301
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Eyssen LEA, Coetzer TH. Validation of ligands targeting metacaspase-2 (MCA2) from Trypanosoma brucei brucei and their application to MCA5 from T. congolense as possible trypanocides. J Mol Graph Model 2020; 97:107579. [PMID: 32197135 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmgm.2020.107579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metacaspases (MCAs) are ideal drug and diagnostic targets for animal and human African trypanosomiasis, as these cysteine peptidases are absent from the metazoan kingdom and have been implicated in the parasite cell cycle and cell death. Tsetse fly-transmitted trypanosomes that live free in the bloodstream and/or cerebrospinal fluid of the mammalian host cause animal and human African trypanosomiasis (nagana or sleeping sickness respectively). Chemotherapy and chemoprophylaxis are the main forms of control, but in contrast to human trypanocides, the veterinary drugs are old and drug resistance is on the increase. A peptidomimetic library targeting the MCA2 from Trypanosoma brucei brucei has ligands with low IC50 values, some of which were antiparasitic. This study validates the inhibitory activity of these ligands using the protein structure solved by X-ray diffraction after the ligand library was published. Water molecules were shown to be important in substrate binding and strategies to improve the efficacy of these ligands are highlighted. These ligands appear to be pan-specific as they were docked into the active site of the homology modelled MCA5 of animal infective Trypanosoma congolense with similar binding energies and conformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- L E-A Eyssen
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | - Theresa Ht Coetzer
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Pietermaritzburg Campus), Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa.
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302
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Fofana M, Mitri C, Diallo D, Rotureau B, Diagne CT, Gaye A, Ba Y, Dieme C, Diallo M, Dia I. Possible influence of Plasmodium/Trypanosoma co-infections on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles mosquitoes. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:127. [PMID: 32131895 PMCID: PMC7057563 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-04977-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective In tropical Africa, trypanosomiasis is present in endemic areas with many other diseases including malaria. Because malaria vectors become more anthropo-zoophilic under the current insecticide pressure, they may be exposed to trypanosome parasites. By collecting mosquitoes in six study sites with distinct malaria infection prevalence and blood sample from cattle, we tried to assess the influence of malaria-trypanosomiasis co-endemicity on the vectorial capacity of Anopheles. Results Overall, all animal infections were due to Trypanosoma vivax (infection rates from 2.6 to 10.5%) in villages where the lowest Plasmodium prevalence were observed at the beginning of the study. An. gambiae s.l. displayed trophic preferences for human-animal hosts. Over 84 mosquitoes, only one was infected by Plasmodium falciparum (infection rate: 4.5%) in a site that displayed the highest prevalence at the beginning of the study. Thus, Anopheles could be exposed to Trypanosoma when they feed on infected animals. No Plasmodium infection was observed in the Trypanosoma-infected animals sites. This can be due to an interaction between both parasites as observed in mice and highlights the need of further studies considering Trypanosoma/Plasmodium mixed infections to better characterize the role of these infections in the dynamic of malaria transmission and the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maty Fofana
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Christian Mitri
- Unité Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Diawo Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, INSERM U1201 & Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Cheikh Tidiane Diagne
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Alioune Gaye
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Yamar Ba
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Constentin Dieme
- Unité Génétique et Génomique des Insectes Vecteurs, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Slingerlands, NY, USA
| | - Mawlouth Diallo
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Ibrahima Dia
- Pôle de Zoologie Médicale, Institut Pasteur de Dakar, 36 Avenue Pasteur, BP 220, Dakar, Sénégal.
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303
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Rao SPS, Lakshminarayana SB, Jiricek J, Kaiser M, Ritchie R, Myburgh E, Supek F, Tuntland T, Nagle A, Molteni V, Mäser P, Mottram JC, Barrett MP, Diagana TT. Anti-Trypanosomal Proteasome Inhibitors Cure Hemolymphatic and Meningoencephalic Murine Infection Models of African Trypanosomiasis. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010028. [PMID: 32079320 PMCID: PMC7157554 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Current anti-trypanosomal therapies suffer from problems of longer treatment duration, toxicity and inadequate efficacy, hence there is a need for safer, more efficacious and ‘easy to use’ oral drugs. Previously, we reported the discovery of the triazolopyrimidine (TP) class as selective kinetoplastid proteasome inhibitors with in vivo efficacy in mouse models of leishmaniasis, Chagas Disease and African trypanosomiasis (HAT). For the treatment of HAT, development compounds need to have excellent penetration to the brain to cure the meningoencephalic stage of the disease. Here we describe detailed biological and pharmacological characterization of triazolopyrimidine compounds in HAT specific assays. The TP class of compounds showed single digit nanomolar potency against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense and Trypanosoma brucei gambiense strains. These compounds are trypanocidal with concentration-time dependent kill and achieved relapse-free cure in vitro. Two compounds, GNF6702 and a new analog NITD689, showed favorable in vivo pharmacokinetics and significant brain penetration, which enabled oral dosing. They also achieved complete cure in both hemolymphatic (blood) and meningoencephalic (brain) infection of human African trypanosomiasis mouse models. Mode of action studies on this series confirmed the 20S proteasome as the target in T. brucei. These proteasome inhibitors have the potential for further development into promising new treatment for human African trypanosomiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivasa P S Rao
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Suresh B Lakshminarayana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Jan Jiricek
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ryan Ritchie
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Elmarie Myburgh
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Hull York Medical School, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Frantisek Supek
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Tove Tuntland
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Advait Nagle
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Valentina Molteni
- Genomics Institute of the Novartis Research Foundation, 10675 John Jay Hopkins Drive, San Diego, CA 92121, USA; (F.S.); (T.T.); (A.N.); (V.M.)
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Socinstrasse 57, 4501 Basel, Switzerland; (M.K.); (P.M.)
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4000 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy C Mottram
- York Biomedical Research Institute, Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
| | - Michael P Barrett
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; (R.R.); (M.P.B.)
| | - Thierry T Diagana
- Novartis Institute for Tropical Diseases, 5300 Chiron Way, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA; (S.B.L.); (J.J.); (T.T.D.)
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304
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Abstract
AbstractDuring three decades, only about 20 new drugs have been developed for malaria, tuberculosis and all neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). This critical situation was reached because NTDs represent only 10% of health research investments; however, they comprise about 90% of the global disease burden. Computational simulations applied in virtual screening (VS) strategies are very efficient tools to identify pharmacologically active compounds or new indications for drugs already administered for other diseases. One of the advantages of this approach is the low time-consuming and low-budget first stage, which filters for testing experimentally a group of candidate compounds with high chances of binding to the target and present trypanocidal activity. In this work, we review the most common VS strategies that have been used for the identification of new drugs with special emphasis on those applied to trypanosomiasis and leishmaniasis. Computational simulations based on the selected protein targets or their ligands are explained, including the method selection criteria, examples of successful VS campaigns applied to NTDs, a list of validated molecular targets for drug development and repositioned drugs for trypanosomatid-caused diseases. Thereby, here we present the state-of-the-art of VS and drug repurposing to conclude pointing out the future perspectives in the field.
