301
|
Song L, Zhu B, Jegatheesan V, Gray S, Duke M, Muthukumaran S. Treatment of secondary effluent by sequential combination of photocatalytic oxidation with ceramic membrane filtration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5191-5202. [PMID: 28462432 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9070-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to experimentally evaluate an alternative advanced wastewater treatment system, which combines the action of photocatalytic oxidation with ceramic membrane filtration. Experiments were carried out using laboratory scale TiO2/UV photocatalytic reactor and tubular ceramic microfiltration (CMF) system to treat the secondary effluent (SE). A 100-nm pore size CMF membrane was investigated in cross flow mode under constant transmembrane pressure of 20 kPa. The results show that specific flux decline of CMF membrane with and without TiO2/UV photocatalytic treatment was 30 and 50%, respectively, after 60 min of filtration. Data evaluation revealed that the adsorption of organic compounds onto the TiO2 particles was dependent on the pH of the suspension and was considerably higher at low pH. The liquid chromatography-organic carbon detector (LC-OCD) technique was used to characterise the dissolved organic matter (DOM) present in the SE and was monitored following photocatalysis and CMF. The results showed that there was no removal of biopolymers and slight removal of humics, building blocks and the other oxidation by-products after TiO2/UV photocatalytic treatment. This result suggested that the various ions present in the SE act as scavengers, which considerably decrease the efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation reactions. On the other hand, the CMF was effective for removing 50% of biopolymers with no further removal of other organic components after photocatalytic treatment. Thus, the quantity of biopolymers in SE has an apparent correlation with the filterability of water samples in CMF.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lili Song
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, People's Republic of China
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | | | - Stephen Gray
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Mikel Duke
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia
| | - Shobha Muthukumaran
- Institute for Sustainability and Innovation, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
- College of Engineering and Science, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, VIC, 8001, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
302
|
Liao X, Zou R, Chen C, Yuan B, Zhou Z, Zhang X. Evaluating the biosafety of conventional and O 3-BAC process and its relationship with NOM characteristics. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2018; 39:221-230. [PMID: 28274190 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2017.1297850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
It is the priority to guarantee biosafety for drinking water treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of widely applied conventional and ozone-biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) advanced treatment technology on biosafety of drinking water. The items, including assimilable organic carbon (AOC), biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC), heterotrophic plate counts (HPCs) and the microorganism community structures, were used to evaluate the biosafety. Moreover, their relationships with molecular weights (MWs) and fluorescence intensity of dissolved organic matter were investigated. The results indicated that the technology provided a considerable gain in potable water quality by decreasing dissolved organic carbon (DOC, from 5.05 to 1.71 mg/L), AOC (from 298 to 131 μg/L), BDOC (from 1.39 to 0.24 mg/L) and HPCs (from 275 to 10 CFU/mL). Ozone brought an increase in DOC with low MW <1 kDa, which accompanies with an increase in AOC/BDOC concentration, which could be reduced effectively by subsequent BAC process. The formation of AOC/BDOC was closely related to DOC with low MWs and aromatic protein. Bacteria could be released from BAC filter, resulting in an increase in HPC and the presence of pathogenic bacteria in effluent, while the post sand filter could further guarantee the biosafety of finished water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Liao
- a Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
- b State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Rusen Zou
- a Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Chen
- b State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| | - Baoling Yuan
- a Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- a Institute of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, College of Civil Engineering , Huaqiao University , Xiamen , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojian Zhang
- b State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment , Tsinghua University , Beijing , People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
303
|
Zhao H, Wang L, Zhang H, Wu X, Zhao B, Han F. Effect of potassium permanganate dosing position on the performance of coagulation/ultrafiltration combined process. Chin J Chem Eng 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
304
|
Production and performance of activated carbon from rice husks for removal of natural organic matter from water: A review. Chem Eng Res Des 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2017.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
305
|
Xu H, Zhang D, Xu Z, Liu Y, Jiao R, Wang D. Study on the effects of organic matter characteristics on the residual aluminum and flocs in coagulation processes. J Environ Sci (China) 2018; 63:307-317. [PMID: 29406114 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2016.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of organic matter may affect the residual aluminum after the coagulation process. This study reported the results of a survey for one drinking water treatment plant and measured the concentration of residual aluminum species with different molecular weights. Survey results indicated that humic acid or organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500Da had significant effects on residual aluminum. All the treatment processes were ineffective in removing dissolved organic matter whose molecular weight was smaller than 1500Da. These results also indicated that the addition of sand or polyacrylamide in the coagulation process could greatly decrease the concentration of humic acid, and the concentration of residual aluminum also decreased. These results revealed that for all water samples after filtration, the majority of total residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved aluminum, accounting for 70%-90%. The concentration of residual aluminum produced in bovine serum albumin solutions indicated that when the DOC was larger than 4.0mg/L, there were still significant differences when the solution pH value varied from 4.0 to 9.0.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Dawei Zhang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Zhizhen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Occupational Safety and Health, Beijing Municipal Institute of Labor Protection, Beijing 100054, China; College of Life Science and Bio-engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yanjing Liu
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| |
Collapse
|
306
|
Freitas TKFS, Almeida CA, Manholer DD, Geraldino HCL, de Souza MTF, Garcia JC. Review of Utilization Plant-Based Coagulants as Alternatives to Textile Wastewater Treatment. TEXTILE SCIENCE AND CLOTHING TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-4780-0_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
307
|
Sillanpää M, Ncibi MC, Matilainen A, Vepsäläinen M. Removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment by coagulation: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:54-71. [PMID: 28985537 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Revised: 09/19/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) is a complex matrix of organic substances produced in (or channeled to) aquatic ecosystems via various biological, geological and hydrological cycles. Such variability is posing a serious challenge to most water treatment technologies, especially the ones designed to treat drinking water supplies. Lately, in addition to the fluctuating composition of NOM, a substantial increase of its concentration in fresh waters, and also municipal wastewater effluents, has been reported worldwide, which justifies the urgent need to develop highly efficient and versatile water treatment processes. Coagulation is among the most applied processes for water and wastewater treatment. The application of coagulation to remove NOM from drinking water supplies has received a great deal of attention from researchers around the world because it was efficient and helped avoiding the formation of disinfection by products (DBPs). Nonetheless, with the increased fluctuation of NOM in water (concentration and composition), the efficiency of conventional coagulation was substantially reduced, hence the need to develop enhanced coagulation processes by optimizing the operating conditions (mainly the amount coagulants and pH), developing more efficient inorganic or organic coagulants, as well as coupling coagulation with other water treatment technologies. In the present review, recent research studies dealing with the application of coagulation for NOM removal from drinking water supplies are presented and compared. In addition, integration schemes combining coagulation and other water treatment processes are presented, including membrane filtration, oxidation, adsorption and others processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Florida International University, Miami FL, 33174, USA
| | - Mohamed Chaker Ncibi
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, School of Engineering Science, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Sammonkatu 12, 50130, Mikkeli, Finland.
