immune sensitization strategy that stabilizes target antigens while exploring the potential of non-targeted antigens. By bypassing the cumbersome neoantigen identification process, this strategy holds promise for rapid clinical application in combination with other immunotherapies.

Development of novel poly(1,4-benzenedithiol) nanoparticles@AuNPs lateral flow immunochromatographic test strips

In this study, we successfully developed a novel lateral flow immunochromatography (LFIA) strip that utilizes poly(1,4-benzenedithiol) (PBDT) nanoparticles loaded with gold nanoparticles (PBDT@AuNPs), characterized by a particle size of 147 nm and a spherical morphology, as labeling materials to enhance the sensitivity of colloidal gold. PBDT@AuNPs exhibit a higher loading capacity and molar extinction coefficient compared to traditional markers, with an approximately 22-fold increase in molar extinction coefficient relative to colloidal gold immunochromatography, significantly improving detection sensitivity. Cardiac troponin I (cTnI) was employed as a model to assess the detection efficiency and reliability of PBDT@AuNPs LFIA strips. A calibration curve was established using a four-parameter logistic function to fit the relationship between colloidal gold colorimetric strength and cTnI concentration, covering a range of 0.06 to 500 ng mL-1, with a detection limit of 0.03 ng mL-1 as calculated by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). A chemical comparison of various cTnI concentrations in human serum samples, conducted using Passing-Bablok regression, confirmed the equivalence of the PBDT@AuNPs LFIA strips with a commercial fluorescent cTnI LFIA kit, revealing no significant systematic or proportional bias. The spike recovery ranged from 91.92% to 108.70%, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 5.29% to 5.85%, underscoring the high precision of the PBDT@AuNPs LFIA strips in quantifying cTnI in human serum samples.

A mechanistic quantitative systems pharmacology model platform for translational efficacy evaluation and checkpoint combination design of bispecific immuno-modulatory antibodies

Over the past 2 decades, tumor immunotherapies have witnessed remarkable advancements, especially with the emergence of immune checkpoint-targeting bispecific antibodies. However, a quantitative understanding of the dynamic cross-talking mechanisms underlying different immune checkpoints as well as the optimal dosing and target design of checkpoint-targeting bispecific antibodies still remain challenging to researchers. To address this challenge, we have here developed a multi-scale quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) model platform that integrates a diverse array of immune checkpoints and their interactive functions. The model has been calibrated and validated against an extensive collection of multiscale experimental datasets covering 20+ different monoclonal and bispecific antibody treatments at over 60 administered dose levels. Based on high-throughput simulations, the QSP model platform comprehensively screened and characterized the potential efficacy of different bispecific antibody target combination designs, and model-based preclinical population-level simulations revealed target-specific dose-response relationships as well as alternative dosing strategies that can maintain anti-tumor treatment efficacy while reducing dosing frequencies. Model simulations also pointed out that combining checkpoint-targeting bispecific antibodies with monoclonal antibodies can lead to significantly enhanced anti-tumor efficacy. Our mechanistic QSP model can serve as an integrated precision medicine simulation platform to guide the translational research and clinical development of checkpoint-targeting immuno-modulatory bispecific antibodies.

Cascade-Targeting Apoptosis via Synergy of TRAIL-Specific Bystander Effect and Mitochondrial Photodamage in Cancer Therapy

Tumor-specific apoptosis exerts considerable curative efficacy in cancer, particularly with TRAIL, which has been approved in the clinic; however, therapeutic outcome is compromised due to apoptosis evasion and the short half-life of exogenously infused TRAIL. Herein, we propose a synergistic apoptosis strategy of orthotopic TRAIL expression for enhancing the bystander effect and mitochondrial photodamage for intrinsic apoptosis activation. To actualize synergetic apoptosis, we develop cascade-targeting nanoparticles to perform cell-to-mitochondria shuttling, in which TRAIL-expressing plasmid (pTRAIL) is coprecipitated with calcium phosphate on a glycyrrhetinic acid (GA)-modified graphene oxide nanosheet. For apoptosis synergy, GA mediates tumor accumulation of nanoparticles, followed by structure dissociation for efficient pTRAIL release and expression (cascade module I). Thereafter, GA-modified graphene carriers perform mitochondria distribution for laser-triggered photodamage (cascade module II). The nanoparticles yield tumor inhibition of 86.78% in the melanoma model and demonstrate metastasis blocking activity. Collectively, a cascade-targeting apoptosis technology via a combination of TRAIL-specific bystander effects and mitochondrial photodamage provides innovative oncotherapy synergy.