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305
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Dieme C, Zmarlak NM, Brito-Fravallo E, Travaillé C, Pain A, Cherrier F, Genève C, Calvo-Alvarez E, Riehle MM, Vernick KD, Rotureau B, Mitri C. Exposure of Anopheles mosquitoes to trypanosomes reduces reproductive fitness and enhances susceptibility to Plasmodium. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008059. [PMID: 32032359 PMCID: PMC7032731 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During a blood meal, female Anopheles mosquitoes are potentially exposed to diverse microbes in addition to the malaria parasite, Plasmodium. Human and animal African trypanosomiases are frequently co-endemic with malaria in Africa. It is not known whether exposure of Anopheles to trypanosomes influences their fitness or ability to transmit Plasmodium. Using cell and molecular biology approaches, we found that Trypanosoma brucei brucei parasites survive for at least 48h after infectious blood meal in the midgut of the major malaria vector, Anopheles coluzzii before being cleared. This transient survival of trypanosomes in the midgut is correlated with a dysbiosis, an alteration in the abundance of the enteric bacterial flora in Anopheles coluzzii. Using a developmental biology approach, we found that the presence of live trypanosomes in mosquito midguts also reduces their reproductive fitness, as it impairs the viability of laid eggs by affecting their hatching. Furthermore, we found that Anopheles exposure to trypanosomes enhances their vector competence for Plasmodium, as it increases their infection prevalence. A transcriptomic analysis revealed that expression of only two Anopheles immune genes are modulated during trypanosome exposure and that the increased susceptibility to Plasmodium was microbiome-dependent, while the reproductive fitness cost was dependent only on the presence of live trypanosomes but was microbiome independent. Taken together, these results demonstrate multiple effects upon Anopheles vector competence for Plasmodium caused by eukaryotic microbes interacting with the host and its microbiome, which may in turn have implications for malaria control strategies in co-endemic areas. In nature, females Anopheles mosquitoes that transmit the malaria parasites Plasmodium, take successive blood meals to maximize their offspring. During these blood meals, mosquitoes are exposed to a variety of microbes present in the host blood in addition to Plasmodium, the obligate parasite that causes malaria. The Trypanosoma parasites, causing trypanosomiases, are sympatric with the malaria parasites in numerous African regions, therefore, a single female mosquito could be in contact with both pathogens concurrently or through successive blood meals. In this work, we showed that exposure of females Anopheles mosquitoes to Trypanosoma enhanced their susceptibility to malaria parasites, reduced their reproductive fitness and modulated their bacterial gut flora. While the effect of trypanosomes ingestion on Plasmodium infection is microbiome dependent, the phenotype on the reproductive fitness is microbiome independent. These results highlight the need for considering the effect of eukaryotic microbes on Anopheles biology for malaria control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constentin Dieme
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Natalia Marta Zmarlak
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Graduate School of Life Sciences ED515, Sorbonne Universities, UPMC Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Emma Brito-Fravallo
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Travaillé
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Adrien Pain
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- Institut Pasteur–Bioinformatics and Biostatistics Hub–C3BI, USR 3756 IP CNRS–Paris, France
| | - Floriane Cherrier
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Genève
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Estefanía Calvo-Alvarez
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Michelle M. Riehle
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Kenneth D. Vernick
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
| | - Brice Rotureau
- Trypanosome Transmission Group, Trypanosome Cell Biology Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, INSERM U1201, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BR); (CM)
| | - Christian Mitri
- Genetics and Genomics of Insect Vectors Unit, Department of Parasites and Insect Vectors, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR2000, Paris, France
- * E-mail: (BR); (CM)
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306
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Molecular identification of different trypanosome species in tsetse flies caught in the wildlife reserve of Santchou in the western region of Cameroon. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:805-813. [PMID: 32006230 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Addressing the problems linked to tsetse-transmitted trypanosomiases requires considerable data on tsetse distribution and trypanosome infections. Although efforts to map tsetse and trypanosome infections have been undertaken at continental level, published data are still rare in wildlife reserves of West and Central Africa. To fill this gap, data on tsetse distribution and trypanosome infections were generated in the wildlife reserve of Santchou. For this study, each tsetse caught was identified and its DNA extracted. Different trypanosome species were identified by PCR. Entomological and parasitological data were transported onto a satellite image in order to visualize their distributions. From 195 Glossina palpalis palpalis that were caught, 33.8% (66/195) carried trypanosome infections with 89.4% (59/66) of single infections and 10.6% (7/66) mixed infections. From the 66 flies with trypanosome infections, 54.5% (36/66), 27.3% (18/66) and 18.2% (12/66) were respectively due to Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and Trypanosoma vivax. The global infection rates were 18.5% (36/195) for Trypanosoma congolense (forest and savannah), 9.2% (18/195) for Trypanosoma brucei s.l. and 6.1% (12/195) for Trypanosoma vivax. The maps generated show the distribution of tsetse and trypanosome infections. This study showed an active transmission of trypanosomes in the wildlife reserve of Santchou. The maps enabled to identify areas with high transmission risk and where control operations must be implemented in order to eliminate tsetse and the diseases that they transmit.
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307
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Boodman C, Libman M, Ndao M, Yansouni CP. Case Report: Trypanosoma brucei Gambiense Human African Trypanosomiasis as the Cause of Fever in an Inpatient with Multiple Myeloma and HIV-1 Coinfection. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2020; 101:123-125. [PMID: 31074413 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.18-0889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the case of a 64-year-old woman found to have urban-acquired Trypanosoma brucei (T.b.) gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) as the cause of sustained fever starting 9 months after returning to Canada from Democratic Republic of the Congo, in the context of concomitant multiple myeloma and HIV-1 coinfection. Approaches for the management of both clinical stages of T.b. gambiense HAT are well defined for endemic settings using current diagnostics and treatments. However, few data inform the diagnosis and management of patients with bone marrow suppression from active malignancy, recent anticancer therapy, or HIV coinfection. We discuss the implications of immunosuppression for diagnosis and management of T.b. gambiense HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl Boodman
- J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, Montreal, Canada.,Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Michael Libman
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, Montreal, Canada
| | - Momar Ndao
- National Reference Centre for Parasitology, Montreal, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, Montreal, Canada
| | - Cedric P Yansouni
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medical Microbiology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Canada.,J.D. MacLean Centre for Tropical Diseases, Montreal, Canada
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308
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Dawidowski M, Kalel VC, Napolitano V, Fino R, Schorpp K, Emmanouilidis L, Lenhart D, Ostertag M, Kaiser M, Kolonko M, Tippler B, Schliebs W, Dubin G, Mäser P, Tetko IV, Hadian K, Plettenburg O, Erdmann R, Sattler M, Popowicz GM. Structure-Activity Relationship in Pyrazolo[4,3- c]pyridines, First Inhibitors of PEX14-PEX5 Protein-Protein Interaction with Trypanocidal Activity. J Med Chem 2020; 63:847-879. [PMID: 31860309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma protists are pathogens leading to a spectrum of devastating infectious diseases. The range of available chemotherapeutics against Trypanosoma is limited, and the existing therapies are partially ineffective and cause serious adverse effects. Formation of the PEX14-PEX5 complex is essential for protein import into the parasites' glycosomes. This transport is critical for parasite metabolism and failure leads to mislocalization of glycosomal enzymes, with fatal consequences for the parasite. Hence, inhibiting the PEX14-PEX5 protein-protein interaction (PPI) is an attractive way to affect multiple metabolic pathways. Herein, we have used structure-guided computational screening and optimization to develop the first line of compounds that inhibit PEX14-PEX5 PPI. The optimization was driven by several X-ray structures, NMR binding data, and molecular dynamics simulations. Importantly, the developed compounds show significant cellular activity against Trypanosoma, including the human pathogen Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma cruzi parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Dawidowski
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany.,Department of Drug Technology and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology , Medical University of Warsaw , Banacha 1 , 02-097 Warszawa , Poland
| | - Vishal C Kalel
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Valeria Napolitano
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology , Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7 , Krakow 30-387 , Poland.,Małopolska Center of Biotechnology , Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Gronostajowa 7 , Kraków 30-387 , Poland
| | - Roberto Fino
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | | | - Leonidas Emmanouilidis
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Dominik Lenhart
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Michael Ostertag
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57 , 4051 Basel , Switzerland.,University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland
| | - Marta Kolonko
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry , Wrocław University of Science and Technology , Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27 , 50-370 Wrocław , Poland
| | - Bettina Tippler
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schliebs
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Grzegorz Dubin
- Małopolska Center of Biotechnology , Jagiellonian University in Kraków , Gronostajowa 7 , Kraków 30-387 , Poland
| | - Pascal Mäser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute , Socinstrasse 57 , 4051 Basel , Switzerland.,University of Basel , 4001 Basel , Switzerland
| | | | | | - Oliver Plettenburg
- Institute of Organic Chemistry , Leibniz Universität Hannover , Schneiderberg 1b , Hannover 30167 , Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine , Ruhr-University Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
| | - Michael Sattler
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
| | - Grzegorz M Popowicz
- Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich at Chair of Biomolecular NMR, Department Chemie , Technische Universität München , Lichtenbergstrasse 4 , 85747 Garching , Germany
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309
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Clinical Study on the Melarsoprol-Related Encephalopathic Syndrome: Risk Factors and HLA Association. Trop Med Infect Dis 2020; 5:tropicalmed5010005. [PMID: 31906333 PMCID: PMC7157710 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed5010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/23/2019] [Accepted: 12/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melarsoprol administration for the treatment of late-stage human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is associated with the development of an unpredictable and badly characterized encephalopathic syndrome (ES), probably of immune origin, that kills approximately 50% of those affected. We investigated the characteristics and clinical risk factors for ES, as well as the association between the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) complex and the risk for ES in a case-control study. Late-stage Gambiense HAT patients treated with melarsoprol and developing ES (69 cases) were compared to patients not suffering from the syndrome (207 controls). Patients were enrolled in six HAT treatment centres in Angola and in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Standardized clinical data was obtained from all participants before melarsoprol was initiated. Class I (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-Cw) and II (HLA-DR) alleles were determined by PCR-SSOP methods in 62 ES cases and 189 controls. The principal ES pattern consisted in convulsions followed by a coma, whereas ES with exclusively mental changes was not observed. Oedema, bone pain, apathy, and a depressed humour were associated with a higher risk of ES, while abdominal pain, coma, respiratory distress, and a Babinski sign were associated with higher ES-associated mortality. Haplotype C*14/B*15 was associated with an elevated risk for ES (OR: 6.64; p-value: 0.008). Haplotypes A*23/C*14, A*23/B*15 and DR*07/B*58 also showed a weaker association with ES. This result supports the hypothesis that a genetically determined peculiar type of immune response confers susceptibility for ES.
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310
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Ciss M, Bassène MD, Seck MT, Mbaye AG, Sall B, Fall AG, Vreysen MJB, Bouyer J. Environmental impact of tsetse eradication in Senegal. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20313. [PMID: 31889138 PMCID: PMC6937335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56919-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The sterile insect technique is an environment friendly control tactic and is very species specific. It is not a stand-alone technique and has been used mostly in combination with other control tactics within an area-wide integrated pest management strategy. For a period of eight years, the direct impact of a campaign to eradicate a population of the tsetse fly Glossina palpalis gambiensis in Senegal was monitored using a set of fruit-feeding insect species (Cetoniinae and Nymphalidae) that served as ecological indicators of the health of the ecosystem. Here we show that the eradication campaign had very limited impacts on the apparent densities of the most frequent species as well as three diversity indexes during the reduction phase involving insecticides but reverted to pre-intervention levels as soon as the release of the sterile male insects started. These results greatly expand our understanding of the impact of vector eradication campaigns on non-target species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamadou Ciss
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Mireille D Bassène
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Momar T Seck
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Abdou G Mbaye
- Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Baba Sall
- Ministère de l'Elevage et des Productions animales, Direction des Services Vétérinaires, BP 45677, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Assane G Fall
- Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles, Laboratoire National d'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, BP 2057, Dakar, Hann, Sénégal
| | - Marc J B Vreysen
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Programme of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, A-1400, Vienna, Austria.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Interactions hôtes-vecteurs-parasites-environnement dans les maladies tropicales négligées dues aux trypanosomatides', Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France.