| | - Anu Matilainen
- Finnish Safety and Chemicals Agency, Kalevantie 2, 33100 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mikko Vepsäläinen
- CSIRO Mineral Resources Flagship, Box 312, Clayton South, VIC, 3169, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
308
|
Potthast K, Meyer S, Crecelius AC, Schubert US, Tischer A, Michalzik B. Land-use and fire drive temporal patterns of soil solution chemistry and nutrient fluxes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 605-606:514-526. [PMID: 28672240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Land-use type and ecosystem disturbances are important drivers for element cycling and bear the potential to modulate soil processes and hence ecosystem functions. To better understand the effect of such drivers on the magnitude and temporal patterns of organic matter (OM) and associated nutrient fluxes in soils, continuous flux monitoring is indispensable but insufficiently studied yet. We conducted a field study to elucidate the impact of land-use and surface fires on OM and nutrient fluxes with soil solution regarding seasonal and temporal patterns analyzing short (<3months) and medium-term (3-12months) effects. Control and prescribed fire-treated topsoil horizons in beech forests and pastures were monitored biweekly for dissolved and particulate OM (DOM, POM) and solution chemistry (pH value, elements: Ca, Mg, Na, K, Al, Fe, Mn, P, S, Si) over one post-fire year. Linear mixed model analyses exhibited that mean annual DOM and POM fluxes did not differ between the two land-use types, but were subjected to strong seasonal patterns. Fire disturbance significantly lowered the annual soil solution pH in both land-uses and increased water fluxes, while DOC fluxes remained unaffected. A positive response of POC and S to fire was limited to short-term effects, while amplified particulate and dissolved nitrogen fluxes were observed in the longer run and co-ocurred with accelerated Ca and Mg fluxes. In summary, surface fires generated stronger effects on element fluxes than the land-use. Fire-induced increases in POM fluxes suggest that the particulate fraction represent a major pathway of OM translocation into the subsoil and beyond. With regard to ecosystem functions, pasture ecosystems were less prone to the risk of nutrient losses following fire events than the forest. In pastures, fire-induced base cation export may accelerate soil acidification, consequently exhausting soil buffer systems and thus may reduce the resilience to acidic depositions and disturbances.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Potthast
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany.
| | - Stefanie Meyer
- Medical Center LMU Munich, Ziemssenstraße 1, 80336 München, Germany
| | - Anna C Crecelius
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany; Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Alexander Tischer
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Beate Michalzik
- Department of Soil Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
309
|
Peleato NM, Legge RL, Andrews RC. Characterization of UF foulants and fouling mechanisms when applying low in-line coagulant pre-treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 126:1-11. [PMID: 28898819 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.08.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 08/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence spectroscopy was used as a characterization method to examine organic fouling of single ultrafiltration (UF) fibres at bench-scale. Low doses of coagulant were applied to modify organic properties, without significant formation of precipitates. This approach compliments previous studies investigating coagulation as a pre-treatment method for UF fouling control, which have principally focused on reduction of foulant concentrations. Using a continuous system, short time-scale fluorescence results demonstrated significant adsorption of humic components to virgin membrane fibres. Following an initial adsorption phase, protein-like material was the only organic component to be significantly removed by UF. Low doses of coagulant (<1 mg/L as alum; < 0.043 mg/L as Al3+) were observed to significantly reduce irreversible fouling rates for two different surface waters. Paralleling reduced irreversible fouling, surface tryptophan fluorescence resulting from material adsorbed to the fouled membrane increased, as measured using a fibre optic probe. Analysis of peak shifts in the protein-like component revealed a red-shift at low coagulant dose, possibly indicative of greater exposure of tryptophan residues resulting from conformational changes in the protein structure. It is hypothesized that low coagulant doses modified membrane-foulant interactions, resulting in increased adsorption of protein-like matter to the surface. Subsequent interactions of bulk foulants with the adsorbed organic monolayer discouraged further adsorption and reduced irreversible fouling potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M Peleato
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Raymond L Legge
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Robert C Andrews
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
310
|
Gou X, Zhang P, Song Y, Qian F, Yu H, Zeng G. Novel insights into the coagulation process for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with fluorescence EEMs-PARAFAC. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 76:3246-3257. [PMID: 29236004 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, coagulation process was applied to treat the effluent of pharmaceutical wastewater using polymeric ferric sulfate as a coagulant. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEMs-PARAFAC) was applied to investigate the fluorescent characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from pharmaceutical wastewater and the reduction of contaminant and fluorescent variations in the coagulation process. It shows that coagulation was effective to remove contaminants in the effluent of pharmaceutical wastewater, and the optimum coagulate dosage was 0.5 g/L, where the removal efficiency of total organic matter (TOC), UV254, turbidity and NH4+-N were achieved 44.2%, 43.3%, 87.0% and 10.27%, respectively. Five fluorescence components were identified by EEMs-PARAFAC, including one fulvic-like component (C1), one xenobiotic-like component (C2), two humic-like components (C3 and C5) and one protein-like component (C4); DOM of pharmaceutical wastewater was dominated by C3, C4 and C2. Under the optimum coagulation condition, the decreasing order of removal efficiencies was C5 (49.92%), C3 (40.95%), C4 (10.58%), C2 (9.68%) and C1 (5.05%). Principal component analysis (PCA) showed C3, C5 had remarkable correlations with TOC and UV254, suggesting that C3 and C5 may be a good indicator for the reduction of TOC and UV254. PCA indicated that the EEM-PARAFAC could be successfully applied to the evaluation of the coagulation efficiency for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiying Gou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China; Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China E-mail:
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yonghui Song
- Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China E-mail:
| | - Feng Qian
- Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China E-mail:
| | - Huibing Yu
- Department of Urban Water Environmental Research, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China and State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China E-mail:
| | - Guangming Zeng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China and Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| |
Collapse
|
311
|
Ruecker A, Uzun H, Karanfil T, Tsui MTK, Chow AT. Disinfection byproduct precursor dynamics and water treatability during an extreme flooding event in a coastal blackwater river in southeastern United States. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:90-98. [PMID: 28881244 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Coastal blackwater rivers, characterized by high concentrations of natural organic matter, are source water for millions of people in the southeastern US. In October 2015, large areas of coastal South Carolina were flooded by Hurricane Joaquin. This so-called "thousand-year" rainfall mobilized and flushed large amounts of terrestrial organic matter and associated pollutants (e.g. mercury) into source water, affecting water quality and safety of municipal water supply. To understand the dynamics of water quality and water treatability during this extreme flood, water samples were collected from Waccamaw River (a typical blackwater river in the southeastern US) during rising limb, peak discharge, falling limb, and base flow. Despite decreasing water flow after peak discharge, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) levels (increased by up to 125%), and formation potentials of trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids (increased by up to 150%) remained high for an extended period of time (>eight weeks after peak discharge), while variation in the N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) FP was negligible. Coagulation with alum and ferric at optimal dosage significantly reduced concentrations of DOC by 51-76%, but up to 10 mg/L of DOC still remained in treated waters. For an extended period of time, elevated levels of THMs (71-448 μg/L) and HAAs (88-406 μg/L) were quantified in laboratory chlorination experiments under uniform formation conditions (UFC), exceeding the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) maximum contaminant level of 80 and 60 μg/L, respectively. Results demonstrated that populations in coastal cities are at high risk with disinfection by-products (DBPs) under the changing climate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ruecker
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, SC, USA
| | - H Uzun
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA
| | - T Karanfil
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA
| | - M T K Tsui
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, USA
| | - A T Chow
- Biogeochemistry & Environmental Quality Research Group, Clemson University, SC, USA; Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, SC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
312
|
Su Z, Liu T, Yu W, Li X, Graham NJD. Coagulation of surface water: Observations on the significance of biopolymers. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 126:144-152. [PMID: 28941400 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the treatment of natural surface waters by coagulation has been investigated extensively, the detailed interaction between natural organic matter and alum is still not adequately understood or predictable, owing to the complexity of different components of the organic matrix and the conditions during coagulation. In this paper, we present the results of a novel approach to the study of the topic, which involved the progressive separation of organic components according to size, followed by coagulation of the filtrate solution, in order to expose the influence of particular organic fractions. Using two natural water sources, representative of lake and river waters, solutions of different organic content were obtained by progressively filtering the source waters using membranes of decreasing pore size; viz. microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), and two grades of nanofiltration (NF). While MF had little impact on the range of organics present, UF was able to separate biopolymers (MW > 100 kDa), and NF had a substantially impact on the separation of medium-high MW (1-10 kDa) substances. The results of the coagulation tests showed that the size of flocs was substantially greater when biopolymers were present, suggesting their beneficial role in bridging precipitated Al(OH)3 nanoparticles. For the smaller organic fractions (<10 kDa), the results showed a trend of increasing floc size with decreasing organic MW and concentration, but the trend was minor and may be explained by charge effects. Very similar results were found with both water sources, which support the main finding that biopolymers have an important influence on floc formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Su
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Wenzheng Yu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Xing Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100024, China.