Recent advances in gold nanoparticle-graphene hybrid nanoplatforms with visible to near-infrared response for photodynamic and photothermal therapy and bioimaging

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are light-activated cancer treatments. PDT involves the administration of a photosensitizing agent, which is activated by light of a specific wavelength to generate reactive oxygen species. Alternatively, PTT involves the use of photothermal agents, which are materials that absorb light and convert it into heat. Gold nanoparticles are often used as photothermal agents owing to their localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR), a key optical property, which allows them to efficiently absorb light and convert it into heat. Graphene, which is a 2D material with extraordinary optical and physical properties and a large surface area, shows great promise both in PDT and PTT as an intrinsic nanoheater or a versatile platform for the immobilization of gold nanoparticles and other functional molecules, including photosensitizers. Moreover, graphene-based derivatives, i.e. graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), exhibit intrinsic optical/spectroscopic signals, which can be used in fluorescence, Raman and thermal imaging. By combining gold nanoparticles with graphene derivatives, a higher increase in temperature can be achieved under light irradiation owing to the synergistic effect of these two materials and the drug delivery efficiency and multimodal imaging techniques can be enhanced. This review provides insights into graphene-based nanoplatforms, focusing on multimodal therapy and imaging techniques. Furthermore, future perspectives in the field of graphene-based- and hybrid-nanoplatforms are suggested.

A Salidroside-Based Radiosensitizer Regulates the Nrf2/ROS Pathway for X-Ray Activated Synergistic Cancer Precise Therapy

The hypoxic microenvironment and radioresistance of tumor cells, as well as the delay in efficacy evaluation, significantly limit the effect of clinical radiotherapy. Therefore, developing effective radiosensitizers with monitoring of tumor response is of great significance for precise radiotherapy. Herein, a novel radiosensitizer (term as: SCuFs) is developed, consisting of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) compounds salidroside, Cu2+, and hydroxyl radical (•OH) activated second near-infrared window fluorescence (NIR-II FL) molecules, which make the radiosensitization effect and boosted chemodynamic therapy (CDT) efficacy. The overexpressed glutathione in the tumor induces the SCuFs dissociation, allowing deep penetration of the drug to the whole tumor region. After X-ray irradiation, salidroside inhibits the Nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (Nrf2)protein expression and blocks cells in the G2/M phase with the highest radiosensitivity, which amplifies the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation to exacerbate DNA damage, thus achieving radiosensitization. Meanwhile, the upregulated ROS provides sufficient chemical fuel for Cu+-mediated CDT to produce more •OH. NIR-II FL imaging can monitor the •OH changes during the therapy process, confirming the radiosensitization effect and CDT process related to •OH. This study not only achieves effective radiosensitization and cascaded ROS-mediated CDT efficacy, but also provides a useful tool for monitoring therapeutic efficacy, showing great prospects for clinical application.

Signal "Off-On Model'' for Colorimetric Sensing Proanthocyanidin B2 Achieved by the Organic Solvent-Processed Amorphous BiVO4 Nanozyme

Here, we report a "off-on model"-based colorimetric sensor without the assistance of H2O2, achieved by organic solvent-processed amorphous BiVO4 nanoparticles favorable for large-scale manufacturing. The amorphous material beyond traditional crystalline nanozymes has both vanadium vacancy (Vv) and oxygen vacancy (Ov), as well as single oxidase-like activity with both hydroxyl radical (•OH) and superoxide anion (O2•-) as electron acceptors. Despite the high enzymatic performance, the dual-defect-rich amorphous BiVO4 preserves good long-term activity in either buffer solution or the solid state. The specially designed BiVO4 is capable of accelerating TMB oxidation in the presence of polyphenols, thus leading to an interesting signal-intensified colorimetric response. This is probably due to the coordination of the ortho dihydroxyl group in polyphenols with the catalyst by replacing the surface-adsorbed NO3-, which results in faster charge transfer between BiVO4 and substrate and, thus, more rapid depletion of radicals for TMB oxidation. Based on these findings, a sensor platform for proanthocyanidin (PAC) B2 is established with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 65 nM and good specificity. The sensor shows higher sensitivity than the standard Porter method (LOD: 0.29 μM) and comparable accuracy when analyzing PAC B2 in commercially available grape seed capsules, with quantitative recoveries varying from 104.0 to 108.3% and relative standard deviations ranging from 1.7 to 5.7%. To date, this is the only nanozyme-based chemical sensor that is active for the signal "off-on model" for the detection of reducing polyphenols. Also, this method seems quite general, and it can be used for sensing of a series of specific polyphenols in addition to PAC B2.