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 'Animal, Santé, Territoires, Risques et Ecosystèmes', Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), 34398, Montpellier, France.
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311
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The Flipside of Eradicating a Disease; Human African Trypanosomiasis in a Woman in Rural Democratic Republic of Congo: A Case Report. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040142. [PMID: 31835660 PMCID: PMC6958452 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected disease caused by the protozoan parasites Trypanosoma brucei and transmitted by tsetse flies that progresses in two phases. Symptoms in the first phase include fever, headaches, pruritus, lymphadenopathy, and in certain cases, hepato- and splenomegaly. Neurological disorders such as sleep disorder, aggressive behavior, logorrhea, psychotic reactions, and mood changes are signs of the second stage of the disease. Diagnosis follows complex algorithms, including serological testing and microscopy. Our case report illustrates the course of events of a 41-year old woman with sleep disorder, among other neurological symptoms, whose diagnosis was made seven months after the onset of symptoms. The patient had consulted two different hospitals in Kinshasa and was on the verge of being discharged from a third due to negative laboratory test results. This case report highlights the challenges that may arise when a disease is on the verge of eradication.
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312
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Hulpia F, Mabille D, Campagnaro GD, Schumann G, Maes L, Roditi I, Hofer A, de Koning HP, Caljon G, Van Calenbergh S. Combining tubercidin and cordycepin scaffolds results in highly active candidates to treat late-stage sleeping sickness. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5564. [PMID: 31804484 PMCID: PMC6895180 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13522-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei parasites with limited treatment options. Trypanosoma is unable to synthesize purines de novo and relies solely on their uptake and interconversion from the host, constituting purine nucleoside analogues a potential source of antitrypanosomal agents. Here we combine structural elements from known trypanocidal nucleoside analogues to develop a series of 3’-deoxy-7-deazaadenosine nucleosides, and investigate their effects against African trypanosomes. 3’-Deoxytubercidin is a highly potent trypanocide in vitro and displays curative activity in animal models of acute and CNS-stage disease, even at low doses and oral administration. Whole-genome RNAi screening reveals that the P2 nucleoside transporter and adenosine kinase are involved in the uptake and activation, respectively, of this analogue. This is confirmed by P1 and P2 transporter assays and nucleotide pool analysis. 3’-Deoxytubercidin is a promising lead to treat late-stage sleeping sickness. Trypanosoma brucei relies on uptake and conversion of purines from the host, which constitutes a potential drug target. Here, Hulpia et al. combine structural elements from known trypanocidal nucleoside analogues and develop a potent trypanocide with curative activity in animal models of acute and late stage sleeping sickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Hulpia
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Dorien Mabille
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Gustavo D Campagnaro
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Gabriela Schumann
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Louis Maes
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Isabel Roditi
- Institute of Cell Biology, University of Bern, Baltzerstrasse 4, 3012, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anders Hofer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, 901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Harry P de Koning
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Guy Caljon
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Parasitology and Hygiene (LMPH), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Serge Van Calenbergh
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry (Campus Heymans), Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Gent, Belgium.
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313
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Anketell MJ, Sharrock TM, Paterson I. A Unified Total Synthesis of the Actinoallolides, a Family of Potent Anti‐Trypanosomal Macrolides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 59:1572-1576. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201914042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Anketell
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Theodore M. Sharrock
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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314
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Anketell MJ, Sharrock TM, Paterson I. A Unified Total Synthesis of the Actinoallolides, a Family of Potent Anti‐Trypanosomal Macrolides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201914042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Anketell
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Theodore M. Sharrock
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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315
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Hegedűsová E, Kulkarni S, Burgman B, Alfonzo JD, Paris Z. The general mRNA exporters Mex67 and Mtr2 play distinct roles in nuclear export of tRNAs in Trypanosoma brucei. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:8620-8631. [PMID: 31392978 PMCID: PMC6794378 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkz671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) are central players in protein synthesis, which in Eukarya need to be delivered from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by specific transport receptors, most of which belong to the evolutionarily conserved beta-importin family. Based on the available literature, we identified two candidates, Xpo-t and Xpo-5 for tRNA export in Trypanosoma brucei. However, down-regulation of expression of these genes did not disrupt the export of tRNAs to the cytoplasm. In search of alternative pathways, we tested the mRNA export complex Mex67-Mtr2, for a role in tRNA nuclear export, as described previously in yeast. Down-regulation of either exporter affected the subcellular distribution of tRNAs. However, contrary to yeast, TbMex67 and TbMtr2 accumulated different subsets of tRNAs in the nucleus. While TbMtr2 perturbed the export of all the tRNAs tested, silencing of TbMex67, led to the nuclear accumulation of tRNAs that are typically modified with queuosine. In turn, inhibition of tRNA nuclear export also affected the levels of queuosine modification in tRNAs. Taken together, the results presented demonstrate the dynamic nature of tRNA trafficking in T. brucei and its potential impact not only on the availability of tRNAs for protein synthesis but also on their modification status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Hegedűsová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Kulkarni
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Brandon Burgman
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Juan D Alfonzo
- Department of Microbiology, Ohio State Biochemistry Program and The Center for RNA Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Zdeněk Paris
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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316
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Zuma NH, Aucamp J, N'Da DD. An update on derivatisation and repurposing of clinical nitrofuran drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 140:105092. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.105092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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317
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Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Group 2: The Unusual Suspect. Trends Parasitol 2019; 35:983-995. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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318
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Meade JC. P-type transport ATPases in Leishmania and Trypanosoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:69. [PMID: 31782726 PMCID: PMC6884021 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
P-type ATPases are critical to the maintenance and regulation of cellular ion homeostasis and membrane lipid asymmetry due to their ability to move ions and phospholipids against a concentration gradient by utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis. P-type ATPases are particularly relevant in human pathogenic trypanosomatids which are exposed to abrupt and dramatic changes in their external environment during their life cycles. This review describes the complete inventory of ion-motive, P-type ATPase genes in the human pathogenic Trypanosomatidae; eight Leishmania species (L. aethiopica, L. braziliensis, L. donovani, L. infantum, L. major, L. mexicana, L. panamensis, L. tropica), Trypanosoma cruzi and three Trypanosoma brucei subspecies (Trypanosoma brucei brucei TREU927, Trypanosoma brucei Lister strain 427, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense DAL972). The P-type ATPase complement in these trypanosomatids includes the P1B (metal pumps), P2A (SERCA, sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPases), P2B (PMCA, plasma membrane calcium ATPases), P2D (Na+ pumps), P3A (H+ pumps), P4 (aminophospholipid translocators), and P5B (no assigned specificity) subfamilies. These subfamilies represent the P-type ATPase transport functions necessary for survival in the Trypanosomatidae as P-type ATPases for each of these seven subfamilies are found in all Leishmania and Trypanosoma species included in this analysis. These P-type ATPase subfamilies are correlated with current molecular and biochemical knowledge of their function in trypanosomatid growth, adaptation, infectivity, and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Meade
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, 2500 North State Street, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
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319
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Romero-Meza G, Mugnier MR. Trypanosoma brucei. Trends Parasitol 2019; 36:571-572. [PMID: 31757771 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2019.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Romero-Meza
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Monica R Mugnier
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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320
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Neopterin and CXCL-13 in Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense Sleeping Sickness: Lessons from the Field in Angola. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:6070176. [PMID: 31886231 PMCID: PMC6914994 DOI: 10.1155/2019/6070176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human African Trypanosomiasis may become manageable in the next decade with fexinidazole. However, currently stage diagnosis remains difficult to implement in the field and requires a lumbar puncture. Our study of an Angolan cohort of T. b. gambiense-infected patients used other staging criteria than those recommended by the WHO. We compared WHO criteria (cell count and parasite identification in the CSF) with two biomarkers (neopterin and CXCL-13) which have proven potential to diagnose disease stage or relapse. Biological, clinical, and neurological data were analysed from a cohort of 83 patients. A neopterin concentration below 15.5 nmol/L in the CSF denoted patients with stage 1 disease, and a concentration above 60.31 nmol/L characterized patients with advanced stage 2 (trypanosomes in CSF and/or cytorachia higher than 20 cells) disease. CXCL-13 levels below 91.208 pg/mL denoted patients with stage 1 disease, and levels of CXCL-13 above 395.45 pg/mL denoted patients with advanced stage 2 disease. Values between these cut-offs may represent patients with intermediate stage disease. Our work supports the existence of an intermediate stage in HAT, and CXCL-13 and neopterin levels may help to characterize it.