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
313
|
Li B, Peng L, Wei D, Lei M, Liu B, Lin Y, Li Z, Gu J. Enhanced flocculation and sedimentation of trace cadmium from irrigation water using phosphoric fertilizer. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 601-602:485-492. [PMID: 28575827 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Suspended substrate (SS) in natural waters controls the interaction, transportation, and biological effects of heavy metals in water bodies. The large amount of cadmium (Cd) carried by SS is an important source of Cd pollution in irrigation water. In this study, a novel procedure to remove trace Cd coexisting with SS from irrigation water by fertilizer flocculation was investigated. Four common fertilizers (K2HPO4, (NH4)2HPO4, KH2PO4, and K2SO4) were used as flocculants. Batch experiments with various fertilizers revealed that the removal efficiency followed the order: K2HPO4>(NH4)2HPO4>KH2PO4>K2SO4. When levels of K2HPO4 higher than 0.75g/L were applied, the total Cd decreased from 20 to 3.8μg/L after 12h of flocculation, i.e., the removal efficiency reached 80%. The mechanism analysis(Zeta potential, multi-element analysis) results demonstrated that the aggregation of SS and its sedimentation by K2HPO4 were due to the combined effect of the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ and cation binding behavior towards SS, as a result of charge neutralization and electric double layer compression. This method of Cd removal from irrigation water is simple and has the potential to be applied in agricultural production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bingyu Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Liang Peng
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China.
| | - Dongning Wei
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Yiqing Lin
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Zhiyi Li
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, PR China
| | - Jidong Gu
- Laboratory of Environmental Microbiology and Toxicology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong, SAR, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
314
|
Abstract
Abstract
Forward osmosis (FO) has developed rapidly over the past decade. The development of draw solutes, a key component of FO processes, has also progressed remarkably. A wide range of synthetic draw solutes have been explored in recent years. Synthetic draw solutes exhibit superiority over the conventional draw solutes obtained commercially in terms of lower reverse solute fluxes and less energy consumption in draw solute recycling. However, there are still some big challenges for synthetic draw solutes, such as complicated synthetic procedures, low water fluxes, severe concentration polarization (CP) and decreased water recovery efficiency when recycled draw solutes are reused in FO. These challenges are also the current research focus on the exploration of novel draw solutes. This article aims to review the recent progress especially on synthetic draw solutes. Their design strategies, synthesis routes and FO performance are assessed. Some representative applications involving the synthetic draw solutes-facilitated FO processes are exemplified. The advantages and disadvantages of the existing synthetic draw solutions are evaluated. The challenges and future directions in exploring novel draw solutes are highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiaozhen Chen
- College of Environment and Resources , Fuzhou University , No. 2 University of New Garden Road , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Wenxuan Xu
- College of Environment and Resources , Fuzhou University , No. 2 University of New Garden Road , Fujian 350116 , China
| | - Qingchun Ge
- College of Environment and Resources , Fuzhou University , No. 2 University of New Garden Road , Fujian 350116 , China
| |
Collapse
|
315
|
Meyer-Jacob C, Michelutti N, Paterson AM, Monteith D, Yang H, Weckström J, Smol JP, Bindler R. Inferring Past Trends in Lake Water Organic Carbon Concentrations in Northern Lakes Using Sediment Spectroscopy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13248-13255. [PMID: 29064242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Changing lake water total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations are of concern for lake management because of corresponding effects on aquatic ecosystem functioning, drinking water resources and carbon cycling between land and sea. Understanding the importance of human activities on TOC changes requires knowledge of past concentrations; however, water-monitoring data are typically only available for the past few decades, if at all. Here, we present a universal model to infer past lake water TOC concentrations in northern lakes across Europe and North America that uses visible-near-infrared (VNIR) spectroscopy on lake sediments. In the orthogonal partial least-squares model, VNIR spectra of surface-sediment samples are calibrated against corresponding surface water TOC concentrations (0.5-41 mg L-1) from 345 Arctic to northern temperate lakes in Canada, Greenland, Sweden and Finland. Internal model-cross-validation resulted in a R2 of 0.57 and a prediction error of 4.4 mg TOC L-1. First applications to lakes in southern Ontario and Scotland, which are outside of the model's geographic range, show the model accurately captures monitoring trends, and suggests that TOC dynamics during the 20th century at these sites were primarily driven by changes in atmospheric deposition. Our results demonstrate that the lake water TOC model has multiregional applications and is not biased by postdepositional diagenesis, allowing the identification of past TOC variations in northern lakes of Europe and North America over time scales of decades to millennia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Meyer-Jacob
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Neal Michelutti
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Andrew M Paterson
- Dorset Environmental Science Centre , Ontario Ministry of the Environment and Climate Change, Dorset, Ontario P0A 1E0, Canada
| | - Don Monteith
- Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Lancaster Environment Centre , Lancaster, LA14AP, U.K
| | - Handong Yang
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London , London, WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Jan Weckström
- Environmental Change Research Unit (ECRU), Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki , P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - John P Smol
- Paleoecological Environmental Assessment and Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Biology, Queen's University , Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Richard Bindler
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University , 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
316
|
Hormann V, Fischer HW. The physicochemical distribution of 131I in a municipal wastewater treatment plant. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:55-62. [PMID: 28779650 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As a consequence of therapeutic and diagnostic treatment of patients with thyroid diseases, 131I is introduced into the sewage system on a regular basis. This presents an opportunity to use the 131I as a tracer to study its partitioning and transport within a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). In the case of nuclear accidents where 131I is one of the most prominent nuclides, an understanding of iodine partitioning and transport will be valuable for developing models that may prognosticate the activity concentrations in sludge and outflow, especially after an accidental input. In this study, samples from various locations inside a municipal WWTP were taken and for each sample, three different fractions were separated by a chemical extraction process. These fractions were analysed for their 131I activity concentrations by gamma-ray spectroscopy. While about 30% of the radioiodine activity in the inflow is associated with organic molecules, this amounts to about 90% after biological treatment. This is caused by the accumulation of 131I bound to organic matter in the return sludge and by a transfer of 131I from the inorganic to the organic fractions, most likely mediated by microbial action. In the outflow, inorganic and low-molecular 131I is dominant, but the overall activity concentration is reduced to about 50-75%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Volker Hormann
- University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Helmut W Fischer
- University of Bremen, Institute of Environmental Physics, Otto-Hahn-Allee 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
317
|
Kteeba SM, El-Adawi HI, El-Rayis OA, El-Ghobashy AE, Schuld JL, Svoboda KR, Guo L. Zinc oxide nanoparticle toxicity in embryonic zebrafish: Mitigation with different natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 230:1125-1140. [PMID: 28841783 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Exposure experiments were conducted to evaluate the influence of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on the toxicity of ZnO-NPs (10-30 nm) and dissolved Zn at sub-lethal doses (50 and 5 ppm, respectively) to zebrafish (Danio rerio). Humic acid, alginic acid, bovine serum albumin and various natural DOM isolated from rivers as the Milwaukee River-WI (NOMW), Yukon River-AK (NOMA) and Suwannee River-GA DOM (NOMS) were used to represent humic substances (HA), carbohydrates (CHO), proteins (PTN), and natural organic matter (NOM), respectively. Initial experiments were carried out to confirm the toxic effect of ZnO-NPs at 50 ppm, followed by mitigation experiments with different types and concentrations of DOM (0.4-40 mg-C/L). Compared to 0% hatch of 50 ppm ZnO-NPs exposed embryos at 72 h post fertilization (hpf), NOMS, NOMW and HA had the best mitigative effects on hatching (53-65%), followed by NOMA, CHO and PTN (19-35%); demonstrating that the mitigation effects on ZnO-NPs toxicity were related to DOM's quantity and composition. At 96 hpf, 20% of embryos exposed to 50 ppm ZnO-NPs hatched, 100% of embryos reared in embryo medium hatched, and close to 100% of the embryos hatched upon mitigation, except for those mitigated with PTN which had less effect. Dissolved Zn (5 ppm) also exhibited the same toxicity on embryos as ZnO-NPs (50 ppm). However, in the presence of HA, NOM and CHO, the hatching rates at 72 and 96 hpf increased significantly compared to 5% hatch without DOM. The overall mitigation effects produced by DOM followed the order of HA ≥ NOMS > NOM (A&W) > CHO >> PTN, although specific mitigation effects varied with DOM concentration and functionalities. Our results also indicate that the toxicity of ZnO-NPs to embryos was mostly derived from NPs although dissolved Zn released from ZnO-NPs also interacted with embryos, affecting hatching, but to a less extent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shimaa M Kteeba
