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Miller VM, Hunter LW, Chu K, Kaul V, Squillace PD, Lieske JC, Jayachandran M. Biologic nanoparticles and platelet reactivity. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 4:725-33. [PMID: 19839809 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM Nanosized particles (NPs) enriched in hydroxyapatite and protein isolated from calcified human tissue accelerate occlusion of endothelium-denuded arteries when injected intravenously into rabbits. Since platelet aggregation and secretory processes participate in normal hemostasis, thrombosis and vascular remodeling, experiments were designed to determine if these biologic NPs alter specific platelet functions in vitro. METHODS Platelet-rich plasma was prepared from citrate anticoagulated human blood. Platelet aggregation and ATP secretion were monitored in response to thrombin receptor agonists peptide (10 microM) or convulxin (50 microg/ml) prior to and following 15 min incubation with either control solution, human-derived NPs, bovine-derived NPs or crystals of hydroxyapatite at concentrations of 50 and 150 nephelometric turbidity units. RESULTS Incubation of platelets for 15 min with either human- or bovine-derived NPs reduced aggregation induced by thrombin receptor activator peptide and convulxin in a concentration-dependent manner. Hydroxyapatite caused a greater inhibition than either of the biologically derived NPs. Human-derived NPs increased ATP secretion by unstimulated platelets during the 15 min incubation period. CONCLUSION Effects of bovine-derived and hydroxyapatite NPs on basal release of ATP were both time and concentration dependent. These results suggest that biologic NPs modulate both platelet aggregation and secretion. Biologically derived NPs could modify platelet responses within the vasculature, thereby reducing blood coagulability and the vascular response to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia M Miller
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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302
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Li X, Radomski A, Corrigan OI, Tajber L, De Sousa Menezes F, Endter S, Medina C, Radomski MW. Platelet compatibility of PLGA, chitosan and PLGA-chitosan nanoparticles. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2010; 4:735-46. [PMID: 19839810 DOI: 10.2217/nnm.09.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The increasing interest in biodegradable nanoparticles containing biomaterials such as poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) and chitosan for drug delivery raises issues regarding the blood compatibility of these nanoparticles, since some nanoparticles, including carbon nanoparticles, can affect human platelet aggregation and cause vascular thrombosis. Therefore, the aim of this work was to investigate the effect of polymeric nanoparticles on human platelet function by measuring aggregation and receptor expression in vitro. MATERIALS & METHOD PLGA, chitosan-PLGA and a series of chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the single emulsion technique and ionotropic gelation method. The effects of these nanoparticles (0.01-100 microg/ml) on resting platelets, as well as on platelet aggregation and expression of receptors (GPIIb/IIIa and P-selectin) induced by agonists in platelet-rich plasma were examined using light aggregometry and flow cytometry. RESULTS & CONCLUSION All tested nanoparticles at concentrations below 10 microg/ml did not modify platelet aggregation, showing that they may be used for the delivery of active molecules to the bloodstream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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303
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Qian Y, Pan J, Zhou X, Weiser P, Lu H, Zhang L. Molecular Mechanism Underlines Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia and Thrombosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2010; 93:395-421. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1173(10)93017-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
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Johnston HJ, Hutchison GR, Christensen FM, Aschberger K, Stone V. The biological mechanisms and physicochemical characteristics responsible for driving fullerene toxicity. Toxicol Sci 2009; 114:162-82. [PMID: 19901017 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfp265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review provides a comprehensive critical review of the available literature purporting to assess the toxicity of carbon fullerenes. This is required as prior to the widespread utilization and production of fullerenes, it is necessary to consider the implications of exposure for human health. Traditionally, fullerenes are formed from 60 carbon atoms, arranged in a spherical cage-like structure. However, manipulation of surface chemistry and molecular makeup has created a diverse population of fullerenes, which exhibit drastically different behaviors. The cellular processes that underlie observed fullerene toxicity will be discussed and include oxidative, genotoxic, and cytotoxic responses. The antioxidant/cytoprotective properties of fullerenes (and the attributes responsible for driving these phenomena) have been considered and encourage their utilization within the treatment of oxidant-mediated disease. A number of studies have focused on improving the water solubility of fullerenes in order to enable their exploitation within biological systems. Manipulating fullerene water solubility has included the use of surface modifications, solvents, extended stirring, and mechanical processes. However, the ability of these processes to also impact on fullerene toxicity requires assessment, especially when considering the use of solvents, which particularly appear to enhance fullerene toxicity. A number of the discussed investigations were not conducted to reveal if fullerene behavior was due to their nanoparticle dimensions but instead addressed the biocompatibility and toxicity of fullerenes. The hazards to human health, associated with fullerene exposure, are uncertain at this time, and further investigations are required to decipher such effects before an effective risk assessment can be conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helinor J Johnston
- Centre for Nano Safety, School of Life Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UK.
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305
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Xiao Y, Gao X, Taratula O, Treado S, Urbas A, Holbrook RD, Cavicchi RE, Avedisian CT, Mitra S, Savla R, Wagner PD, Srivastava S, He H. Anti-HER2 IgY antibody-functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes for detection and selective destruction of breast cancer cells. BMC Cancer 2009; 9:351. [PMID: 19799784 PMCID: PMC2764730 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-9-351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanocarrier-based antibody targeting is a promising modality in therapeutic and diagnostic oncology. Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) exhibit two unique optical properties that can be exploited for these applications, strong Raman signal for cancer cell detection and near-infrared (NIR) absorbance for selective photothermal ablation of tumors. In the present study, we constructed a HER2 IgY-SWNT complex and demonstrated its dual functionality for both detection and selective destruction of cancer cells in an in vitro model consisting of HER2-expressing SK-BR-3 cells and HER2-negative MCF-7 cells. Methods The complex was constructed by covalently conjugating carboxylated SWNTs with anti-HER2 chicken IgY antibody, which is more specific and sensitive than mammalian IgGs. Raman signals were recorded on Raman spectrometers with a laser excitation at 785 nm. NIR irradiation was performed using a diode laser system, and cells with or without nanotube treatment were irradiated by 808 nm laser at 5 W/cm2 for 2 min. Cell viability was examined by the calcein AM/ethidium homodimer-1 (EthD-1) staining. Results Using a Raman optical microscope, we found the Raman signal collected at single-cell level from the complex-treated SK-BR-3 cells was significantly greater than that from various control cells. NIR irradiation selectively destroyed the complex-targeted breast cancer cells without harming receptor-free cells. The cell death was effectuated without the need of internalization of SWNTs by the cancer cells, a finding that has not been reported previously. Conclusion We have demonstrated that the HER2 IgY-SWNT complex specifically targeted HER2-expressing SK-BR-3 cells but not receptor-negative MCF-7 cells. The complex can be potentially used for both detection and selective photothermal ablation of receptor-positive breast cancer cells without the need of internalization by the cells. Thus, the unique intrinsic properties of SWNTs combined with high specificity and sensitivity of IgY antibodies can lead to new strategies for cancer detection and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xiao
- Chemical Science and Technology Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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306
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Semberova J, De Paoli Lacerda SH, Simakova O, Holada K, Gelderman MP, Simak J. Carbon nanotubes activate blood platelets by inducing extracellular Ca2+ influx sensitive to calcium entry inhibitors. NANO LETTERS 2009; 9:3312-7. [PMID: 19736974 DOI: 10.1021/nl901603k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate a mechanism of prothrombotic effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs), we report here that multiwalled CNTs activate blood platelets by inducing extracellular Ca(2+) influx that could be inhibited by calcium channel blockers SKF 96365 and 2-APB. We also demonstrate platelet aggregating activity of different single-walled and multiwalled CNTs. In addition, we show that CNT-induced platelet activation is associated with a marked release of platelet membrane microparticles positive for the granular secretion markers CD62P and CD63.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Semberova
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, Maryland 20852-1448, USA
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307
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Khalessi AA, Liu CY, Apuzzo MLJ. Neurosurgery and quantum dots: part I--state of the art. Neurosurgery 2009; 64:1015-27; discussion 1027-8. [PMID: 19487880 DOI: 10.1227/01.neu.0000347889.62762.3f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article represents the first of a 2-part exploration of quantum dots (Qdots) and their application to neurological surgery. Spanning from materials science to immunology, this initial review traces the marriage of imaging physics to biochemical specificity. Qdot science now stands poised to dramatically advance the diagnosis and therapy of neurosurgical conditions. Qdot research efforts currently involve several disciplines; this comprehensive review therefore considers multiple fields of inquiry. This first installment discusses 1) Qdot physical properties, 2) established biological and in vivo properties, 3) magnetic resonance imaging applications, and (4) existing cardiovascular and oncologic research. Finally, this review establishes the existing bounds of Qdot possibilities. The second concept article details future endovascular diagnostic and therapeutic methods derived from these seminal advances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A Khalessi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA.