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321
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Holmes AOM, Kalli AC, Goldman A. The Function of Membrane Integral Pyrophosphatases From Whole Organism to Single Molecule. Front Mol Biosci 2019; 6:132. [PMID: 31824962 PMCID: PMC6882861 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2019.00132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane integral pyrophosphatases (mPPases) are responsible for the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. This enzymatic mechanism is coupled to the pumping of H+ or Na+ across membranes in a process that can be K+ dependent or independent. Understanding the movements and dynamics throughout the mPPase catalytic cycle is important, as this knowledge is essential for improving or impeding protein function. mPPases have been shown to play a crucial role in plant maturation and abiotic stress tolerance, and so have the potential to be engineered to improve plant survival, with implications for global food security. mPPases are also selectively toxic drug targets, which could be pharmacologically modulated to reduce the virulence of common human pathogens. The last few years have seen the publication of many new insights into the function and structure of mPPases. In particular, there is a new body of evidence that the catalytic cycle is more complex than originally proposed. There are structural and functional data supporting a mechanism involving half-of-the-sites reactivity, inter-subunit communication, and exit channel motions. A more advanced and in-depth understanding of mPPases has begun to be uncovered, leaving the field of research with multiple interesting avenues for further exploration and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra O. M. Holmes
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Antreas C. Kalli
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Astbury Centre for Structural Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian Goldman
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
- Research Program in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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322
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Dama E, Camara O, Kaba D, Koffi M, Camara M, Compaoré C, Ilboudo H, Courtin F, Kaboré J, N'Gouan EK, Büscher P, Lejon V, Bucheton B, Jamonneau V. Immune trypanolysis test as a promising bioassay to monitor the elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:68. [PMID: 31755862 PMCID: PMC6873819 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2019066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the goal of gambiense-Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) elimination as a public health problem for 2020 and interruption of transmission in humans for 2030. In this context, it is crucial to monitor progress towards these targets using accurate tools to assess the level of transmission in a given area. The aim of this study was to investigate the relevance of the immune trypanolysis test (TL) as a population-based bioassay to evaluate Trypanosoma brucei gambiense transmission in various epidemiological contexts. Significant correlations were observed between HAT endemicity levels and the percentage of TL-positive individuals in the population. TL therefore appears to be a suitable population-based biomarker of the intensity of transmission. In addition to being used as a tool to assess the HAT status at an individual level, assessing the proportion of TL positive individuals in the population appears as a promising and easy alternative to monitor the elimination of gambiense HAT in a given area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dama
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Oumou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Laboratoire de biodiversité et Gestion durable des écosystèmes tropicaux, Unité de Recherche en Génétique et Epidémiologie moléculaire, BP 150 Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mamadou Camara
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée
| | - Charlie Compaoré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso
| | - Hamidou Ilboudo
- Institut de Recherche en Sciences de la Santé (IRSS), Unité de Recherche Clinique de Nanoro (URCN), 11 BP 218 Ouagadougou CMS 11, Burkina Faso
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Kaboré
- Centre International de Recherche-Développement sur l'Elevage en zones Subhumides (CIRDES), Unité de recherches sur les maladies à vecteurs et biodiversité, 01 BP 454 Bobo-Dioulasso 01, Burkina Faso - Université Nazi Boni, Bobo-Dioulasso, 01 BP 1091 Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Philippe Büscher
- Institute of Tropical Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Nationalestraat 155, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Bucheton
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomose Humaine Africaine, BP 851, Conakry, Guinée - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Jamonneau
- Institut Pierre Richet, Unité de Recherche « Trypanosomoses », 01 BP 1500, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire - Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), UMR INTERTRYP IRD-CIRAD, Université de Montpellier, TA A-17/G, Campus International de Baillarguet, F-34398 Montpellier, France
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323
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Dozio V, Lejon V, Mumba Ngoyi D, Büscher P, Sanchez JC, Tiberti N. Cerebrospinal Fluid-Derived Microvesicles From Sleeping Sickness Patients Alter Protein Expression in Human Astrocytes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2019; 9:391. [PMID: 31824868 PMCID: PMC6879452 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2019.00391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by the extracellular protozoon Trypanosoma brucei, is a neglected tropical disease affecting the poorest communities in sub-Saharan Africa. HAT progresses from a hemolymphatic first stage (S1) to a meningo-encephalitic late stage (S2) when parasites reach the central nervous system (CNS), although the existence of an intermediate stage (Int.) has also been proposed. The pathophysiological mechanisms associated with the development of S2 encephalopathy are yet to be fully elucidated. Here we hypothesized that HAT progression toward S2 might be accompanied by an increased release of microvesicles (MVs), sub-micron elements (0.1–1 μm) involved in inflammatory processes and in the determination of the outcome of infections. We studied the morphology of MVs isolated from HAT cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and used flow cytometry to show that total-MVs and leukocyte derived-CD45+ MVs are significantly increased in concentration in S2 patients' CSF compared to S1 and Int. samples (n = 12 per group). To assess potential biological properties of these MVs, immortalized human astrocytes were exposed, in vitro, to MVs enriched from S1, Int. or S2 CSF. Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry analyses showed that S2 MVs induced, compared to Int. or S1 MVs, a strong proteome modulation in astrocytes that resembled the one produced by IFN-γ, a key molecule in HAT pathogenesis. Our results indicate that HAT S2 CSF harbors MVs potentially involved in the mechanisms of pathology associated with HAT late stage. Such vesicles might thus represent a new player to consider in future functional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Dozio
- Translational Biomarker Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Veerle Lejon
- Intertryp, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, CIRAD, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Dieudonné Mumba Ngoyi
- Department of Parasitology, Institut National de Recherche Biomédicale, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Natalia Tiberti
- Translational Biomarker Group, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Infectious - Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Verona, Italy
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Klug DM, Tschiegg L, Diaz R, Rojas-Barros D, Perez-Moreno G, Ceballos G, García-Hernández R, Martinez-Martinez MS, Manzano P, Ruiz LM, Caffrey CR, Gamarro F, Pacanowska DG, Ferrins L, Navarro M, Pollastri MP. Hit-to-Lead Optimization of Benzoxazepinoindazoles As Human African Trypanosomiasis Therapeutics. J Med Chem 2019; 63:2527-2546. [PMID: 31670951 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease caused by infection with either of two subspecies of the parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Due to a lack of economic incentive to develop new drugs, current treatments have severe limitations in terms of safety, efficacy, and ease of administration. In an effort to develop new HAT therapeutics, we report the structure-activity relationships around T. brucei for a series of benzoxazepinoindazoles previously identified through a high-throughput screen of human kinase inhibitors, and the subsequent in vivo experiments for HAT. We identified compound 18, which showed an improved kinase selectivity profile and acceptable pharmacokinetic parameters, as a promising lead. Although treatment with 18 cured 60% of mice in a systemic model of HAT, the compound was unable to clear parasitemia in a CNS model of the disease. We also report the results of cross-screening these compounds against T. cruzi, L. donovani, and S. mansoni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana M Klug
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Laura Tschiegg
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rosario Diaz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Domingo Rojas-Barros
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Guiomar Perez-Moreno
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Gloria Ceballos
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Raquel García-Hernández
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Maria Santos Martinez-Martinez
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Pilar Manzano
- Diseases of the Developing World (DDW), Tres Cantos Medicines Development Campus, GlaxoSmithKline, Tres Cantos 28760, Spain
| | - Luis Miguel Ruiz
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Conor R Caffrey
- Center for Discovery and Innovation in Parasitic Diseases, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Francisco Gamarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Dolores Gonzalez Pacanowska
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Lori Ferrins
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Miguel Navarro
- Instituto de Parasitología y Biomedicina "López-Neyra", Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), Granada 18016, Spain
| | - Michael P Pollastri
- Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, 360 Huntington Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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325
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Isah MB, Goldring JPD, Coetzer THT. Expression and copper binding properties of the N-terminal domain of copper P-type ATPases of African trypanosomes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2019; 235:111245. [PMID: 31751595 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2019.111245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential component of cuproproteins but can be toxic to cells, therefore copper metabolism is very carefully regulated within cells. To gain insight into trypanosome copper metabolism, Trypanosoma spp. genomic databases were screened for the presence of copper-containing and -transporting proteins. Among other genes encoding copper-binding proteins, a copper-transporting P-type ATPase (CuATPase) gene was identified. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses suggest that the gene codes for a Cu+ transporter belonging to the P1B-1 ATPase subfamily that has an N-terminal domain with copper binding motifs. The N-terminal cytosolic domains of the proteins from Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma brucei brucei were recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli as maltose binding protein (MBP) fusion proteins. These N-terminal domains bound copper in vitro and within E. coli cells, more than the control MBP fusion partner alone. The copper binding properties of the recombinant proteins were further confirmed when they inhibited copper catalysed ascorbate oxidation. Native CuATPases were detected in a western blot of lysates of T. congolense IL3000 and T. b. brucei ILTat1.1 bloodstream form parasites using affinity purified IgY antibodies against N-terminal domain peptides. The CuATPase was also detected by immunofluorescence in T. b. brucei bloodstream form parasites where it was associated with subcellular vesicles. In conclusion, Trypanosoma species express a copper-transporting P1B-1-type ATPase and together with other copper-binding proteins identified in the genomes of kinetoplastid parasites may constitute potential targets for anti-trypanosomal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murtala Bindawa Isah
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - J P Dean Goldring
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Theresa H T Coetzer
- Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
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326
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Capela R, Moreira R, Lopes F. An Overview of Drug Resistance in Protozoal Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E5748. [PMID: 31731801 PMCID: PMC6888673 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20225748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protozoan diseases continue to be a worldwide social and economic health problem. Increased drug resistance, emerging cross resistance, and lack of new drugs with novel mechanisms of action significantly reduce the effectiveness of current antiprotozoal therapies. While drug resistance associated to anti-infective agents is a reality, society seems to remain unaware of its proportions and consequences. Parasites usually develops ingenious and innovative mechanisms to achieve drug resistance, which requires more research and investment to fight it. In this review, drug resistance developed by protozoan parasites Plasmodium, Leishmania, and Trypanosoma will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Capela
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal; (R.M.); (F.L.)