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA; Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Damietta, New Damietta 34511, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Hala I El-Adawi
- Medical Biotechnology Department, Genetic Engineering and Biotech Institute, Borg El-Arab City for Scientific Research, Universities and Research District Sector, New Borg El-Arab 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Osman A El-Rayis
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, University of Alexandria, Moharrem Bek 21511, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ahmed E El-Ghobashy
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, University of Damietta, New Damietta 34511, Damietta, Egypt
| | - Jessica L Schuld
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA
| | - Kurt R Svoboda
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53205, USA
| | - Laodong Guo
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 600 E Greenfield Ave., Milwaukee, WI 53204, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
318
|
Kac FU, Kobya M, Gengec E. Removal of humic acid by fixed-bed electrocoagulation reactor: Studies on modelling, adsorption kinetics and HPSEC analyses. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
319
|
Experimental Application of an Advanced Separation Process for NOM Removal from Surface Drinking Water Supply. SEPARATIONS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/separations4040032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
|
320
|
Conformations and molecular interactions of poly-γ-glutamic acid as a soluble microbial product in aqueous solutions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12787. [PMID: 28986570 PMCID: PMC5630630 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13152-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Soluble microbial products (SMPs) are of significant concern in the natural environment and in engineered systems. In this work, poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA), which is predominantly produced by Bacillus sp., was investigated in terms of pH-induced conformational changes and molecular interactions in aqueous solutions; accordingly, its sedimentation coefficient distribution and viscosity were also elucidated. Experimental results indicate that pH has a significant impact on the structure and molecular interactions of γ-PGA. The conformation of the γ-PGA acid form (γ-PGA-H) is rod-like while that of the γ-PGA sodium form (γ-PGA-Na) is sphere-like. The transformation from α-helix to random coil in the γ-PGA secondary structure is primarily responsible for this shape variation. The intramolecular hydrogen bonds in the γ-PGA-H structure decrease and intramolecular electrostatic repulsion increases as pH increases; however, the sedimentation coefficient distributions of γ-PGA are dependent on intermolecular interactions rather than intramolecular interactions. Concentration has a more substantial effect on intermolecular electrostatic repulsion and chain entanglement at higher pH values. Consequently, the sedimentation coefficient distributions of γ-PGA shift significantly at pH 8.9 from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L, and the viscosity of γ-PGA (5% w/v) significantly increases as pH increases from 2.3 to 6.0.
Collapse
|
321
|
Kothawala DN, Köhler SJ, Östlund A, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Influence of dissolved organic matter concentration and composition on the removal efficiency of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) during drinking water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 121:320-328. [PMID: 28570871 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) are constantly adapting to a host of emerging threats including the removal of micro-pollutants like perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), while concurrently considering how background levels of dissolved organic matter (DOM) influences their removal efficiency. Two adsorbents, namely anion exchange (AE) and granulated active carbon (GAC) have shown particular promise for PFAS removal, yet the influence of background levels of DOM remains poorly explored. Here we considered how the removal efficiency of 13 PFASs are influenced by two contrasting types of DOM at four concentrations, using both AE (Purolite A-600®) and GAC (Filtrasorb 400®). We placed emphasis on the pre-equilibrium conditions to gain better mechanistic insight into the dynamics between DOM, PFASs and adsorbents. We found AE to be very effective at removing both PFASs and DOM, while largely remaining resistant to even high levels of background DOM (8 mg carbon L-1) and surprisingly found that smaller PFASs were removed slightly more efficiently than longer chained counterparts, In contrast, PFAS removal efficiency with GAC was highly variable with PFAS chain length, often improving in the presence of DOM, but with variable response based on the type of DOM and PFAS chain length.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly N Kothawala
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 70507, Uppsala, Sweden; Limnology, Department of Ecology and Genetics, Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala, SE-75236, Sweden.
| | - Stephan J Köhler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 70507, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Karin Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 70507, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, 70507, Uppsala, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
322
|
Garcia-Segura S, Eiband MMS, de Melo JV, Martínez-Huitle CA. Electrocoagulation and advanced electrocoagulation processes: A general review about the fundamentals, emerging applications and its association with other technologies. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 261] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
|
323
|
Samios SA, Golfinopoulos SK, Andrzejewski P, Świetlik J. Natural organic matter characterization by HPSEC and its contribution to trihalomethane formation in Athens water supply network. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2017; 52:979-985. [PMID: 28541794 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2017.1324710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Samples from the two main watersheds that provide Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (AWSSC) with raw water were examined for Dissolved Organic Carbon (DOC) and for their molecular weight distribution (MWD). In addition, water samples from water treatment plants (WTPs) and from the water supply network were examined for trihalomethane (THMs) levels. The main purpose of this study was to reveal the molecular composition of natural organic matter (NOM) and identify the individual differences between NOM from the two main Athens watersheds. High-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC), a relatively simple technique, was applied to determine different NOM fractions' composition according to molecular weight. Various THM levels in the supply network of Athens are illustrated as a result of the different reservoirs' water qualities, and a suggestion for a limited application of chlorine dioxide is made in order to minimize THM formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stelios A Samios
- a Department of Coordination and Control , Athens Water Supply and Sewerage Company (AWSSC SA.) , Athens , Greece
| | - Spyros K Golfinopoulos
- b Department of Financial & Management Engineering , University of Aegean , Chios , Greece
| | - Przemyslaw Andrzejewski
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Water Treatment Technology , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznan , Poland
| | - Joanna Świetlik
- c Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Water Treatment Technology , Adam Mickiewicz University , Poznan , Poland
| |
Collapse
|
324
|
Zhu G, Bian Y, Hursthouse AS, Wan P, Szymanska K, Ma J, Wang X, Zhao Z. Application of 3-D Fluorescence: Characterization of Natural Organic Matter in Natural Water and Water Purification Systems. J Fluoresc 2017; 27:2069-2094. [DOI: 10.1007/s10895-017-2146-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
325
|
Liu Z, Huang M, Li A, Yang H. Flocculation and antimicrobial properties of a cationized starch. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 119:57-66. [PMID: 28436823 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a series of cationized starch-based flocculants (starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl triethyl ammonium chloride, St-CTA) containing various quaternary ammonium salt groups on the starch backbone were prepared using a simple etherification reaction. All of the prepared starch-based flocculants show effective performance for the flocculation of kaolin suspension, two bacterial (Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus) suspensions, and two contaminant mixtures (kaolin and each bacterium) under most pH conditions. St-CTA with a high substitution degree of CTA demonstrates improved contaminant removal efficiency because of the strong cationic nature of the grafted quaternary ammonium salt groups and the charge naturalization flocculation effect. The antibacterial effects of St-CTA were also evaluated, considering that many quaternary ammonium salt compounds elicit bactericidal effects. Three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectra and direct cell morphological observation under scanning electron microscopy reveal that the starch-based flocculants exhibit better antibacterial effects on the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli than on the Gram-positive bacterium S. aureus. The thicker cell wall due to the presence of abundant peptidoglycan and teichoic acids of S. aureus than E. coli explains the uneasy breakage of S. aureus cell wall after being attacked by the cationized starch-based flocculants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
326
|
Su Z, Li X, Yang Y. Regrowth ability and coagulation behavior by second dose: Breakage during the initial flocculation phase. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.05.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
