301
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Xiong Y, Mahmood A, Chopp M. Current understanding of neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury and cell-based therapeutic opportunities. Chin J Traumatol 2018; 21:137-151. [PMID: 29764704 PMCID: PMC6034172 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjtee.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a major cause of death and disability worldwide. Increasing evidence indicates that TBI is an important risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Despite improved supportive and rehabilitative care of TBI patients, unfortunately, all late phase clinical trials in TBI have yet to yield a safe and effective neuroprotective treatment. The disappointing clinical trials may be attributed to variability in treatment approaches and heterogeneity of the population of TBI patients as well as a race against time to prevent or reduce inexorable cell death. TBI is not just an acute event but a chronic disease. Among many mechanisms involved in secondary injury after TBI, emerging preclinical studies indicate that posttraumatic prolonged and progressive neuroinflammation is associated with neurodegeneration which may be treatable long after the initiating brain injury. This review provides an overview of recent understanding of neuroinflammation in TBI and preclinical cell-based therapies that target neuroinflammation and promote functional recovery after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA.
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, 2799 West Grand Boulevard, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, 48309, USA
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302
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Patschan D, Buschmann I, Ritter O, Kribben A. Cell-Based Therapies in Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Kidney Blood Press Res 2018; 43:673-681. [PMID: 29734169 DOI: 10.1159/000489624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury frequently occurs in hospitalized patients all over the world. The prognosis remains poor since specific therapies for promoting kidney regeneration/repair are still missing. In recent years cell-based strategies have improved AKI outcomes under experimental circumstances. Four groups of cells, each of them displaying certain biological and functional characteristics have been evaluated in AKI, induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs), Spermatagonial Stem Cells (SSCs), Proangiogenic Cells (PACs) and Endothelial Colony Forming Cells (ECFCs), and Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs). All of these have been documented to stabilize either parameters of kidney excretory dysfunction and/or certain morphological parameters. The mechanisms responsible for AKI protection include direct (cell incorporation) and indirect processes, the latter being mediated by humoral factors and particularly by the production of so-called extracellular vesicles. Cell-derived vesicular organelles have been shown to carry pro-regenerative micro-RNA molecules which stabilize the vascular and tubular function. The first trials in humans have been initiated, the majority of such trials employs MSCs. However, any transfer of cell-based strategies in the clinical practice is potentially associated with significant difficulties. These include cell availability, tolerance and competence. The article intends to summarize essential informations about all of the four populations mentioned above and to discuss implications for the management of human AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Patschan
- Innere Medizin I, Kardiologie, Angiologie, Nephrologie, Klinikum Brandenburg, Medizinische Hoch-schule Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany,
| | - Ivo Buschmann
- Innere Medizin I, Kardiologie, Angiologie, Nephrologie, Klinikum Brandenburg, Medizinische Hoch-schule Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Ritter
- Innere Medizin I, Kardiologie, Angiologie, Nephrologie, Klinikum Brandenburg, Medizinische Hoch-schule Brandenburg, Brandenburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Kribben
- Klinik für Nephrologie, Universitätsklinikum Essen, Essen, Germany
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303
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Sahin C, Mamillapalli R, Taylor HS. Bone Marrow-Derived Cells Trafficking to the Oviduct: Effect of Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Reprod Sci 2018; 25:1037-1044. [PMID: 29658434 DOI: 10.1177/1933719118770552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The oviduct/fallopian tube is a crucial organ in the mammalian reproductive tract; it plays a critical role in gamete transportation and early embryo development. In women, torsion of the fallopian tubes can cause ischemia and reperfusion (IR) injury. In this study, we tested the effect of this injury on recruitment of bone marrow-derived cells (BMDCs) to the oviducts of reproductive age female mice. Bone marrow-derived cells were collected from ubiquitin-green fluorescent protein-positive male mice and transplanted into wild-type female mice. Ischemia and reperfusion injury was performed in half of the mice, while controls received equivalent surgery without oviduct injury. Two weeks following injury, recruitment of BMDCs to the oviducts was analyzed in both groups. Ischemia and reperfusion injury caused a greater than 2-fold increase in BMDC recruitment to the injured oviducts compared to those without injury. Specifically, the recruitment of BMDCs was localized to the stroma of the oviduct. We demonstrate that IR injury to oviduct recruits BMDCs to this tissue and suggest that BMDCs have function in the healing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cagdas Sahin
- 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ramanaiah Mamillapalli
- 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Hugh S Taylor
- 1 Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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304
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Shin HS, Lee S, Kim YM, Lim JY. Hypoxia-Activated Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cells Prevents Irradiation-Induced Salivary Hypofunction by Enhanced Paracrine Effect Through Fibroblast Growth Factor 10. Stem Cells 2018; 36:1020-1032. [PMID: 29569790 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
To explore the effects and mechanisms of paracrine factors secreted from human adipose mesenchymal stem cell (hAdMSCs) that are activated by hypoxia on radioprotection against irradiation-induced salivary hypofunction in subjects undergoing radiotherapy for head and neck cancers. An organotypic spheroid coculture model to mimic irradiation (IR)-induced salivary hypofunction was set up for in vitro experiments. Human parotid gland epithelial cells were organized to form three-dimensional (3D) acinus-like spheroids on growth factor reduced -Matrigel. Cellular, structural, and functional damage following IR were examined after cells were cocultured with hAdMSCs preconditioned with either normoxia (hAdMSCNMX ) or hypoxia (hAdMSCHPX ). A key paracrine factor secreted by hAdMSCsHPX was identified by high-throughput microarray-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways on radioprotection were explored. Therapeutic effects of hAdMSCsHPX were evaluated after in vivo transplant into mice with IR-induced salivary hypofunction. In our 3D coculture experiment, hAdMSCsHPX significantly enhanced radioresistance of spheroidal human parotid epithelial cells, and led to greater preservation of salivary epithelial integrity and acinar secretory function relative to hAdMSCsNMX . Coculture with hAdMSCsHPX promoted FGFR expression and suppressed FGFR diminished antiapoptotic activity of hAdMSCsHPX . Among FGFR-binding secreted factors, we found that fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10) contributed to therapeutic effects of hAdMSCsHPX by enhancing antiapoptotic effect, which was dependent on FGFR-PI3K signaling. An in vivo transplant of hAdMSCsHPX into irradiated salivary glands of mice reversed IR-induced salivary hypofunction where hAdMSC-released FGF10 contributed to tissue remodeling. Our results suggest that hAdMSCsHPX protect salivary glands from IR-induced apoptosis and preserve acinar structure and functions by activation of FGFR-PI3K signaling via actions of hAdMSC-secreted factors, including FGF10. Stem Cells 2018;36:1020-1032.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Soo Shin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Songyi Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Mo Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Yol Lim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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305
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Qiu X, Liu S, Zhang H, Zhu B, Su Y, Zheng C, Tian R, Wang M, Kuang H, Zhao X, Jin Y. Mesenchymal stem cells and extracellular matrix scaffold promote muscle regeneration by synergistically regulating macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018; 9:88. [PMID: 29615126 PMCID: PMC5883419 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Skeletal muscle plays an important role in the body’s physiology but there are still no effective treatments for volumetric muscle loss (VML) resulting from severe traumatic injury or tumor excision. Recent studies show that a tissue engineering strategy using a compound containing mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and decellularized extracellular matrix (ECM) scaffold generates significant regenerative effects on VML injury, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Methods The characteristics of human umbilical cord MSCs, including multiplication capacity and multidifferentiation ability, were determined. We constructed a compound containing MSCs and decellularized ECM scaffold which was used for tissue regeneration in a VML model. Results We found that MSCs and decellularized ECM scaffold generated synergistic effects on promoting skeletal muscle tissue regeneration. Interestingly, both MSCs and decellularized ECM scaffold could promote macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype and suppress macrophage polarization toward the M1 phenotype, which is widely regarded as an important promoting factor in tissue regeneration. More importantly, MSCs and decellularized ECM scaffold generate synergistic promoting effects on macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype, not just an additive effect. Conclusions Our findings uncover a previously unknown mechanism that MSCs and decellularized ECM scaffold promote tissue regeneration via collaboratively regulating macrophage polarization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13287-018-0821-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Bin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Department of Stomatology, General Hospital of Tibet Military Region, Lhasa, Tibet, 850007, China
| | - Yuting Su
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Chenxi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Rong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Miao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Huijuan Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China
| | - Xinyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Department of Dental Materials, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. .,Department of Dental Materials, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
| | - Yan Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Shaanxi International Joint Research Center for Oral Diseases, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China. .,Research and Development Center for Tissue Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710032, China.