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327
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Ettari R, Previti S, Maiorana S, Amendola G, Wagner A, Cosconati S, Schirmeister T, Hellmich UA, Zappalà M. Optimization Strategy of Novel Peptide-Based Michael Acceptors for the Treatment of Human African Trypanosomiasis. J Med Chem 2019; 62:10617-10629. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b00908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Ettari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santo Previti
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Santina Maiorana
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
| | - Giorgio Amendola
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Annika Wagner
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max von Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt DE 60438, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, Mainz DE 55128, Germany
| | - Sandro Cosconati
- DiSTABiF, University of Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, Via Vivaldi 43, 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Tanja Schirmeister
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Staudingerweg 5, Mainz DE 55128, Germany
| | - Ute A. Hellmich
- Centre for Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance (BMRZ), Max von Laue Str. 9, Frankfurt DE 60438, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Mainz, Johann-Joachim-Becherweg 30, Mainz DE 55128, Germany
| | - Maria Zappalà
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Italy, Viale Annunziata, 98168 Messina, Italy
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328
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Veale CGL, Laming D, Swart T, Chibale K, Hoppe HC. Exploring the Antiplasmodial 2-Aminopyridines as Potential Antitrypanosomal Agents. ChemMedChem 2019; 14:2034-2041. [PMID: 31670464 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201900492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently we reported the results of a screen of the Pathogen Box in which we identified 4-(2-amino-5-(4-(methylsulfonyl) phenyl) pyridin-3-yl)-2-methoxyphenol (MMV010576, 1) as our priority antitrypanosomal hit. This compound had previously been identified as a potent and selective antiplasmodial agent, where a focused optimization campaign, resulted in a medium-sized library of compounds, with favorable drug-like properties, one of which (MMV048, 2, 5-(4-(methylsulfonyl)phenyl)-6'-(trifluoromethyl)-[3,3'-bipyridin]-2-amine) is currently undergoing clinical trials for malaria. Accordingly, we investigated this library, in order to elucidate structural activity relationship details of this class of compounds as inhibitors of Trypanosoma brucei. Our study has identified several structural features important for antitrypanosomal activity, which are distinct from those required for antiplasmodial activity. Results from this study can be exploited to develop potent antitrypanosomal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton G L Veale
- School of Chemistry and Physics Pietermaritzburg Campus, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, 3209, South Africa
| | | | - Tarryn Swart
- Rhodes University, Grahamstown, 6140, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Drug Discovery and Development Centre (H3D) South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease & Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
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329
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Berté D, De Meeûs T, Kaba D, Séré M, Djohan V, Courtin F, N'Djetchi Kassi M, Koffi M, Jamonneau V, Ta BTD, Solano P, N'Goran EK, Ravel S. Population genetics of Glossina palpalis palpalis in sleeping sickness foci of Côte d'Ivoire before and after vector control. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2019; 75:103963. [PMID: 31301424 PMCID: PMC6853165 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.103963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Glossina palpalis palpalis remains the major vector of sleeping sickness in Côte d'Ivoire. The disease is still active at low endemic levels in Bonon and Sinfra foci in the western-central part of the country. In this study, we investigated the impact of a control campaign on G. p. palpalis population structure in Bonon and Sinfra foci in order to adapt control strategies. Genetic variation at microsatellite loci was used to examine the population structure of different G. p. palpalis cohorts before and after control campaigns. Isolation by distance was observed in our sampling sites. Before control, effective population size was high (239 individuals) with dispersal at rather short distance (731 m per generation). We found some evidence that some of the flies captured after treatment come from surrounding sites, which increased the genetic variance. One Locus, GPCAG, displayed a 1000% increase of subdivision measure after control while other loci only exhibited a substantial increase in variance of subdivision. Our data suggested a possible trap avoidance behaviour in G. p. palpalis. It is important to take into account and better understand the possible reinvasion from neighboring sites and trap avoidance for the sake of sustainability of control campaigns effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djakaridja Berté
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Dramane Kaba
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Modou Séré
- Université de Dédougou (UDDG), Dédougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Vincent Djohan
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Fabrice Courtin
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Martial N'Djetchi Kassi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Mathurin Koffi
- Laboratoire des Interactions Hôte-Microorganisme-Environnement et Evolution, Unité de Formation et de Recherche Environnement, Université Jean Lorougnon Guédé, Daloa, Côte d'Ivoire
| | | | - Bi Tra Dieudonné Ta
- Institut Pierre Richet/Institut National de Santé Publique, Bouaké, Côte d'Ivoire; Université Felix Houphouët-Boigny, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire
| | - Philippe Solano
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sophie Ravel
- Intertryp, IRD, Cirad, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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330
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Davis CN, Rock KS, Mwamba Miaka E, Keeling MJ. Village-scale persistence and elimination of gambiense human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007838. [PMID: 31658269 PMCID: PMC6837580 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambiense human African trypanosomiasis (gHAT) is one of several neglected tropical diseases that is targeted for elimination by the World Health Organization. Recent years have seen a substantial decline in the number of globally reported cases, largely driven by an intensive process of screening and treatment. However, this infection is highly focal, continuing to persist at low prevalence even in small populations. Regional elimination, and ultimately global eradication, rests on understanding the dynamics and persistence of this infection at the local population scale. Here we develop a stochastic model of gHAT dynamics, which is underpinned by screening and reporting data from one of the highest gHAT incidence regions, Kwilu Province, in the Democratic Republic of Congo. We use this model to explore the persistence of gHAT in villages of different population sizes and subject to different patterns of screening. Our models demonstrate that infection is expected to persist for long periods even in relatively small isolated populations. We further use the model to assess the risk of recrudescence following local elimination and consider how failing to detect cases during active screening events informs the probability of elimination. These quantitative results provide insights for public health policy in the region, particularly highlighting the difficulties in achieving and measuring the 2030 elimination goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher N. Davis
- MathSys CDT, Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Kat S. Rock
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
| | - Erick Mwamba Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine (PNLTHA), Ave Coisement Liberation et Bd Triomphal No 1, Commune de Kasavubu, Kinshasa, Demecratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Matt J. Keeling
- Zeeman Institute (SBIDER), University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- Mathematics Institute, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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331
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Cowell AN, Winzeler EA. Advances in omics-based methods to identify novel targets for malaria and other parasitic protozoan infections. Genome Med 2019; 11:63. [PMID: 31640748 PMCID: PMC6805675 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-019-0673-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
A major advance in antimalarial drug discovery has been the shift towards cell-based phenotypic screening, with notable progress in the screening of compounds against the asexual blood stage, liver stage, and gametocytes. A primary method for drug target deconvolution in Plasmodium falciparum is in vitro evolution of compound-resistant parasites followed by whole-genome scans. Several of the most promising antimalarial drug targets, such as translation elongation factor 2 (eEF2) and phenylalanine tRNA synthetase (PheRS), have been identified or confirmed using this method. One drawback of this method is that if a mutated gene is uncharacterized, a substantial effort may be required to determine whether it is a drug target, a drug resistance gene, or if the mutation is merely a background mutation. Thus, the availability of high-throughput, functional genomic datasets can greatly assist with target deconvolution. Studies mapping genome-wide essentiality in P. falciparum or performing transcriptional profiling of the host and parasite during liver-stage infection with P. berghei have identified potentially druggable pathways. Advances in mapping the epigenomic regulation of the malaria parasite genome have also enabled the identification of key processes involved in parasite development. In addition, the examination of the host genome during infection has identified novel gene candidates associated with susceptibility to severe malaria. Here, we review recent studies that have used omics-based methods to identify novel targets for interventions against protozoan parasites, focusing on malaria, and we highlight the advantages and limitations of the approaches used. These approaches have also been extended to other protozoan pathogens, including Toxoplasma, Trypanosoma, and Leishmania spp., and these studies highlight how drug discovery efforts against these pathogens benefit from the utilization of diverse omics-based methods to identify promising drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annie N Cowell
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Health, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Elizabeth A Winzeler
- Division of Host-Microbe Systems and Therapeutics, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Diego, Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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332
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Diarra B, Diarra M, Diall O, Bass B, Sanogo Y, Coulibaly E, Sylla M, Zhao W, Paone M, Cecchi G. A national atlas of tsetse and African animal trypanosomosis in Mali. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:466. [PMID: 31597558 PMCID: PMC6784336 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3721-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomosis is a deadly, neglected tropical disease and a major challenge for mixed crop-livestock agriculture in sub-Saharan Africa. It is caused by several species of the genus Trypanosoma. Information on the occurrence of tsetse flies and African animal trypanosomosis (AAT) is available for different areas of Mali. However, these data have never been harmonized and centralized, which prevents the development of comprehensive epidemiological maps and constrains an evidence-based planning of control actions. To address this challenge, we created a dynamic geo-spatial database of tsetse and AAT distribution in Mali. Methods A digital repository containing epidemiological data collected between 2000 and 2018 was assembled. In addition to scientific publications, the repository includes field datasheets, technical reports and other grey literature. The data were verified, harmonized, georeferenced and integrated into a single spatially-explicit database. Results For the tsetse component, approximately 19,000 trapping records, corresponding to 6000 distinct trapping locations and 38,000 flies were included in the database. Glossina palpalis gambiensis was the most widespread and abundant species, and it was found in the southern, southern-central and western parts of the country. Glossina tachinoides was only found in the South. Only a few specimens of Glossina morsitans submorsitans were detected. For the AAT component, approximately 1000 survey records were included, corresponding to 450 distinct survey sites and 37,000 tested bovines. AAT was found in all surveyed regions, although data for the tsetse-free North and North-East are lacking. Trypanosoma vivax and Trypanosoma congolense were the dominant species, while Trypanosoma brucei infections were much less numerous. Conclusions The atlas of tsetse and AAT in Mali provides a synoptic view of the vector and disease situation at the national level. Still, major geographical gaps affect the North, the North-East and the West, and there is also a severe lack of data over the past five years. Trypanosomosis remains a major animal health problem in Mali. However, despite its prevalence and distribution, monitoring and control activities are presently very limited. Efforts should be made to strengthen the progressive control of AAT in Mali, and the atlas provides a new tool to identify priority areas for intervention.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Boucader Diarra
- Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, Cellule de Coordination de la Lutte contre les Mouches tsé-tsé et les Trypanosomoses animales (CCLMT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Modibo Diarra
- Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, Cellule de Coordination de la Lutte contre les Mouches tsé-tsé et les Trypanosomoses animales (CCLMT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Oumar Diall
- Ministère de l'Agriculture, Comité National de la Recherche Agronomique (CNRA), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Youssouf Sanogo
- Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, Cellule de Coordination de la Lutte contre les Mouches tsé-tsé et les Trypanosomoses animales (CCLMT), Bamako, Mali
| | - Etienne Coulibaly
- Direction Nationale des Services Vétérinaires, Cellule de Coordination de la Lutte contre les Mouches tsé-tsé et les Trypanosomoses animales (CCLMT), Bamako, Mali
| | | | - Weining Zhao
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Paone
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliano Cecchi
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Animal Production and Health Division, Rome, Italy.