327
|
Racar M, Dolar D, Špehar A, Kraš A, Košutić K. Optimization of coagulation with ferric chloride as a pretreatment for fouling reduction during nanofiltration of rendering plant secondary effluent. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 181:485-491. [PMID: 28460295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The treatment and reuse of rendering plant wastewater with membrane processes is a poorly investigated area that could result in substantial water savings. Membrane fouling is still the main obstacle when treating secondary effluents (SEs) with high content of effluent organic matter (EfOM). Thus, the optimization of coagulation with ferric(III) chloride (FeCl3) as a pretreatment for nanofiltration was performed to reduce membrane fouling and achieve higher permeate quality. Coagulation was modeled (total carbon, inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), turbidity, conductivity, and resulting pH) and optimized with response surface methodology (RSM) to remove DOC and turbidity with a pH close to neutral. The effluent after coagulation at optimal conditions (5.58 pH and 26.38 mg L-1 of Fe3+) and sand filtration (SF) was subjected to nanofiltration (NF270, NF, and NF90 membranes). The fouling was compared to evaluate the efficiency of each pretreatment. Coagulation with FeCl3 reduced the flux decline of nanofiltration membranes 4.2 to 19.3 times while SF barely reduced the fouling. Coagulation increased the flux recovery and chemical cleanliness after the membrane washing. In addition to fouling reduction, higher permeate quality was achieved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marko Racar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Davor Dolar
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Špehar
- Agroproteinka, Strojarska cesta 11, HR-10361, Sesvetski Kraljevec, Croatia
| | - Ana Kraš
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Krešimir Košutić
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Marulićev trg 19, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
328
|
Hybrid coagulation-UF processes for spent filter backwash water treatment: a comparison studies for PAFCl and FeCl3 as a pre-treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:387. [PMID: 28695403 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6091-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
|
329
|
Zhang M, Xiao F, Wang D, Xu X, Zhou Q. Comparison of novel magnetic polyaluminum chlorides involved coagulation with traditional magnetic seeding coagulation: Coagulant characteristics, treating effects, magnetic sedimentation efficiency and floc properties. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
330
|
Liu Z, Wei H, Li A, Yang H. Evaluation of structural effects on the flocculation performance of a co-graft starch-based flocculant. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 118:160-166. [PMID: 28431348 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure of a material substantially determines its final application performance. In this work, a series of starch-based flocculants with different charge densities and average graft chain lengths were prepared by the co-graft polymerization of acrylamide and [(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (St-g-PAM-co-PDMC). The flocculation performance of St-g-PAM-co-PDMC was studied systematically at neutral pH using kaolin suspension and sodium humate (NaHA) aqueous solution as synthetic wastewaters. The effects of the two structural factors on the flocculation efficiency of the starch-based flocculants have been investigated. The experimental results showed that the charge density and average graft chain length contributed distinctly to flocculation performance during the removal of both kaolin particles and NaHA under insufficient and excessive flocculant dose conditions. The flocculation mechanisms of this starch-based flocculant were discussed in detail on the basis of the structure-activity relationship, which are significant to optimize the flocculation conditions and guide the development of novel high-performance flocculants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhouzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hua Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
331
|
Li Z, Chen T, Cui F, Xie Y, Xu W. Impact of chitosan and polyacrylamide on formation of carbonaceous and nitrogenous disinfection by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 178:26-33. [PMID: 28314125 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Coagulation is one of the most commonly used practices in water treatment to remove natural organic matter, which can serve as precursors for disinfection by-products (DBPs). Furthermore, some coagulant aids, particularly amine-based polymers, could foster the formation of both carbonaceous and nitrogenous DBPs (C-DBPs and N-DBPs, respectively). In this study, we evaluated the formation potentials of 11 C-DBPs and N-DBPs during chloramination when two coagulant aids, chitosan and polyacrylamide (PAM), were used under typical water treatment conditions. Our results suggest that both chitosan and PAM promote the formation of N-DBPs, while neither affects the formation of C-DBPs. We further investigated a potential method to mitigate the formation of N-DBPs. Methyl iodide (MeI), an alkylating agent, was effective at reducing the formation of N-DBPs by converting amine to quaternary ammonium groups in chitosan. 1H-NMR results confirmed that the quaternarization reaction did take place. This study reports that chitosan, a natural coagulant, and PAM contribute to the formation of toxic DBPs. More importantly, it provides a preventative strategy for curbing the formation of DBPs through chemical structural modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA
| | - Ting Chen
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA; College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Fuyi Cui
- College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Harbin, 150001, China
| | - Yuefeng Xie
- Civil and Environmental Programs, Pennsylvania State University Middletown, PA 17057, USA
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University Villanova, PA 19085, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
332
|
Baptista ATA, Silva MO, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R, Vieira MF, Vieira AMS. Protein fractionation of seeds of Moringa oleifera lam and its application in superficial water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
333
|
Srithep S, Phattarapattamawong S. Kinetic removal of haloacetonitrile precursors by photo-based advanced oxidation processes (UV/H 2O 2, UV/O 3, and UV/H 2O 2/O 3). CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:25-31. [PMID: 28254711 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to evaluate the performance of conventional treatment process (i.e., coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and sand filtration) on the removals of haloacetonitrile (HAN) precursors. In addition, the removals of HAN precursors by photo-based advanced oxidation processes (Photo-AOPs) (i.e., UV/H2O2, UV/O3, and UV/H2O2/O3) are investigated. The conventional treatment process was ineffective to remove HAN precursors. Among Photo-AOPs, the UV/H2O2/O3 was the most effective process for removing HAN precursors, followed by UV/H2O2, and UV/O3, respectively. For 20min contact time, the UV/H2O2/O3, UV/H2O2, and UV/O3 suppressed the HAN formations by 54, 42, and 27% reduction. Increasing ozone doses from 1 to 5 mgL-1 in UV/O3 systems slightly improved the removals of HAN precursors. Changes in pH (6-8) were unaffected most of processes (i.e., UV, UV/H2O2, and UV/H2O2/O3), except for the UV/O3 system that its efficiency was low in the weak acid condition. The pseudo first-order kinetic constant for removals of dichloroacetonitrile precursors (k'DCANFP) by the UV/H2O2/O3, UV/H2O2 and standalone UV systems were 1.4-2.8 orders magnitude higher than the UV/O3 process. The kinetic degradation of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) tended to be higher than the k'DCANFP value. This study firstly differentiates the kinetic degradation between DON and HAN precursors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirinthip Srithep
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Songkeart Phattarapattamawong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok, Thailand; Research Program in Hazardous Substance Management in Agricultural Industry, Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
334
|
Moody CM, Townsend TG. A comparison of landfill leachates based on waste composition. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2017; 63:267-274. [PMID: 27742232 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Samples of leachate were collected from fourteen landfills in the state of Florida, United States that contained primarily putrescible waste (municipal solid waste, MSW, and yard waste), MSW incinerator (MSWI) ash, or a combination of both. Assessment of leachates included trace metals, anions, and nutrients in order to create a mass balance of total dissolved solids (TDS). As expected from previously literature, MSW leached a complex matrix of contaminants while MSWI ash leachate TDS was more than 98% metallic salts. The pH of the MSWI ash leachate samples was slightly acidic or neutral in character, which is contradictory to the results commonly reported in the literature. The cause of this is hypothesized to be a short-circuiting of rainfall in the landfill due to low hydraulic conductivities reported in ash landfills. The difference in pH likely contributed to the findings with respect to MSWI ash-characteristic trace metals in leachates such as aluminum. The authors have concluded that the research findings in this study are an indication of the differences between laboratory leachate quality studies and the conditions encountered in the field. In addition, a characterization of organic matter using qualitative and quantitative analyses determined that COD is not an accurate indicator of organic matter in leachates from landfills with a significant fraction of MSWI ash.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris M Moody
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA; Arcadis U.S., 3109 West Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Suite 350, Tampa, FL 33607, USA
| | - Timothy G Townsend
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, P.O. Box 116450, Gainesville, FL 32611-6450, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