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308
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Deb S, Chatterjee M, Bhattacharya J, Lahiri P, Chaudhuri U, Choudhuri SP, Kar S, Siwach OP, Sen P, Dasgupta AKR. Role of purinergic receptors in platelet-nanoparticle interactions. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390600772978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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309
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Papp T, Schiffmann D, Weiss D, Castranova V, Vallyathan V, Rahman Q. Human health implications of nanomaterial exposure. Nanotoxicology 2009. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390701847935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Papp
- Institute of Cell Biology & Biosystems Technology, Rostock University Rostock, Germany
| | - Dietmar Schiffmann
- Institute of Cell Biology & Biosystems Technology, Rostock University Rostock, Germany
| | - Dieter Weiss
- Institute of Cell Biology & Biosystems Technology, Rostock University Rostock, Germany
| | - Vince Castranova
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Val Vallyathan
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Qamar Rahman
- Dean Research & Development Integral University, Lucknow, India
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310
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Shrivastava S, Bera T, Singh SK, Singh G, Ramachandrarao P, Dash D. Characterization of antiplatelet properties of silver nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2009; 3:1357-1364. [PMID: 19545167 DOI: 10.1021/nn900277t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Thrombotic disorders have emerged as serious threat to society. As anticoagulant and thrombolytic therapies are usually associated with serious bleeding complications, the focus has now shifted to regulating and maintaining platelets in an inactive state. In the present study we show that nanosilver has an innate antiplatelet property and effectively prevents integrin-mediated platelet responses, both in vivo and in vitro, in a concentration-dependent manner. Ultrastructural studies show that nanosilver accumulates within platelet granules and reduces interplatelet proximity. Our findings further suggest that these nanoparticles do not confer any lytic effect on platelets and thus hold potential to be promoted as antiplatelet/antithrombotic agents after careful evaluation of toxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddhartha Shrivastava
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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311
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Jones CF, Grainger DW. In vitro assessments of nanomaterial toxicity. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2009; 61:438-56. [PMID: 19383522 PMCID: PMC2763955 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2009.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2008] [Accepted: 03/30/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has grown from a scientific interest to a major industry with both commodity and specialty nanomaterial exposure to global populations and ecosystems. Sub-micron materials are currently used in a wide variety of consumer products and in clinical trials as drug delivery carriers and imaging agents. Due to the expected growth in this field and the increasing public exposure to nanomaterials, both from intentional administration and inadvertent contact, improved characterization and reliable toxicity screening tools are required for new and existing nanomaterials. This review discusses current methodologies used to assess nanomaterial physicochemical properties and their in vitro effects. Current methods lack the desired sensitivity, reliability, correlation and sophistication to provide more than limited, often equivocal, pieces of the overall nanomaterial performance parameter space, particularly in realistic physiological or environmental models containing cells, proteins and solutes. Therefore, improved physicochemical nanomaterial assays are needed to provide accurate exposure risk assessments and genuine predictions of in vivo behavior and therapeutic value. Simpler model nanomaterial systems in buffer do not accurately duplicate this complexity or predict in vivo behavior. A diverse portfolio of complementary material characterization tools and bioassays are required to validate nanomaterial properties in physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton F Jones
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112-5820, USA
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312
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Genaidy A, Tolaymat T, Sequeira R, Rinder M, Dionysiou D. Health effects of exposure to carbon nanofibers: systematic review, critical appraisal, meta analysis and research to practice perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:3686-3701. [PMID: 19303626 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2008.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2008] [Revised: 12/08/2008] [Accepted: 12/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Literature reviews examining the relationship between exposure to carbon nanofibers (CNFs) and health consequences are qualitative in nature and do not employ an evidence-based assessment. OBJECTIVE This research deals with a systematic review, critical appraisal, and meta-analysis designed to examine the potential health effects associated with exposure to CNFs. The utilization of research findings into practice is also explored. METHODS Published articles were obtained from a search of electronic databases and bibliographies of identified articles. A critical appraisal was conducted using an 'Experimental Appraisal Instrument' developed in this study. The meta-analysis was established using statistical techniques with/without the incorporation of overall study quality. The likelihood of utilizing research findings into practice (i.e., from research to practice) was computed using a four-step algorithm based on the criteria of: strength of association, consistency among studies, temporality, biological gradient, type of experimental unit, type of CNF (single- and multi-wall nanotubes), CNF grade (commercial or altered), exposure dose, exposure duration, and support by analogy from the published literature. RESULTS Twenty-one experimental studies satisfied the inclusion criteria and were performed on human cells, experimental animal models and animal cells as experimental units. The methodological qualities of published studies ranged from 'very poor' to 'excellent', with 'overall study description' scoring 'good' and 'study execution' equal to 'moderate'. The random-effects model was applied in the meta-analysis calculations as heterogeneity was significant at the 10% for all outcomes reported. The mean standardized meta-estimates for the experimental groups were significantly lower than those for the control groups for cell viability and cell death, respectively. Incorporating the effect of overall study quality score widened the gap between the experimental and control groups. Assessment of research findings on the basis of the four-step algorithm revealed that the likelihood of the results to occur in practice is 'somewhat possible' at this time. That is, if exposure conditions to CNF in the reported studies are similar to those in nano-manufacturing plants, it is somewhat possible that CNFs alter the function of human cells resulting in loss of cell viability and cell death. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that it is 'somewhat possible' for the CNF to penetrate the human cells in the targeted organs and to cause cellular damage. Although the weight of evidence is not sufficient, it is advisable that actions be taken to ensure the protection of workers exposed to CNFs, that is, (a) engineering controls should be established to contain exposure to CNF, and (b) simultaneously rigorous personnel protective equipment should be planned to further minimize the risk of CNF exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ash Genaidy
- University of Cincinnati, College of Engineering, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
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313
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Rudež G, Janssen NA, Kilinc E, Leebeek FW, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Spronk HM, Cate HT, Cassee FR, de Maat MP. Effects of ambient air pollution on hemostasis and inflammation. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2009; 117:995-1001. [PMID: 19590696 PMCID: PMC2702419 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.0800437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution has consistently been associated with increased morbidity and mortality due to respiratory and cardiovascular disease. Underlying biological mechanisms are not entirely clear, and hemostasis and inflammation are suggested to be involved. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to study the association of the variation in local concentrations of airborne particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter < 10 mum, carbon monoxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, and ozone with platelet aggregation, thrombin generation, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels in healthy individuals. METHODS From 40 healthy volunteers, we collected 13 consecutive blood samples within a 1-year period and measured light-transmittance platelet aggregometry, thrombin generation, fibrinogen, and CRP. We performed regression analysis using generalized additive models to study the association between the hemostatic and inflammatory variables, and local environmental concentrations of air pollutants for time lags within 24 hr before blood sampling or 24-96 hr before blood sampling. RESULTS In general, air pollutants were associated with platelet aggregation [average, +8% per interquartile range (IQR), p < 0.01] and thrombin generation (average, +1% per IQR, p < 0.05). Platelet aggregation was not affected by in vitro incubation of plasma with PM. We observed no relationship between any of the air pollutants and fibrinogen or CRP levels. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution increased platelet aggregation as well as coagulation activity but had no clear effect on systemic inflammation. These prothrombotic effects may partly explain the relationship between air pollution and the risk of ischemic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goran Rudež
