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Gamblin AL, Renaud A, Charrier C, Hulin P, Louarn G, Heymann D, Trichet V, Layrolle P. Osteoblastic and osteoclastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells and monocytes in a miniaturized three-dimensional culture with mineral granules. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:5139-5147. [PMID: 25196309 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The pathologies of the skeleton have a significant socioeconomic impact on our population. Although therapies have improved the treatment of osteosarcoma and osteoporosis, their efficacy still remains limited. In this context, we developed a miniaturized 3-D culture model of bone cells on calcium phosphate ceramics. Human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were three-dimensionally cultured on particles of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP, 125-200μm) in osteogenic media. The MSCs seeded on the BCP particles adhered and proliferated, producing abundant collagenous extracellular matrix (ECM). Light and confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that the MSCs created bridges between the BCP particles and formed a 3-D structure. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis in a scanning electron microscope confirmed the mineralization of the collagen matrix. The 96-well sized bone constructs were tested by immunohistology and transcription analysis, proving cell differentiation. Both techniques corroborated the osteoblastic differentiation with high production of bone sialoprotein and osteocalcin. Peripheral blood CD14-positive monocytes (MOs) were pre-differentiated into osteoclasts prior to seeding on the 3-D constructs. Multinucleated and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive cells were also identified at the surface of the 3-D constructs after 90days of culture. In addition, cell viability within these constructs was measured by flow cytometry. In summary, we have developed a miniaturized 3-D culture of bone cell precursors with osteoblasts and osteoclasts. This 3-D culture may make it possible to test the effects of new drugs for bone healing, osteoporosis and osteosarcomas, in more appropriate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions than conventional 2-D cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Philippe Hulin
- Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; Plate forme MicroPICell, SFR Santé François Bonamy, Inserm UMS 016, CNRS 3556, Nantes, France
| | - Guy Louarn
- Laboratoire de Physique des Matériaux et Nanostructures, UMR 6502, Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, 2 Rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; CHU, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Trichet
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; CHU, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France.
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302
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Collin J, Gössl M, Matsuo Y, Cilluffo RR, Flammer AJ, Loeffler D, Lennon RJ, Simari RD, Spoon DB, Erbel R, Lerman LO, Khosla S, Lerman A. Osteogenic monocytes within the coronary circulation and their association with plaque vulnerability in patients with early atherosclerosis. Int J Cardiol 2014; 181:57-64. [PMID: 25482280 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study tests the hypothesis that circulating mononuclear cells expressing osteocalcin (OCN) and bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP) are associated with distinct plaque tissue components in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis. BACKGROUND Plaque characteristics implying vulnerability develop at the earliest stage of coronary atherosclerosis. Increasing evidence indicates that cells from the myeloid lineage might serve as important mediators of destabilization. Plaque burden and its components were assessed regarding their relationship to monocytes carrying both pro-inflammatory (CD14) and osteogenic surface markers OCN and BAP. METHODS Twenty-three patients with angiographically non-obstructive coronary artery disease underwent coronary endothelial function assessment and virtual histology-intravascular ultrasound of the left coronary artery. Plaque composition was characterized in the total segment (TS) and in the target lesion (TL) containing the highest amount of plaque burden. Blood samples were collected simultaneously from the aorta and the coronary sinus. Circulating cell counts were then identified from each sample and a gradient across the coronary circulation was determined. RESULTS Circulating CD14+/BAP+/OCN+ monocytes correlate with the extent of necrotic core and calcification (r=0.53, p=0.010; r=0.55, p=0.006, respectively). Importantly, coronary retention of CD14+/OCN+ cells also correlates with the amount of necrotic core and calcification (r=0.61, p=0.003; r=0.61, p=0.003) respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study links CD14+/BAP+/OCN+ monocytes to the pathologic remodeling of the coronary circulation and therefore associates these cells with plaque destabilization in patients with early coronary atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Collin
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart-Center - University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Mario Gössl
- Department of Cardiology, Dean Clinic - Dean St. Mary's Outpatient Hospital Center, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Yoshiki Matsuo
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Rebecca R Cilluffo
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andreas J Flammer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Darrell Loeffler
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ryan J Lennon
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert D Simari
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Daniel B Spoon
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Raimund Erbel
- Department of Cardiology, West-German Heart-Center - University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Lilach O Lerman
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Sundeep Khosla
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Amir Lerman
- Divison of Cardiovascular Diseases and Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, USA.
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303
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Raggatt LJ, Wullschleger ME, Alexander KA, Wu ACK, Millard SM, Kaur S, Maugham ML, Gregory LS, Steck R, Pettit AR. Fracture healing via periosteal callus formation requires macrophages for both initiation and progression of early endochondral ossification. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:3192-204. [PMID: 25285719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The distribution, phenotype, and requirement of macrophages for fracture-associated inflammation and/or early anabolic progression during endochondral callus formation were investigated. A murine femoral fracture model [internally fixed using a flexible plate (MouseFix)] was used to facilitate reproducible fracture reduction. IHC demonstrated that inflammatory macrophages (F4/80(+)Mac-2(+)) were localized with initiating chondrification centers and persisted within granulation tissue at the expanding soft callus front. They were also associated with key events during soft-to-hard callus transition. Resident macrophages (F4/80(+)Mac-2(neg)), including osteal macrophages, predominated in the maturing hard callus. Macrophage Fas-induced apoptosis transgenic mice were used to induce macrophage depletion in vivo in the femoral fracture model. Callus formation was completely abolished when macrophage depletion was initiated at the time of surgery and was significantly reduced when depletion was delayed to coincide with initiation of early anabolic phase. Treatment initiating 5 days after fracture with the pro-macrophage cytokine colony stimulating factor-1 significantly enhanced soft callus formation. The data support that inflammatory macrophages were required for initiation of fracture repair, whereas both inflammatory and resident macrophages promoted anabolic mechanisms during endochondral callus formation. Overall, macrophages make substantive and prolonged contributions to fracture healing and can be targeted as a therapeutic approach for enhancing repair mechanisms. Thus, macrophages represent a viable target for the development of pro-anabolic fracture treatments with a potentially broad therapeutic window.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liza J Raggatt
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin E Wullschleger
- Trauma Service, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Herston, Queensland, Australia; School of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Kylie A Alexander
- UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Andy C K Wu
- UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Susan M Millard
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Simranpreet Kaur
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michelle L Maugham
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Laura S Gregory
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Roland Steck
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Queensland, Australia
| | - Allison R Pettit
- Bone and Immunology Laboratory, Mater Research Institute-UQ, Translational Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, Queensland, Australia; UQ-Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, The University of Queensland, Herston, Queensland, Australia.