335
|
Wu H, Liu Z, Li A, Yang H. Evaluation of starch-based flocculants for the flocculation of dissolved organic matter from textile dyeing secondary wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 174:200-207. [PMID: 28167351 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.01.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
China is a major textile manufacturer in the world; as a result, large quantities of dyeing effluents are generated every year in the country. In this study, the performances of two cationic starch-based flocculants with different chain architectures, i.e., starch-graft-poly[(2-methacryloyloxyethyl) trimethyl ammonium chloride] (STC-g-PDMC) and starch-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (STC-CTA), in flocculating dissolved organic matter (DOM) in dyeing secondary effluents were investigated and compared with that of polyaluminum chloride (PAC). In the exploration of the flocculation mechanisms, humic acid (HA) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were selected as main representatives of DOM in textile dyeing secondary effluents, which were humic/fulvic acid-like and protein-like extracellular matters according to the studied wastewater's characteristics based on its three-dimensional excitation-emission matrix spectrum. According to experimental results of the flocculation of both the real and synthetic wastewaters, STC-g-PDMC with cationic branches had remarkable advantages over STC-CTA and PAC because of the more efficient charge neutralization and bridging flocculation effects of STC-g-PDMC. Another interesting finding in this study was the reaggregation phenomenon after restabilization at an overdose during the flocculation of BSA effluents by STC-g-PDMC at a very narrow pH range under a nearly neutral condition. This phenomenon might be ascribed to the formation of STC-g-PDMC/BSA complexes induced by some local charge interactions between starch-based flocculant and the amino acid fragments of protein due to charge patch effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhouzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
336
|
Naceradska J, Pivokonsky M, Pivokonska L, Baresova M, Henderson RK, Zamyadi A, Janda V. The impact of pre-oxidation with potassium permanganate on cyanobacterial organic matter removal by coagulation. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 114:42-49. [PMID: 28226248 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The study investigates the effect of permanganate pre-oxidation on the coagulation of peptides/proteins of Microcystis aeruginosa which comprise a major proportion of the organic matter during cyanobacterial bloom decay. Four different permanganate dosages (0.1, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6 mg KMnO4 mg-1 DOC) were applied prior to coagulation by ferric sulphate. Moreover, changes in sample characteristics, such as UV254, DOC content and molecular weight distribution, after pre-oxidation were monitored. The results showed that permanganate pre-oxidation led to a reduction in coagulant dose, increased organic matter removals by coagulation (by 5-12% depending on permanganate dose), microcystin removal (with reductions of 91-96%) and a shift of the optimum pH range from 4.3 to 6 without to 5.5-7.3 with pre-oxidation. Degradation of organic matter into inorganic carbon and adsorption of organic matter onto hydrous MnO2 are suggested as the main processes responsible for coagulation improvement. Moreover, permanganate prevented the formation of Fe-peptide/protein complexes that inhibit coagulation at pH about 6.2 without pre-oxidation. The study showed that carefully optimized dosing of permanganate improves cyanobacterial peptide/protein removal, with the benefit of microcystin elimination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jana Naceradska
- Institute of Hydrodynamics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 30/5, 16612 Prague 6, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Martin Pivokonsky
- Institute of Hydrodynamics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 30/5, 16612 Prague 6, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czechia.
| | - Lenka Pivokonska
- Institute of Hydrodynamics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 30/5, 16612 Prague 6, Czechia
| | - Magdalena Baresova
- Institute of Hydrodynamics, Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Patankou 30/5, 16612 Prague 6, Czechia; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benatska 2, 12801 Prague 2, Czechia
| | - Rita K Henderson
- The bioMASS Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Arash Zamyadi
- The bioMASS Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vaclav Janda
- Department of Water Technology and Environmental Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague, Technicka 5, 16628 Prague 6, Czechia
| |
Collapse
|
337
|
Raeke J, Lechtenfeld OJ, Tittel J, Oosterwoud MR, Bornmann K, Reemtsma T. Linking the mobilization of dissolved organic matter in catchments and its removal in drinking water treatment to its molecular characteristics. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 113:149-159. [PMID: 28213336 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.01.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Drinking water reservoirs in the Northern Hemisphere are largely affected by the decadal-long increase in riverine dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations. The removal of DOC in drinking water treatment is costly and predictions are needed to link DOC removal efficiency to its mobilization in catchments, both of which are determined by the molecular composition. To study the effect of hydrological events and land use on the molecular characteristics of dissolved organic matter (DOM), 36 samples from three different catchment areas in the German low mountain ranges, with DOC concentrations ranging from 3 to 32 mg L-1, were examined. Additionally, nine pairs of samples from downstream drinking water reservoirs were analyzed before and after flocculation. The molecular composition and the age of DOM were analyzed using ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR-MS) and radiocarbon (14C) analysis. At elevated discharge in a forested catchment comparatively younger, more oxygenated and unsaturated molecules of higher molecular weight were preferentially mobilized, likely linked to the reductive mobilization of iron. DOM with highly similar molecular characteristics (O/C ratio > 0.5, m/z > 500) could also be efficiently removed through flocculation in drinking water treatment. The proportion of DOM removed through flocculation ranged between 43% and 73% of DOC and was highest at elevated discharge. In catchment areas with a higher percentage of grassland and agriculture a higher proportion of DOM molecules containing sulfur and nitrogen was detected, which in turn could be less efficiently flocculated. Altogether, it was shown that DOM that is released during large hydrological events can be efficiently flocculated again, suggesting a reversal of similar chemical mechanisms in both processes. Since the occurrence of heavy rainfall events is predicted to increase in the future, event-driven mobilization of DOC may continue to challenge drinking water production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Raeke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver J Lechtenfeld
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, ProVIS - Centre for Chemical Microscopy, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jörg Tittel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Lake Research, Brückstrasse 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Marieke R Oosterwoud
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Hydrogeology, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Bornmann
- TZW: DVGW Water Technology Center, Wasserwerkstrasse 2, 01326 Dresden, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
338
|
Lin H, Zhang S, Zhang S, Lin W, Yu X. The function of advanced treatment process in a drinking water treatment plant with organic matter-polluted source water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8924-8932. [PMID: 26250817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5116-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To understand the relationship between chemical and microbial treatment at each treatment step, as well as the relationship between microbial community structure in biofilms in biofilters and their ecological functions, a drinking water plant with severe organic matter-polluted source water was investigated. The bacterial community dynamics of two drinking water supply systems (traditional and advanced treatment processes) in this plant were studied from the source to the product water. Analysis by 454 pyrosequencing was conducted to characterize the bacterial diversity in each step of the treatment processes. The bacterial communities in these two treatment processes were highly diverse. Proteobacteria, which mainly consisted of beta-proteobacteria, was the dominant phylum. The two treatment processes used in the plant could effectively remove organic pollutants and microbial polution, especially the advanced treatment process. Significant differences in the detection of the major groups were observed in the product water samples in the treatment processes. The treatment processes, particularly the biological pretreatment and O3-biological activated carbon in the advanced treatment process, highly influenced the microbial community composition and the water quality. Some opportunistic pathogens were found in the water. Nitrogen-relative microorganisms found in the biofilm of filters may perform an important function on the microbial community composition and water quality improvement.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huirong Lin
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
- Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuting Zhang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghua Zhang
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Lin
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Yu
- Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen, 361021, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
339
|