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole A.H. Janssen
- Center for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Evren Kilinc
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Frank W.G. Leebeek
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Miriam E. Gerlofs-Nijland
- Center for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Henri M.H. Spronk
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Hugo ten Cate
- Department of Internal Medicine and Laboratory for Clinical Thrombosis and Haemostasis, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Flemming R. Cassee
- Center for Environmental Health Research, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Moniek P.M. de Maat
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Address correspondence to M.P.M. de Maat, Erasmus University Medical Center, Department of Hematology L-431, P.O. Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Telephone: 31-0-10-7033442. Fax: 31-0-10-7035814. E-mail:
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314
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Sobek A, Bucheli TD. Testing the resistance of single- and multi-walled carbon nanotubes to chemothermal oxidation used to isolate soots from environmental samples. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:1065-1071. [PMID: 18952329 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2008.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Revised: 09/05/2008] [Accepted: 09/09/2008] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Quantification of natural and engineered carbon nanotubes (CNT) in the environment is urgently needed to study their occurrence and fate and to enable a proper risk assessment. Currently, such methods are lacking. Here, we tested the resistance of 15 structurally different CNTs to chemothermal oxidation at 375 degrees C (CTO-375), a method used to isolate soots from environmental samples. Depending on their structure, CNTs survived CTO-375 in proportions ranging from 26 to 93%. Standard addition of CNTs to soil and sediment yielded recoveries between 66 and 171%, demonstrating the capability of CTO-375 to isolate CNTs from complex environmental matrices. These data of pure and added CNTs correspond to recoveries obtained with "ordinary" soots under similar experimental conditions. Hence, soot fractions commonly isolated with CTO-375 from environmental matrices most probably encompass CNTs. Future work should attempt to enhance the method's selectivity, i.e., its capability to separate CNTs from other forms of soot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sobek
- Agroscope Reckenholz, Research Station ART, Zürich, Switzerland.
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315
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
| | - Ning Li
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cooperative Research Centers, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
- The Southern California Particle Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Andre E. Nel
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Cooperative Research Centers, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
- The Southern California Particle Center, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095
- California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095;
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Abstract
Nanotechnology provides a broad range of opportunities to develop new solutions for clinical problems. For the pulmonary field, nanotechnology promises better delivery of drugs and nucleic acid-based therapeutics to disease sites. Administration of therapeutics via inhalation provides the opportunity for direct delivery to the lung epithelium, the lining of the respiratory tract. By appropriate selection of particle size, deep lung delivery can be obtained with control of phagocytic uptake, the removal of particles by resident macrophages. Nanotechnology can also help in pulmonary therapies administered by intravenous and oral routes through targeting specific cell types and controlling bioavailability and release kinetics. In the hematology field, nanotechnology can counter multiple drug resistance in leukemia by blocking drug efflux from cancer cells, and provide effective delivery of siRNA into lymphocytes to block apoptosis in sepsis. Controlling the surface properties of materials on devices such as valves and stents promises improved biocompatibility by inhibition of thrombosis, the formation of blood clots, and regulating cell adhesion and activation. Nanoparticle-based thrombolytic agents have the potential to improve the effectiveness of clot removal. Treatment of both lung and blood diseases is also likely to benefit from nano-scaffold-based methods for controlling the differentiation and proliferation of stem and progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Buxton
- Advanced Technologies & Surgery Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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317
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Schwartz MK, Lieske JC, Hunter LW, Miller VM. Systemic injection of planktonic forms of mammalian-derived nanoparticles alters arterial response to injury in rabbits. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2009; 296:H1434-41. [PMID: 19286948 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00993.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Experiments were designed to test the hypothesis that the systemic delivery of planktonic forms of nanoparticles (NPs) derived from calcified, diseased human tissue or bovine blood are transmissible particles that exacerbate arterial response to injury. New Zealand White rabbits in which the endothelium was mechanically removed from one carotid artery were injected intravenously with either saline (control), lipopolysaccharide (LPS; surrogate for subclinical infection), hydroxyapatite crystals (HA; surrogate for NP shell), HA crystals exposed to culture media, or planktonic forms of bovine- or human-derived NPs. Carotid arteries were monitored by ultrasonography for 5 wk and then removed for histological examination. Uninjured arteries from all animals in each group remained patent with a normal anatomy. Injured arteries from 6 of 11 animals injected with human-derived NPs occluded and/or calcified; none of the injured arteries from animals in the other groups occluded (n = 28; P < or = 0.05). Injured arteries of rabbits injected with LPS or HA crystals developed eccentric hyperplasia. Discontinuous internal elastic laminae and thinning media characterized arteries from animals injected with bovine-derived NPs or cultured HA crystals. In conclusion, the systemic administration of planktonic forms of human-derived NPs exacerbated arterial response to injury distinct from that of bovine-derived NPs and other inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Schwartz
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Medical Sciences 4-62, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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318
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Jiskoot W, van Schie RMF, Carstens MG, Schellekens H. Immunological Risk of Injectable Drug Delivery Systems. Pharm Res 2009; 26:1303-14. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-009-9855-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 02/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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320
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Mills NL, Donaldson K, Hadoke PW, Boon NA, MacNee W, Cassee FR, Sandström T, Blomberg A, Newby DE. Adverse cardiovascular effects of air pollution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 6:36-44. [PMID: 19029991 DOI: 10.1038/ncpcardio1399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/03/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Air pollution is increasingly recognized as an important and modifiable determinant of cardiovascular disease in urban communities. Acute exposure has been linked to a range of adverse cardiovascular events including hospital admissions with angina, myocardial infarction, and heart failure. Long-term exposure increases an individual's lifetime risk of death from coronary heart disease. The main arbiter of these adverse health effects seems to be combustion-derived nanoparticles that incorporate reactive organic and transition metal components. Inhalation of this particulate matter leads to pulmonary inflammation with secondary systemic effects or, after translocation from the lung into the circulation, to direct toxic cardiovascular effects. Through the induction of cellular oxidative stress and proinflammatory pathways, particulate matter augments the development and progression of atherosclerosis via detrimental effects on platelets, vascular tissue, and the myocardium. These effects seem to underpin the atherothrombotic consequences of acute and chronic exposure to air pollution. An increased understanding of the mediators and mechanisms of these processes is necessary if we are to develop strategies to protect individuals at risk and reduce the effect of air pollution on cardiovascular disease.