Crosstalk between exosomes and tumor-associated macrophages in hepatocellular carcinoma: implication for cancer progression and therapy

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the most prevalent type of primary liver cancer, represents a significant cause of cancer-related mortality. While our understanding of its pathogenesis is comparatively comprehensive, the influence of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on its progression warrants additional investigation. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) have significant impacts on cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and immune response, facilitating a complex interaction within the TME. Exosomes, which measure between 30 and 150 nanometers in size, are categorized into small extracellular vesicles, secreted by a wide range of eukaryotic cells. They can transfer biological molecules including proteins, non-coding RNAs, and lipids, which mediates the intercellular communication within the TME. Emerging evidence has revealed that exosomes regulate macrophage polarization, thus impacting cancer progression and immune responses within the TME of HCC. Moreover, TAM-derived exosomes also play crucial roles in malignant transformation, which hold immense potential for cancer therapy. In this review, we elaborate on the crosstalk between exosomes and TAMs within TME during HCC development. Moreover, we delve into the feasible treatment approaches for exosomes in cancer therapy and emphasize the limitations and challenges for the translation of exosomes derived from TAMs into clinical courses for cancer therapy, which may provide new perspectives on further ameliorations of therapeutic regimes based on exosomes to advance their clinical applications.

Integrating Ferroelectric Fields with Active Sites for the Construction of Highly Efficient Nanozymes

Enhancing nanozymes' catalytic activity is challenging yet crucial for practical applications. Herein, inspired by the electrostatic preorganization effect in the catalytic process of natural protein enzymes, a nanozyme is constructed by decorating ferroelectric BaTiO3 nanoparticles (BTO) with hemin, which is often regarded as the active site of natural horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The Hemin-BTO nanozyme demonstrates excellent peroxidase-like (POD-like) activity with the catalytic constant (Kcat) up to 9.71 × 105 s-1 and 1.41 × 106 s-1 for TMB and H2O2 substrates, which is ca. 240-fold and 400-fold greater than that of HRP. Theoretical studies utilizing Density Functional Theory calculations revealed the underlying mechanism. The spontaneous polarization electric field of BTO adjusts the internal electrostatic field of the active site hemin, thereby enhancing the affinity between the Hemin-BTO nanozyme and the substrate. Simultaneously, the existence of hemin reduced the recombination of BTO charge carriers, accelerated electron transfer, and thus promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species, effectively enhancing its POD-like activity. In addition, Hemin-BTO has been successfully used to establish an immunoassay of human brain natriuretic peptide. This work presented a feasible strategy to construct nanozymes with highly catalytic activity by integrating the ferroelectric fields with the active site of natural enzymes.

Cryogenically Induced Highly Ordered Single-Strand DNA-Modified Magnetic Nanoprobes for Rapid and Ultrasensitive Bioanalysis

The development of highly sensitive detection methods for bioanalysis is crucial for early disease diagnosis. Electrochemical biosensing technology offers unique advantages in this area due to its rapid response, high sensitivity, and low cost. However, achieving efficient and rapid transfer of signaling molecules to the electrode interface to facilitate effective interaction between signal molecules and the sensing surface remains a critical challenge for ultrasensitive electrochemical detection. In this study, we discovered that single-stranded DNA-modified magnetic nanoprobes (signal probe A) subjected to cryogenic treatment can rapidly form an orderly monolayer at the electrode interface under an external magnetic field, while this phenomenon was not observed with double-stranded DNA-modified magnetic nanoprobes (signal probe B). Building on this finding, we developed a signal probe with a protective complementary strand (signal probe B) that, upon interaction with target molecules, is converted into signal probe A. This transformation, combined with cryogenic treatment, enables the ultrasensitive detection of target molecules. Using miRNA-21 and a carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as model targets, we optimized the detection conditions, achieving a detection limit as low as 3.4 aM for miRNA-21 and 0.28 fg/mL for CEA with excellent versatility. In summary, this study introduces a highly efficient, rapid, enzyme-free, and environmentally friendly electrochemical signal amplification strategy. This approach not only provides an innovative solution for the ultrasensitive bioanalysis but also offers new insights into enhancing signal molecule-sensor interface interactions in electrochemical biosensors.