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306
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Keshtkar S, Azarpira N, Ghahremani MH. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles: novel frontiers in regenerative medicine. Stem Cell Res Ther 2018. [PMID: 29523213 PMCID: PMC5845209 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-018-0791-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 510] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stem cells that have gained significant attention in the field of regenerative medicine. The differentiation potential along with paracrine properties of MSCs have made them a key option for tissue repair. The paracrine functions of MSCs are applied through secreting soluble factors and releasing extracellular vesicles like exosomes and microvesicles. Extracellular vesicles are predominantly endosomal in origin and contain a cargo of miRNA, mRNA, and proteins that are transferred from their original cells to target cells. Recently it has emerged that extracellular vesicles alone are responsible for the therapeutic effect of MSCs in plenty of animal diseases models. Hence, MSC-derived extracellular vesicles may be used as an alternative MSC-based therapy in regenerative medicine. In this review we discuss MSC-derived extracellular vesicles and their therapeutic potential in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Keshtkar
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Negar Azarpira
- Transplant Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. .,Shiraz Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Hossein Ghahremani
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmacology-Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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307
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Quimby JM, Borjesson DL. Mesenchymal stem cell therapy in cats: Current knowledge and future potential. J Feline Med Surg 2018; 20:208-216. [PMID: 29478398 PMCID: PMC10816289 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x18758590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Practical relevance: Stem cell therapy is an innovative field of scientific investigation with tremendous potential for clinical application in veterinary medicine. Based on the known desirable immunomodulatory properties of mesenchymal stem cells, this therapy holds promise for the treatment of a variety of inflammatory diseases in cats. AIMS This review details our current understanding of feline stem cell biology and proposed mechanism of action. Studies performed in feline clinical trials for diseases including gingivostomatitis, chronic enteropathy, asthma and kidney disease are summarized, with the goal of providing an overview of the current status of this treatment modality and its potential for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M Quimby
- The Ohio State University, Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Dori L Borjesson
- University of California–Davis, Veterinary Institute for Regenerative Cures, and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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308
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Zöller M. Janus-Faced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cell Exosomes for the Good and the Bad in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:137. [PMID: 29456536 PMCID: PMC5801414 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) are a heterogeneous population of immature myeloid cells originally described to hamper immune responses in chronic infections. Meanwhile, they are known to be a major obstacle in cancer immunotherapy. On the other hand, MDSC can interfere with allogeneic transplant rejection and may dampen autoreactive T cell activity. Whether MDSC-Exosomes (Exo) can cope with the dangerous and potentially therapeutic activities of MDSC is not yet fully explored. After introducing MDSC and Exo, it will be discussed, whether a blockade of MDSC-Exo could foster the efficacy of immunotherapy in cancer and mitigate tumor progression supporting activities of MDSC. It also will be outlined, whether application of native or tailored MDSC-Exo might prohibit autoimmune disease progression. These considerations are based on the steadily increasing knowledge on Exo composition, their capacity to distribute throughout the organism combined with selectivity of targeting, and the ease to tailor Exo and includes open questions that answers will facilitate optimizing protocols for a MDSC-Exo blockade in cancer as well as for strengthening their therapeutic efficacy in autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Zöller
- Tumor Cell Biology, University Hospital of Surgery, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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309
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Zhang S, Chuah SJ, Lai RC, Hui JHP, Lim SK, Toh WS. MSC exosomes mediate cartilage repair by enhancing proliferation, attenuating apoptosis and modulating immune reactivity. Biomaterials 2018; 156:16-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 373] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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310
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Mahboudi H, Kazemi B, Soleimani M, Hanaee-Ahvaz H, Ghanbarian H, Bandehpour M, Enderami SE, Kehtari M, Barati G. Enhanced chondrogenesis of human bone marrow mesenchymal Stem Cell (BMSC) on nanofiber-based polyethersulfone (PES) scaffold. Gene 2018; 643:98-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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311
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Zhao H, Shang Q, Pan Z, Bai Y, Li Z, Zhang H, Zhang Q, Guo C, Zhang L, Wang Q. Exosomes From Adipose-Derived Stem Cells Attenuate Adipose Inflammation and Obesity Through Polarizing M2 Macrophages and Beiging in White Adipose Tissue. Diabetes 2018; 67:235-247. [PMID: 29133512 DOI: 10.2337/db17-0356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) play critical roles in controlling obesity-associated inflammation and metabolic disorders. Exosomes from ADSCs exert protective effects in several diseases, but their roles in obesity and related pathological conditions remain unclear. In this study, we showed that treatment of obese mice with ADSC-derived exosomes facilitated their metabolic homeostasis, including improved insulin sensitivity (27.8% improvement), reduced obesity, and alleviated hepatic steatosis. ADSC-derived exosomes drove alternatively activated M2 macrophage polarization, inflammation reduction, and beiging in white adipose tissue (WAT) of diet-induced obese mice. Mechanistically, exosomes from ADSCs transferred into macrophages to induce anti-inflammatory M2 phenotypes through the transactivation of arginase-1 by exosome-carried active STAT3. Moreover, M2 macrophages induced by ADSC-derived exosomes not only expressed high levels of tyrosine hydroxylase responsible for catecholamine release, but also promoted ADSC proliferation and lactate production, thereby favoring WAT beiging and homeostasis in response to high-fat challenge. These findings delineate a novel exosome-mediated mechanism for ADSC-macrophage cross talk that facilitates immune and metabolic homeostasis in WAT, thus providing potential therapy for obesity and diabetes.
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MESH Headings
- Adipocytes, Beige/immunology
- Adipocytes, Beige/metabolism
- Adipocytes, Beige/pathology
- Adipocytes, White/immunology
- Adipocytes, White/metabolism
- Adipocytes, White/pathology
- Adipogenesis
- Adult Stem Cells/immunology
- Adult Stem Cells/metabolism
- Adult Stem Cells/pathology
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Cell Communication
- Cell Polarity
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Exosomes/immunology
- Exosomes/metabolism
- Exosomes/pathology
- Exosomes/transplantation
- Insulin Resistance
- Macrophage Activation
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/immunology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/metabolism
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/transplantation
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/etiology
- Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/prevention & control
- Obesity/immunology
- Obesity/pathology
- Obesity/physiopathology
- Obesity/therapy
- Phagocytosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhao
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qianwen Shang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zhenzhen Pan
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zequn Li
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huiying Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiu Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lining Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Immunology and Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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312
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Lee CW, Chen YF, Wu HH, Lee OK. Historical Perspectives and Advances in Mesenchymal Stem Cell Research for the Treatment of Liver Diseases. Gastroenterology 2018; 154:46-56. [PMID: 29107021 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.09.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver transplantation is the only effective therapy for patients with decompensated cirrhosis and fulminant liver failure. However, due to a shortage of donor livers and complications associated with immune suppression, there is an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies for patients with end-stage liver diseases. Given their unique function in self-renewal and differentiation potential, stem cells might be used to regenerate damaged liver tissue. Recent studies have shown that stem cell-based therapies can improve liver function in a mouse model of hepatic failure. Moreover, acellular liver scaffolds seeded with hepatocytes produced functional bioengineered livers for organ transplantation in preclinical studies. The therapeutic potential of stem cells or their differentiated progenies will depend on their capacity to differentiate into mature and functional cell types after transplantation. It will also be important to devise methods to overcome their genomic instability, immune reactivity, and tumorigenic potential. We review directions and advances in the use of mesenchymal stem cells and their derived hepatocytes for liver regeneration. We also discuss the potential applications of hepatocytes derived from human pluripotent stem cells and challenges to using these cells in treating end-stage liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Wei Lee
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Chen
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Hsiang Wu
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Oscar K Lee
- Stem Cell Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Taipei City Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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313
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Abstract
The mechanisms underlying immunomodulatory ability of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) remain unknown. Recently, studies suggested that the immunomodulatory activity of MSCs is largely mediated by paracrine factors. Among which, exosome is considered to play a major role in the communication between MSCs and target tissue. The aim of our study is to investigate the effect of MSCs-derived exosome on peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), especially T cells. We find that the MSCs-derived exosome extracted from healthy donors' bone marrow suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and IL-1β, but increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory factor TGF-β during in vitro culture. In addition, exosome may induce conversion of T helper type 1 (Th1) into T helper type 2 (Th2) cells and reduced potential of T cells to differentiate into interleukin 17-producing effector T cells (Th17). Moreover, the level of regulatory T cells (Treg) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 were also increased. These results suggested that MSC-derived exosome possesses the immunomodulatory properties. However, it showed no effects on the proliferation of PBMCs or CD3+ T cells, but increases the apoptosis of them. In addition, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) was previously shown to mediate the immunoregulation of MSCs, which was increased in PBMCs co-cultured with MSCs. In our study, IDO showed no significant changes in PBMCs exposed to MSCs-derived exosome. We conclude that exosome and MSCs might differ in their immune-modulating activities and mechanisms.