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304
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Zachos C, Steubesand N, Seekamp A, Fuchs S, Lippross S. Co-cultures of programmable cells of monocytic origin and mesenchymal stem cells do increase osteogenic differentiation. J Orthop Res 2014; 32:1264-70. [PMID: 24961926 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Impaired bone healing can occur with numerous pathologic conditions like trauma, osteoporosis, and infection. Therefore tissue-engineering strategies that aim to enhance osteogenic differentiation of stem cells in order to accelerate bone healing are a major goal of contemporary regenerative research. In this study we cultivated mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) together with the recently patented programmable cells of monocytic origin (PCMO) to test whether co-cultures promote an osteogenic differentiation process. PCMO have recently been shown to have pluripotent characteristics and do support the regeneration processes of liver and heart diseases. Quantitative real time PCR expression profiles of osteogenic marker genes such as alkaline phosphatase in co-cultures of PCMO and MSC showed that MSC differentiated into osteoblast-like cells more rapidly as compared to mono-cultures. Alkaline phosphatase expression and enzyme activity levels were highly increased in co-cultures compared to mono-cultures of MSC. Tests for mineralized matrix formation also indicated that PCMO have a positive effect on co-cultured MSC under osteogenic culture conditions. However, analysis of collagen 1A did not show enhanced expression. In summary, PCMO obviously have the ability to promote osteogenic differentiation of MSC in vitro while their own pluripotent potential is not sufficient to develop osteoblast-like characteristics themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Zachos
- Department of Trauma Surgery, University Medical Center of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, Arnold-Heller Strasse 3, 24105, Kiel, Germany
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305
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Liu T, Qin AP, Liao B, Shao HG, Guo LJ, Xie GQ, Yang L, Jiang TJ. A novel microRNA regulates osteoclast differentiation via targeting protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3). Bone 2014; 67:156-65. [PMID: 25019593 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2014.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) involve in the regulation of a wide range of physiological processes. Recent studies suggested that miRNAs might play a role in osteoclast differentiation. Here, we identify a new miRNA (miR-9718) in primary mouse osteoclasts that promotes osteoclast differentiation by repressing protein inhibitor of activated STAT3 (PIAS3) at the post-transcriptional level. MiR-9718 was found to be transcribed during osteoclastogenesis, which was induced by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Overexpression of miR-9718 in RAW 264.7 cells promoted M-CSF and RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis, whereas inhibition of miR-9718 attenuated it. PIAS3 was predicted to be a target of miR-9718. Luciferase reporter gene validated the prediction. Transfection of pre-miR-9718 in RAW 264.7 cells induced by both M-CSF and RANKL inhibited expression of PIAS3 protein, while the mRNA levels of PIAS3 were not attenuated. In vivo, our study showed that silencing of miR-9718 using a specific antagomir inhibited bone resorption and increased bone mass in mice receiving ovariectomy (OVX) and in sham-operated control mice. Thus, our study showed that miR-9718 played an important role in osteoclast differentiation via targeting PIAS3 both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Liu
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 139# Middle Renmin Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011, PR China
| | - Ai-Ping Qin
- Department of Endocrinology, Hunan Province Geriatric Hospital, 89# Guhan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410001, PR China
| | - Bin Liao
- Department of Endocrinology, Hunan Province Geriatric Hospital, 89# Guhan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410001, PR China
| | - Hui-Ge Shao
- Department of Endocrinology, Changsha Central Hospital, 161# Shaoshan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China
| | - Li-Juan Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87# Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China
| | - Gen-Qing Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, Changsha Central Hospital, 161# Shaoshan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410004, PR China.
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Hunan Province Geriatric Hospital, 89# Guhan Road, Changsha, Hunan 410001, PR China; Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87# Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
| | - Tie-Jian Jiang
- Department of Endocrinology, Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, 87# Xiangya Road, Changsha, Hunan 410008, PR China.
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306
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Gamblin AL, Brennan MA, Renaud A, Yagita H, Lézot F, Heymann D, Trichet V, Layrolle P. Bone tissue formation with human mesenchymal stem cells and biphasic calcium phosphate ceramics: the local implication of osteoclasts and macrophages. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9660-7. [PMID: 25176068 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) have immunomodulative properties and, associated with calcium phosphate (CaP) ceramics, induce bone tissue repair. However, the mechanisms of osteoinduction by hMSC with CaP are not clearly established, in particular the role of osteoclasts and macrophages. Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) particles were implanted with or without hMSC in the paratibial muscles of nude mice. hMSC increased osteoblastic gene expression at 1 week, the presence of macrophages at 2 and 4 weeks, osteoclastogenesis at 4 and 8 weeks, and osteogenesis at 4 and 8 weeks. hMSC disappeared from the implantation site after 2 weeks, indicating that hMSC were inducers rather than effectors of bone formation. Induced blockage of osteoclastogenesis by anti-Rankl treatment significantly impaired bone formation, revealing the pivotal role of osteoclasts in bone formation. In summary, hMSC positively influence the body foreign reaction by attracting circulating haematopoietic stem cells and inducing their differentiation into macrophages M1 and osteoclasts, thus favouring bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Gamblin
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France
| | - Meadhbh A Brennan
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France
| | - Audrey Renaud
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan
| | - Frédéric Lézot
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France; CHU, Hôtel Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - Valérie Trichet
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France; Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012, Nantes, France
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, UMR957, Nantes, France; Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France.
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307
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Kroner A, Greenhalgh AD, Zarruk JG, Passos Dos Santos R, Gaestel M, David S. TNF and increased intracellular iron alter macrophage polarization to a detrimental M1 phenotype in the injured spinal cord. Neuron 2014; 83:1098-116. [PMID: 25132469 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macrophages and microglia can be polarized along a continuum toward a detrimental (M1) or a beneficial (M2) state in the injured CNS. Although phagocytosis of myelin in vitro promotes M2 polarization, macrophage/microglia in the injured spinal cord retain a predominantly M1 state that is detrimental to recovery. We have identified two factors that underlie this skewing toward M1 polarization in the injured CNS. We show that TNF prevents phagocytosis-mediated conversion from M1 to M2 cells in vitro and in vivo in spinal cord injury (SCI). Additionally, iron that accumulates in macrophages in SCI increases TNF expression and the appearance of a macrophage population with a proinflammatory mixed M1/M2 phenotype. In addition, transplantation experiments show that increased loading of M2 macrophages with iron induces a rapid switch from M2 to M1 phenotype. The combined effect of this favors predominant and prolonged M1 macrophage polarization that is detrimental to recovery after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antje Kroner
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Andrew D Greenhalgh
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Juan G Zarruk
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Rosmarini Passos Dos Santos
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada
| | - Matthias Gaestel
- Institute of Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Samuel David
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, 1650 Cedar Avenue, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1A4, Canada.
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308
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Charles JF, Aliprantis AO. Osteoclasts: more than 'bone eaters'. Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:449-59. [PMID: 25008556 PMCID: PMC4119859 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 253] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
As the only cells definitively shown to degrade bone, osteoclasts are key mediators of skeletal diseases including osteoporosis. Bone-forming osteoblasts, and hematopoietic and immune system cells, each influence osteoclast formation and function, but the reciprocal impact of osteoclasts on these cells is less well appreciated. We highlight here the functions that osteoclasts perform beyond bone resorption. First, we consider how osteoclast signals may contribute to bone formation by osteoblasts and to the pathology of bone lesions such as fibrous dysplasia and giant cell tumors. Second, we review the interaction of osteoclasts with the hematopoietic system, including the stem cell niche and adaptive immune cells. Connections between osteoclasts and other cells in the bone microenvironment are discussed within a clinically relevant framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia F Charles
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Antonios O Aliprantis
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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309
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Neufurth M, Wang X, Schröder HC, Feng Q, Diehl-Seifert B, Ziebart T, Steffen R, Wang S, Müller WEG. Engineering a morphogenetically active hydrogel for bioprinting of bioartificial tissue derived from human osteoblast-like SaOS-2 cells. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8810-8819. [PMID: 25047630 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sodium alginate hydrogel, stabilized with gelatin, is a suitable, biologically inert matrix that can be used for encapsulating and 3D bioprinting of bone-related SaOS-2 cells. However, the cells, embedded in this matrix, remain in a non-proliferating state. Here we show that addition of an overlay onto the bioprinted alginate/gelatine/SaOS-2 cell scaffold, consisting of agarose and the calcium salt of polyphosphate [polyP·Ca(2+)-complex], resulted in a marked increase in cell proliferation. In the presence of 100 μm polyP·Ca(2+)-complex, the cells proliferate with a generation time of approximately 47-55 h. In addition, the hardness of the alginate/gelatin hydrogel substantially increases in the presence of the polymer. The reduced Young's modulus for the alginate/gelatin hydrogel is approximately 13-14 kPa, and this value drops to approximately 0.5 kPa after incubation of the cell containing scaffolds for 5 d. In the presence of 100 μm polyP·Ca(2+)-complex, the reduced Young's modulus increases to about 22 kPa. The hardness of the polyP·Ca(2+)-complex containing hydrogel remains essentially constant if cells are absent in the matrix, but it drops to 3.2 kPa after a 5 d incubation period in the presence of SaOS-2 cells, indicating that polyP·Ca(2+)-complex becomes metabolized, degraded, by the cells. The alginate/gelatine-agarose system with polyP·Ca(2+)-complex cause a significant increase in the mineralization of the cells. SEM analyses revealed that the morphology of the mineral nodules formed on the surface of the cells embedded in the alginate/gelatin hydrogel do not significantly differ from the nodules on cells growing in monolayer cultures. The newly developed technique, using cells encapsulated into an alginate/gelatin hydrogel and a secondary layer containing the morphogenetically active, growth promoting polymer polyP·Ca(2+)-complex opens new possibilities for the application of 3D bioprinting in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meik Neufurth
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Heinz C Schröder
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Qingling Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, 100084 Beijing, China
| | | | - Thomas Ziebart
- Department of Oral and Maxillifacial Surgery, University Medicine Mainz, Augustusplatz 2, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Renate Steffen
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Shunfeng Wang
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Werner E G Müller
- ERC Advanced Investigator Grant Research Group at The Institute for Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center of The Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, D-55128 Mainz, Germany.