Nanoparticles-based electrochemical sensing platform for high-through immunoassay with redox-activity CaCO3 nanotags on a magnetic microfluidic device

A new nanoparticles-based sensing platform was designed for high-through electrochemical immunoassay of ferritin (FET) biomarker on a magneto-controlled microfluidic device by using anti-FET capture antibody-conjugated magnetic sensing probes. Thionine-doped calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles labeled with anti-FET detection antibodies were utilized as the recognition elements. Introduction of target FET caused the sandwich-type immunoreaction between two antibodies. The formed immunocomplexes were attached onto magnetic microfluidic sensing interface through an external magnet. Subsequently, the carried CaCO3 nanoparticles were dissolved under acidic conditions to release the doped thionine molecules with redox activity. The thionine-based voltammetric signals increased with the increment of target FET levels within the linear range 0.01-100 ng mL-1. The limit of detection was 7.9 pg mL-1 FET. Good analytical properties such as selectivity, reproducibility, and accuracy were achieved with the nanoparticles-based magnetic electrochemical immunoassay. More significantly, the magnetic microfluidic electrochemical immunoassay provides new opportunities for rapid, simple, and cost-effective serum sample analysis.

The metabolic enzyme GYS1 condenses with NONO/p54nrb in the nucleus and spatiotemporally regulates glycogenesis and myogenic differentiation

Accumulating evidence indicates that metabolic enzymes can directly couple metabolic signals to transcriptional adaptation and cell differentiation. Glycogen synthase 1 (GYS1), the key metabolic enzyme for glycogenesis, is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein compartmentalized in the cytosol and nucleus. However, the spatiotemporal regulation and biological function of nuclear GYS1 (nGYS1) microcompartments remain unclear. Here, we show that GYS1 dynamically reorganizes into nuclear condensates under conditions of glycogen depletion or transcription inhibition. nGYS1 complexes with the transcription factor NONO/p54nrb and undergoes liquid-liquid phase separation to form biomolecular condensates, leading to its nuclear retention and inhibition of glycogen biosynthesis. Compared to their wild-type littermates, Nono-deficient mice exhibit exercise intolerance, higher muscle glycogen content, and smaller myofibers. Additionally, Gys1 or Nono deficiency prevents C2C12 differentiation and cardiotoxin-induced muscle regeneration in mice. Mechanistically, nGYS1 and NONO co-condense with the myogenic transcription factor MyoD and preinitiation complex (PIC) proteins to form transcriptional condensates, driving myogenic gene expression during myoblast differentiation. These results reveal the spatiotemporal regulation and subcellular function of nuclear GYS1 condensates in glycogenesis and myogenesis, providing mechanistic insights into glycogenoses and muscular dystrophy.

Insights into the history and trends of nanotechnology for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma: a bibliometric-based visual analysis

BACKGROUND

Nanotechnology has great potential and advantages in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the research trends and future directions are not yet clear.

OBJECTIVES

Analyze the development trajectory, research hotspots, and future trends of nanotechnology and HCC research globally in the past 20 years, providing a more comprehensive and intuitive reference for researchers in this field.

METHODS

Retrieve relevant literature on nanotechnology and HCC research in the Web of Science (WOS) Core Collection database, and conduct bibliometric analysis using software such as CiteSpace, VOSviewer, and SCImago Graphica.

RESULTS

A total of 852 English publications meeting the criteria were retrieved from the WOS database, with an overall increasing trend in the number of publications and citation frequency over the years. China leads in the number of publications and international collaborations, followed by the USA and India. The most influential research institution is the Chinese Academy of Sciences, the most influential scholar/team is the Rahman, Mahfoozur team, and the journal with the most publications is the International Journal of Nanomedicine. A comprehensive analysis reveals that the current main research directions include new types of nanoparticles, targeted drug delivery systems, photothermal/photodynamic therapy, gene delivery systems, diagnostics, and imaging. It is anticipated that further collaboration among scholars, institutions, and countries will accelerate the development of nanotechnology in the field of HCC research.

CONCLUSION

This study provides an in-depth analysis of the research status and development trends of nanotechnology in treating HCC from a bibliometric perspective, offering possible guidance for researchers to explore hot topics and frontiers, select suitable journals, and partners in this field.

Targeting Regulatory Noncoding RNAs in Human Cancer: The State of the Art in Clinical Trials