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314
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Kusuzaki K, Matsubara T, Murata H, Logozzi M, Iessi E, Di Raimo R, Carta F, Supuran CT, Fais S. Natural extracellular nanovesicles and photodynamic molecules: is there a future for drug delivery? J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2017; 32:908-916. [PMID: 28708430 PMCID: PMC6010042 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2017.1335310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic molecules represent an alternative approach for cancer therapy for their property (i) to be photo-reactive; (ii) to be not-toxic for target cells in absence of light; (iii) to accumulate specifically into tumour tissues; (iv) to be activable by a light beam only at the tumour site and (v) to exert cytotoxic activity against tumour cells. However, to date their clinical use is limited by the side effects elicited by systemic administration. Extracellular vesicles are endogenous nanosized-carriers that have been recently introduced as a natural delivery system for therapeutic molecules. We have recently shown the ability of human exosomes to deliver photodynamic molecules. Therefore, this review focussed on extracellular vesicles as a novel strategy for the delivery of photodynamic molecules at cancer sites. This completely new approach may enhance the delivery and decrease the toxicity of photodynamic molecules, therefore, represent the future for photodynamic therapy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takao Matsubara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Mie University Graduate School of MedicineTsuMieJapan
| | - Hiroaki Murata
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Matsushita Memorial HospitalOsakaJapan
| | - Mariantonia Logozzi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Elisabetta Iessi
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Rossella Di Raimo
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Dipartimento Neurofarba, Sezione di ScienzeFarmaceutiche e Nutraceutiche, Università degli Studi di FirenzeSesto Fiorentino, FlorenceItaly
| | - Stefano Fais
- Department of Oncology and Molecular Medicine, National Institute of HealthRomeItaly
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315
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Zhu J, Lu K, Zhang N, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Shen J, Lin Y, Xiang P, Tang Y, Hu X, Chen J, Zhu W, Webster KA, Wang J, Yu H. Myocardial reparative functions of exosomes from mesenchymal stem cells are enhanced by hypoxia treatment of the cells via transferring microRNA-210 in an nSMase2-dependent way. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 46:1659-1670. [PMID: 29141446 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2017.1388249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia treatment enhances paracrine effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). The aim of this study was to investigate whether exosomes from hypoxia-treated MSCs (ExoH) are superior to those from normoxia-treated MSCs (ExoN) for myocardial repair. Mouse bone marrow-derived MSCs were cultured under hypoxia or normoxia for 24 h, and exosomes from conditioned media were intramyocardially injected into infarcted heart of C57BL/6 mouse. ExoH resulted in significantly higher survival, smaller scar size and better cardiac functions recovery. ExoH conferred increased vascular density, lower cardiomyocytes (CMs) apoptosis, reduced fibrosis and increased recruitment of cardiac progenitor cells in the infarcted heart relative to ExoN. MicroRNA analysis revealed significantly higher levels of microRNA-210 (miR-210) in ExoH compared with ExoN. Transfection of a miR-210 mimic into endothelial cells (ECs) and CMs conferred similar biological effects as ExoH. Hypoxia treatment of MSCs increased the expression of neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2) which is crucial for exosome secretion. Blocking the activity of nSMase2 resulted in reduced miR-210 secretion and abrogated the beneficial effects of ExoH. In conclusion, hypoxic culture augments miR-210 and nSMase2 activities in MSCs and their secreted exosomes, and this is responsible at least in part for the enhanced cardioprotective actions of exosomes derived from hypoxia-treated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Zhu
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Kai Lu
- b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China.,c Department of Cardiology , The First People's Hospital of Huzhou , Huzhou , PR China
| | - Ning Zhang
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Yun Zhao
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Qunchao Ma
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Jian Shen
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Yinuo Lin
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Pingping Xiang
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Yaoliang Tang
- d Vascular Biology Center, Department of Medicine , Medical College of Georgia/Georgia Regents University , Augusta , GA , USA
| | - Xinyang Hu
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Jinghai Chen
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Wei Zhu
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Keith A Webster
- e Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine , University of Miami , Miami , FL , USA
| | - Jian'an Wang
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
| | - Hong Yu
- a Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , PR China.,b Department of Cardiology , Cardiovascular Key Laboratory of Zhejiang Province , Hangzhou , PR China
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316
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Grange C, Iampietro C, Bussolati B. Stem cell extracellular vesicles and kidney injury. Stem Cell Investig 2017; 4:90. [PMID: 29270416 DOI: 10.21037/sci.2017.11.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) appear as a new promising cell-free therapy for acute and chronic renal diseases. EVs retain characteristics of the cell of origin and those derived from stem cells may mimic their regenerative properties per se. In fact, EVs contain many active molecules such as proteins and RNA species that act on target cells through different mechanisms, stimulating proliferation and angiogenesis and reducing apoptosis and inflammation. There are several reports that demonstrate a general regenerative potential of EVs derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) of different sources in kidney injury models. In addition, a promising new approach is the use of EVs in the graft perfusion solution for kidney conditioning before transplant. Here we summarize the application of EVs released by stem cells in preclinical models of acute and chronic renal damage, comparing animal models, use of EVs of different cell origin and of their sub-fractions, doses, route of administration and efficacy of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Corinne Iampietro
- Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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317
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Zhang YZ, Liu F, Song CG, Cao XL, Zhang YF, Wu HN, Guo CJ, Li YQ, Zheng QJ, Zheng MH, Han H. Exosomes derived from human umbilical vein endothelial cells promote neural stem cell expansion while maintain their stemness in culture. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 495:892-898. [PMID: 29154990 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.11.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The neural stem cell (NSC) niche in subventricular zone (SVZ) of adult mammalian brain contains dense vascular plexus, where endothelial cells (ECs) regulate NSCs by releasing plenty of angiocrine factors. However, the role of ECs-derived exosomes, a novel type of mediators of intercellular communications, in the regulation of NSCs remains unclear. In the current study, primary NSCs isolated from embryonic mouse brains form more neurospheres when cultured in the presence of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The supportive role of ECs in the coculture was significantly attenuated when GW4869, a blocker of exosome formation, was included, suggesting that HUVECs-derived exosomes played a significant role in supporting NSCs. In order to investigate the role of ECs-derived exosomes on NSCs, we collected exosomes from HUVECs. We found that HUVECs-derived exosomes could significantly promote the formation of neurospheres by primary murine NSCs. EdU incorporation and TUNEL assays indicated that the proliferation of NSCs increased while apoptosis decreased when cultured in the presence of HUVECs-derived exosomes. NSCs incubated with the HUVECs-derived exosomes maintained their potential of multi-lineage differentiation potentials. The expression of stemness-related genes was up-regulated. These data suggested that ECs-derived exosomes could play an importantly role in NSC niche, and they might be used as a reagent for ex vivo NSC amplification for medical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Zhe Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chang-Geng Song
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Xiu-Li Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yu-Fei Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Hai-Ning Wu
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Chen-Jun Guo
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Qi-Jun Zheng
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Min-Hua Zheng
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| | - Hua Han
- Department of Medical Genetics and Developmental Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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318
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Cobelli NJ, Leong DJ, Sun HB. Exosomes: biology, therapeutic potential, and emerging role in musculoskeletal repair and regeneration. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1410:57-67. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Neil J. Cobelli
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Daniel J. Leong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
| | - Hui B. Sun
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
- Department of Radiation Oncology; Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center; Bronx New York
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319
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Grange C, Tapparo M, Kholia S, Bussolati B, Camussi G. The Distinct Role of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Normal and Cancer Stem Cells. CURRENT STEM CELL REPORTS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40778-017-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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320
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Li Z, Liang Y, Pan K, Li H, Yu M, Guo W, Chen G, Tian W. Schwann cells secrete extracellular vesicles to promote and maintain the proliferation and multipotency of hDPCs. Cell Prolif 2017; 50. [PMID: 28714175 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Schwann cells (SCs) are the principal glial cells in peripheral nerve system, involved in neuropathies with great regenerative potential. Dental pulp cells have been reported to maintain neurogenic potential. In contrast, the regulatory role of SCs on human dental pulp cells (hDPCs) development remains undefined. MATERIALS AND METHODS SC secretion and SC-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) were collected and used to treat hDPCs; and proliferation and multiple differentiation of hDPCs were detected after EVs treatments. Finally, we analysed the proteomes of SC-EVs and SCs through mass spectrum. RESULTS In this study, we found SC secretion showed a predominantly regulatory role on the development of hDPCs. Further, we identified EVs from SC secretion with similar function as SC secretion in regulating hDPCs proliferation and multipotency. And expression of transcription factor Oct4 was upregulated after treatment of both SC secretion and EVs, as well as Sox2 and Nanog. We detected abundant enrichment of Oct4 in EVs, which might be responsible for the upregulation of stem cell-related genes in hDPCs. Through proteome and western blot analysis, we found enriched TGFβs in EVs, indicating that accelerated hDPCs proliferation may be mediated by activated TGFβ-Samd and TGFβ-MAPK signalling. CONCLUSIONS In summary, our study sheds light on critical regulatory ability of SC-derived EVs on hDPCs proliferation and multipotency, suggesting great implications for seeding cells used in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Kuangwu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weihua Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Pedodontics, West China College of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guoqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Weidong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,National Engineering Laboratory for Oral Regenerative Medicine, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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321