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310
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Chen Z, Mao X, Tan L, Friis T, Wu C, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Osteoimmunomodulatory properties of magnesium scaffolds coated with β-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2014; 35:8553-65. [PMID: 25017094 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The osteoimmunomodulatory property of bone biomaterials is a vital property determining the in vivo fate of the implants. Endowing bone biomaterials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties is of great importance in triggering desired immune response and thus supports the bone healing process. Magnesium (Mg) has been recognized as a revolutionary metal for applications in orthopedics due to it being biodegradable, biocompatible, and having osteoconductive properties. However, Mg's high rate of degradation leads to an excessive inflammatory response and this has restricted its application in bone tissue engineering. In this study, β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) was used to coat Mg scaffolds in an effort to modulate the detrimental osteoimmunomodulatory properties of Mg scaffolds, due to the reported favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties of β-TCP. It was noted that macrophages switched to the M2 extreme phenotype in response to the Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, which could be due to the inhibition of the toll like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. VEGF and BMP2 were significantly upregulated in the macrophages exposed to Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, indicating pro-osteogenic properties of macrophages in β-TCP modified Mg scaffolds. This was further demonstrated by the macrophage-mediated osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs). When BMSCs were stimulated by conditioned medium from macrophages cultured on Mg-β-TCP scaffolds, osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was significantly enhanced; whereas osteoclastogenesis was inhibited, as indicated by the downregualtion of MCSF, TRAP and inhibition of the RANKL/RANK system. These findings suggest that β-TCP coating of Mg scaffolds can modulate the scaffold's osteoimmunomodulatory properties, shift the immune microenvironment towards one that favors osteogenesis over osteoclastogenesis. Endowing bone biomaterials with favorable osteoimmunomodulatory properties can be a highly valuable strategy for the development or modification of advanced bone biomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Xueli Mao
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, 56 Ling Yuan Road West, Guangzhou 510055, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, 74 Zhongshan Second RD, Guangzhou 510080, China.
| | - Lili Tan
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 72 Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Thor Friis
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Chengtie Wu
- Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Queensland University of Technology, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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311
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Gobin B, Huin MB, Lamoureux F, Ory B, Charrier C, Lanel R, Battaglia S, Redini F, Lezot F, Blanchard F, Heymann D. BYL719, a new α-specific PI3K inhibitor: Single administration and in combination with conventional chemotherapy for the treatment of osteosarcoma. Int J Cancer 2014; 136:784-96. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bérengère Gobin
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Marc Baud' Huin
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - François Lamoureux
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Benjamin Ory
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Céline Charrier
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
- Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Rachel Lanel
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Séverine Battaglia
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Françoise Redini
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
- Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012; Nantes 44035 France
- CHU de Nantes; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Frédéric Lezot
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Frédéric Blanchard
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
- Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012; Nantes 44035 France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- INSERM, UMR 957; Nantes 44035 France
- Université de Nantes; Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives; Nantes 44035 France
- Equipe LIGUE Nationale Contre le Cancer 2012; Nantes 44035 France
- CHU de Nantes; Nantes 44035 France
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312
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Mise-Omata S, Alles N, Fukazawa T, Aoki K, Ohya K, Jimi E, Obata Y, Doi T. NF-κB RELA-deficient bone marrow macrophages fail to support bone formation and to maintain the hematopoietic niche after lethal irradiation and stem cell transplantation. Int Immunol 2014; 26:607-18. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxu062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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313
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Sims NA, Quinn JMW. Osteoimmunology: oncostatin M as a pleiotropic regulator of bone formation and resorption in health and disease. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:527. [PMID: 24876928 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2014.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Bone remodeling in health and disease is carried out by osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which respectively produce bone matrix and resorb it. Endocrine and paracrine control of these cells can be direct, but they are also exerted indirectly, either by influencing progenitor cell differentiation or by stimulating paracrine signals from local accessory cells including osteocytes (which form a critical communication and regulation network within the bone matrix), macrophages and T lymphocytes. Here we review the osteotropic actions of the interleukin-6 family member cytokine oncostatin M (OSM), which is of particular interest because of its ability to stimulate bone accrual. OSM is produced within the bone microenvironment by cells of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic origin, including osteocytes, osteoblasts, macrophages and T lymphocytes, and can act via two receptor complexes: OSM receptor:gp130 and leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR):gp130. Although OSM can directly stimulate osteoblast mineralization activity and differentiation, it can also stimulate mesenchymal stem cell osteoblastic commitment at the expense of adipogenesis. In osteocytes, OSM can suppress the production of the bone formation inhibitor sclerostin, an action that is mediated by LIFR:gp130. OSM also stimulates the production of receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand by osteoblasts and thereby drives the formation of osteoclasts particularly in pathological conditions. Thus, cellular effects of OSM on bone metabolism include direct and indirect actions mediated by two related receptor/ligand complexes. OSM therefore provides an example of paracrine and endocrine control mechanisms that regulate bone mass by controlling both bone formation and resorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie A Sims
- Bone Cell Biology and Disease Unit, St Vincent's Institute of Medical Research , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Medicine at St Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, The University of Melbourne , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julian M W Quinn
- Prince Henry's Institute, Monash Medical Centre , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia ; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University , Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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314
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Su Y, Shi S, Liu Y. Immunomodulation regulates mesenchymal stem cell-based bone regeneration. Oral Dis 2014; 20:633-6. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y Su
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics; Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing China
| | - S Shi
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology; University of Southern California; Los Angeles CA USA
| | - Y Liu
- Laboratory of Tissue Regeneration and Immunology and Department of Periodontics; Beijing Key Laboratory for Tooth Regeneration and Function Reconstruction; Capital Medical University School of Stomatology; Beijing China
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315
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Liposomal clodronate inhibition of osteoclastogenesis and osteoinduction by submicrostructured beta-tricalcium phosphate. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5088-97. [PMID: 24698521 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bone graft substitutes such as calcium phosphates are subject to the innate inflammatory reaction, which may bear important consequences for bone regeneration. We speculate that the surface architecture of osteoinductive β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP) stimulates the differentiation of invading monocyte/macrophages into osteoclasts, and that these cells may be essential to ectopic bone formation. To test this, porous TCP cubes with either submicron-scale surface architecture known to induce ectopic bone formation (TCPs, positive control) or micron-scale, non-osteoinductive surface architecture (TCPb, negative control) were subcutaneously implanted on the backs of FVB strain mice for 12 weeks. Additional TCPs samples received local, weekly injections of liposome-encapsulated clodronate (TCPs + LipClod) to deplete invading monocyte/macrophages. TCPs induced osteoclast formation, evident by positive tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) cytochemical staining and negative macrophage membrane marker F4/80 immunostaining. No TRAP positive cells were found in TCPb or TCPs + LipClod, only F4/80 positive macrophages and foreign body giant cells. TCPs stimulated subcutaneous bone formation in all implants, while no bone could be found in TCPb or TCPs + LipClod. In agreement, expression of bone and osteoclast gene markers was upregulated in TCPs versus both TCPb and TCPs + LipClod, which were equivalent. In summary, submicron-scale surface structure of TCP induced osteoclastogenesis and ectopic bone formation in a process that is blocked by monocyte/macrophage depletion.