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Lucking AJ, Lundback M, Mills NL, Faratian D, Barath SL, Pourazar J, Cassee FR, Donaldson K, Boon NA, Badimon JJ, Sandstrom T, Blomberg A, Newby DE. Diesel exhaust inhalation increases thrombus formation in man. Eur Heart J 2008; 29:3043-51. [PMID: 18952612 DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehn464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Although the mechanism is unclear, exposure to traffic-derived air pollution is a trigger for acute myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of diesel exhaust inhalation on platelet activation and thrombus formation in men. METHODS AND RESULTS In a double-blind randomized crossover study, 20 healthy volunteers were exposed to dilute diesel exhaust (350 microg/m(3)) and filtered air. Thrombus formation, coagulation, platelet activation, and inflammatory markers were measured at 2 and 6 h following exposure. Thrombus formation was measured using the Badimon ex vivo perfusion chamber. Platelet activation was assessed by flow cytometry. Compared with filtered air, diesel exhaust inhalation increased thrombus formation under low- and high-shear conditions by 24% [change in thrombus area 2229 microm(2), 95% confidence interval (CI) 1143-3315 microm(2), P = 0.0002] and 19% (change in thrombus area 2451 microm(2), 95% CI 1190-3712 microm(2), P = 0.0005), respectively. This increased thrombogenicity was seen at 2 and 6 h, using two different diesel engines and fuels. Diesel exhaust also increased platelet-neutrophil and platelet-monocyte aggregates by 52% (absolute change 6%, 95% CI 2-10%, P = 0.01) and 30% (absolute change 3%, 95% CI 0.2-7%, P = 0.03), respectively, at 2 h following exposure compared with filtered air. CONCLUSION Inhalation of diesel exhaust increases ex vivo thrombus formation and causes in vivo platelet activation in man. These findings provide a potential mechanism linking exposure to combustion-derived air pollution with the triggering of acute MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Lucking
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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322
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Dellinger B, D'Alessio A, D'Anna A, Ciajolo A, Gullett B, Henry H, Keener M, Lighty J, Lomnicki S, Lucas D, Oberdörster G, Pitea D, Suk W, Sarofim A, Smith KR, Stoeger T, Tolbert P, Wyzga R, Zimmermann R. Report: Combustion Byproducts and Their Health Effects: Summary of the 10th International Congress. ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING SCIENCE 2008; 25:1107-1114. [PMID: 22476005 PMCID: PMC2963595 DOI: 10.1089/ees.2008.0233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The 10th International Congress on Combustion Byproducts and their Health Effects was held in Ischia, Italy, from June 17-20, 2007. It is sponsored by the US NIEHS, NSF, Coalition for Responsible Waste Incineration (CRWI), and Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI). The congress focused on: the origin, characterization, and health impacts of combustion-generated fine and ultrafine particles; emissions of mercury and dioxins, and the development/application of novel analytical/diagnostic tools. The consensus of the discussion was that particle-associated organics, metals, and persistent free radicals (PFRs) produced by combustion sources are the likely source of the observed health impacts of airborne PM rather than simple physical irritation of the particles. Ultrafine particle-induced oxidative stress is a likely progenitor of the observed health impacts, but important biological and chemical details and possible catalytic cycles remain unresolved. Other key conclusions were: (1) In urban settings, 70% of airborne fine particles are a result of combustion emissions and 50% are due to primary emissions from combustion sources, (2) In addition to soot, combustion produces one, possibly two, classes of nanoparticles with mean diameters of ~10 nm and ~1 nm. (3) The most common metrics used to describe particle toxicity, viz. surface area, sulfate concentration, total carbon, and organic carbon, cannot fully explain observed health impacts, (4) Metals contained in combustion-generated ultrafine and fine particles mediate formation of toxic air pollutants such as PCDD/F and PFRs. (5) The combination of metal-containing nanoparticles, organic carbon compounds, and PFRs can lead to a cycle generating oxidative stress in exposed organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry Dellinger
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
- Corresponding author: Louisiana State University, Chemistry Department, 413 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA 70803. Phone: 225-578-6759; Fax: 225-578-0276; E-mail:
| | - Antonio D'Alessio
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Anna
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto Ricerche Combustione, CNR, Napoli, Italy
| | - Brian Gullett
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Heather Henry
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | | | - JoAnn Lighty
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Slawomir Lomnicki
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA
| | - Donald Lucas
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, Environmental Health and Safety Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY
| | - Demetrio Pitea
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università degli Studi di Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, Milano, Italy
| | - William Suk
- Division of Extramural Research and Training, NIEHS, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Adel Sarofim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT
| | - Kirk R. Smith
- School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA
| | - Tobias Stoeger
- Hemholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Paige Tolbert
- Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ron Wyzga
- Electric Power Research Institute, Palo Alto, CA
| | - Ralf Zimmermann
- Hemholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Ecological Chemistry, D-85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany
- University Rostock, Institute of Chemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry, D-18051 Rostock, Germany
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323
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Abstract
The use of nanotechnology in medicine and more specifically drug delivery is set to spread rapidly. Currently many substances are under investigation for drug delivery and more specifically for cancer therapy. Interestingly pharmaceutical sciences are using nanoparticles to reduce toxicity and side effects of drugs and up to recently did not realize that carrier systems themselves may impose risks to the patient. The kind of hazards that are introduced by using nanoparticles for drug delivery are beyond that posed by conventional hazards imposed by chemicals in classical delivery matrices. For nanoparticles the knowledge on particle toxicity as obtained in inhalation toxicity shows the way how to investigate the potential hazards of nanoparticles. The toxicology of particulate matter differs from toxicology of substances as the composing chemical(s) may or may not be soluble in biological matrices, thus influencing greatly the potential exposure of various internal organs. This may vary from a rather high local exposure in the lungs and a low or neglectable exposure for other organ systems after inhalation. However, absorbed species may also influence the potential toxicity of the inhaled particles. For nanoparticles the situation is different as their size opens the potential for crossing the various biological barriers within the body. From a positive viewpoint, especially the potential to cross the blood brain barrier may open new ways for drug delivery into the brain. In addition, the nanosize also allows for access into the cell and various cellular compartments including the nucleus. A multitude of substances are currently under investigation for the preparation of nanoparticles for drug delivery, varying from biological substances like albumin, gelatine and phospholipids for liposomes, and more substances of a chemical nature like various polymers and solid metal containing nanoparticles. It is obvious that the potential interaction with tissues and cells, and the potential toxicity, greatly depends on the actual composition of the nanoparticle formulation. This paper provides an overview on some of the currently used systems for drug delivery. Besides the potential beneficial use also attention is drawn to the questions how we should proceed with the safety evaluation of the nanoparticle formulations for drug delivery. For such testing the lessons learned from particle toxicity as applied in inhalation toxicology may be of use. Although for pharmaceutical use the current requirements seem to be adequate to detect most of the adverse effects of nanoparticle formulations, it can not be expected that all aspects of nanoparticle toxicology will be detected. So, probably additional more specific testing would be needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wim H De Jong
- Laboratory for Toxicology, Pathology and Genetics, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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324
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Komatsu T, Tabata M, Kubo-Irie M, Shimizu T, Suzuki KI, Nihei Y, Takeda K. The effects of nanoparticles on mouse testis Leydig cells in vitro. Toxicol In Vitro 2008; 22:1825-31. [PMID: 18805477 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2008.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 08/08/2008] [Accepted: 08/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We have indicated the possibility that nanoparticles such as diesel exhaust particles (DEP) and titanium dioxide (TiO(2)) may impair the male mouse reproductive system. In this study, to evaluate the direct effect of nanoparticles on testis-constituent cells, we examined the effect of DEP, TiO(2) and carbon black (CB) on mouse Leydig TM3 cells, the testosterone-producing cells of the testis. The uptake of three nanoparticles into Leydig cells was detected using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) or field emission type scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (FE-SEM/EDS). We examined the cytotoxicity and the effect on gene expression by treatment with nanoparticles. TiO(2) was more cytotoxic to Leydig cells than other nanoparticles. The proliferation of Leydig cells was suppressed transiently by treatment with TiO(2) or DEP. The expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a sensitive marker for oxidative stress, was induced remarkably by treatment with DEP. Furthermore, CB and DEP slightly increased the gene expression of the steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein, the factor that controls mitochondrial cholesterol transfer. In this study, we found that DEPs, TiO(2) and CB nanoparticles were taken up by Leydig cells, and affected the viability, proliferation and gene expression. The patterns were unique for each nanoparticle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Komatsu
- Department of Hygiene-Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki Noda-shi, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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325