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are a heterogeneous group of RNA molecules whose classification is mainly based on arbitrary criteria such as the molecule length, secondary structures, and cellular functions. A large fraction of these ncRNAs play a regulatory role regarding messenger RNAs (mRNAs) or other ncRNAs, creating an intracellular network of cross-interactions that allow the fine and complex regulation of gene expression. Altering the balance between these interactions may be sufficient to cause a transition from health to disease and vice versa. This leads to the possibility of intervening in these mechanisms to re-establish health in patients. The regulatory role of ncRNAs is associated with all cancer hallmarks, such as proliferation, apoptosis, invasion, metastasis, and genomic instability. Based on the function performed in carcinogenesis, ncRNAs may behave either as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. However, this distinction is not rigid; some ncRNAs can fall into both classes depending on the tissue considered or the target molecule. Furthermore, some of them are also involved in regulating the response to traditional cancer-therapeutic approaches. In general, the regulation of molecular mechanisms by ncRNAs is very complex and still largely unclear, but it has enormous potential both for the development of new therapies, especially in cases where traditional methods fail, and for their use as novel and more efficient biomarkers. Overall, this review will provide a brief overview of ncRNAs in human cancer biology, with a specific focus on describing the most recent ongoing clinical trials (CT) in which ncRNAs have been tested for their potential as therapeutic agents or evaluated as biomarkers.

Supramolecular approaches for the treatment of hypoxic regions in tumours

Supramolecular chemistry provides a range of 'weak' intermolecular interactions that allow drugs and prodrugs to self-assemble. In the complex biological setting of blood and tumours, these interactions must be stable enough for efficient and selective drug delivery to the tumour site, but weak enough to allow the release of the cytotoxic load. The non-covalent nature of supramolecular interactions enables the detachment of smaller (pro)drug monomers that can penetrate cancer cells differently to the original nanoparticles. Hypoxic tumours show low oxygen levels due to poor vascularization, which poses challenges for drug delivery and generates biological resistances. Supramolecular building blocks specifically designed for hypoxic tumours offer targeted activation of prodrug self-assemblies, enhancing effectiveness against hypoxic cancer cells and hypoxic regions in tumours. This Review explores how supramolecular chemistry can improve (pro)drug delivery and activation in hypoxic tumours.

Prognostic significance of circulating tumor DNA detection and quantification in cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) is an emerging biomarker in cervical cancer, with elevated levels typically indicating a higher tumor burden. However, its prognostic value in cervical cancer patients remains debated. This meta-analysis aims to clarify the prognostic significance of ctDNA in this patient population.

Methods

We searched the PubMed, Cochrane Library, CNKI, and EMBASE databases for studies published up to September 30, 2024, to investigate the prognostic significance of ctDNA in cervical cancer patients. The outcome measures included overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS)/disease-free survival (DFS).

Results

This analysis included 10 studies encompassing a total of 706 cervical cancer patients. Findings revealed that patients with detectable baseline ctDNA had significantly poorer OS(HR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.45-1.86, P < 0.001) as well as worse PFS or DFS (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.07-1.89, P = 0.015). Additionally, ctDNA detectability during treatment was strongly associated with poorer OS (HR = 17.22, 95% CI = 4.43-66.89, P < 0.001) and PFS/DFS (HR = 4.16, 95% CI = 2.57-6.73, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

This meta-analysis demonstrates that elevated ctDNA levels are significantly associated with poorer PFS, DFS, and OS in patients with cervical cancer. However, data regarding the association between ctDNA levels and OS are relatively limited, and the number of included studies remains small, with a potential risk of publication bias. Based on the current evidence, ctDNA shows promise as a valuable tool for pre-treatment assessment and an effective biomarker for monitoring therapeutic response and disease progression. Further large-scale, prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings and establish their reliability and clinical applicability.

Systematic Review Registration

inplasy.com, identifier INPLASY2024120083.

TCP1 promotes the progression of malignant tumours by stabilizing c-Myc through the AKT/GSK-3β and ERK signalling pathways

The chaperonin tailless complex polypeptide 1 (TCP1) is a key subunit of chaperonin containing TCP1 (CCT) that regulates the folding and stability of proteins during cancer progression. Here, the prognostic significance of TCP1 was explored mainly in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). We showed that TCP1 expression was significantly greater in clinically malignant tumour tissues than in normal tissues and that high TCP1 expression was associated with poor prognosis. TCP1 suppression not only decreased the proliferation and invasion of cancer cells in vitro but also inhibited tumour growth and metastasis in vivo. The underlying mechanisms were determined by ubiquitination assays and Co-IP (Co-Immunoprecipitation) experiments, and it was found that TCP1 regulated the stability of c-Myc through the RAC-alpha serine/threonine-protein kinase (AKT) /Glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) and extracellular regulated protein kinases (ERK) signalling pathways. Moreover, TCP1 knock-in (TCP1-KI) dramatically promoted the occurrence of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) -induced primary HCC in mice. Our results highlight the critical role of TCP1 in HCC and PDAC and reveal a novel mechanism to suppress HCC and PDAC by targeting c-Myc via the TCP1-induced promotion of the AKT/GSK-3β and ERK signalling pathways. TCP1 is able to modulate the stability of target proteins by multiple pathways, thus promoting the progression of HCC and PDAC. Our study identifies TCP1 as a prognostic novel marker and therapeutic target of HCC and PDAC.