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316
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Djouad F, Tejedor G, Toupet K, Maumus M, Bony C, Blangy A, Chuchana P, Jorgensen C, Noël D. Promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger induction signs mesenchymal stem cell commitment: identification of a key marker for stemness maintenance? Stem Cell Res Ther 2014; 5:27. [PMID: 24564963 PMCID: PMC4055047 DOI: 10.1186/scrt416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source for cartilage and bone tissue engineering given their ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and osteoblasts. However, the common origin of these two specialized cell types raised the question about the identification of regulatory pathways determining the differentiation fate of MSCs into chondrocyte or osteoblast. Methods Chondrogenesis, osteoblastogenesis, and adipogenesis of human and mouse MSC were induced by using specific inductive culture conditions. Expression of promyelocytic leukemia zinc-finger (PLZF) or differentiation markers in MSCs was determined by RT-qPCR. PLZF-expressing MSC were implanted in a mouse osteochondral defect model and the neotissue was analyzed by routine histology and microcomputed tomography. Results We found out that PLZF is not expressed in MSCs and its expression at early stages of MSC differentiation is the mark of their commitment toward the three main lineages. PLZF acts as an upstream regulator of both Sox9 and Runx2, and its overexpression in MSC enhances chondrogenesis and osteogenesis while it inhibits adipogenesis. In vivo, implantation of PLZF-expressing MSC in mice with full-thickness osteochondral defects resulted in the formation of a reparative tissue resembling cartilage and bone. Conclusions Our findings demonstrate that absence of PLZF is required for stemness maintenance and its expression is an early event at the onset of MSC commitment during the differentiation processes of the three main lineages.
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317
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Wang H, Melton DW, Porter L, Sarwar ZU, McManus LM, Shireman PK. Altered macrophage phenotype transition impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:1167-1184. [PMID: 24525152 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Monocyte/macrophage polarization in skeletal muscle regeneration is ill defined. We used CD11b-diphtheria toxin receptor transgenic mice to transiently deplete monocytes/macrophages at multiple stages before and after muscle injury induced by cardiotoxin. Fat accumulation within regenerated muscle was maximal when ablation occurred at the same time as cardiotoxin-induced injury. Early ablation (day 1 after cardiotoxin) resulted in the smallest regenerated myofiber size together with increased residual necrotic myofibers and fat accumulation. However, muscle regeneration after late (day 4) ablation was similar to controls. Levels of inflammatory cells in injured muscle following early ablation and associated with impaired muscle regeneration were determined by flow cytometry. Delayed, but exaggerated, monocyte [CD11b(+)(CD90/B220/CD49b/NK1.1/Ly6G)(-)(F4/80/I-Ab/CD11c)(-)Ly6C(+/-)] accumulation occurred; interestingly, Ly6C(+) and Ly6C(-) monocytes were present concurrently in ablated animals and control mice. In addition to monocytes, proinflammatory, Ly6C(+) macrophage accumulation following early ablation was delayed compared to controls. In both groups, CD11b(+)F4/80(+) cells exhibited minimal expression of the M2 markers CD206 and CD301. Nevertheless, early ablation delayed and decreased the transient accumulation of CD11b(+)F4/80(+)Ly6C(-)CD301(-) macrophages; in control animals, the later tissue accumulation of these cells appeared to correspond to that of anti-inflammatory macrophages, determined by cytokine production and arginase activity. In summary, impairments in muscle regeneration were associated with exaggerated monocyte recruitment and reduced Ly6C(-) macrophages; the switch of macrophage/monocyte subsets is critical to muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhou Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - David W Melton
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Laurel Porter
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Zaheer U Sarwar
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Linda M McManus
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas
| | - Paula K Shireman
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; Sam and Ann Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas; The South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas.
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318
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Coupling the activities of bone formation and resorption: a multitude of signals within the basic multicellular unit. BONEKEY REPORTS 2014; 3:481. [PMID: 24466412 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coupling between bone formation and bone resorption refers to the process within basic multicellular units in which resorption by osteoclasts is met by the generation of osteoblasts from precursors, and their bone-forming activity, which needs to be sufficient to replace the bone lost. There are many sources of activities that contribute to coupling at remodeling sites, including growth factors released from the matrix, soluble and membrane products of osteoclasts and their precursors, signals from osteocytes and from immune cells and signaling taking place within the osteoblast lineage. Coupling is therefore a process that involves the interaction of a wide range of cell types and control mechanisms. As bone remodeling occurs at many sites asynchronously throughout the skeleton, locally generated activities comprise very important control mechanisms. In this review, we explore the potential roles of a number of these factors, including sphingosine-1-phosphate, semaphorins, ephrins, interleukin-6 (IL-6) family cytokines and marrow-derived factors. Their interactions achieve the essential tight control of coupling within individual remodeling units that is required for control of skeletal mass.