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Xu C, Tung GA, Sun S. Size and Concentration Effect of Gold Nanoparticles on X-ray Attenuation As Measured on Computed Tomography. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2008; 20:4167-4169. [PMID: 19079760 PMCID: PMC2600559 DOI: 10.1021/cm8008418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
| | - Glenn A. Tung
- Department of Diagnostic Imaging, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island 02903
| | - Shouheng Sun
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912
- Corresponding author: FAX: (+1) 401-863-9046. E-mail:
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326
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O'Toole TE, Conklin DJ, Bhatnagar A. Environmental risk factors for heart disease. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2008; 23:167-202. [PMID: 19119685 DOI: 10.1515/reveh.2008.23.3.167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we discuss current evidence linking environmental pollutants to cardiovascular disease (CVD). Extensive evidence indicates that environmental factors contribute to CVD risk, incidence, and severity. Migrant studies show that changes in the environment could substantially alter CVD risk in a genetically stable population. Additionally, CVD risk is affected by changes in nutritional and lifestyle choices. Recent studies in the field of environmental cardiology suggest that environmental toxins also influence CVD. Exposure to tobacco smoke is paradigmatic of such environmental risk and is strongly and positively associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. In animal models of exposure, tobacco smoke induces endothelial dysfunction and prothrombotic responses and exacerbates atherogenesis and myocardial ischemic injury. Similar mechanism may be engaged by other pollutants or food constituents. Several large population-based studies indicate that exposure to fine or ultrafine particulate air pollution increases CVD morbidity and mortality, and the plausibility of this association is supported by data from animal studies. Exposure to other chemicals such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, and metals has also been reported to elevate CVD risk by affecting atherogenesis, thrombosis, or blood pressure regulation. Maternal exposure to drugs, toxins, and infection has been linked with cardiac birth defects and premature CVD in later life. Collectively, the data support the notion that chronic environmental stress is an important determinant of CVD risk. Further work is required to assess the magnitude of this risk fully and to delineate specific mechanisms by which environmental toxins affect CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E O'Toole
- Institute of Molecular Cardiology, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, United States of America
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327
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Dobrovolskaia MA, Aggarwal P, Hall JB, McNeil SE. Preclinical studies to understand nanoparticle interaction with the immune system and its potential effects on nanoparticle biodistribution. Mol Pharm 2008; 5:487-95. [PMID: 18510338 DOI: 10.1021/mp800032f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 699] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles have unique physicochemical properties which make them promising platforms for drug delivery. However, immune cells in the bloodstream (such as monocytes, platelets, leukocytes, and dendritic cells) and in tissues (such as resident phagocytes) have a propensity to engulf and eliminate certain nanoparticles. A nanoparticle's interaction with plasma proteins (opsonins) and blood components (via hemolysis, thrombogenicity and complement activation) may influence uptake and clearance and hence potentially affect distribution and delivery to the intended target sites. Nanoparticle uptake by the immune cells is influenced by many factors. Different nanoparticles have been shown to act on different pathways, while various characteristics/properties also affect which pathway is employed for particle internalization. Nanoparticle protein binding occurs almost instantaneously once the particle enters biological medium, and the physical properties of such a particle-protein complex are often different than those of the formulated particle. These new properties can contribute to different biological responses and change nanoparticle biodistribution. Therefore, in the situation when specific delivery to immune cells is not desired, the ideal nanoparticle platform is the one whose integrity is not disturbed in the complex biological environment, which provides extended circulation in the blood to maximize delivery to the target site, is not toxic to blood cellular components, and is "invisible" to the immune cells which can remove it from circulation. This review discusses the most recent data on nanoparticle interactions with blood components and how particle size and surface charge define their hematocompatibility. This includes properties which determine particle interaction with plasma proteins and uptake by macrophages. We will also provide an overview of in vitro methods useful in identifying interactions with components of the immune system and the potential effects of such interaction on particle distribution to tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina A Dobrovolskaia
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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328
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Options for Occupational Health Surveillance of Workers Potentially Exposed to Engineered Nanoparticles: State of the Science. J Occup Environ Med 2008; 50:517-26. [DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31816515f7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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329
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Schipper ML, Nakayama-Ratchford N, Davis CR, Kam NWS, Chu P, Liu Z, Sun X, Dai H, Gambhir SS. A pilot toxicology study of single-walled carbon nanotubes in a small sample of mice. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 3:216-221. [PMID: 18654506 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2008.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2008] [Accepted: 02/29/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes are currently under evaluation in biomedical applications, including in vivo delivery of drugs, proteins, peptides and nucleic acids (for gene transfer or gene silencing), in vivo tumour imaging and tumour targeting of single-walled carbon nanotubes as an anti-neoplastic treatment. However, concerns about the potential toxicity of single-walled carbon nanotubes have been raised. Here we examine the acute and chronic toxicity of functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes when injected into the bloodstream of mice. Survival, clinical and laboratory parameters reveal no evidence of toxicity over 4 months. Upon killing, careful necropsy and tissue histology show age-related changes only. Histology and Raman microscopic mapping demonstrate that functionalized single-walled carbon nanotubes persisted within liver and spleen macrophages for 4 months without apparent toxicity. Although this is a preliminary study with a small group of animals, our results encourage further confirmation studies with larger groups of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike L Schipper
- Molecular Imaging Program at Stanford (MIPS), Department of Radiology and Bio-X Program, Palo Alto, California 94305-5427, USA
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330
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Biocompatibility of poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) nanoparticles conjugated with alendronate. Biomaterials 2008; 29:1400-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2007.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 12/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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331
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Mills NL, Törnqvist H, Robinson SD, Gonzalez MC, Söderberg S, Sandström T, Blomberg A, Newby DE, Donaldson K. Air pollution and atherothrombosis. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19 Suppl 1:81-9. [PMID: 17886055 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701495170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Observational studies have consistently demonstrated an association between exposure to air pollution and increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. This association is strongest for particulate matter (PM), of which combustion-derived particulate is an important component. Studies assessing the effects of PM exposure in vitro and in vivo have provided insight into the biological mechanisms underlying these observations. In this review we discuss the potential for inhaled particles to impact on the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Oxidative stress and inflammation are central to both the toxicology of PM and the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. It is possible that nanoparticulates or soluble components of PM may translocate into the bloodstream, resulting in direct effects on atherosclerotic plaque stability, the vascular endothelium, platelet function, and thrombosis. We summarize the latest experimental research and relate this to current understanding of the role of inflammation and vascular dysfunction in the pathogenesis of atherothrombosis. Ongoing research in this area will continue to provide insight into the adverse vascular effects of PM, with the possibility of therapeutic interventions to reduce the impact of environmental air pollution on cardiovascular disease a realistic goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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332
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Schulte PA, Salamanca-Buentello F. Ethical and scientific issues of nanotechnology in the workplace. CIENCIA & SAUDE COLETIVA 2007; 12:1319-32. [DOI: 10.1590/s1413-81232007000500030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of scientific clarity about the potential health effects of occupational exposure to nanoparticles, a need exists for guidance in decisionmaking about hazards, risks, and controls. An identification of the ethical issues involved may be useful to decision makers, particularly employers, workers, investors, and health authorities. Because the goal of occupational safety and health is the prevention of disease in workers, the situations that have ethical implications that most affect workers have been identified. These situations include the a) identification and communication of hazards and risks by scientists, authorities, and employers; b) workers' acceptance of risk; c) selection and implementation of controls; d) establishment of medical screening programs; and e) investment in toxicologic and control research. The ethical issues involve the unbiased determination of hazards and risks, nonmaleficence (doing no harm), autonomy, justice, privacy, and promoting respect for persons. As the ethical issues are identified and explored, options for decision makers can be developed. Additionally, societal deliberations about workplace risks of nanotechnologies may be enhanced by special emphasis on small businesses and adoption of a global perspective.