Ultrasound-Responsive Nanobubbles for Breast Cancer: Synergistic Sonodynamic, Chemotherapy, and Immune Activation through the cGAS-STING Pathway

Breast cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide, necessitating more effective treatment strategies. Chemotherapy combined with immunotherapy is the first-line treatment for breast cancer, but it still suffers from limited therapeutic efficiency and serious side effects, which are usually due to the poor delivery efficiency, drug resistance of tumor cells, and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. This study explores the development of ultrasound-responsive nanobubbles (Ce6/PTX Nbs) for targeted imaging and sonoimmunotherapy in breast cancer treatment. By integrating sonodynamic therapy (SDT), chemotherapy, and immunotherapy, the nanobubbles aim to address challenges such as poor drug delivery, systemic toxicity, and immune suppression in conventional therapies. The nanobubbles, composed of sonosensitizer chlorin e6 (Ce6)-modified phospholipid and loaded with the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel (PTX) enhancing drug-loading capacity, are designed to precisely target tumor sites via cyclic-RGD peptides. Upon ultrasound activation, Ce6 induces reactive oxygen species (ROS), promoting immunogenic cell death (ICD), while PTX disrupts tumor cell mitosis, enhancing the immune response. The nanobubbles' ultrasound responsiveness facilitates real-time imaging and controlled drug release, maximizing therapeutic efficacy while minimizing side effects. Key findings demonstrate that Ce6/PTX Nbs significantly reduced tumor growth in a 4T1 breast cancer model, enhanced immune activation via the cGAS-STING pathway, and increased the infiltration of CD8+ T cells in both primary and distant tumors. In combination with anti-PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors, the treatment achieved a substantial suppression of tumor metastasis. This innovative approach offers a highly targeted, effective, and minimally toxic breast cancer treatment with potential for clinical translation due to its dual imaging and therapeutic capabilities.

ATP-Exhausted Strategy Induced Anti-Tumor Low-Temperature Photothermal Therapy Based on Rare Earth Nanocrystals Modified Hollow Porous MnOx Nanozyme with TME-Activated NIR-II Imaging

Insufficient adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can reduce the synthesis of heat-stress-induced heat shock proteins (HSPs) to promote the efficiency of mild photothermal therapy (mPTT), thus the rational design of ATP-exhausted strategy based on nanotechnology is an effective approach to resuscitate mPTT. Herein, Nd3+ doped nanocrystals (NaYF4:Nd@CaF2, Nd-NCs) modified hollow mesoporous manganese oxide (H-MnOx) nanocomposite (H-MnOx@Nd-NCs, MN) is synthesized, and loaded with glucose transporters (GLUTs) inhibitor KL-11743, noted as MN-KL nanozyme. In tumor microenvironment (TME), MN-KL can react with overexpressed glutathione (GSH) to release KL-11743, which can suppress the synthesis of intracellular ATP at the source by blocking glucose uptake to inhibit HSPs expression, meanwhile, MN-KL catalyzes the production of ·O2 -/1O2/·OH and lipid peroxidation (LPO) to cleave existing HSPs. Through a two-pronged strategy with ATP inhibition and oxide accumulation, reducing the level of HSPs can be guaranteed for achieving efficient mPTT in both subcutaneous and in situ tumor models in mice. During this process, Nd-NCs can absorb near-infrared light and convert it into heat, and the quenched fluorescence of Nd-NCs by H-MnOx can be recovered through GSH-triggered biodegradation in tumors, thus the modification of Nd-NCs not only provides photothermal effect but also enables MN to own TME-activated fluorescence imaging.

The effect of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells against high fructose diet induced liver dysfunction and dysbiosis

High fructose diet (HFrD) has been approved to be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance. Mesenchymal stem cells have a vital role in the treatment of various diseases including metabolic disturbances. We investigated the effect of Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) against HFrD-induced metabolic disorders and the molecular mechanisms for this effect. Rats were divided into 3 groups; control, HFrD, and combined HFrD with ADMSCs. We assessed liver functions, gut microbiota activity, oxidative stress, adiponectin, and IL10 levels. Also, we measured SREBP-1, IRS-1 expression using Western blot, and Malat1 expression using rt-PCR. ADMSCs antagonized metabolic abnormalities induced by HFrD in the form of improvement of liver functions and alleviation of oxidative stress. In addition, ADMSCs ameliorated gut microbiota activity besides the elevation of adiponectin and IL10 levels. ADMSCs attenuated insulin resistance through upregulation of IRS1 and downregulation of SREBP-1 and Malat1. ADMSCs can protect against HFrD-induced metabolic hazards.