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Feigerlová E, Battaglia-Hsu SF, Hauet T, Guéant JL. Extracellular vesicles as immune mediators in response to kidney injury. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2017; 314:F9-F21. [PMID: 28855190 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00336.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Important progress has been made on cytokine signaling in response to kidney injury in the past decade, especially cytokine signaling mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). For example, EVs released by injured renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) can regulate intercellular communications and influence tissue recovery via both regulating the expression and transferring cytokines, growth factors, as well as other bioactive molecules at the site of injury. The effects of EVs on kidney tissue seem to vary depending on the sources of EVs; however, the literature data are often inconsistent. For example, in rodents EVs derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC-EVs) can have both beneficial and harmful effects on injured renal tissue. Caution is thus needed in the interpretation of these data as contradictory findings on EVs may not only be related to the origin of EVs, they can also be caused by the different methods used for EV isolation and the physiological and pathological states of the tissues/cells under which they were obtained. Here, we review and discuss our current understanding related to the immunomodulatory function of EVs in renal tubular repair in the hope of encouraging further investigations on mechanisms related to their antiinflammatory and reparative role to better define the therapeutic potential of EVs in renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Feigerlová
- INSERM U954, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine, Lorraine, France.,Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine, Lorraine, France.,INSERM, UMR 1082, Poitiers , France.,Medical and Pharmaceutical Faculty, University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France
| | - Shyue-Fang Battaglia-Hsu
- INSERM U954, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine, Lorraine, France.,Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
| | - Thierry Hauet
- INSERM, UMR 1082, Poitiers , France.,Medical and Pharmaceutical Faculty, University of Poitiers , Poitiers , France.,Service de Biochimie, Pôle BIOSPHARM, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers , France
| | - Jean-Louis Guéant
- INSERM U954, Nutrition Génétique et Exposition aux Risques Environnementaux, Medical Faculty, University of Lorraine, Lorraine, France.,Regional University Hospital Center of Nancy, Vandœuvre les Nancy, France
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322
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Exosomes from embryonic mesenchymal stem cells alleviate osteoarthritis through balancing synthesis and degradation of cartilage extracellular matrix. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:189. [PMID: 28807034 PMCID: PMC5556343 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0632-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mesenchymal stem cell therapy for osteoarthritis (OA) has been widely investigated, but the mechanisms are still unclear. Exosomes that serve as carriers of genetic information have been implicated in many diseases and are known to participate in many physiological processes. Here, we investigate the therapeutic potential of exosomes from human embryonic stem cell-induced mesenchymal stem cells (ESC-MSCs) in alleviating osteoarthritis (OA). Methods Exosomes were harvested from conditioned culture media of ESC-MSCs by a sequential centrifugation process. Primary mouse chondrocytes treated with interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were used as an in vitro model to evaluate the effects of the conditioned medium with or without exosomes and titrated doses of isolated exosomes for 48 hours, prior to immunocytochemistry or western blot analysis. Destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM) surgery was performed on the knee joints of C57BL/6 J mice as an OA model. This was followed by intra-articular injection of either ESC-MSCs or their exosomes. Cartilage destruction and matrix degradation were evaluated with histological staining and OARSI scores at the post-surgery 8 weeks. Results We found that intra-articular injection of ESC-MSCs alleviated cartilage destruction and matrix degradation in the DMM model. Further in vitro studies illustrated that this effect was exerted through ESC-MSC-derived exosomes. These exosomes maintained the chondrocyte phenotype by increasing collagen type II synthesis and decreasing ADAMTS5 expression in the presence of IL-1β. Immunocytochemistry revealed colocalization of the exosomes and collagen type II-positive chondrocytes. Subsequent intra-articular injection of exosomes derived from ESC-MSCs successfully impeded cartilage destruction in the DMM model. Conclusions The exosomes from ESC-MSCs exert a beneficial therapeutic effect on OA by balancing the synthesis and degradation of chondrocyte extracellular matrix (ECM), which in turn provides a new target for OA drug and drug-delivery system development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-017-0632-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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324
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Reiner AT, Witwer KW, van Balkom BW, de Beer J, Brodie C, Corteling RL, Gabrielsson S, Gimona M, Ibrahim AG, de Kleijn D, Lai CP, Lötvall J, del Portillo HA, Reischl IG, Riazifar M, Salomon C, Tahara H, Toh WS, Wauben MH, Yang VK, Yang Y, Yeo RWY, Yin H, Giebel B, Rohde E, Lim SK. Concise Review: Developing Best-Practice Models for the Therapeutic Use of Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1730-1739. [PMID: 28714557 PMCID: PMC5689784 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.17-0055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Growing interest in extracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles) as therapeutic entities, particularly in stem cell-related approaches, has underlined the need for standardization and coordination of development efforts. Members of the International Society for Extracellular Vesicles and the Society for Clinical Research and Translation of Extracellular Vesicles Singapore convened a Workshop on this topic to discuss the opportunities and challenges associated with development of EV-based therapeutics at the preclinical and clinical levels. This review outlines topic-specific action items that, if addressed, will enhance the development of best-practice models for EV therapies. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1730-1739.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnes T. Reiner
- BioSensor Technologies, AIT Austrian Institute of TechnologyViennaAustria
| | - Kenneth W. Witwer
- Departments of Molecular and Comparative PathobiologyThe Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Bas W.M. van Balkom
- Department of Nephrology and HypertensionUniversity Medical Center UtrechtUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | | | - Chaya Brodie
- Department of NeurosurgeryHenry Ford HospitalDetroitMichiganUSA
- Faculty of Life SciencesBar‐Ilan UniversityRamat‐GanIsrael
| | | | - Susanne Gabrielsson
- Department of MedicineUnit for Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Mario Gimona
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK)SalzburgAustria
| | | | - Dominique de Kleijn
- Dept. of Vascular Surgery & CardiologyUtrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
- NUS Surgery & A‐STARSingapore
| | - Charles P. Lai
- Institute of Biomedical EngineeringNational Tsing Hua UniversityHsinchuTaiwanRepublic of China
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg UniversityGothenburgSweden
- Codiak BioSciencesWoburnMassachusettsUSA
| | - Hernando A. del Portillo
- ICREA at ISGlobal Barcelona Institute for Global Health, Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, University of BarcelonaBarcelonaSpain
- Institut d'Investigació Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)BadalonaSpain
| | - Ilona G. Reischl
- Federal Office for Safety in Health Care, Institute SurveillanceViennaAustria
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food SafetyInstitute SurveillanceViennaAustria
| | - Milad Riazifar
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of CaliforniaIrvineCaliforniaUSA
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, The University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Department of Obstetrics and GynecologyOchsner Clinic FoundationNew OrleansLouisianaUSA
| | - Hidetoshi Tahara
- Department of Cellular and Molecular BiologyInstitute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima UniversityHiroshimaJapan
| | - Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of DentistryNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Marca H.M. Wauben
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell BiologyFaculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht UniversityUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Vicky K. Yang
- Department of Clinical SciencesTufts University Cummings School of Veterinary MedicineNorth GraftonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Yijun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory DiseaseGuangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhouChina
| | | | - Hang Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the BioFrontiers InstituteUniversity of Colorado BoulderBoulderColoradoUSA
- Center of Basic Molecular Science (CBMS), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Bernd Giebel
- Institute for Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Essen, University Duisburg‐EssenGermany
| | - Eva Rohde
- Spinal Cord Injury & Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI‐TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University (PMU)SalzburgAustria
- Department of Blood Group Serology and Transfusion MedicineUniversity Hospital, Salzburger Landeskliniken GesmbH (SALK)SalzburgAustria