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333
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Buxton DB. Nanotechnology in the diagnosis and management of heart, lung and blood diseases. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2007; 7:149-60. [PMID: 17331063 DOI: 10.1586/14737159.7.2.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Heart, lung and blood diseases exert an enormous toll, accounting for almost half of the deaths in the USA each year. In addition to the morbidity and mortality resulting from these diseases, there is also a high economic burden, estimated at 560 billion US dollars for 2006. Nanotechnology offers a broad range of opportunities to improve diagnosis and therapy for cardiovascular, pulmonary and hematopoietic diseases, thereby decreasing these burdens. This review will focus on four areas of particular promise for the application of nanotechnology: imaging, diagnostics and biosensors, drug delivery and therapy, and tissue engineering and repair. The goal is to summarize the current state of science and technology in these areas and to look at future directions that the field is likely to move in to enhance the diagnosis and treatment of heart, lung and blood diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis B Buxton
- National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute, Advanced Technologies & Surgery Branch, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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334
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Mills NL, Törnqvist H, Gonzalez MC, Vink E, Robinson SD, Söderberg S, Boon NA, Donaldson K, Sandström T, Blomberg A, Newby DE. Ischemic and thrombotic effects of dilute diesel-exhaust inhalation in men with coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:1075-82. [PMID: 17855668 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa066314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to air pollution from traffic is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. The mechanisms for this association are unknown. We conducted a controlled exposure to dilute diesel exhaust in patients with stable coronary heart disease to determine the direct effect of air pollution on myocardial, vascular, and fibrinolytic function. METHODS In a double-blind, randomized, crossover study, 20 men with prior myocardial infarction were exposed, in two separate sessions, to dilute diesel exhaust (300 mug per cubic meter) or filtered air for 1 hour during periods of rest and moderate exercise in a controlled-exposure facility. During the exposure, myocardial ischemia was quantified by ST-segment analysis using continuous 12-lead electrocardiography. Six hours after exposure, vasomotor and fibrinolytic function were assessed by means of intraarterial agonist infusions. RESULTS During both exposure sessions, the heart rate increased with exercise (P<0.001); the increase was similar during exposure to diesel exhaust and exposure to filtered air (P=0.67). Exercise-induced ST-segment depression was present in all patients, but there was a greater increase in the ischemic burden during exposure to diesel exhaust (-22+/-4 vs. -8+/-6 millivolt seconds, P<0.001). Exposure to diesel exhaust did not aggravate preexisting vasomotor dysfunction, but it did reduce the acute release of endothelial tissue plasminogen activator (P=0.009; 35% decrease in the area under the curve). CONCLUSIONS Brief exposure to dilute diesel exhaust promotes myocardial ischemia and inhibits endogenous fibrinolytic capacity in men with stable coronary heart disease. Our findings point to ischemic and thrombotic mechanisms that may explain in part the observation that exposure to combustion-derived air pollution is associated with adverse cardiovascular events. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00437138 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas L Mills
- Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Edinburgh University, Edinburgh, Sweden.
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335
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Ellis-Behnke R. Nano neurology and the four P's of central nervous system regeneration: preserve, permit, promote, plasticity. Med Clin North Am 2007; 91:937-62. [PMID: 17826112 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcna.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
True nanomaterials are delivered as a specific structure, or combination of structures, designed to deliver the therapeutic intact, directly to the site, requiring a much lower dose. These materials use very specific and deliberate molecular structures that can interact with neurons or protein structures inside the cells. Until recently, functional recovery of the central nervous system (CNS) was an unattainable goal and nanotechnology was an invisible science. A well-planned treatment spaced over time will produce functional return in the CNS. The four P's of CNS regeneration is a new framework for approaching CNS injury and evidence shows that nanotechnology is currently being used for stroke rehabilitation and, in several clinical trials, the treatment of scar formation blockade in the spinal cord. The four components are preserve, permit, promote, and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rutledge Ellis-Behnke
- MIT, Brain and Cognitive Sciences, 46-6007, 43 Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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336
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Abstract
A substantial literature demonstrates that the main ultrafine particles found in ambient urban air are combustion-derived nanoparticles (CDNP) which originate from a number of sources and pose a hazard to the lungs. For CDNP, three properties appear important-surface area, organics and metals. All of these can generate free radicals and so induce oxidative stress and inflammation. Inflammation is a process involved in the diseases exhibited by the individuals susceptible to the effects of PM- development and exacerbations of airways disease and cardiovascular disease. It is therefore possible to implicate CDNP in the common adverse effects of increased PM. The adverse effects of increases in PM on the cardiovascular system are well-documented in the epidemiological literature and, as argued above, these effects are likely to be driven by the combustion-derived NP. The epidemiological findings can be explained in a number of hypotheses regarding the action of NP:-1) Inflammation in the lungs caused by NP causes atheromatous plaque development and destabilization; 2) The inflammation in the lungs causes alteration in the clotting status or fibrinolytic balance favouring thrombogenesis; 3) The NP themselves or metals/organics released by the particles enter the circulation and have direct effects on the endothelium, plaques, the clotting system or the autonomic nervous system/ heart rhythm. Environmental nanoparticles are accidentally produced but they provide a toxicological model for a new class of purposely 'engineered' NP arising from the nanotechnology industry, whose effects are much less understood. Bridging our toxicological knowledge between the environmental nanoparticles and the new engineered nanoparticles is a considerable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodger Duffin
- MRC/University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, ELEGI Colt Laboratory, Queen's Medical Research Institute, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, Scotland, UK.
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337
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Warheit DB, Borm PJA, Hennes C, Lademann J. Testing strategies to establish the safety of nanomaterials: conclusions of an ECETOC workshop. Inhal Toxicol 2007; 19:631-43. [PMID: 17510836 DOI: 10.1080/08958370701353080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The European Centre for Ecotoxicology and Toxicology of Chemicals (ECETOC) convened a workshop in Barcelona, Spain, in November 2005 to develop testing strategies to establish the safety of nanomaterials. It brought together about 70 scientific and clinical experts from industry, academia, government agencies, research institutes, and nongovernmental organizations. The primary questions to be addressed were the following: What can we do today, and what do we need tomorrow? The three major themes of the workshop were: (1) the need for enhanced efforts in nanomaterial characterization; (2) methodologies for assessments of airborne and internal exposures to nanomaterials; and (3) evaluation of the hazard potential--primarily focusing on pulmonary or dermal routes of exposures. Some of the summary conclusions of the workshop included the following: For the development of nanoparticle characterization, the working definition of nanoparticles was defined as < 100 nm in one dimension or < 1000 nm to include aggregates and agglomerates. Moreover, it was concluded that although many physical factors can influence toxicity, including nanoparticle composition, it is dissolution, surface area and characteristics, size, size distribution, and shape that largely determine the functional, toxicological and environmental impact of nanomaterials. In addition, most of the information on potential systemic effects has thus far been derived from combustion-generated particles. With respect to the assessment of external exposures and metrics appropriate for nanoparticles, the general view of the meeting was that currently it is not possible or desirable to select one form of dose metric (i.e., mass, surface area, or particle number) as the most appropriate measure source. However, it was clear that the surface area metric was likely to be of interest and requires further development. In addition, there is a clear and immediate need to develop instruments which are smaller, more portable, and less expensive than the currently available state of the art instrumentation. With regard to a general testing approach for human health hazard evaluation of nanoparticles, a first step to determine potency may include a prioritization-related in vitro screening strategy to assess the possible reactivity, biomarkers of inflammation and cellular uptake of nanoparticles; however this process should be validated using in vivo techniques. A Tier 1 in vivo testing strategy could include a short-term inhalation or intratracheal instillation of nanoparticles as the route of exposure in the lungs of rats or mice. The endpoints that should be assessed include indices of lung inflammation, cytotoxicity, and cell proliferation, as well as histopathology of the respiratory tract and the major extrapulmonary organs. For Tier 2 in vivo testing for hazard identification, a longer term inhalation study is recommended, and this would include more substantive mechanistic endpoints such as determination of particle deposition, translocation, and disposition within the body. Additional studies could be designed with specific animal models to mimic sensitive populations. With regard to dermal exposures, currently there is little evidence that nanoparticles at a size exceeding 100 nm penetrate through the skin barrier into the living tissue (i.e., dermal compartment). The penetration of nanoparticles at a size less than 100 nm should be a topic of further investigation. Moreover, considering the impacts of dermal exposures and corresponding hazard potential of nanoparticles, it must be taken into consideration that the dermal uptake of nanoparticles will be an order of magnitude smaller than the uptake via the inhalation or oral routes of exposure. For the evaluation of the health risk of nanoparticles, it has to be determined whether they are harmful to living cells and whether, under real conditions, they penetrate through the skin barrier into the living tissue. For the evaluation of the penetration processes, in principle, three methods are available. Using the method of differential stripping, the penetration kinetics of nanoparticles in the stratum corneum and the hair follicles can be evaluated. This analysis can be carried out in vivo. Diffusion cell experiments are an efficient method for in vitro penetration studies. Also, laser scanning microscopy is well suited to test penetration kinetics, although requiring fluorescent-labeled nanoparticles. Emerging topics such as (1) environmental safety testing, (2) applications of nanoparticles for medical purposes, and (3) pathways of inhaled nanoparticles to the central nervous system were also briefly addressed during this workshop. However, it has become clear that these topics should be the subjects of separate workshops and they are not further addressed in this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- David B Warheit
- DuPont, Haskell Laboratory, Newark, Delaware 19714-0050, USA.