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333
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Jelk J, Balmer V, Stibal D, Giannini F, Süss-Fink G, Bütikofer P, Furrer J, Hemphill A. Anti-parasitic dinuclear thiolato-bridged arene ruthenium complexes alter the mitochondrial ultrastructure and membrane potential in Trypanosoma brucei bloodstream forms. Exp Parasitol 2019; 205:107753. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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334
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de Heuvel E, Singh AK, Boronat P, Kooistra AJ, van der Meer T, Sadek P, Blaazer AR, Shaner NC, Bindels DS, Caljon G, Maes L, Sterk GJ, Siderius M, Oberholzer M, de Esch IJ, Brown DG, Leurs R. Alkynamide phthalazinones as a new class of TbrPDEB1 inhibitors (Part 2). Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:4013-4029. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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335
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Mulenga P, Lutumba P, Coppieters Y, Mpanya A, Mwamba-Miaka E, Luboya O, Chenge F. Passive Screening and Diagnosis of Sleeping Sickness with New Tools in Primary Health Services: An Operational Research. Infect Dis Ther 2019; 8:353-367. [PMID: 31309434 PMCID: PMC6702524 DOI: 10.1007/s40121-019-0253-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The integration of human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) activities into primary health services is gaining importance as a result of the decreasing incidence of HAT and the ongoing developments of new screening and diagnostic tools. In the Democratic Republic of Congo, this integration process faces multiple challenges. We initiated an operational research project to document drivers and bottlenecks of the process. METHODS Three health districts piloted the integration of HAT screening and diagnosis into primary health services. We analysed the outcome indicators of this intervention and conducted in-depth interviews with health care providers, seropositives, community health workers and HD management team members. Our thematic interview guide focused on factors facilitating and impeding the integration of HAT screening. RESULTS The study showed a HAT-RDT-positive rate of 2.2% in Yasa Bonga, 2.9% in Kongolo and 3% in Bibanga, while the proportion of reported seropositives that received confirmatory examinations was 76%, 45.6% and 68%, respectively. Qualitative analyses indicated that some seropositives were unable to access the confirmation facility. The main reasons that were given included distance, RDT rupture, lack of basic screening equipment and financial barriers (additional hospital fees not included in free treatment course), fear of lumbar puncture and the perception of HAT as a disease of supernatural origin. CONCLUSION Passive screening using HAT RDTs in primary health services inevitably has some limitations. However, regarding the epidemiological context and some obstacles to integrated implementation, this cannot on its own be a relevant alternative to the elimination of HAT by 2020. FUNDING We acknowledge the agency that provided financial support for this study, the Belgian Development Cooperation. The funder had no role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript. Philippe Mulenga received financial support thanks to a doctoral grant from the Belgian Development Cooperation under the FA4 agreement. Funding for the study and Rapid Service Fees was provided by the Epidemiology and Tropical Diseases Unit of the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Mulenga
- Faculty of Medicine & School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo.
- Department of Public Health, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium.
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Pascal Lutumba
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Faculty of Medicine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yves Coppieters
- School of Public Health, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alain Mpanya
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Eric Mwamba-Miaka
- Programme National de Lutte contre la Trypanosomiase Humaine Africaine, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Oscar Luboya
- Faculty of Medicine & School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Faustin Chenge
- Faculty of Medicine & School of Public Health, University of Lubumbashi, Lubumbashi, Democratic Republic of the Congo
- Centre de Connaissances en Santé en République Démocratique du Congo, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
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Kolev NG, Rajan KS, Tycowski KT, Toh JY, Shi H, Lei Y, Michaeli S, Tschudi C. The vault RNA of Trypanosoma brucei plays a role in the production of trans-spliced mRNA. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:15559-15574. [PMID: 31439669 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.008580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The vault ribonucleoprotein (RNP), comprising vault RNA (vtRNA) and telomerase-associated protein 1 (TEP1), is found in many eukaryotes. However, previous studies of vtRNAs, for example in mammalian cells, have failed to reach a definitive conclusion about their function. vtRNAs are related to Y RNAs, which are complexed with Ro protein and influence Ro's function in noncoding RNA (ncRNA) quality control and processing. In Trypanosoma brucei, the small noncoding TBsRNA-10 was first described in a survey of the ncRNA repertoire in this organism. Here, we report that TBsRNA-10 in T. brucei is a vtRNA, based on its association with TEP1 and sequence similarity to those of other known and predicted vtRNAs. We observed that like vtRNAs in other species, TBsRNA-10 is transcribed by RNA polymerase III, which in trypanosomes also generates the spliceosomal U-rich small nuclear RNAs. In T. brucei, spliced leader (SL)-mediated trans-splicing of pre-mRNAs is an obligatory step in gene expression, and we found here that T. brucei's vtRNA is highly enriched in a non-nucleolar locus in the cell nucleus implicated in SL RNP biogenesis. Using a newly developed permeabilized cell system for the bloodstream form of T. brucei, we show that down-regulated vtRNA levels impair trans-spliced mRNA production, consistent with a role of vtRNA in trypanosome mRNA metabolism. Our results suggest a common theme for the functions of vtRNAs and Y RNAs. We conclude that by complexing with their protein-binding partners TEP1 and Ro, respectively, these two RNA species modulate the metabolism of various RNA classes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay G Kolev
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
| | - K Shanmugha Rajan
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Kazimierz T Tycowski
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
| | - Justin Y Toh
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
| | - Huafang Shi
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
| | - Yuling Lei
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
| | - Shulamit Michaeli
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences and Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology Institute, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 52900, Israel
| | - Christian Tschudi
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut 06536
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337
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Contribution of Cytidine Deaminase to Thymidylate Biosynthesis in Trypanosoma brucei: Intracellular Localization and Properties of the Enzyme. mSphere 2019; 4:4/4/e00374-19. [PMID: 31391279 PMCID: PMC6686228 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00374-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytidine deaminase (CDA) is a pyrimidine salvage enzyme that catalyzes cytidine and deoxycytidine hydrolytic deamination to yield uridine and deoxyuridine. Here we report the biochemical characterization of Trypanosoma brucei CDA as an enzyme within the tetrameric class of the CDA family that efficiently deaminates cytidine, deoxycytidine, and the nucleoside analogue 5-methyl-2'-deoxycytidine. In line with previous studies, we show that RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated CDA depletion impairs T. brucei proliferation when grown in pyrimidine-deficient medium, while supplementation with thymidine or deoxyuridine restores growth, further underscoring the role of this enzyme in providing deoxyuridine for dUMP formation via thymidine kinase, the substrate required for de novo thymidylate biosynthesis. This observation contrasts with the existence in T. brucei of a dimeric deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase (dUTPase), an essential enzyme that can produce dUMP via the hydrolysis of dUTP/dUDP. Thus, T. brucei dUTPase-null mutants are thymidine auxotrophs, suggesting that dUTPase might have a role in providing dUMP for thymidylate biosynthesis. We show that overexpression of human dCMP deaminase (DCTD), an enzyme that provides directly dUMP through dCMP deamination, does not reverse the lethal phenotype of dUTPase knockout cells, which further supports the notion that in T. brucei, CDA is uniquely involved in providing dUMP, while the main role of dUTPase would be the withdrawal of the excess of dUTP to avoid its incorporation into DNA. Furthermore, we report the mitochondrial localization of CDA, highlighting the importance of this organelle in pyrimidine metabolism.IMPORTANCE Cytidine deaminases (CDAs) catalyze the hydrolytic deamination of cytidine and deoxycytidine in the pyrimidine salvage pathway. In kinetoplastids, pyrimidine metabolism has been extensively studied as a source of potential drug targets, given the fact that many of the enzymes of the pathway are essential. Thymidylate (dTMP) synthesis in Trypanosoma brucei exhibits unique characteristics. Thus, it has been suggested that the production of dUMP, the substrate for dTMP formation, is solely dependent on cytidine deaminase and thymidine kinase. Here we characterize recombinant T. brucei CDA (TbCDA) and present evidence that indeed the alternative route for dUMP formation via deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate nucleotidohydrolase does not have a prominent role in de novo dTMP formation. Furthermore, we provide a scheme for the compartmentalization of dTMP biosynthesis, taking into account the observation that CDA is located in the mitochondrion, together with available information on the intracellular localization of other enzymes involved in the dTTP biosynthetic pathway.