Hao R, Zhang Y, Du T, Yang L, Adeleye AS, Li Y. Effect of water chemistry on disinfection by-product formation in the complex surface water system. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 172:384-391. [PMID: 28088529 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between the disinfection by-products (DBPs) formed with chlorination and chloramination techniques and the water chemistry of Haihe River was compared. Samples were collected at 28 different points within the mainstream and tributaries of the river. The DBPs investigated include trihalomethanes (THMs), haloacetic acids (HAAs), haloacetonitriles (HANs), haloketones (HKs), and trichloronitromethane. THMs formed when the samples were chlorinated mostly exceeded 100 and 600 μg/L in the mainstream and tributaries and in the estuary, respectively. A similar trend was obtained for HAAs whose concentrations exceeded 150 μg/L in almost all samples. The amounts of DBPs formed when the samples were chloraminated were much lower than when chlorination was used. The concentrations and species of THMs and HAAs in samples collected from sites near the estuary were different from those in samples collected from the mainstream, which may be due to high concentrations of Cl- and Br-. Although natural organic matter is the major cause of DBP formation during water disinfection, this study shows that other water chemistry factors such as salt composition and concentrations may also considerably affect the formation of DBPs in natural aquatic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongjie Hao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Tingting Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Adeyemi S Adeleye
- Bren School of Environmental Science and Management, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, United States
| | - Yao Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tong Yan Road 38, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
340
|
Lin J, Couperthwaite SJ, Millar GJ. Effectiveness of aluminium based coagulants for pre-treatment of coal seam water. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
341
|
Papageorgiou A, Stylianou SK, Kaffes P, Zouboulis AI, Voutsa D. Effects of ozonation pretreatment on natural organic matter and wastewater derived organic matter - Possible implications on the formation of ozonation by-products. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 170:33-40. [PMID: 27974269 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate possible implications of natural and wastewater derived organic matter in river water that is subsequently used following treatment for drinking purposes. River water was subjected to lab-scale ozonation experiments under different ozone doses (0.1, 0.4, 0.8, 1.0 and 2.0 mgO3/mgC) and contact times (1, 3, 5, 8 and 10 min). Mixtures of river water with humic acids or wastewaters (sewage wastewater and secondary effluents) at different proportions were also ozonated. Dissolved organic carbon and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon concentrations as well as spectroscopic characteristics (UV absorbance and fluorescence intensities) of different types of dissolved organic matter and possible changes due to the ozonation treatment are presented. River water, humic substances and wastewater exhibited distinct spectroscopic characteristics that could serve for pollution source tracing. Wastewater impacted surface water results in higher formation of carbonyl compounds. However, the formation yield (μg/mgC) of wastewaters was lower than that of surface water possibly due to different composition of wastewater derived organic matter and the presence of scavengers, which may limit the oxidative efficiency of ozone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Papageorgiou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Stylianos K Stylianou
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pavlos Kaffes
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Anastasios I Zouboulis
- Division of Chemical Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitra Voutsa
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
342
|
Dia O, Drogui P, Buelna G, Dubé R, Ihsen BS. Electrocoagulation of bio-filtrated landfill leachate: Fractionation of organic matter and influence of anode materials. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 168:1136-1141. [PMID: 27823783 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Electrocoagulation (EC) was employed to treat residual organic matter from a landfill leachate pretreated by an aerated bio-filter system. Organic matter (humic acids (HA), fulvic acids (FA) and hydrophilic compounds (Hyl)) was fractionated using DAX-8 resin in order to estimate the efficiency of EC on each fraction. Initial characterization of the bio-filtrated landfill leachate showed that humic substances (HA + FA) represented nearly 90% of TOC. The effects of current densities, type of anode (Aluminum versus iron), and treatment time on the performance of COD removal were investigated. The best COD removal performances were recorded at a current density ranging between 8.0 and 10 mA cm-2 during 20 min of treatment time. Under these conditions, 70% and 65% of COD were removed using aluminum and iron electrodes, respectively. The fractionating of organic matter after EC treatment revealed that HA was completely removed using either aluminum or iron anode. However, FA and Hyl fractions were partially removed, with the percentages varying from 57 to 60% and 37-46%, respectively. FA and Hyl removal were quite similar using either aluminum or iron anode. Likewise, a significant decrease in 254-nm absorbance was recorded (UV254 removal of 79-80%) using either type of anode. These results proved that EC is a suitable and efficient approach for treating the residual refractory organic matter from a landfill leachate previously treated by a biological system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oumar Dia
- Institut National de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Quebec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Patrick Drogui
- Institut National de la recherche scientifique (INRS-Eau Terre et Environnement), Université du Quebec, 490 rue de la Couronne, Quebec, QC, G1K 9A9, Canada.
| | - Gerardo Buelna
- Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec (CRIQ), 333 rue Franquet, Québec, QC, G1P 4C7, Canada.
| | - Rino Dubé
- Centre de Recherche Industrielle du Québec (CRIQ), 333 rue Franquet, Québec, QC, G1P 4C7, Canada.
| | - Ben Salah Ihsen
- E2Metrix Inc, 3905 Rue Lesage, Sherbrooke, QC, J1L 2Z9, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
343
|
Serrão Sousa V, Corniciuc C, Ribau Teixeira M. The effect of TiO 2 nanoparticles removal on drinking water quality produced by conventional treatment C/F/S. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 109:1-12. [PMID: 27865169 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles, namely titanium dioxide (TiO2), are emerging contaminants widely used to commercial and industrial applications, are a potential hazard and can cause damage to environment and human health due to their toxicity. Therefore, their removal from the water is urgent to minimize or eliminate the adverse environmental and human effects. This work, investigates the efficiency of conventional coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation (C/F/S) from drinking water treatment to remove TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs) from surface waters, and pretends to understand if the removal of TiO2 NPs affects the ability of C/F/S to remove natural organic matter (NOM) and turbidity, and consequently affects the quality of the treated water. Results show that TiO2 NPs removal is high (>90%) for all the waters studied (hydrophobic and hydrophilic waters) and the treated water quality is not compromised (turbidity, Ti and Al concentrations, pH and conductivity are below the national and international guidelines). In addition, TiO2 initial concentrations, ranging between 0.2 and 10 mg/L, have not a significant impact on NPs removal by C/F/S. Therefore, the widely used polyaluminium based coagulants are effective in the removal of TiO2 NPs by conventional C/F/S treatment, but removal is strongly influenced by the water characteristics. Hydrophobic waters need a higher coagulant dose than hydrophilic waters to achieve the same TiO2 NPs removals, as well as water with higher UV254nm values. The principal mechanism involved in TiO2 NPs removal is charge neutralisation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Serrão Sousa
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Bldg 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Claudia Corniciuc
- University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Bldg 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | - Margarida Ribau Teixeira
- CENSE, Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, University of Algarve, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, Bldg 7, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
344
|
Abstract
AbstractThe conventional coagulation technique of textile wastewater treatments is plagued with the issue of low removal rate of pollutants and generation of a large quantity of sludge. Recently, electrocoagulation (EC) technique gained immense attention due to its efficiency. The technique involves dissolution of the sacrificial anodes to provide an active metal hydroxide as a strong coagulant that destabilizes and amasses particles and then removes them by precipitation or adsorption. EC process is influenced by operating parameters such as applied current density, electrodes material and configuration, type of electrical connection, pH and conductivity of the solution, and mixing state. Consequently, this work reviewed the major and minor reactions of EC process with operational parameters, design of EC cell, mass transfer studies and modeling, and industrial wastewater applications. The work also includes comparison of EC technique with conventional coagulation and combinations with other techniques. Special emphasis is on removal of pollutants from textile wastewater. Further, the electrical energy supplies and cost analysis are also discussed. Even though several publications have covered EC process recently, no review work has treated the systematic process design and how to minimize the effect of passivation layer deposited on the surface of the electrodes. EC process with rotating electrodes has been recommended to reduce this phenomenon. The effect of electrodes geometry is considered to enhance the conductivity of the cell and reduce energy consumption. The studies of ionic mass transfer were not implemented before special by limiting current method during the EC process. Moreover, no aforementioned studies used computational fluid dynamics modeling to present the mass transfer inside the EC reactor.