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338
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Buford MC, Hamilton RF, Holian A. A comparison of dispersing media for various engineered carbon nanoparticles. Part Fibre Toxicol 2007; 4:6. [PMID: 17655771 PMCID: PMC1950524 DOI: 10.1186/1743-8977-4-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 07/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increased manufacture and use of carbon nanoparticles (CNP) there has been increasing concern about the potential toxicity of fugitive CNP in the workplace and ambient environment. To address this matter a number of investigators have conducted in vitro and in vivo toxicity assessments. However, a variety of different approaches for suspension of these particles (culture media, Tween 80, dimethyl sulfoxide, phosphate-buffered saline, fetal calf serum, and others), and different sources of materials have generated potentially conflicting outcomes. The quality of the dispersion of nanoparticles is very dependent on the medium used to suspend them, and this then will most likely affect the biological outcomes. RESULTS In this work, the distributions of different CNP (sources and types) have been characterized in various media. Furthermore, the outcome of instilling the different agglomerates, or size distributions, was examined in mouse lungs after one and seven days. Our results demonstrated that CNP suspended in serum produced particle suspensions with the fewest large agglomerates, and the most uniform distribution in mouse lungs. In addition, no apparent clearance of instilled CNP took place from lungs even after seven days. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates that CNP agglomerates are present in all dispersing vehicles to some degree. The vehicle that contains some protein, lipid or protein/lipid component disperses the CNP best, producing fewer large CNP agglomerates. In contrast, vehicles absent of lipid and protein produce the largest CNP agglomerates. The source of the CNP is also a factor in the degree of particle agglomeration within the same vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary C Buford
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Raymond F Hamilton
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
| | - Andrij Holian
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Montana, Missoula, Montana, USA
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339
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Abstract
Nanotechnology is an emerging science involving manipulation of matter at the nanometer scale. Due to concerns over nanomaterial risks, there has been a dramatic increase in focused safety research. The present review provides a summary of these published findings, identifying areas of agreement and discordance with regard to: (1) the potential for nanomaterial exposure, (2) the relative hazard nanomaterials pose to humans and the environment, and (3) the present deficits in our understanding of risk. Special attention is paid to study design and methodologies, offering valuable insight into the complexities encountered with nanomaterial safety assessment. Recent data highlight the impact of surface characteristics on nanomaterial biocompatibility and point to the inadequacy of the current size-dependent mechanistic paradigms, with nanoscale materials lacking unique or characteristic toxicity profiles. The available data support the ability of the lung, gastrointestinal tract, and skin to act as a significant barrier to the systemic exposure of many nanomaterials. Furthermore, the acute systemic toxicity of many nanomaterials appear to be low. By contrast, the potential pulmonary toxicity of certain nanomaterials, such as carbon nanotubes, is significant, requiring a better understanding of exposure to further evaluate their risk. While these findings arrive at an overall picture of material-specific rather than nanogeneralized risk, any conclusions should clearly be tempered by the fact that nanomaterial safety data are limited. Until such time as the exposures, hazards, and environmental life cycle of nanomaterials have been more clearly defined, cautious development and implementation of nanotechnology is the most prudent course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan T Stern
- Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, Advanced Technology Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA.
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340
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Cozzi E, Wingard CJ, Cascio WE, Devlin RB, Miles JJ, Bofferding AR, Lust RM, Van Scott MR, Henriksen RA. Effect of ambient particulate matter exposure on hemostasis. Transl Res 2007; 149:324-32. [PMID: 17543851 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2006.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 12/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological studies have linked levels of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air to cardiovascular mortality and hospitalizations for myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke. Thrombus formation plays a primary role in potentiating acute cardiovascular events, and this study was undertaken to determine whether pulmonary exposure to PM alters hemostasis. PM was collected from the Chapel Hill, NC airshed and was administered to mice by intratracheal instillation at a dose previously shown to exacerbate myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Twenty-four hours after exposure, an increase occurred in the number of circulating platelets and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and soluble P-selectin. The concentration of tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) in plasma was decreased, whereas the plasma concentration of plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) was increased. Consistent with these observations, bleeding time from a tail-tip transection was shortened. These results provide evidence that PM exposure alters hemostasis in otherwise healthy animals and may thereby promote clot formation and impede clot resolution in susceptible individuals. The results also establish definite hemostatic endpoints that can be used to further investigate the effects of dose and particle characteristics on the toxicity of ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Cozzi
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
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341
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Linse S, Cabaleiro-Lago C, Xue WF, Lynch I, Lindman S, Thulin E, Radford SE, Dawson KA. Nucleation of protein fibrillation by nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:8691-6. [PMID: 17485668 PMCID: PMC1866183 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0701250104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 645] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles present enormous surface areas and are found to enhance the rate of protein fibrillation by decreasing the lag time for nucleation. Protein fibrillation is involved in many human diseases, including Alzheimer's, Creutzfeld-Jacob disease, and dialysis-related amyloidosis. Fibril formation occurs by nucleation-dependent kinetics, wherein formation of a critical nucleus is the key rate-determining step, after which fibrillation proceeds rapidly. We show that nanoparticles (copolymer particles, cerium oxide particles, quantum dots, and carbon nanotubes) enhance the probability of appearance of a critical nucleus for nucleation of protein fibrils from human beta(2)-microglobulin. The observed shorter lag (nucleation) phase depends on the amount and nature of particle surface. There is an exchange of protein between solution and nanoparticle surface, and beta(2)-microglobulin forms multiple layers on the particle surface, providing a locally increased protein concentration promoting oligomer formation. This and the shortened lag phase suggest a mechanism involving surface-assisted nucleation that may increase the risk for toxic cluster and amyloid formation. It also opens the door to new routes for the controlled self-assembly of proteins and peptides into novel nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Linse
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Celia Cabaleiro-Lago
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Wei-Feng Xue
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | | | - Stina Lindman
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Eva Thulin
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Lund University Chemical Centre, P. O. Box 124, SE-22100 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Sheena E. Radford
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and
- Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Garstang Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
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342
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Niwa Y, Iwai N. Nanomaterials induce oxidized low-density lipoprotein cellular uptake in macrophages and platelet aggregation. Circ J 2007; 71:437-44. [PMID: 17322648 DOI: 10.1253/circj.71.437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nanomaterials have numerous potential benefits for society, but the potential hazards of nanomaterials on human health are poorly understood. Nanomaterials are known to pass into the circulatory system in humans, causing vascular injuries that might play a role in the development of atherosclerosis. The present study aimed to determine the effects of chronic exposure to nanomaterials on macrophage phenotype and platelet aggregation. METHODS AND RESULTS Cultured macrophages (RAW264.7) were treated with carbon black (CB) and water-soluble fullerene (C60(OH)24) from 7 to 50 days. Individually, CB had no significant effects on RAW264.7 cell growth, whereas C60(OH)24 alone or CB and C60(OH)24 together with oxidized low-density lipoprotein (Ox-LDL) (100 microg/ml) induced cytotoxic morphological changes, such as Ox-LDL uptake-induced foam cell-like formation and decreased cell growth, in a dose-dependent manner. C60(OH)24 induced LOX-1 protein expression, pro-matrix metalloprotease-9 protein secretion, and tissue factor mRNA expression in lipid-laden macrophages. Although CB or C60(OH)24 alone did not induce platelet aggregation, C60(OH)24 facilitated adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-induced platelet aggregation. Furthermore, C60(OH)24 acted as a competitive inhibitor of ADP receptor antagonists in ADP-mediated platelet aggregation. CONCLUSIONS The present study confirmed novel effects of nanomaterials in macrophages and platelets. These effects suggest that exposure to nanomaterials might be a risk for atherothrombotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuharu Niwa
- Department of Epidemiology, Research Institute, National Cardiovascular Center, Suita, Japan.