Mapping Dynamic Protein Clustering with AIEgen-Active Chemigenetic Probe

Protein clustering/disassembling is a fundamental process in biomolecular condensates, playing a crucial role in cell fate decision and cellular homeostasis. However, the inherent features of protein clustering, especially for its reversible behavior and subtle microenvironment variation, present significant hurdles in probe chemistry for tracking protein clustering dynamics. Herein, we report a bilateral-tailored chemigenetic probe, in which an "amphiphilic" aggregate-induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) QMSO3Cl is covalently conjugated to a protein tag that is genetically fused to protein-of-interest (POI). Prior to target POI, the "amphiphilic" AIE-active QMSO3Cl achieves a completely dark state in both aqueous biological environment and lipophilic organelles, thereby ensuring an ultra-low intrinsic background interference. Upon reaching POI, the combination of synthetic molecule and genetically encoded protein allows for protein clustering-dependent ultra-sensitive response, with a substantial lighting-up fluorescence (67.5-fold) as protein transitions from disassembling to clustering state. Such ultra-high signal-to-noise ratio enables to monitor the dynamic and fate of inositol requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) clustering/disassembling under both acute and chronic endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in living cells. For the first time, we have demonstrated the use of chemigenetic probe to reveal therapy-induced ER stress and screen drugs in a three-dimensional scenario: microviscosity change, clustering dynamic, and cluster morphology. This chemigenetic probe design strategy would greatly facilitate the advancement of mapping protein dynamics in cell homeostasis and medicine research.

On-demand celastrol delivery by hyaluronic acid-porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks for synergistic sonodynamic/pharmacological antibacterial therapy

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most prevalent bacterial pathogens. The multi-drug resistance and strong biofilm-forming ability make the treatment of MRSA infections challenging. It is urgent to develop antibiotic-free, noninvasive and effective strategies against MRSA infections. Recently, celastrol (CLT), a natural phytochemical, showed potent antimicrobial activity against planktonic MRSA. However, its further development was hindered by low solubility, short plasma half-life, poor bioavailability and severe systemic toxicity. To address these issues, hyaluronic acid-porphyrinic metal-organic frameworks loaded with CLT (HA@PCN-CLT) were fabricated for combating MRSA biofilms. Once encountering the overexpressed HAases in biofilm, their surface charge reversed to positive to facilitate biofilm penetration under ultrasound irradiation, which was revealed by 3D fluorescence image. In vitro release profiles suggested that HA@PCNCLT exhibited ultrasound promoted pH/HAase-responsive release properties. Taking advantage of superior sonodynamic performance and on-demand CLT release, HA@PCN-CLT NPs effectively reduced biofilm biomass and killed planktonic and biofilm-embedded MRSA. Moreover, HA@PCN-CLT NPs completely eradicated the MRSA infection in mice under ultrasound irradiation and promoted abscess healing by stimulating angiogenesis and collagen deposition, accompanied by excellent biocompatibility and negligible toxicity in vivo. HA@PCN-CLT NPs provided a promising antibiotic-free strategy against MRSA biofilms through synergistic combination of sonodynamic therapy and phytochemicals.

Precision surgery for hepatocellular carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma arises in the setting of cirrhosis in most cases, requiring multidisciplinary input to define resectability. In this regard, more precise surgical management considers patient factors and anatomical states, including resection margins, tumour biology, and perioperative therapy. Together with advances in surgical techniques, this integrated approach has resulted in considerable improvements in patient morbidity and oncological outcomes. Despite this, recurrence rates in hepatocellular carcinoma remain high. As the systemic treatment landscape in hepatocellular carcinoma continues to evolve and locoregional options are increasingly used, we review current and future opportunities to individualise the surgical management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.