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338
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Mehlitz D, Molyneux D. The elimination of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense? Challenges of reservoir hosts and transmission cycles: Expect the unexpected. Parasite Epidemiol Control 2019; 6:e00113. [PMID: 31528738 PMCID: PMC6742776 DOI: 10.1016/j.parepi.2019.e00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organisation has set the goal for elimination of Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (gHAT), as a public health problem for 2020 and for the total interruption of transmission to humans for 2030. Targeting human carriers and potential animal reservoir infections will be critical to achieving this ambitious goal. However, there is continuing debate regarding the significance of reservoir host animals, wild and domestic, in different epidemiological contexts, whilst the extent and duration of the asymptomatic human carrier state is similarly undefined. This paper reviews the status of the knowledge of latent infections in wild and domestic animal reservoir hosts towards the goal of better understanding their role in the transmission dynamic of the disease. Focus areas include the transmission cycles in non-human hosts, the infectivity of animal reservoirs to Glossina palpalis s.l., the longevity of infection and the stability of T. b. gambiense biological characteristics in antelopes and domestic animals. There is compelling evidence that T. b. gambiense can establish and persist in experimentally infected antelopes, pigs and dogs for a period of at least two years. In particular, metacyclic transmission of T. b. gambiense has been reported in antelope-G.p.palpalis-antelope and pig-G.p.gambiensis-pig cycles. Experimental studies demonstrate that the infectiveness of latent animal reservoir infections with T. b. gambiense is retained in animal-Glossina-animal cycles (antelopes and pigs) for periods of three years and human infectivity markers (human serum resistance, zymodeme, DNA) are stable in non-human hosts for the same period. These observations shed light on the epidemiological significance of animal reservoir hosts in specific ecosystems characterized by presently active, as well as known "old" HAT foci whilst challenging the concept of total elimination of all transmission by 2030. This target is also compromised by the existence of human asymptomatic carriers of T. b. gambiense often detected outside Africa after having lived outside tsetse infested areas for many years - sometimes decades. Non-tsetse modes of transmission may also play a significant but underestimated role in the maintenance of foci and also preclude the total elimination of transmission - these include mother to child transmission and sexual transmission. Both these modes of transmission have been the subject of case reports yet their frequency in African settings remains to be ascertained when the context of residual foci are discussed yet both challenge the concept of the possibility of the total elimination of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Mehlitz
- Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany
| | - D.H. Molyneux
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Pembroke Place, Liverpool L3 5QA, UK
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339
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Dynamic colocalization of 2 simultaneously active VSG expression sites within a single expression-site body in Trypanosoma brucei. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:16561-16570. [PMID: 31358644 PMCID: PMC6697882 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905552116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei expresses a single variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) gene from one of multiple VSG expression sites (ESs) in a stringent monoallelic fashion. The counting mechanism behind this restriction is poorly understood. Unusually for a eukaryote, the active ES is transcribed by RNA polymerase I (Pol I) within a unique Pol I body called the expression-site body (ESB). We have demonstrated the importance of the ESB in restricting the singular expression of VSG. We have generated double-expresser trypanosomes, which simultaneously express 2 ESs at the same time in an unstable dynamic fashion. These cells predominantly contain 1 ESB, and, surprisingly, simultaneous transcription of the 2 ESs is observed only when they are both colocalized within it. Monoallelic exclusion ensures that the African trypanosome Trypanosoma brucei exclusively expresses only 1 of thousands of different variant surface glycoprotein (VSG) coat genes. The active VSG is transcribed from 1 of 15 polycistronic bloodstream-form VSG expression sites (ESs), which are controlled in a mutually exclusive fashion. Unusually, T. brucei uses RNA polymerase I (Pol I) to transcribe the active ES, which is unprecedented among eukaryotes. This active ES is located within a unique extranucleolar Pol I body called the expression-site body (ESB). A stringent restriction mechanism prevents T. brucei from expressing multiple ESs at the same time, although how this is mediated is unclear. By using drug-selection pressure, we generated VSG double-expresser T. brucei lines, which have disrupted monoallelic exclusion, and simultaneously express 2 ESs in a dynamic fashion. The 2 unstably active ESs appear epigenetically similar to fully active ESs as determined by using chromatin immunoprecipitation for multiple epigenetic marks (histones H3 and H1, TDP1, and DNA base J). We find that the double-expresser cells, similar to wild-type single-expresser cells, predominantly contain 1 subnuclear ESB, as determined using Pol I or the ESB marker VEX1. Strikingly, simultaneous transcription of the 2 dynamically transcribed ESs is normally observed only when the 2 ESs are both located within this single ESB. This colocalization is reversible in the absence of drug selection. This discovery that simultaneously active ESs dynamically share a single ESB demonstrates the importance of this unique subnuclear body in restricting the monoallelic expression of VSG.
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340
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Chemogenomic Profiling of Antileishmanial Efficacy and Resistance in the Related Kinetoplastid Parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.00795-19. [PMID: 31160283 PMCID: PMC6658743 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00795-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. The arsenal of drugs used to treat leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania spp., is limited and beset by toxicity and emergent resistance. Furthermore, our understanding of drug mode of action and potential routes to resistance is limited. Forward genetic approaches have revolutionized our understanding of drug mode of action in the related kinetoplastid parasite Trypanosoma brucei. Therefore, we screened our genome-scale T. brucei RNA interference (RNAi) library against the current antileishmanial drugs sodium stibogluconate (antimonial), paromomycin, miltefosine, and amphotericin B. Identification of T. brucei orthologues of the known Leishmania antimonial and miltefosine plasma membrane transporters effectively validated our approach, while a cohort of 42 novel drug efficacy determinants provides new insights and serves as a resource. Follow-up analyses revealed the antimonial selectivity of the aquaglyceroporin TbAQP3. A lysosomal major facilitator superfamily transporter contributes to paromomycin-aminoglycoside efficacy. The vesicle-associated membrane protein TbVAMP7B and a flippase contribute to amphotericin B and miltefosine action and are potential cross-resistance determinants. Finally, multiple phospholipid-transporting flippases, including the T. brucei orthologue of the Leishmania miltefosine transporter, a putative β-subunit/CDC50 cofactor, and additional membrane-associated hits, affect amphotericin B efficacy, providing new insights into mechanisms of drug uptake and action. The findings from this orthology-based chemogenomic profiling approach substantially advance our understanding of antileishmanial drug action and potential resistance mechanisms and should facilitate the development of improved therapies as well as surveillance for drug-resistant parasites.
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341
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Pelfrene E, Harvey Allchurch M, Ntamabyaliro N, Nambasa V, Ventura FV, Nagercoil N, Cavaleri M. The European Medicines Agency's scientific opinion on oral fexinidazole for human African trypanosomiasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007381. [PMID: 31246956 PMCID: PMC6597029 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Pelfrene
- Office of Anti-infectives and Vaccines, Human Medicines Evaluation Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Nsengi Ntamabyaliro
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Fátima V. Ventura
- Medicines Evaluation Department, National Authority of Medicines and Health Products (INFARMED), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nithyanandan Nagercoil
- Licensing Division, Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA), London, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Cavaleri
- Office of Anti-infectives and Vaccines, Human Medicines Evaluation Division, European Medicines Agency (EMA), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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342
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Boniface PK, Elizabeth FI. Flavonoid-derived Privileged Scaffolds in anti-Trypanosoma brucei Drug Discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2019; 20:1295-1314. [PMID: 31215385 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190618114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness is one of the 20 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization, which lead to death if left untreated. This disease is caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, which is the chronic form of the disease present in western and central Africa, and by T. brucei rhodesiense, which is the acute form of the disease located in eastern and southern Africa. Many reports have highlighted the effectiveness of flavonoid-based compounds against T. brucei. OBJECTIVE The present review summarizes the current standings and perspectives for the use of flavonoids as lead compounds for the potential treatment of HAT. METHODS A literature search was conducted for naturally occurring and synthetic anti-T brucei flavonoids by referencing textbooks and scientific databases (SciFinder, PubMed, Science Direct, Wiley, ACS, SciELO, Google Scholar, Springer, among others) from their inception until February 2019. RESULTS Flavonoids isolated from different parts of plants and species were reported to exhibit moderate to high in vitro antitrypanosomal activity against T. brucei. In addition, synthetic flavonoids revealed anti-T. brucei activity. Molecular interactions of bioactive flavonoids with T. brucei protein targets showed promising results. CONCLUSION According to in vitro anti-T brucei studies, there is evidence that flavonoids might be lead compounds for the potential treatment of HAT. However, toxicological studies, as well as the mechanism of action of the in vitro active flavonoids are needed to support their use as potential leads for the treatment of HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pone Kamdem Boniface
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ferreira Igne Elizabeth
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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343
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Alkynamide phthalazinones as a new class of TbrPDEB1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:3998-4012. [PMID: 31327675 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Several 3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases (PDEs) have been validated as good drug targets for a large variety of diseases. Trypanosoma brucei PDEB1 (TbrPDEB1) has been designated as a promising drug target for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Recently, the first class of selective nanomolar TbrPDEB1 inhibitors was obtained by targeting the parasite specific P-pocket. However, these biphenyl-substituted tetrahydrophthalazinone-based inhibitors did not show potent cellular activity against Trypanosoma brucei (T. brucei) parasites, leaving room for further optimization. Herein, we report the discovery of a new class of potent TbrPDEB1 inhibitors that display improved activities against T. brucei parasites. Exploring different linkers between the reported tetrahydrophthalazinone core scaffold and the amide tail group resulted in the discovery of alkynamide phthalazinones as new TbrPDEB1 inhibitors, which exhibit submicromolar activities versus T. brucei parasites and no cytotoxicity to human MRC-5 cells. Elucidation of the crystal structure of alkynamide 8b (NPD-048) bound to the catalytic domain of TbrPDEB1 shows a bidentate interaction with the key-residue Gln874 and good directionality towards the P-pocket. Incubation of trypanosomes with alkynamide 8b results in an increase of intracellular cAMP, validating a PDE-mediated effect in vitro and providing a new interesting compound series for further studies towards selective TbrPDEB1 inhibitors with potent phenotypic activity.