Collapse
|
345
|
Morling K, Herzsprung P, Kamjunke N. Discharge determines production of, decomposition of and quality changes in dissolved organic carbon in pre-dams of drinking water reservoirs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:329-339. [PMID: 27817920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2016] [Revised: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pre-dams are small reservoirs constructed upstream of the main drinking water reservoirs and are used for nutrient removal and sediment trapping. Little is known about the role of pre-dams regarding the production and decomposition of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in relation to discharge and how this affects the quality of DOC in the water. We combined quantitative and qualitative investigations under different hydrological conditions at three pre-dams exhibiting a gradient from oligotrophic/high-DOC to eutrophic/low-DOC. All pre-dams were mainly autotrophic in their upper water layers. The ratio of OC production to total gained OC (i.e. OC import+OC production) decreased with increasing discharge. On average, 0-30% of the total gained OC was produced within the pre-dams. The amount of microbially decomposed DOC increased with the average water residence time (WRT) and with the trophic status of the pre-dams. Radiocarbon analyses of respired CO2 revealed that heterotrophic bacteria preferentially utilized old DOC components (195-395years before present) under base flow conditions, whereas younger components (modern, i.e. OC produced after 1950) were utilized at high discharge. DOC quality changed significantly over the year within the pre-dams: High proportions of algae-derived DOC were observed during base flow in summer, and the freshness index (β/α ratio) decreased significantly with higher discharges. DOC production and quality changes in response to hydrological conditions should be considered for future water quality management in reservoirs, as climate scenarios for temperate regions predict decreased runoffs leading to longer WRT and increased eutrophication and production of algae-derived OC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karoline Morling
- Department of Lake Research, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Peter Herzsprung
- Department of Lake Research, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Kamjunke
- Department of Lake Research, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany; Department of River Ecology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Brückstr. 3a, 39114 Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
346
|
Liao Y, Tang X, Yang Q, Chen W, Liu B, Zhao C, Zhai J, Zheng H. Characterization of an inorganic polymer coagulant and coagulation behavior for humic acid/algae-polluted water treatment: polymeric zinc–ferric–silicate–sulfate coagulant. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra00232g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Algae and algae organic matter (AOM) are not the sole pollutants in algae-polluted water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaomin Tang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Bingzhi Liu
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Chuanliang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Zhai
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment
- State Ministry of Education
- Chongqing University
- Chongqing 400045
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
347
|
Fu J, Lee WN, Coleman C, Meyer M, Carter J, Nowack K, Huang CH. Pilot investigation of two-stage biofiltration for removal of natural organic matter in drinking water treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:311-322. [PMID: 27700996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A pilot study employing two parallel trains of two-stage biofiltration, i.e., a sand/anthracite (SA) biofilter followed by a biologically-active granular activated carbon (GAC) contactor, was conducted to test the efficiency, feasibility and stability of biofiltration for removing natural organic matter (NOM) after coagulation in a drinking water treatment plant. Results showed the biofiltration process could effectively remove turbidity (<0.1 NTU in all effluents) and NOM (>24% of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), >57% of UV254, and >44% of SUVA254), where the SA biofilters showed a strong capacity for turbidity removal, while the GAC contactors played the dominant role in NOM removal. The vertical profile of water quality in the GAC contactors indicated the middle-upper portion was the critical zone for the removal of NOM, where relatively higher adsorption and enhanced biological removal were afforded. Fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) analysis of NOM showed that the GAC contactors effectively decreased the content of humic-like component, while protein-like component was refractory for the biofiltration process. Nutrients (NH4-N and PO4-P) supplementation applied upstream of one of the two-stage biofiltration trains (called engineered biofiltration) stimulated the growth of microorganisms, and showed a modest effect on promoting the biological removal of small non-aromatic compositions in NOM. Redundancy analysis (RDA) indicated influent UV254 was the most explanatory water quality parameter for GAC contactors' treatment performance, and a high load of UV254 would result in significantly reduced removals of UV254 and SUVA254.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Fu
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States; Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wan-Ning Lee
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Clark Coleman
- ARCADIS U.S., Inc, 2410 Paces Ferry Rd., Suite 400, Atlanta, GA 30339, United States
| | - Melissa Meyer
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States
| | - Jason Carter
- ARCADIS U.S., Inc, 2410 Paces Ferry Rd., Suite 400, Atlanta, GA 30339, United States
| | - Kirk Nowack
- ARCADIS U.S., Inc, 2410 Paces Ferry Rd., Suite 400, Atlanta, GA 30339, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
348
|
Carl N, Prévost S, Fitzgerald JPS, Karg M. Salt-induced cluster formation of gold nanoparticles followed by stopped-flow SAXS, DLS and extinction spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:16348-16357. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01807j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The salt-induced cluster formation of negatively charged gold nanoparticles was studied by time-resolved DLS, stopped-flow SAXS and in-situ extinction spectroscopy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nico Carl
- Physical Chemistry I
- University of Bayreuth
- 95447 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Sylvain Prévost
- ESRF-The European Synchrotron
- CS40220
- 38043 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | | | - Matthias Karg
- Physical Chemistry I
- University of Bayreuth
- 95447 Bayreuth
- Germany
| |
Collapse
|
349
|
Awad J, van Leeuwen J, Chow CWK, Smernik RJ, Anderson SJ, Cox JW. Seasonal variation in the nature of DOM in a river and drinking water reservoir of a closed catchment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:788-796. [PMID: 27823862 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) in surface waters used for drinking purposes can vary markedly in character depending on its source within catchments and the timing and intensity of rainfall events. Here we report the findings of a study on the character and concentration of DOM in waters collected during different seasons from Myponga River and Reservoir, South Australia. The character of DOM was assessed in terms of its treatability by enhanced coagulation and potential for disinfection by-product i.e. trihalomethane (THM) formation. During the wet seasons (winter and spring), water samples from the river had higher DOC concentrations (X¯: 21 mg/L) and DOM of higher average molecular weight (AMW: 1526 Da) than waters collected during the dry seasons (summer and autumn: DOC: 13 mg/L; AMW: 1385 Da). Even though these features led to an increase in the percentage removal of organics by coagulation with alum (64% for wet compared with 53% for dry season samples) and a lower alum dose rate (10 versus 15 mg alum/mg DOC removal), there was a higher THM formation potential (THMFP) from wet season waters (treated waters: 217 μg/L vs 172 μg/L). For reservoir waters, samples collected during the wet seasons had an average DOC concentration (X¯: 15 mg/L), percentage removal of organics by alum (54%), alum dose rates (13 mg/mg DOC) and THMFP (treated waters: 207 μg/L) that were similar to samples collected during the dry seasons (mean DOC: 15 mg/L; removal of organics: 52%; alum dose rate: 13 mg/mg DOC; THMFP: 212 μg/L for treated waters). These results show that DOM present in river waters and treatability by alum are highly impacted by seasonal environmental variations. However these in reservoir waters exhibit less seasonal variability. Storage of large volumes of water in the reservoir enables mixing of influent waters and stabilization of water quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Awad
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - John van Leeuwen
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia, 5095, Australia; SKLEAC, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Christopher W K Chow
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia, 5095, Australia; Australian Water Quality Centre, SA Water Corporation, 250 Victoria Square, Adelaide, South Australia, 5000, Australia; SKLEAC, Research Centre for Eco-environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 2871, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ronald J Smernik
- School of Agriculture, Food & Wine and Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| | - Sharolyn J Anderson
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Jim W Cox
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, South Australia, 5005, Australia; South Australian Research and Development Institute, Urrbrae, South Australia, 5064, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
350
|
Korotta-Gamage SM, Sathasivan A. A review: Potential and challenges of biologically activated carbon to remove natural organic matter in drinking water purification process. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 167:120-138. [PMID: 27716585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The use of biologically activated carbon (BAC) in drinking water purification is reviewed. In the past BAC is seen mostly as a polishing treatment. However, BAC has the potential to provide solution to recent challenges faced by water utilities arising from change in natural organic matter (NOM) composition in drinking water sources - increased NOM concentration with a larger fraction of hydrophilic compounds and ever increasing trace level organic pollutants. Hydrophilic NOM is not removed by traditional coagulation process and causes bacterial regrowth and increases disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation during disinfection. BAC can offer many advantages by removing hydrophilic fraction and many toxic and endocrine compounds which are not otherwise removed. BAC can also aid the other downstream processes if used as a pre-treatment. Major drawback of BAC was longer empty bed contact time (EBCT) required for an effective NOM removal. This critical review analyses the strategies that have been adopted to enhance the biological activity of the carbon by operational means and summarises the surface modification methods. To maximize the benefit of the BAC, a rethink of current treatment plant configuration is proposed. If the process can be expedited and adopted appropriately, BAC can solve many of the current problems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arumugam Sathasivan
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematics, Western Sydney University, NSW 2747, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|