A homogalacturonan-rich pectic polysaccharide isolated from Lonicera japonica Thunb. modulates galectin-4-mediated bioactivity and anti-hepatocellular carcinoma activity

L. japonica is a traditional Chinese medicine with dual-use properties. Herein, a HG-rich pectic polysaccharide, WLJP-03A, was purified from the dried flowers of L. japonica, which composed of Rha (5 %), GalA (60 %), Gal (5 %), and Ara (30 %), with a molecular weight of 28.1 kDa. WLJP-03A could be defined as an HG backbone with α-(1 → 3,5)-linked and α-(1 → 5)-linked arabinan, β-(1 → 3,6)-linked and β-(1 → 3)-linked galactan, and type II arabinogalactan side chains. Its interaction with two truncated structural domain proteins of galectin-4 (Gal-4) revealed stronger binding of WLJP-03A to Gal-4C (MIC = 15 μg/mL) than to Gal-4N (MIC = 62 μg/mL), indicating that WLJP-03A mainly interacted with the C-terminal CRD to inhibit the biological activity of Gal-4. Furthermore, in vitro antitumor assays showed that WLJP-03A could inhibit the cellular proliferation and migration of HCCLM3 cells induced by Gal-4. These results provide new insights into the structure-activity relationship between L. japonica polysaccharide and Gal-4.

Electrode Materials for Flexible Electrochromics

Flexible electrochromic devices (ECDs) represent a distinctive category in optoelectronics, leveraging advanced materials to achieve tunable coloration under applied electric voltage. This review delves into recent advancements in electrode materials for ECDs, with a focus on silver nanowires, metal meshes, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and transparent conductive ceramics. Each material is evaluated based on its manufacturing methods and integration potential. The analysis highlights the prominent role of transparent conductive ceramics and conductive polymers due to their versatility and scalability, while also addressing challenges such as environmental stability and production costs. Use of other alternative materials, such as metal meshes, carbon materials, nanowires and others, are presented here as a comparison as well. Emerging hybrid systems and advanced coating techniques are identified as promising solutions to overcome limitations regarding flexibility and durability. This review underscores the critical importance of electrode innovation in enhancing the performance, sustainability, and application scope of flexible ECDs for next-generation technologies.

Insights into mechanisms and significance of domain swapping from emerging examples in the Mog1p/PsbP-like fold

Three-dimensional (3D) domain swapping in proteins occurs when identical polypeptide chains exchange structural elements to form a homo-oligomeric protein. Domain swapping can play a regulatory role for certain oligomeric proteins and has been implicated in deleterious protein aggregation. Here, we examine recently reported 3D domain swapping in proteins that contain the Mog1p/PsbP-like fold, which is a small fold found in non-enzymatic proteins that participate in a variety of distinct cellular processes. This fold was initially identified from structures of the yeast Mog1p protein, which regulates nuclear protein transport in eukaryotes, and PsbP proteins, which are part of photosystem II in plants, green algae, and cyanobacteria. The core structural element of the Mog1p/PsbP-like fold is an α-β-α sandwich that contains a 6- or 7-stranded antiparallel β-sheet. Additionally, most Mog1p/PsbP-like proteins contain an N-terminal β-hairpin that interacts with the α-β-α sandwich. Interestingly, domain-swapped dimers can form by exchange of this N-terminal β-hairpin in certain proteins. We discuss biochemical mechanisms and explore the functional significance of domain-swapping in the formation of an interaction interface in homo-dimers that bind a protein target. Lastly, we examine domain swapping between 2 tandem Mog1p/PsbP-like domains in a multidomain protein. In summary, this review provides recent examples of domain-swapping in proteins containing the Mog1p/PsbP-like fold and highlights general roles for domain-swapping in facilitating protein-protein interactions and in the evolution of multidomain proteins.

Hepatoma Metastasis-Inhibiting Supramolecular Nanoglycocalyx for Enhanced Type I Photodynamic Therapy

Type I photodynamic therapy (PDT) is well demonstrated to have low oxygen dependency. However, fully suppressing the risk of hypoxia-induced tumor metastasis during PDT remains a great challenge. In this study, a tetra-lactosylated amphiphilic Aza-BODIPY glycocluster (TLBP) is reported that self-assembles into a supramolecular nanoglycocalyx on hepatoma cell membranes, serving as an artificial extracellular matrix (ECM) to inhibit hepatoma metastasis while facilitating efficient Type I PDT. Molecular engineering demonstrates that multi-glycosylation promotes the transition of nanostructures from disordered to ordered self-assembly by regulating intermolecular interactions. This modification enables the TLBP glycocalyx to exhibit significant intermolecular electron transfer, generating superoxide anion radicals (O2 -•) for Type I PDT. Moreover, the TLBP glycocalyx inhibits the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway by reducing Na+/K+-ATPase activity, leading to decreased migration and invasion of HepG2 cells. The synergistic antitumor effect of TLBP glycocalyx is further verified in a HepG2-bearing mouse model. This work innovatively utilizes glycosylation to regulate microelectronic properties and macroscopic nanoscale self-assembly characteristics, providing a novel concept for developing efficient synergistic anti-hepatoma strategies.