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Henao Agudelo JS, Braga TT, Amano MT, Cenedeze MA, Cavinato RA, Peixoto-Santos AR, Muscará MN, Teixeira SA, Cruz MC, Castoldi A, Sinigaglia-Coimbra R, Pacheco-Silva A, de Almeida DC, Camara NOS. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-Derived Microvesicles Regulate an Internal Pro-Inflammatory Program in Activated Macrophages. Front Immunol 2017; 8:881. [PMID: 28824619 PMCID: PMC5535070 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells with abilities to exert immunosuppressive response promoting tissue repair. Studies have shown that MSCs can secrete extracellular vesicles (MVs-MSCs) with similar regulatory functions to the parental cells. Furthermore, strong evidence suggesting that MVs-MSCs can modulate several immune cells (i.e., Th1, Th17, and Foxp3+ T cells). However, their precise effect on macrophages (Mϕs) remains unexplored. We investigated the immunoregulatory effect of MVs-MSCs on activated M1-Mϕs in vitro and in vivo using differentiated bone marrow Mϕs and an acute experimental model of thioglycollate-induced peritonitis, respectively. We observed that MVs-MSCs shared surface molecules with MSCs (CD44, CD105, CD90, CD73) and expressed classical microvesicle markers (Annexin V and CD9). The in vitro treatment with MVs-MSCs exerted a regulatory-like phenotype in M1-Mϕs, which showed higher CD206 level and reduced CCR7 expression. This was associated with decreased levels of inflammatory molecules (IL-1β, IL-6, nitric oxide) and increased immunoregulatory markers (IL-10 and Arginase) in M1-Mϕs. In addition, we detected that MVs-MSCs promoted the downregulation of inflammatory miRNAs (miR-155 and miR-21), as well as, upregulated its predicted target gene SOCS3 in activated M1-Mϕs. In vivo MVs-MSCs treatment reduced the Mϕs infiltrate in the peritoneal cavity inducing a M2-like regulatory phenotype in peritoneal Mϕs (higher arginase activity and reduced expression of CD86, iNOS, IFN-γ, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-1α, and IL-6 molecules). This in vivo immunomodulatory effect of MVs-MSCs on M1-Mϕs was partially associated with the upregulation of CX3CR1 in F4/80+/Ly6C+/CCR2+ Mϕs subsets. In summary, our findings indicate that MVs-MSCs can modulate an internal program in activated Mϕs establishing an alternative regulatory-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan S Henao Agudelo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tarcio T Braga
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane T Amano
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Cenedeze
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Regiane A Cavinato
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Amandda R Peixoto-Santos
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcelo N Muscará
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Simone A Teixeira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario C Cruz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Alvaro Pacheco-Silva
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,IEP, Albert Einstein Hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danilo C de Almeida
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Camara
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Federal University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Renal Pathophysiology, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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326
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Grimaldi A, Zarone MR, Irace C, Zappavigna S, Lombardi A, Kawasaki H, Caraglia M, Misso G. Non-coding RNAs as a new dawn in tumor diagnosis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 78:37-50. [PMID: 28765094 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.07.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The current knowledge about non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) as important regulators of gene expression in both physiological and pathological conditions, has been the main engine for the design of innovative platforms to finalize the pharmacological application of ncRNAs as either therapeutic tools or as molecular biomarkers in cancer. Biochemical alterations of cancer cells are, in fact, largely supported by ncRNA disregulation in the tumor site, which, in turn, reflects the cancer-associated specific modification of circulating ncRNA expression pattern. The aim of this review is to describe the state of the art of pre-clinical and clinical studies that analyze the involvement of miRNAs and lncRNAs in cancer-related processes, such as proliferation, invasion and metastases, giving emphasis to their functional role. A central node of our work has been also the examination of advantages and criticisms correlated with the clinical use of ncRNAs, taking into account the pressing need to refine the profiling methods aimed at identify novel diagnostic and prognostic markers and the request to optimize the delivery of such nucleic acids for a therapeutic use in an imminent future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Grimaldi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Mayra Rachele Zarone
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Carlo Irace
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Silvia Zappavigna
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Lombardi
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Hiromichi Kawasaki
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy; Wakunaga Pharmaceutical Co. LTD, 4-5-36 Miyahara, Yodogawa-ku, Osaka 532-0003 Japan
| | - Michele Caraglia
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Gabriella Misso
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", Via L. De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy.
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327
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Cellular Reparative Mechanisms of Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Retinal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081406. [PMID: 28788088 PMCID: PMC5577990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been reported as promising for the treatment of numerous degenerative disorders including the eye. In retinal degenerative diseases, MSCs exhibit the potential to regenerate into retinal neurons and retinal pigmented epithelial cells in both in vitro and in vivo studies. Delivery of MSCs was found to improve retinal morphology and function and delay retinal degeneration. In this review, we revisit the therapeutic role of MSCs in the diseased eye. Furthermore, we reveal the possible cellular mechanisms and identify the associated signaling pathways of MSCs in reversing the pathological conditions of various ocular disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), retinitis pigmentosa, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. Current stem cell treatment can be dispensed as an independent cell treatment format or with the combination of other approaches. Hence, the improvement of the treatment strategy is largely subjected by our understanding of MSCs mechanism of action.
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328
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Pakravan K, Babashah S, Sadeghizadeh M, Mowla SJ, Mossahebi-Mohammadi M, Ataei F, Dana N, Javan M. MicroRNA-100 shuttled by mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes suppresses in vitro angiogenesis through modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis in breast cancer cells. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2017; 40:457-470. [PMID: 28741069 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-017-0335-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to be involved in the formation and modulation of tumor stroma and in interacting with tumor cells, partly through their secretome. Exosomes are nano-sized intraluminal multi-vesicular bodies secreted by most types of cells and have been found to mediate intercellular communication through the transfer of genetic information via coding and non-coding RNAs to recipient cells. Since exosomes are considered as protective and enriched sources of shuttle microRNAs (miRNAs), we hypothesized that exosomal transfer of miRNAs from MSCs may affect tumor cell behavior, particularly angiogenesis. METHODS Exosomes derived from MSCs were isolated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy analyses, dynamic light scattering measurements, and Western blotting. Fold changes in miR-100 expression levels were calculated in exosomes and their corresponding donor cells by qRT-PCR. The effects of exosomal transfer of miR-100 from MSCs were assessed by qRT-PCR and Western blotting of the mTOR/HIF-1α/VEGF signaling axis in breast cancer cells. The quantification of secreted VEGF protein was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The putative paracrine effects of MSC-derived exosomes on tumor angiogenesis were explored by in vitro angiogenesis assays including endothelial cell proliferation, migration and tube formation assays. RESULTS We found that MSC-derived exosomes induce a significant and dose-dependent decrease in the expression and secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) through modulating the mTOR/HIF-1α signaling axis in breast cancer-derived cells. We also found that miR-100 is enriched in MSC-derived exosomes and that its transfer to breast cancer-derived cells is associated with the down-regulation of VEGF in a time-dependent manner. The putative role of exosomal miR-100 transfer in regulating VEGF expression was substantiated by the ability of anti-miR-100 to rescue the inhibitory effects of MSC-derived exosomes on the expression of VEGF in breast cancer-derived cells. In addition, we found that down-regulation of VEGF mediated by MSC-derived exosomes can affect the vascular behavior of endothelial cells in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Overall, our findings suggest that exosomal transfer of miR-100 may be a novel mechanism underlying the paracrine effects of MSC-derived exosomes and may provide a means by which these vesicles can modulate vascular responses within the microenvironment of breast cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoon Pakravan
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadegh Babashah
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box: 14115-154, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Farangis Ataei
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Dana
- Applied Physiology Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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329
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Plotnikov EY, Silachev DN, Popkov VA, Zorova LD, Pevzner IB, Zorov SD, Jankauskas SS, Babenko VA, Sukhikh GT, Zorov DB. Intercellular Signalling Cross-Talk: To Kill, To Heal and To Rejuvenate. Heart Lung Circ 2017; 26:648-659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hlc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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330
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Bai L, Shao H, Wang H, Zhang Z, Su C, Dong L, Yu B, Chen X, Li X, Zhang X. Effects of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes on Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:4323. [PMID: 28659587 PMCID: PMC5489510 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04559-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) ameliorated experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis (EAU) in rats. Recently, MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-Exo) were thought to carry functions of MSCs. In this study, we tested the effect of local administration of human MSC-Exo on established EAU in the same species. Rats with EAU induced by immunization with interphotoreceptor retinol-binding protein 1177–1191 peptide were treated by periocular injections of increasing doses of MSC-Exo starting at the disease onset for 7 consecutive days. The in vitro effects of MSC-Exo on immune cell migration and responder T cell proliferation were examined by chemotactic assays and lymphocyte proliferation assays, respectively. We found that MSC-Exo greatly reduced the intensity of ongoing EAU as their parent cells by reducing the infiltration of T cell subsets, and other inflammatory cells, in the eyes. Furthermore, the chemoattractive effects of CCL2 and CCL21 on inflammatory cells were inhibited by MSC-Exo. However, no inhibitory effect of MSC-Exo on IRBP-specific T cell proliferation was observed. These results suggest that MSC-Exo effectively ameliorate EAU by inhibiting the migration of inflammatory cells, indicating a potential novel therapy of MSC-Exo for uveitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Bai
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Hui Shao
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kentucky Lions Eye Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, 40202, USA
| | - Hongxing Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chuiyangliu Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhihui Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Chang Su
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Lijie Dong
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Xiteng Chen
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China
| | - Xiaorong Li
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Eye Institute &School of Optometry and Ophthalmology, Tianjin, 300384, P.R. China.