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319
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Henriksen K, Karsdal MA, Martin TJ. Osteoclast-derived coupling factors in bone remodeling. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:88-97. [PMID: 23700149 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9741-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the bone remodeling process that takes place throughout the skeleton at bone multicellular units, intercellular communication processes are crucial. The osteoblast lineage has long been known to program osteoclast formation and hence resorption, but the preservation of bone mass and integrity requires tight control of remodeling. This needs local controls that ensure availability of mesenchymal precursors and the provision of local signals that promote differentiation through the osteoblast lineage. Some signals can come from growth factors released from resorbed bone matrix, and there is increasing evidence that the osteoclast lineage itself produces factors that can either enhance or inhibit osteoblast differentiation and hence bone formation. A number of such factors have been identified from predominantly in vitro experiments. The coupling of bone formation to resorption is increasingly recognized as a complex, dynamic process that results from the input of many local factors of cell and matrix origin that can either promote or inhibit bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kim Henriksen
- Nordic Bioscience Biomarkers and Research, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
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320
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Wythe SE, Nicolaidou V, Horwood NJ. Cells of the immune system orchestrate changes in bone cell function. Calcif Tissue Int 2014; 94:98-111. [PMID: 23912951 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-013-9764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
There is a complex interplay between the cells of the immune system and bone. Immune cells, such as T and NK cells, are able to enhance osteoclast formation via the production of RANKL. Yet there is increasing evidence to show that during the resolution of inflammation or as a consequence of increased osteoclastogenesis there is an anabolic response via the formation of more osteoblasts. Furthermore, osteoblasts themselves are involved in the control of immune cell function, thus promoting the resolution of inflammation. Hence, the concept of "coupling"-how bone formation is linked to resorption-needs to be more inclusive rather than restricting our focus to osteoblast-osteoclast interactions as in a whole organism these cells are never in isolation. This review will investigate the role of immune cells in normal bone homeostasis and in inflammatory diseases where the balance between resorption and formation is lost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Wythe
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, OX3 7FY, UK
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321
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Richards CD. The enigmatic cytokine oncostatin m and roles in disease. ISRN INFLAMMATION 2013; 2013:512103. [PMID: 24381786 PMCID: PMC3870656 DOI: 10.1155/2013/512103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Oncostatin M is a secreted cytokine involved in homeostasis and in diseases involving chronic inflammation. It is a member of the gp130 family of cytokines that have pleiotropic functions in differentiation, cell proliferation, and hematopoetic, immunologic, and inflammatory networks. However, Oncostatin M also has activities novel to mediators of this cytokine family and others and may have fundamental roles in mechanisms of inflammation in pathology. Studies have explored Oncostatin M functions in cancer, bone metabolism, liver regeneration, and conditions with chronic inflammation including rheumatoid arthritis, lung and skin inflammatory disease, atherosclerosis, and cardiovascular disease. This paper will review Oncostatin M biology in a historical fashion and focus on its unique activities, in vitro and in vivo, that differentiate it from other cytokines and inspire further study or consideration in therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl D. Richards
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West, Hamilton, ON, Canada L8S 4K1
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322
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Chen Z, Wu C, Gu W, Klein T, Crawford R, Xiao Y. Osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow MSCs by β-tricalcium phosphate stimulating macrophages via BMP2 signalling pathway. Biomaterials 2013; 35:1507-18. [PMID: 24268199 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 209] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 11/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Immune reactions play important roles in determining the in vivo fate of bone substitute materials, either in new bone formation or inflammatory fibrous tissue encapsulation. The paradigm for the development of bone substitute materials has been shifted from inert to immunomodulatory materials, emphasizing the importance of immune cells in the material evaluation. Macrophages, the major effector cells in the immune reaction to implants, are indispensable for osteogenesis and their heterogeneity and plasticity render macrophages a primer target for immune system modulation. However, there are very few reports about the effects of macrophages on biomaterial-regulated osteogenesis. In this study, we used β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) as a model biomaterial to investigate the role of macrophages on the material stimulated osteogenesis. The macrophage phenotype switched to M2 extreme in response to β-TCP extracts, which was related to the activation of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) pathway. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2) was also significantly upregulated by the β-TCP stimulation, indicating that macrophage may participate in the β-TCP stimulated osteogenesis. Interestingly, when macrophage-conditioned β-TCP extracts were applied to bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs), the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was significantly enhanced, indicating the important role of macrophages in biomaterial-induced osteogenesis. These findings provided valuable insights into the mechanism of material-stimulated osteogenesis, and a strategy to optimize the evaluation system for the in vitro osteogenesis capacity of bone substitute materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zetao Chen
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Chengtie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1295 Dingxi Road, Shanghai 200050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wenyi Gu
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia; Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Corner College and Cooper Rds, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Travis Klein
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Ross Crawford
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, 60 Musk Ave, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, Queensland 4059, Australia.
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323
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Pajarinen J, Kouri VP, Jämsen E, Li TF, Mandelin J, Konttinen YT. The response of macrophages to titanium particles is determined by macrophage polarization. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:9229-40. [PMID: 23827094 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Aseptic loosening of total joint replacements is driven by the reaction of macrophages to foreign body particles released from the implant. It was hypothesized that the macrophages' response to these particles is dependent, in addition to particle characteristics and contaminating biomolecules, on the state of macrophage polarization as determined by the local cytokine microenvironment. To test this hypothesis we differentiated M1 and M2 macrophages from human peripheral blood monocytes and compared their responses to titanium particles using genome-wide microarray analysis and a multiplex cytokine assay. In comparison to non-activated M0 macrophages, the overall chemotactic and inflammatory responses to titanium particles were greatly enhanced in M1 macrophages and effectively suppressed in M2 macrophages. In addition, the genome-wide approach revealed several novel, potentially osteolytic, particle-induced mediators, and signaling pathway analysis suggested the involvement of toll-like and nod-like receptor signaling in particle recognition. It is concluded that the magnitude of foreign body reaction caused by titanium particles is dependent on the state of macrophage polarization. Thus, by limiting the action of M1 polarizing factors, e.g. bacterial biofilm formation, in peri-implant tissues and promoting M2 macrophage polarization by biomaterial solutions or pharmacologically, it might be possible to restrict wear-particle-induced inflammation and osteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jukka Pajarinen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 63, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, P.O. Box 20, 00029 HUS, Finland
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324