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344
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Kennedy PGE. Update on human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness). J Neurol 2019; 266:2334-2337. [PMID: 31209574 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also known as sleeping sickness, is one of the Africa's 'neglected diseases' and is caused by infection with protozoan parasites of the Trypanosoma genus. Transmitted by the bite of the tsetse fly, it puts 70 million people at risk throughout sub-Saharan Africa and is usually fatal if untreated or inadequately treated. In this brief overview, some important recent developments in this disease are outlined. These cover various aspects including a reduction in disease incidence, newly recognised parasite reservoir sites in humans, disease outcome, novel diagnostic methods, new and improved treatment, and disease neuropathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G E Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, Glasgow, G61 1QH, Scotland, UK.
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345
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Kimani NM, Backhaus S, Matasyoh JC, Kaiser M, Herrmann FC, Schmidt TJ, Langer K. Preparation of Sesquiterpene Lactone-Loaded PLA Nanoparticles and Evaluation of Their Antitrypanosomal Activity. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24112110. [PMID: 31167374 PMCID: PMC6600441 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24112110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT), also commonly known as sleeping sickness, is a neglected tropical disease affecting millions of people in poorly developed regions in sub-Saharan Africa. There is no satisfactory treatment for this infection. The investment necessary to bring new drugs to the market is a big deterrent to drug development, considering that the affected communities form a non-lucrative sector. However, natural products and many sesquiterpene lactones (STLs) in particular are very strong trypanocides. Research and applications of nano-drug delivery systems such as nanoparticles (NPs) have undergone unprecedented growth in the recent past. This is mainly due to the advantages offered by these systems, such as targeted delivery of the drug to the place of action (cell, parasite, etc), sustained release of the drug, increased bioavailability, reduced drug dosage, and reduction of undesired side effects, among others. In this study, the STLs α-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, all trypanocides, were loaded into polylactic acid (PLA) NPs through an emulsification-diffusion method. The NPs were stable, homogenous, and spherical in shape with a rounded knotty depression like a navel orange. The average particle sizes were 202.3, 220.3, 219.5, 216.9, and 226.4 nm for α-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, respectively. The NPs had encapsulation efficiencies of 94.6, 78.1, 76.8, 60.7, and 78.9% for α-santonin, arglabin, schkuhrin II, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide, respectively. The NPs loaded with arglabin, vernolepin, and eucannabinolide exhibited considerable antitrypanosomal activity against Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) with free drug equivalent IC50 values of 3.67, 1.11 and 3.32 µM, respectively. None of the NP formulations displayed cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells (rat skeletal myoblast cell line L6). These results provide new insights into the possibility of incorporating STLs into nanoparticles, which may provide new options for their formulation in order to develop new drugs against HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Njogu M Kimani
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Solveig Backhaus
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Josphat C Matasyoh
- Department of Chemistry, Egerton University, P.O. Box 536, Egerton 20115, Kenya.
| | - Marcel Kaiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute (Swiss TPH), Socinstrasse 57, CH-4051 Basel, Switzerland.
- University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, CH-4003 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Fabian C Herrmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Thomas J Schmidt
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Phytochemistry (IPBP), University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
| | - Klaus Langer
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Muenster, PharmaCampus Corrensstrasse 48, D-48149 Muenster, Germany.
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Novel 2,6-diketopiperazine-derived acetohydroxamic acids as promising anti- Trypanosoma brucei agents. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1259-1266. [PMID: 31161793 DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Identification of new, effective and selective trypanocidal agents. Materials & methods: Twelve novel acetohydroxamic acid derivatives based on 2-alkyl-2-aryl-2,6-diketopiperazine scaffolds have been synthesized and evaluated in vitro for their growth inhibitory activity against bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. Results: All the analogs were remarkably potent inhibitors, with low micromolar to submicromolar activities. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrated that the presence of an alkyl substituent at the N(4)-position of the 2,6-diketopiperazine ring portion was, in general, beneficial to trypanocidal activity in this series. Conclusion: The highest activity resulted from the introduction of a methyl, n-propyl or n-butyl substituent to the N(4)-position of the parent compound. Importantly, the most potent analogs were found to be highly selective against T. brucei with respect to mammalian cells.
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Dattani A, Wilkinson SR. Deciphering the interstrand crosslink DNA repair network expressed by Trypanosoma brucei. DNA Repair (Amst) 2019; 78:154-166. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Torrie LS, Zuccotto F, Robinson DA, Gray DW, Gilbert IH, De Rycker M. Identification of inhibitors of an unconventional Trypanosoma brucei kinetochore kinase. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0217828. [PMID: 31150492 PMCID: PMC6544269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0217828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The discovery of 20 unconventional kinetochore proteins in Trypanosoma brucei has opened a new and interesting area of evolutionary research to study a biological process previously thought to be highly conserved in all eukaryotes. In addition, the discovery of novel proteins involved in a critical cellular process provides an opportunity to exploit differences between kinetoplastid and human kinetochore proteins to develop therapeutics for diseases caused by kinetoplastid parasites. Consequently, we identified two of the unconventional kinetochore proteins as key targets (the highly related kinases KKT10 and KKT19). Recombinant T. brucei KKT19 (TbKKT19) protein was produced, a peptide substrate phosphorylated by TbKKT19 identified (KKLRRTLSVA), Michaelis constants for KKLRRTLSVA and ATP were determined (179 μM and 102 μM respectively) and a robust high-throughput compatible biochemical assay developed. This biochemical assay was validated pharmacologically with inhibition by staurosporine and hypothemycin (IC50 values of 288 nM and 65 nM respectively). Surprisingly, a subsequent high-throughput screen of a kinase-relevant compound library (6,624 compounds) yielded few hits (8 hits; final hit rate 0.12%). The low hit rate observed was unusual for a kinase target, particularly when screened against a compound library enriched with kinase hinge binding scaffolds. In an attempt to understand the low hit rate a TbKKT19 homology model, based on human cdc2-like kinase 1 (CLK1), was generated. Analysis of the TbKKT19 sequence and structure revealed no obvious features that could explain the low hit rates. Further work will therefore be necessary to explore this unique kinetochore kinase as well as to assess whether the few hits identified can be developed into tool molecules or new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah S. Torrie
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Fabio Zuccotto
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David A. Robinson
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - David W. Gray
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H. Gilbert
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IHG); (MDR)
| | - Manu De Rycker
- Drug Discovery Unit, Wellcome Centre for Anti-Infectives Research, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IHG); (MDR)
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349
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Morbieu C, Rollin G, Saada N, Botterel F, Limal N, Lepeule R, Michel M, Sobanski V. [Confusion in a 45-year-old woman]. Rev Med Interne 2019; 40:553-556. [PMID: 31128857 DOI: 10.1016/j.revmed.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Morbieu
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France.
| | - G Rollin
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - N Saada
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - F Botterel
- Service de parasitologie, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - N Limal
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - R Lepeule
- Équipe mobile d'infectiologie, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - M Michel
- Service de médecine interne, CHU Henri-Mondor, 51, avenue du Maréchal-de-Lattre-de-Tassigny, 94 010 Créteil, France
| | - V Sobanski
- Service de médecine interne, université de Lille, hôpital Claude-Huriez, CHU de Lille, rue Michel-Polonovski, 59000 Lille, France
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350
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Cayla M, Rojas F, Silvester E, Venter F, Matthews KR. African trypanosomes. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:190. [PMID: 31036044 PMCID: PMC6489224 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes cause human African trypanosomiasis and animal African trypanosomiasis. They are transmitted by tsetse flies in sub-Saharan Africa. Although most famous for their mechanisms of immune evasion by antigenic variation, there have been recent important studies that illuminate important aspects of the biology of these parasites both in their mammalian host and during passage through their tsetse fly vector. This Primer overviews current research themes focused on these parasites and discusses how these biological insights and the development of new technologies to interrogate gene function are being used in the search for new approaches to control the parasite. The new insights into the biology of trypanosomes in their host and vector highlight that we are in a ‘golden age’ of discovery for these fascinating parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathieu Cayla
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Federico Rojas
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eleanor Silvester
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Frank Venter
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Keith R Matthews
- Institute for Immunology and Infection Research, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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