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331
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Chen B, Li Q, Zhao B, Wang Y. Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles as a Novel Potential Therapeutic Tool for Tissue Repair. Stem Cells Transl Med 2017; 6:1753-1758. [PMID: 28653443 PMCID: PMC5689748 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.16-0477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells, with their therapeutic potential in tissue repair and regeneration, have been widely used in translational medicine. Recent evidence suggests that the beneficial effects are mediated largely by their paracrine actions rather than the engraftment and differentiation at the injured sites. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), actively released from cells, play important roles in cell‐to‐cell communication and display multiple functions in tissue regeneration. In the present report, we will briefly review the current knowledge related to the therapeutic potential of EVs, particularly stem cell or progenitor cell‐derived ones for promoting tissue repair and regeneration, and focus on the restorative properties of exosomes/microvesicles in cutaneous wound healing, bone regeneration, hindlimb ischemia, and vascular injury repair. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:1753–1758
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Affiliation(s)
- Bi Chen
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Li
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Bizeng Zhao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai, 200233, People's Republic of China
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332
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333
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Lou G, Chen Z, Zheng M, Liu Y. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes as a new therapeutic strategy for liver diseases. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e346. [PMID: 28620221 PMCID: PMC5519012 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 372] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Revised: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The administration of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as a therapy for liver disease holds great promise. MSCs can differentiate into hepatocytes, reduce liver inflammation, promote hepatic regeneration and secrete protective cytokines. However, the risks of iatrogenic tumor formation, cellular rejection and infusional toxicity in MSC transplantation remain unresolved. Accumulating evidence now suggests that a novel cell-free therapy, MSC-secreted exosomes, might constitute a compelling alternative because of their advantages over the corresponding MSCs. They are smaller and less complex than their parent cells and, thus, easier to produce and store, they are devoid of viable cells, and they present no risk of tumor formation. Moreover, they are less immunogenic than their parent cells because of their lower content in membrane-bound proteins. This paper reviews the biogenesis of MSC exosomes and their physiological functions, and highlights the specific biochemical potential of MSC-derived exosomes in restoring tissue homeostasis. In addition, we summarize the recent advances in the role of exosomes in MSC therapy for various liver diseases, including liver fibrosis, acute liver injury and hepatocellular carcinoma. This paper also discusses the potential challenges and strategies in the use of exosome-based therapies for liver disease in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohua Lou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanning Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China
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334
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Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are a heterogeneous population of microparticles released by virtually all living cells which have been recently widely investigated in different biological fields. They are typically composed of two primary types (exosomes and microvesicles) and are recently commanding increasing attention as mediators of cellular signaling. Indeed, these vesicles can affect recipient cells by carrying and delivering complex cargos of biomolecules (including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids), protected from enzymatic degradation in the environment. Their importance has been demonstrated in the pathophysiology of several organs, in particular in kidney, where different cell types secrete extracellular vesicles that mediate their communication with downstream urinary tract cells. Over the past few years, evidence has been shown that vesicles participate in kidney development and normal physiology. Moreover, EVs are widely demonstrated to be implicated in cellular signaling during renal regenerative and pathological processes. Although many EV mechanisms are still poorly understood, in particular in kidney, the discovery of their role could help to shed light on renal biological processes which are so far elusive. Lastly, extracellular vesicles secreted by renal cells gather in urine, thus becoming a great resource for disease or recovery markers and a promising non-invasive diagnostic instrument for renal disease. In the present review, we discuss the most recent findings on the role of extracellular vesicles in renal physiopathology and their potential implication in diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chiara Gai
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Medical Sciences, University of TurinTurin, Italy
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335
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Foers AD, Cheng L, Hill AF, Wicks IP, Pang KC. Review: Extracellular Vesicles in Joint Inflammation. Arthritis Rheumatol 2017; 69:1350-1362. [PMID: 28217910 DOI: 10.1002/art.40076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Foers
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lesley Cheng
- Latrobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | | | - Ian P Wicks
- The Walter & Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ken C Pang
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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336
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Lu K, Li HY, Yang K, Wu JL, Cai XW, Zhou Y, Li CQ. Exosomes as potential alternatives to stem cell therapy for intervertebral disc degeneration: in-vitro study on exosomes in interaction of nucleus pulposus cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cell Res Ther 2017; 8:108. [PMID: 28486958 PMCID: PMC5424403 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-017-0563-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 03/26/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The stem cell-based therapies for intervertebral disc degeneration have been widely studied. However, the mechanisms of mesenchymal stem cells interacting with intervertebral disc cells, such as nucleus pulposus cells (NPCs), remain unknown. Exosomes as a vital paracrine mechanism in cell–cell communication have been highly focused on. The purpose of this study was to detect the role of exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and NPCs in their interaction with corresponding cells. Methods The exosomes secreted by BM-MSCs and NPCs were purified by differential centrifugation and identified by transmission electron microscope and immunoblot analysis of exosomal marker proteins. Fluorescence confocal microscopy was used to examine the uptake of exosomes by recipient cells. The effects of NPC exosomes on the migration and differentiation of BM-MSCs were determined by transwell migration assays and quantitative RT-PCR analysis of NPC phenotypic genes. Western blot analysis was performed to examine proteins such as aggrecan, sox-9, collagen II and hif-1α in the induced BM-MSCs. Proliferation and the gene expression profile of NPCs induced by BM-MSC exosomes were measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 and qRT-PCR analysis, respectively. Results Both the NPCs and BM-MSCs secreted exosomes, and these exosomes underwent uptake by the corresponding cells. NPC-derived exosomes promoted BM-MSC migration and induced BM-MSC differentiation to a nucleus pulposus-like phenotype. BM-MSC-derived exosomes promoted NPC proliferation and healthier extracellular matrix production in the degenerate NPCs. Conclusion Our study indicates that the exosomes act as an important vehicle in information exchange between BM-MSCs and NPCs. Given a variety of functions and multiple advantages, exosomes alone or loaded with specific genes and drugs would be an appropriate option in a cell-free therapy strategy for intervertebral disc degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kang Lu
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Yin Li
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kuang Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun-Long Wu
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Cai
- Department of Dermatology, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chang-Qing Li
- Department of Orthopedics, XinQiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.