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Monderer D, Luseau A, Bellec A, David E, Ponsolle S, Saiagh S, Bercegeay S, Piloquet P, Denis MG, Lodé L, Rédini F, Biger M, Heymann D, Heymann MF, Le Bot R, Gouin F, Blanchard F. New chondrosarcoma cell lines and mouse models to study the link between chondrogenesis and chemoresistance. J Transl Med 2013; 93:1100-14. [PMID: 23958880 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2013.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chondrosarcomas are cartilage-forming, poorly vascularized tumors. They represent the second malignant primary bone tumor of adults after osteosarcoma, but in contrast to osteosarcoma they are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, surgical excision remaining the only therapeutic option. Few cell lines and animal models are available, and the mechanisms behind their chemoresistance remain largely unknown. Our goal was to establish new cell lines and animal cancer models from human chondrosarcoma biopsies to study their chemoresistance. Between 2007 and 2012, 10 chondrosarcoma biopsies were collected and used for cell culture and transplantation into nude mice. Only one transplanted biopsy and one injected cell line has engrafted successfully leading to conventional central high-grade chondrosarcoma similar to the original biopsies. In culture, two new stable cell lines were obtained, one from a dedifferentiated and one from a grade III conventional central chondrosarcoma biopsy. Their genetic characterization revealed triploid karyotypes, mutations in IDH1, IDH2, and TP53, deletion in CDKN2A and/or MDM2 amplification. These cell lines expressed mesenchymal membrane markers (CD44, 73, 90, 105) and were able to produce a hyaline cartilaginous matrix when cultured in chondrogenic three-dimensional (3D) pellets. Using a high-throughput quantitative RT-PCR approach, we observed that cell lines cultured in monolayer had lost expression of several genes implicated in cartilage development (COL2A1, COMP, ACAN) but restored their expression in 3D cultures. Chondrosarcoma cells in monolayer were sensitive to several conventional chemotherapeutic agents but became resistant to low doses of mafosfamide or doxorubicin when cultured in 3D pellets, in parallel with an altered nucleic accumulation of the drug. Our results indicate that the cartilaginous matrix produced by chondrosarcoma cells may impair diffusion of several drugs and thus contribute to chemoresistance. Therefore, 3D chondrogenic cell pellets constitute a more relevant model to study chondrosarcoma chemoresistance and may be a valuable alternative to animal experimentations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Monderer
- 1] INSERM, UMR 957, Equipe Labellisée LIGUE 2012, Nantes, France [2] Université de Nantes, Nantes Atlantique Universités, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie de la Résorption Osseuse et Thérapie des Tumeurs Osseuses Primitives, Nantes, France [3] Atlantic Bone Screen (ABS), St Herblain, France
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Fernandes TJ, Hodge JM, Singh PP, Eeles DG, Collier FM, Holten I, Ebeling PR, Nicholson GC, Quinn JMW. Cord blood-derived macrophage-lineage cells rapidly stimulate osteoblastic maturation in mesenchymal stem cells in a glycoprotein-130 dependent manner. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73266. [PMID: 24069182 PMCID: PMC3772005 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In bone, depletion of osteoclasts reduces bone formation in vivo, as does osteal macrophage depletion. How osteoclasts and macrophages promote the action of bone forming osteoblasts is, however, unclear. Since recruitment and differentiation of multi-potential stromal cells/mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) generates new active osteoblasts, we investigated whether human osteoclasts and macrophages (generated from cord blood-derived hematopoietic progenitors) induce osteoblastic maturation in adipose tissue-derived MSC. When treated with an osteogenic stimulus (ascorbate, dexamethasone and β-glycerophosphate) these MSC form matrix-mineralising, alkaline phosphatase-expressing osteoblastic cells. Cord blood-derived progenitors were treated with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) to form immature proliferating macrophages, or with M-CSF plus receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) to form osteoclasts; culture medium was conditioned for 3 days by these cells to study their production of osteoblastic factors. Both osteoclast- and macrophage-conditioned medium (CM) greatly enhanced MSC osteoblastic differentiation in both the presence and absence of osteogenic medium, evident by increased alkaline phosphatase levels within 4 days and increased mineralisation within 14 days. These CM effects were completely ablated by antibodies blocking gp130 or oncostatin M (OSM), and OSM was detectable in both CM. Recombinant OSM very potently stimulated osteoblastic maturation of these MSC and enhanced bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) actions on MSC. To determine the influence of macrophage activation on this OSM-dependent activity, CM was collected from macrophage populations treated with M-CSF plus IL-4 (to induce alternative activation) or with GM-CSF, IFNγ and LPS to cause classical activation. CM from IL-4 treated macrophages stimulated osteoblastic maturation in MSC, while CM from classically-activated macrophages did not. Thus, macrophage-lineage cells, including osteoclasts but not classically activated macrophages, can strongly drive MSC-osteoblastic commitment in OSM-dependent manner. This supports the notion that eliciting gp130-dependent signals in human MSC would be a useful approach to increase bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania J. Fernandes
- Northwest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Biomedical Research, The Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jason M. Hodge
- Northwest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Barwon Biomedical Research, The Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University: Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Damien G. Eeles
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Human Biosciences, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M. Collier
- Barwon Biomedical Research, The Geelong Hospital, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University: Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ian Holten
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Barwon Health, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R. Ebeling
- Northwest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Geoffrey C. Nicholson
- Northwest Academic Centre, Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Rural Clinical School, The University of Queensland, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia
| | - Julian M. W. Quinn
- Prince Henry's Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
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326
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327
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Choudhary S, Blackwell K, Voznesensky O, Roy AD, Pilbeam C. Prostaglandin E2 acts via bone marrow macrophages to block PTH-stimulated osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Bone 2013; 56:31-41. [PMID: 23639875 PMCID: PMC4073290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Intermittent PTH is the major anabolic therapy for osteoporosis while continuous PTH causes bone loss. PTH acts on the osteoblast (OB) lineage to regulate bone resorption and formation. PTH also induces cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), producing prostaglandin E2 (PGE(2)) that can act on both OBs and osteoclasts (OCs). Because intermittent PTH is more anabolic in Cox-2 knockout (KO) than wild type (WT) mice, we hypothesized COX-2 might contribute to the effects of continuous PTH by suppressing PTH-stimulated differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells into OBs. We compared effects of continuous PTH on bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) and primary OBs (POBs) from Cox-2 KO mice, mice with deletion of PGE(2) receptors (Ptger(4) and Ptger(2) KO mice), and WT controls. PTH increased OB differentiation in BMSCs only in the absence of COX-2 expression or activity. In the absence of COX-2, PTH stimulated differentiation if added during the first week of culture. In Cox-2 KO BMSCs, PTH-stimulated differentiation was prevented by adding PGE(2) to cultures. Co-culture of POBs with M-CSF-expanded bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) showed that the inhibition of PTH-stimulated OB differentiation required not only COX-2 or PGE(2) but also BMMs. Sufficient PGE(2) to mediate the inhibitory effect was made by either WT POBs or WT BMMs. The inhibitory effect mediated by COX-2/PGE(2) was transferred by conditioned media from RANKL-treated BMMs and could be blocked by osteoprotegerin, which interferes with RANKL binding to its receptor on OC lineage cells. Deletion of Ptger(4), but not Ptger(2), in BMMs prevented the inhibition of PTH-stimulated OB differentiation. As expected, PGE(2) also stimulated OB differentiation, but when given in combination with PTH, the stimulatory effects of both were abrogated. These data suggest that PGE(2), acting via EP4R on BMMs committed to the OC lineage, stimulated secretion of a factor or factors that acted to suppress PTH-stimulated OB differentiation. This suppression of OB differentiation could contribute to the bone loss seen with continuous PTH in vivo.
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MESH Headings
- Adipogenesis/drug effects
- Adipogenesis/genetics
- Animals
- Bone Marrow Cells/cytology
- Bone Marrow Cells/drug effects
- Bone Marrow Cells/metabolism
- Cattle
- Cell Differentiation/drug effects
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Cyclooxygenase 2/metabolism
- Dinoprostone/pharmacology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Hematopoietic System/cytology
- Macrophages/cytology
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Osteoblasts/cytology
- Osteoblasts/drug effects
- Osteoblasts/enzymology
- Osteocalcin/genetics
- Osteocalcin/metabolism
- Parathyroid Hormone/pharmacology
- RANK Ligand/pharmacology
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP2 Subtype/metabolism
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/deficiency
- Receptors, Prostaglandin E, EP4 Subtype/metabolism
- Stromal Cells/cytology
- Stromal Cells/drug effects
- Stromal Cells/enzymology
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Carol Pilbeam
- Corresponding author at: University of Connecticut Health Center, 263 Farmington Avenue, MC5456, Farmington, CT 06030, USA. Fax: +1 860 679 1932. (C. Pilbeam)
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Fiedler T, Salamon A, Adam S, Herzmann N, Taubenheim J, Peters K. Impact of bacteria and bacterial components on osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2013; 319:2883-92. [PMID: 23988607 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are present in several tissues, e.g. bone marrow, heart muscle, brain and subcutaneous adipose tissue. In invasive infections MSC get in contact with bacteria and bacterial components. Not much is known about how bacterial pathogens interact with MSC and how contact to bacteria influences MSC viability and differentiation potential. In this study we investigated the impact of three different wound infection relevant bacteria, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Streptococcus pyogenes, and the cell wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS; Gram-negative bacteria) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA; Gram-positive bacteria) on viability, proliferation, and osteogenic as well as adipogenic differentiation of human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (adMSC). We show that all three tested species were able to attach to and internalize into adMSC. The heat-inactivated Gram-negative E. coli as well as LPS were able to induce proliferation and osteogenic differentiation but reduce adipogenic differentiation of adMSC. Conspicuously, the heat-inactivated Gram-positive species showed the same effects on proliferation and adipogenic differentiation, while its cell wall component LTA exhibited no significant impact on adMSC. Therefore, our data demonstrate that osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of adMSC is influenced in an oppositional fashion by bacterial antigens and that MSC-governed regeneration is not necessarily reduced under infectious conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Fiedler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology, and Hygiene, Rostock University Medical Center, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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329
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Rinaldi A, Mensah AA, Kwee I, Forconi F, Orlandi EM, Lucioni M, Gattei V, Marasca R, Berger F, Cogliatti S, Cavalli F, Zucca E, Gaidano G, Rossi D, Bertoni F. Promoter methylation patterns in Richter syndrome affect stem-cell maintenance and cell cycle regulation and differ from de novo diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Br J Haematol 2013; 163:194-204. [PMID: 23961875 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In a fraction of patients, chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) can transform to Richter syndrome (RS), usually a diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). We studied genome-wide promoter DNA methylation in RS and clonally related CLL-phases of transformed patients, alongside de novo DLBCL (of non-germinal centre B type), untransformed-CLL and normal B-cells. The greatest differences in global DNA methylation levels were observed between RS and DLBCL, indicating that these two diseases, although histologically similar, are epigenetically distinct. RS was more highly methylated for genes involved in cell cycle regulation. When RS was compared to the preceding CLL-phase and with untransformed-CLL, RS presented a higher degree of methylation for genes possessing the H3K27me3 mark and PRC2 targets, as well as for gene targets of TP53 and RB1. Comparison of the methylation levels of individual genes revealed that OSM, a stem cell regulatory gene, exhibited significantly higher methylation levels in RS compared to CLL-phases. Its transcriptional repression by DNA methylation was confirmed by 5-aza-2'deoxycytidine treatment of DLBCL cells, determining an increased OSM expression. Our results showed that methylation patterns in RS are largely different from de novo DLBCL. Stem cell-related genes and cell cycle regulation genes are targets of DNA methylation in RS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Rinaldi
- Lymphoma and Genomics Research Programme, IOR Institute of Oncology Research, Bellinzona, Switzerland
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330
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Karagianni M, Brinkmann I, Kinzebach S, Grassl M, Weiss C, Bugert P, Bieback K. A comparative analysis of the adipogenic potential in human mesenchymal stromal cells from cord blood and other sources. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:76-88. [PMID: 23260088 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord blood (CB) attract attention by significantly impaired or absent adipogenic differentiation compared with MSCs derived from bone marrow (BM) and adipose tissue (AT). The diverging adipogenic propensity between the developmentally younger CB-MSCs and MSCs of the adult AT and BM resembles the age-dependent process in the BM, where adipose tissue increases with advancing age, accompanied by loss of bone stability. Thus, MSCs appeal as an attractive model to study the adipogenic process with respect to tissue sources and developmental ages. METHODS We followed the expression of main adipogenic transcription factors, genes and protein markers in CB-, BM- and AT-MSCs under adipogenic induction, after silencing of preadipocyte factor 1 (Pref-1, PREF1) and after incubation with CB-plasma supplemented adipogenic media. RESULTS An inverse relation in the expression of adipogenesis-associated markers and PREF1 in CB-MSCs suggested an inhibitory role of Pref-1 toward adipogenesis. However, Pref-1 protein was rarely detected in CB-MSCs, and siRNA silencing of Pref-1 failed to induce adipogenic differentiation in CB-MSCs. Thus, the impaired adipogenic differentiation of CB-MSCs in vitro was unrelated to endogenous Pref-1 protein expression. Nevertheless CB-plasma containing Pref-1 protein revealed an anti-adipogenic effect on AT-MSCs. CONCLUSIONS Because Pref-1 is vastly abundant in CB-plasma and confers anti-adipogenic properties, Pref-1 in association with the ontogenic milieu probably induces long-lasting unresponsiveness toward adipogenic stimuli in CB-MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Karagianni
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
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331
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Roy B. Biomolecular basis of the role of diabetes mellitus in osteoporosis and bone fractures. World J Diabetes 2013; 4:101-113. [PMID: 23961320 PMCID: PMC3746082 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v4.i4.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osteoporosis has become a serious health problem throughout the world which is associated with an increased risk of bone fractures and mortality among the people of middle to old ages. Diabetes is also a major health problem among the people of all age ranges and the sufferers due to this abnormality increasing day by day. The aim of this review is to summarize the possible mechanisms through which diabetes may induce osteoporosis. Diabetes mellitus generally exerts its effect on different parts of the body including bone cells specially the osteoblast and osteoclast, muscles, retina of the eyes, adipose tissue, endocrine system specially parathyroid hormone (PTH) and estrogen, cytokines, nervous system and digestive system. Diabetes negatively regulates osteoblast differentiation and function while positively regulates osteoclast differentiation and function through the regulation of different intermediate factors and thereby decreases bone formation while increases bone resorption. Some factors such as diabetic neuropathy, reactive oxygen species, Vitamin D, PTH have their effects on muscle cells. Diabetes decreases the muscle strength through regulating these factors in various ways and ultimately increases the risk of fall that may cause bone fractures.
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332
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Kawao N, Tamura Y, Okumoto K, Yano M, Okada K, Matsuo O, Kaji H. Plasminogen plays a crucial role in bone repair. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1561-74. [PMID: 23456978 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The further development in research of bone regeneration is necessary to meet the clinical demand for bone reconstruction. Plasminogen is a critical factor of the tissue fibrinolytic system, which mediates tissue repair in the skin and liver. However, the role of the fibrinolytic system in bone regeneration remains unknown. Herein, we investigated bone repair and ectopic bone formation using plasminogen-deficient (Plg⁻/⁻) mice. Bone repair of the femur is delayed in Plg⁻/⁻ mice, unlike that in the wild-type (Plg⁺/⁺) mice. The deposition of cartilage matrix and osteoblast formation were both decreased in Plg⁻/⁻ mice. Vessel formation, macrophage accumulation, and the levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) were decreased at the site of bone damage in Plg⁻/⁻ mice. Conversely, heterotopic ossification was not significantly different between Plg⁺/⁺ and Plg⁻/⁻ mice. Moreover, angiogenesis, macrophage accumulation, and the levels of VEGF and TGF-β were comparable between Plg⁺/⁺ and Plg⁻/⁻ mice in heterotopic ossification. Our data provide novel evidence that plasminogen is essential for bone repair. The present study indicates that plasminogen contributes to angiogenesis related to macrophage accumulation, TGF-β, and VEGF, thereby leading to the enhancement of bone repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Kawao
- Department of Physiology and Regenerative Medicine, Kinki University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
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333
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Unraveling macrophage contributions to bone repair. BONEKEY REPORTS 2013; 2:373. [PMID: 25035807 DOI: 10.1038/bonekey.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages have reemerged to prominence with widened understanding of their pleiotropic contributions to many biologies and pathologies. This includes clear advances in revealing their importance in wound healing. Here we have focused on the current state of knowledge with respect to bone repair, which has received relatively little scientific attention compared with its soft-tissue counterparts. Our detailed characterization of resident tissue macrophages residing in bone-lining tissues (osteomacs), including their pro-anabolic function, exposed a more prominent role for these cells in bone biology than previously anticipated. Recent studies have confirmed the importance of macrophages in early inflammatory processes that establish the healing cascade after bone fracture. Emerging data support that macrophage influence extends into both anabolic and catabolic phases of repair, suggesting that these cells have prolonged and diverse functions during fracture healing. More research is needed to clarify macrophage phase-specific contributions, temporospatial subpopulation variance and macrophage specific-molecular mediators. There is also clear motivation for determining whether macrophage alterations underlie compromised fracture healing. Overall, there is strong justification to pursue strategies targeting macrophages and/or their products for improving normal bone healing and overcoming failed repair.