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337
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Carney RP, Hazari S, Colquhoun M, Tran D, Hwang B, Mulligan MS, Bryers JD, Girda E, Leiserowitz GS, Smith ZJ, Lam KS. Multispectral Optical Tweezers for Biochemical Fingerprinting of CD9-Positive Exosome Subpopulations. Anal Chem 2017; 89:5357-5363. [PMID: 28345878 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, are circulating nanoscale particles heavily implicated in cell signaling and can be isolated in vast numbers from human biofluids. Study of their molecular profiling and materials properties is currently underway for purposes of describing a variety of biological functions and diseases. However, the large, and as yet largely unquantified, variety of EV subpopulations differing in composition, size, and likely function necessitates characterization schemes capable of measuring single vesicles. Here we describe the first application of multispectral optical tweezers (MS-OTs) to single vesicles for molecular fingerprinting of EV subpopulations. This versatile imaging platform allows for sensitive measurement of Raman chemical composition (e.g., variation in protein, lipid, cholesterol, nucleic acids), coupled with discrimination by fluorescence markers. For exosomes isolated by ultracentrifugation, we use MS-OTs to interrogate the CD9-positive subpopulations via antibody fluorescence labeling and Raman spectra measurement. We report that the CD9-positive exosome subset exhibits reduced component concentration per vesicle and reduced chemical heterogeneity compared to the total purified EV population. We observed that specific vesicle subpopulations are present across exosomes isolated from cell culture supernatant of several clonal varieties of mesenchymal stromal cells and also from plasma and ascites isolated from human ovarian cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Randy P Carney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Sidhartha Hazari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Macalistair Colquhoun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Di Tran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
| | - Billanna Hwang
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington , 850 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-0005, United States
| | - Michael S Mulligan
- Department of Surgery, University of Washington , 850 Republican Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-0005, United States
| | - James D Bryers
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Washington , 3720 15th Avenue NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Eugenia Girda
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California 98517, United States
| | - Gary S Leiserowitz
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, University of California Davis Medical Center , Sacramento, California 98517, United States
| | - Zachary J Smith
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, Anhui 230027 China
| | - Kit S Lam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis , Sacramento, California 95817, United States.,Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California Davis Cancer Center , Sacramento, California 95817, United States
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338
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Collino F, Pomatto M, Bruno S, Lindoso RS, Tapparo M, Sicheng W, Quesenberry P, Camussi G. Exosome and Microvesicle-Enriched Fractions Isolated from Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Gradient Separation Showed Different Molecular Signatures and Functions on Renal Tubular Epithelial Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 13:226-243. [PMID: 28070858 PMCID: PMC5380712 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9713-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have suggested that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) may mediate MSC paracrine action on kidney regeneration. This activity has been, at least in part, ascribed to the transfer of proteins/transcription factors and different RNA species. Information on the RNA/protein content of different MSC EV subpopulations and the correlation with their biological activity is currently incomplete. The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular composition and the functional properties on renal target cells of MSC EV sub-populations separated by gradient floatation. The results demonstrated heterogeneity in quantity and composition of MSC EVs. Two peaks of diameter were observed (90-110 and 170-190 nm). The distribution of exosomal markers and miRNAs evaluated in the twelve gradient fractions showed an enrichment in fractions with a flotation density of 1.08-1.14 g/mL. Based on this observation, we evaluated the biological activity on renal cell proliferation and apoptosis resistance of low (CF1), medium (CF2) and high (CF3) floatation density fractions. EVs derived from all fractions, were internalized by renal cells, CF1 and CF2 but not CF3 fraction stimulated significant cell proliferation. CF2 also inhibited apoptosis on renal tubular cells submitted to ischemia-reperfusion injury. Comparative miRNomic and proteomic profiles reveal a cluster of miRNAs and proteins common to all three fractions and an enrichment of selected molecules related to renal regeneration in CF2 fraction. In conclusion, the CF2 fraction enriched in exosomal markers was the most active on renal tubular cell proliferation and protection from apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Collino
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Margherita Pomatto
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Healthy Science, Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Wen Sicheng
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Peter Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences and 2i3T, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
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339
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Bonafede R, Mariotti R. ALS Pathogenesis and Therapeutic Approaches: The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Extracellular Vesicles. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:80. [PMID: 28377696 PMCID: PMC5359305 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle paralysis determined by the degeneration of motoneurons in the motor cortex brainstem and spinal cord. The ALS pathogenetic mechanisms are still unclear, despite the wealth of studies demonstrating the involvement of several altered signaling pathways, such as mitochondrial dysfunction, glutamate excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. To date, the proposed therapeutic strategies are targeted to one or a few of these alterations, resulting in only a minimal effect on disease course and survival of ALS patients. The involvement of different mechanisms in ALS pathogenesis underlines the need for a therapeutic approach targeted to multiple aspects. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) can support motoneurons and surrounding cells, reduce inflammation, stimulate tissue regeneration and release growth factors. On this basis, MSC have been proposed as promising candidates to treat ALS. However, due to the drawbacks of cell therapy, the possible therapeutic use of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by stem cells is raising increasing interest. The present review summarizes the main pathological mechanisms involved in ALS and the related therapeutic approaches proposed to date, focusing on MSC therapy and their preclinical and clinical applications. Moreover, the nature and characteristics of EVs and their role in recapitulating the effect of stem cells are discussed, elucidating how and why these vesicles could provide novel opportunities for ALS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Bonafede
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
| | - Raffaella Mariotti
- Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of VeronaVerona, Italy
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340
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Hood JL. The association of exosomes with lymph nodes. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:29-38. [PMID: 27916565 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cells produce extracellular nanovesicles known as exosomes that transport information between tissue microenvironments. Exosomes can engage and regulate the function of various immune cell types facilitating both normal and pathological processes. It follows that exosomes should also associate with lymph nodes containing immune cells. Herein, data derived from investigations that incorporate experiments pertaining to the trafficking of exosomes to lymph nodes is reviewed. Within lymph nodes, direct evidence demonstrates that exosomes associate with dendritic cells, subcapsular sinus macrophages, B lymphocytes and stromal cells. Interactions with endothelial cells are also likely. The functional significance of these associations depends on exosome type. Continued investigations into the relationship between exosomes and lymph nodes will further our understanding of how exosomes regulate immune cells subsets and may serve to inspire new exosome based therapeutics to treat a variety of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua L Hood
- University of Louisville, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and The James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Clinical and Translational Research Building, 505 South Hancock Street, Louisville, KY 40202, United States.
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341
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Eitan E, Suire C, Zhang S, Mattson MP. Impact of lysosome status on extracellular vesicle content and release. Ageing Res Rev 2016; 32:65-74. [PMID: 27238186 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanoscale size bubble-like membranous structures released from cells. EVs contain RNA, lipids and proteins and are thought to serve various roles including intercellular communication and removal of misfolded proteins. The secretion of misfolded and aggregated proteins in EVs may be a cargo disposal alternative to the autophagy-lysosomal and ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. In this review we will discuss the importance of lysosome functionality for the regulation of EV secretion and content. Exosomes are a subtype of EVs that are released by the fusion of multivesicular bodies (MVB) with the plasma membrane. MVBs can also fuse with lysosomes, and the trafficking pathway of MVBs can therefore determine whether or not exosomes are released from cells. Here we summarize data from studies of the effects of lysosome inhibition on the secretion of EVs and on the possibility that cells compensate for lysosome malfunction by disposal of potentially toxic cargos in EVs. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms that regulate trafficking of MVBs to lysosomes and the plasma membrane may advance an understanding of diseases in which pathogenic proteins, lipids or infectious agents accumulate within or outside of cells.
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342
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Toh WS, Lai RC, Hui JHP, Lim SK. MSC exosome as a cell-free MSC therapy for cartilage regeneration: Implications for osteoarthritis treatment. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 67:56-64. [PMID: 27871993 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 322] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies have demonstrated efficacy in cartilage repair in animal and clinical studies. The efficacy of MSC-based therapies which was previously predicated on the chondrogenic potential of MSC is increasingly attributed to the paracrine secretion, particularly exosomes. Exosomes are thought to function primarily as intercellular communication vehicles to transfer bioactive lipids, nucleic acids (mRNAs and microRNAs) and proteins between cells to elicit biological responses in recipient cells. For MSC exosomes, many of these biological responses translated to a therapeutic outcome in injured or diseased cells. Here, we review the current understanding of MSC exosomes, discuss the possible mechanisms of action in cartilage repair within the context of the widely reported immunomodulatory and regenerative potency of MSC exosomes, and provide new perspectives for development of an off-the-shelf and cell-free MSC therapy for treatment of cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Seong Toh
- Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore, Singapore.
| | - Ruenn Chai Lai
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - James Hoi Po Hui
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute National University of Singapore, Singapore; Cartilage Repair Program, Therapeutic Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sai Kiang Lim
- Institute of Medical Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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343
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Composite cell sheet for periodontal regeneration: crosstalk between different types of MSCs in cell sheet facilitates complex periodontal-like tissue regeneration. Stem Cell Res Ther 2016; 7:168. [PMID: 27842561 PMCID: PMC5109898 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-016-0417-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tissue-engineering strategies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and cell sheets have been widely used for periodontal tissue regeneration. However, given the complexity in periodontal structure, the regeneration methods using a single species of MSC could not fulfill the requirement for periodontal regeneration. Methods We researched the interaction between the periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) and jaw bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (JBMMSCs), and constructed a composite cell sheet comprising both of the above MSCs to regenerate complex periodontium-like structures in nude mice. Results Our results show that by co-culturing PDLSCs and JBMMSCs, the expressions of bone and extracellular matrix (ECM)-related genes and proteins were significantly improved in both MSCs. Further investigations showed that, compared to the cell sheet using PDLSCs or JBMMSCs, the composite stem cell sheet (CSCS), which comprises these two MSCs, expressed higher levels of bone- and ECM-related genes and proteins, and generated a composite structure more similar to the native periodontal tissue physiologically in vivo. Conclusions In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the crosstalk between PDLSCs and JBMMSCs in cell sheets facilitate regeneration of complex periodontium-like structures, providing a promising new strategy for physiological and functional regeneration of periodontal tissue. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13287-016-0417-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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344
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Tao S, Guo S, Li M, Ke Q, Guo Y, Zhang C. Chitosan Wound Dressings Incorporating Exosomes Derived from MicroRNA-126-Overexpressing Synovium Mesenchymal Stem Cells Provide Sustained Release of Exosomes and Heal Full-Thickness Skin Defects in a Diabetic Rat Model. Stem Cells Transl Med 2016; 6:736-747. [PMID: 28297576 PMCID: PMC5442792 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2016-0275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a need to find better strategies to promote wound healing, especially of chronic wounds, which remain a challenge. We found that synovium mesenchymal stem cells (SMSCs) have the ability to strongly promote cell proliferation of fibroblasts; however, they are ineffective at promoting angiogenesis. Using gene overexpression technology, we overexpressed microRNA‐126‐3p (miR‐126‐3p) and transferred the angiogenic ability of endothelial progenitor cells to SMSCs, promoting angiogenesis. We tested a therapeutic strategy involving controlled‐release exosomes derived from miR‐126‐3p‐overexpressing SMSCs combined with chitosan. Our in vitro results showed that exosomes derived from miR‐126‐3p‐overexpressing SMSCs (SMSC‐126‐Exos) stimulated the proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts and human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC‐1) in a dose‐dependent manner. Furthermore, SMSC‐126‐Exos also promoted migration and tube formation of HMEC‐1. Testing this system in a diabetic rat model, we found that this approach resulted in accelerated re‐epithelialization, activated angiogenesis, and promotion of collagen maturity in vivo. These data provide the first evidence of the potential of SMSC‐126‐Exos in treating cutaneous wounds and indicate that modifying the cells—for example, by gene overexpression—and using the exosomes derived from these modified cells provides a potential drug delivery system and could have infinite possibilities for future therapy. Stem Cells Translational Medicine2017;6:736–747
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi‐Cong Tao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shang‐Chun Guo
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin‐Fei Ke
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ya‐Ping Guo
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chang‐Qing Zhang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Microsurgery on Extremities, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People’s Hospital, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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345
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Goloviznina NA, Verghese SC, Yoon YM, Taratula O, Marks DL, Kurre P. Mesenchymal Stromal Cell-derived Extracellular Vesicles Promote Myeloid-biased Multipotent Hematopoietic Progenitor Expansion via Toll-Like Receptor Engagement. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:24607-24617. [PMID: 27758863 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.745653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) present in the bone marrow microenvironment secrete cytokines and angiogenic factors that support the maintenance and regenerative expansion of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Here, we tested the hypothesis that extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MSCs contribute to the paracrine crosstalk that shapes hematopoietic function. We systematically characterized EV release by murine stromal cells and demonstrate that MSC-derived EVs prompt a loss of HSPC quiescence with concomitant expansion of murine myeloid progenitors. Our studies reveal that HSPC expansion by MSC EVs is mediated via the MyD88 adapter protein and is partially blocked by treatment with a TLR4 inhibitor. Imaging of fluorescence protein-tagged MSC EVs corroborated their cellular co-localization with TLR4 and endosomal Rab5 compartments in HSPCs. The dissection of downstream responses to TLR4 activation reveals that the mechanism by which MSC EVs impact HSPCs involves canonical NF-κB signaling and downstream activation of Hif-1α and CCL2 target genes. Our aggregate data identify a previously unknown role for MSC-derived EVs in the regulation of hematopoiesis through innate immune mechanisms and illustrate the expansive cell-cell crosstalk in the bone marrow microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Young Me Yoon
- From the Department of Pediatrics,; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, and
| | - Oleh Taratula
- the Oregon State University, College of Pharmacy, Corvallis, Oregon 97331
| | - Daniel L Marks
- From the Department of Pediatrics,; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, and
| | - Peter Kurre
- From the Department of Pediatrics,; Papé Family Pediatric Research Institute, and; Pediatric Cancer Biology Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon 97239 and.
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346
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Pashoutan Sarvar D, Shamsasenjan K, Akbarzadehlaleh P. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes: New Opportunity in Cell-Free Therapy. Adv Pharm Bull 2016; 6:293-299. [PMID: 27766213 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2016.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) are involved in tissue homeostasis through direct cell-to-cell interaction, as well as secretion of soluble factors. Exosomes are the sort of soluble biological mediators that obtained from MSCs cultured media in vitro. MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-DEs) which produced under physiological or pathological conditions are central mediators of intercellular communications by conveying proteins, lipids, mRNAs, siRNA, ribosomal RNAs and miRNAs to the neighbor or distant cells. MSC-DEs have been tested in various disease models, and the results have revealed that their functions are similar to those of MSCs. They have the supportive functions in organisms such as repairing tissue damages, suppressing inflammatory responses, and modulating the immune system. MSC-DEs are of great interest in the scope of regenerative medicine because of their unique capacity to the regeneration of the damaged tissues, and the present paper aims to introduce MSC-DEs as a novel hope in cell-free therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davod Pashoutan Sarvar
- Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Karim Shamsasenjan
- Umbilical Cord Stem Cell Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Akbarzadehlaleh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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347
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Zhang Y, Chopp M, Zhang ZG, Katakowski M, Xin H, Qu C, Ali M, Mahmood A, Xiong Y. Systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated by human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured under 2D and 3D conditions improves functional recovery in rats after traumatic brain injury. Neurochem Int 2016; 111:69-81. [PMID: 27539657 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2016.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multipotent human bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) improve functional outcome after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). The present study was designed to investigate whether systemic administration of cell-free exosomes generated from hMSCs cultured in 2-dimensional (2D) conventional conditions or in 3-dimensional (3D) collagen scaffolds promote functional recovery and neurovascular remodeling in rats after TBI. Wistar rats were subjected to TBI induced by controlled cortical impact; 24 h later tail vein injection of exosomes derived from hMSCs cultured under 2D or 3D conditions or an equal number of liposomes as a treatment control were performed. The modified Morris water maze, neurological severity score and footfault tests were employed to evaluate cognitive and sensorimotor functional recovery. Animals were sacrificed at 35 days after TBI. Histological and immunohistochemical analyses were performed for measurements of lesion volume, neurovascular remodeling (angiogenesis and neurogenesis), and neuroinflammation. Compared with liposome-treated control, exosome-treatments did not reduce lesion size but significantly improved spatial learning at 33-35 days measured by the Morris water maze test, and sensorimotor functional recovery, i.e., reduced neurological deficits and footfault frequency, observed at 14-35 days post injury (p < 0.05). Exosome treatments significantly increased the number of newborn endothelial cells in the lesion boundary zone and dentate gyrus, and significantly increased the number of newborn mature neurons in the dentate gyrus as well as reduced neuroinflammation. Exosomes derived from hMSCs cultured in 3D scaffolds provided better outcome in spatial learning than exosomes from hMSCs cultured in the 2D condition. In conclusion, hMSC-generated exosomes significantly improve functional recovery in rats after TBI, at least in part, by promoting endogenous angiogenesis and neurogenesis and reducing neuroinflammation. Thus, exosomes derived from hMSCs may be a novel cell-free therapy for TBI, and hMSC-scaffold generated exosomes may selectively enhance spatial learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| | | | - Mark Katakowski
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Changsheng Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Meser Ali
- Department of Radiology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Asim Mahmood
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Ye Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
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348
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Teixeira JH, Silva AM, Almeida MI, Barbosa MA, Santos SG. Circulating extracellular vesicles: Their role in tissue repair and regeneration. Transfus Apher Sci 2016; 55:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transci.2016.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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349
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Liu CM, Hsieh CL, Shen CN, Lin CC, Shigemura K, Sung SY. Exosomes from the tumor microenvironment as reciprocal regulators that enhance prostate cancer progression. Int J Urol 2016; 23:734-44. [PMID: 27397852 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Distant organ metastasis of prostate cancer is a puzzle, and various theories have successively arisen to explain the mechanism of lethal cancer progression. While perhaps agreeable to many cancer biologists, the very statement of "seed and soil" proposed by Stephan Paget in 1881 is arguably still the major statement for organ-specific cancer metastasis. Since recent studies showed important correlations of regulation of cancer cells and the microenvironment, exosomes from cancer and stromal cells seem to create another important niche for metastasis. Stromal cells pretreated with exosomes from metastatic cancer cells increase the potential of change stromal cells. The poorly metastatic cancer cells could also enhance malignancy through transfer of proteins, microribonucleic acid and messenger ribonucleic acid to recipient cancer cells. Herein, we reviewed extracellular exosomes as a factor involved in cross-talk between stromal and prostate cancer epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Ming Liu
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan.,The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Hsieh
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ning Shen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chieh Lin
- The Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, China Medical University and Academia Sinica, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Katsumi Shigemura
- Department of Urology, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shian-Ying Sung
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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350
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Kinoshita T, Yip KW, Spence T, Liu FF. MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles: potential cancer biomarkers. J Hum Genet 2016; 62:67-74. [PMID: 27383658 DOI: 10.1038/jhg.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EV) are small membrane-bound structures that are secreted by various cell types, including tumor cells. Recent studies have shown that EVs are important for cell-to-cell communication, locally and distantly; horizontally transferring DNA, mRNA, microRNA (miRNA), proteins and lipids. In the context of cancer biology, tumor-derived EVs are capable of modifying the microenvironment, promoting tumor progression, immune evasion, angiogenesis and metastasis. miRNAs contained within EVs are functionally associated with cancer progression, metastasis and aggressive tumor phenotypes. These factors, along with their stability in bodily fluids, have led to extensive investigations on the potential role of circulating EV-derived miRNAs as tumor biomarkers. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of circulating EV miRNAs in human cancer, and discuss their clinical utility and challenges in functioning as biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kinoshita
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Kenneth W Yip
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tara Spence
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Ontario Cancer Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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