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334
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Harnessing the power of macrophages/monocytes for enhanced bone tissue engineering. Trends Biotechnol 2013; 31:342-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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335
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Cheng P, Chen C, He HB, Hu R, Zhou HD, Xie H, Zhu W, Dai RC, Wu XP, Liao EY, Luo XH. miR-148a regulates osteoclastogenesis by targeting V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B. J Bone Miner Res 2013; 28:1180-90. [PMID: 23225151 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in bone metabolism. In the present study, we found that miR-148a is dramatically upregulated during osteoclastic differentiation of circulating CD14+ peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) induced by macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL). Overexpression of miR-148a in CD14+ PBMCs promoted osteoclastogenesis, whereas inhibition of miR-148a attenuated osteoclastogenesis. V-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog B (MAFB) is a transcription factor negatively regulating RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. miR-148a directly targeted MAFB mRNA by binding to the 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) and repressed MAFB protein expression. In vivo, our study showed that silencing of miR-148a using a specific antagomir-inhibited bone resorption and increased bone mass in mice receiving ovariectomy (OVX) and in sham-operated control mice. Furthermore, our results showed that miR-148a levels significantly increased in CD14+ PBMCs from lupus patients and resulted in enhanced osteoclastogenesis, which contributed to the lower bone mineral density (BMD) in lupus patients compared with normal controls. Thus, our study provides a new insight into the roles of miRNAs in osteoclastogenesis, and contributes to a new therapeutic pathway for osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Cheng
- Institute of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, PR China
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336
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Ohbayashi Y, Miyake M, Sawai F, Minami Y, Iwasaki A, Matsui Y. Adjunct teriparatide therapy with monitoring of bone turnover markers and bone scintigraphy for bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2012; 115:e31-7. [PMID: 23246226 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is still difficult in many cases that do not respond to conservative treatments. We report a case of BRONJ treated by adjunctive teriparatide therapy for 6 months with monitoring of bone turnover markers (at baseline, at 1, 3, and 6 months of treatment, and after 9 months off therapy) and bone scintigraphy (at baseline, 3 and 6 months, and after 9 months off therapy). The patient was a 78-year-old woman with osteoporosis and BRONJ. She had not responded to previous conventional treatment. Teriparatide was added for resolution of BRONJ. The pain disappeared after 1 month, and remarkable bone regeneration was obtained after 6 months, with significantly increasing bone formation and resorption markers. Bone scintigraphy showed regression of the uptake area. This case suggests the usefulness of monitoring bone turnover markers and using bone scintigraphy to increase the effectiveness of teriparatide therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumiko Ohbayashi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan.
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337
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In vivo directed differentiation of pluripotent stem cells for skeletal regeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20379-84. [PMID: 23169671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1218052109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent cells represent a powerful tool for tissue regeneration, but their clinical utility is limited by their propensity to form teratomas. Little is known about their interaction with the surrounding niche following implantation and how this may be applied to promote survival and functional engraftment. In this study, we evaluated the ability of an osteogenic microniche consisting of a hydroxyapatite-coated, bone morphogenetic protein-2-releasing poly-L-lactic acid scaffold placed within the context of a macroenvironmental skeletal defect to guide in vivo differentiation of both embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In this setting, we found de novo bone formation and participation by implanted cells in skeletal regeneration without the formation of a teratoma. This finding suggests that local cues from both the implanted scaffold/cell micro- and surrounding macroniche may act in concert to promote cellular survival and the in vivo acquisition of a terminal cell fate, thereby allowing for functional engraftment of pluripotent cells into regenerating tissue.
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338
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Oncostatin M Modulates the Mesenchymal–Epithelial Transition of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells by a Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Mediated Paracrine Effect. Cancer Res 2012; 72:6051-64. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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339
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David E, Tirode F, Baud'huin M, Guihard P, Laud K, Delattre O, Heymann MF, Heymann D, Redini F, Blanchard F. Oncostatin M is a growth factor for Ewing sarcoma. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2012; 181:1782-95. [PMID: 22982441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2012.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Primary bone tumors, osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas, derive from mesenchymal stem cells committed into osteoblasts and chondrocytes; in Ewing sarcomas (ESs), the oncogenic fusion protein EWS-FLI1 prevents mesenchymal differentiation and induces neuroectodermic features. Oncostatin M (OSM) is a cytokine from the IL-6 family that modulates proliferation and differentiation in numerous cells. The basis for inhibition versus induction of proliferation by this cytokine is obscure, although MYC was described as a potent molecular switch in OSM signaling. We show herein that, in contrast to osteosarcomas and chondrosarcomas, for which OSM was cytostatic, OSM induced proliferation of ES cell lines. Knockdown experiments demonstrated that growth induction by OSM depends on both types I [leukemia inhibitory factor receptor (LIFR)] and II [OSM receptor (OSMR)] receptors, high STAT3 activation, and induction of MYC to a high expression level. Indeed, ES cell lines, mice xenografts, and patient biopsy specimens poorly expressed LIF, precluding LIFR lysosomal degradation and OSMR transcriptional induction, thus leading to a high LIFR/OSMR ratio. Because other neuroectodermic tumors (ie, glioma, medulloblastoma, and neuroblastoma) had a similar expression profile, the main role of EWS-FLI1 could be through maintenance of stemness and neuroectodermic features, characterized by a low LIF, a high LIFR/OSMR ratio, and high MYC expression. Thus, this study on rare bone malignancies gives valuable insights on more common cancer regulatory mechanisms and could provide new therapeutic opportunities.
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Nicolaidou V, Wong MM, Redpath AN, Ersek A, Baban DF, Williams LM, Cope AP, Horwood NJ. Monocytes induce STAT3 activation in human mesenchymal stem cells to promote osteoblast formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39871. [PMID: 22802946 PMCID: PMC3389003 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A major therapeutic challenge is how to replace bone once it is lost. Bone loss is a characteristic of chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoporosis. Cells and cytokines of the immune system are known to regulate bone turnover by controlling the differentiation and activity of osteoclasts, the bone resorbing cells. However, less is known about the regulation of osteoblasts (OB), the bone forming cells. This study aimed to investigate whether immune cells also regulate OB differentiation. Using in vitro cell cultures of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC), it was shown that monocytes/macrophages potently induced MSC differentiation into OBs. This was evident by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) after 7 days and the formation of mineralised bone nodules at 21 days. This monocyte-induced osteogenic effect was mediated by cell contact with MSCs leading to the production of soluble factor(s) by the monocytes. As a consequence of these interactions we observed a rapid activation of STAT3 in the MSCs. Gene profiling of STAT3 constitutively active (STAT3C) infected MSCs using Illumina whole human genome arrays showed that Runx2 and ALP were up-regulated whilst DKK1 was down-regulated in response to STAT3 signalling. STAT3C also led to the up-regulation of the oncostatin M (OSM) and LIF receptors. In the co-cultures, OSM that was produced by monocytes activated STAT3 in MSCs, and neutralising antibodies to OSM reduced ALP by 50%. These data indicate that OSM, in conjunction with other mediators, can drive MSC differentiation into OB. This study establishes a role for monocyte/macrophages as critical regulators of osteogenic differentiation via OSM production and the induction of STAT3 signalling in MSCs. Inducing the local activation of STAT3 in bone cells may be a valuable tool to increase bone formation in osteoporosis and arthritis, and in localised bone remodelling during fracture repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Nicolaidou
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mei Mei Wong
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andia N. Redpath
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Adel Ersek
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Dilair F. Baban
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lynn M. Williams
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew P. Cope
- Centre for Molecular and Cellular Biology of Inflammation, Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Diseases, Academic Department of Rheumatology, King's College School of Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nicole J. Horwood
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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