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343
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Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova A, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:377-82. [PMID: 17431486 PMCID: PMC1849906 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered nanosized materials, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), are emerging as technologically important in different industries. OBJECTIVE The unique physical characteristics and the pulmonary toxicity of SWCNTs raised concerns that respiratory exposure to these materials may be associated with cardiovascular adverse effects. METHODS In these studies we evaluated aortic mitochondrial alterations by oxidative stress assays, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and plaque formation by morphometric analysis in mice exposed to SWCNTs. RESULTS A single intrapharyngeal instillation of SWCNTs induced activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of oxidative insults, in lung, aorta, and heart tissue in HO-1 reporter transgenic mice. Furthermore, we found that C57BL/6 mice, exposed to SWCNT (10 and 40 mug/mouse), developed aortic mtDNA damage at 7, 28, and 60 days after exposure. mtDNA damage was accompanied by changes in aortic mitochondrial glutathione and protein carbonyl levels. Because these modifications have been related to cardiovascular diseases, we evaluated whether repeated exposure to SWCNTs (20 mug/mouse once every other week for 8 weeks) stimulates the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice. Although SWCNT exposure did not modify the lipid profiles of these mice, it resulted in accelerated plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet. Plaque areas in the aortas, measured by the en face method, and in the brachiocephalic arteries, measured histopathologically, were significantly increased in the SWCNT-treated mice. This response was accompanied by increased mtDNA damage but not inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings are of sufficient significance to warrant further studies to evaluate the systemic effects of SWCNT under workplace or environmental exposure paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
| | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Leonard
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shih-Houng Young
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Petia P. Simeonova
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
- Address correspondence to P. Simeonova, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Telephone: (304) 285-6126. Fax: (304) 285-6038. E-mail:
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344
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Cedervall T, Lynch I, Lindman S, Berggård T, Thulin E, Nilsson H, Dawson KA, Linse S. Understanding the nanoparticle-protein corona using methods to quantify exchange rates and affinities of proteins for nanoparticles. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:2050-5. [PMID: 17267609 PMCID: PMC1892985 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0608582104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2152] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their small size, nanoparticles have distinct properties compared with the bulk form of the same materials. These properties are rapidly revolutionizing many areas of medicine and technology. Despite the remarkable speed of development of nanoscience, relatively little is known about the interaction of nanoscale objects with living systems. In a biological fluid, proteins associate with nanoparticles, and the amount and presentation of the proteins on the surface of the particles leads to an in vivo response. Proteins compete for the nanoparticle "surface," leading to a protein "corona" that largely defines the biological identity of the particle. Thus, knowledge of rates, affinities, and stoichiometries of protein association with, and dissociation from, nanoparticles is important for understanding the nature of the particle surface seen by the functional machinery of cells. Here we develop approaches to study these parameters and apply them to plasma and simple model systems, albumin and fibrinogen. A series of copolymer nanoparticles are used with variation of size and composition (hydrophobicity). We show that isothermal titration calorimetry is suitable for studying the affinity and stoichiometry of protein binding to nanoparticles. We determine the rates of protein association and dissociation using surface plasmon resonance technology with nanoparticles that are thiol-linked to gold, and through size exclusion chromatography of protein-nanoparticle mixtures. This method is less perturbing than centrifugation, and is developed into a systematic methodology to isolate nanoparticle-associated proteins. The kinetic and equilibrium binding properties depend on protein identity as well as particle surface characteristics and size.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stina Lindman
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Tord Berggård
- Department of Protein Technology, Lund University, SE-221 84 Lund, Sweden
| | - Eva Thulin
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Hanna Nilsson
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Sara Linse
- *School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and
- Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Biophysical Chemistry, Chemical Centre, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; and
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345
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Medina C, Santos-Martinez MJ, Radomski A, Corrigan OI, Radomski MW. Nanoparticles: pharmacological and toxicological significance. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 150:552-8. [PMID: 17245366 PMCID: PMC2189773 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles are tiny materials (<1000 nm in size) that have specific physicochemical properties different to bulk materials of the same composition and such properties make them very attractive for commercial and medical development. However, nanoparticles can act on living cells at the nanolevel resulting not only in biologically desirable, but also in undesirable effects. In contrast to many efforts aimed at exploiting desirable properties of nanoparticles for medicine, there are limited attempts to evaluate potentially undesirable effects of these particles when administered intentionally for medical purposes. Therefore, there is a pressing need for careful consideration of benefits and side effects of the use of nanoparticles in medicine. This review article aims at providing a balanced update of these exciting pharmacological and potentially toxicological developments. The classes of nanoparticles, the current status of nanoparticle use in pharmacology and therapeutics, the demonstrated and potential toxicity of nanoparticles will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Medina
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - M J Santos-Martinez
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Radomski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - O I Corrigan
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
| | - M W Radomski
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin Dublin, Ireland
- Author for correspondence:
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346
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Simberg D, Duza T, Park JH, Essler M, Pilch J, Zhang L, Derfus AM, Yang M, Hoffman RM, Bhatia S, Sailor MJ, Ruoslahti E. Biomimetic amplification of nanoparticle homing to tumors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:932-6. [PMID: 17215365 PMCID: PMC1783417 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0610298104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 346] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based diagnostics and therapeutics hold great promise because multiple functions can be built into the particles. One such function is an ability to home to specific sites in the body. We describe here biomimetic particles that not only home to tumors, but also amplify their own homing. The system is based on a peptide that recognizes clotted plasma proteins and selectively homes to tumors, where it binds to vessel walls and tumor stroma. Iron oxide nanoparticles and liposomes coated with this tumor-homing peptide accumulate in tumor vessels, where they induce additional local clotting, thereby producing new binding sites for more particles. The system mimics platelets, which also circulate freely but accumulate at a diseased site and amplify their own accumulation at that site. The self-amplifying homing is a novel function for nanoparticles. The clotting-based amplification greatly enhances tumor imaging, and the addition of a drug carrier function to the particles is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri Simberg
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Tasmia Duza
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ji Ho Park
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0418
| | - Markus Essler
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Jan Pilch
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Lianglin Zhang
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Austin M. Derfus
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412
| | - Meng Yang
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA 92111
| | - Robert M. Hoffman
- AntiCancer, Inc., 7917 Ostrow Street, San Diego, CA 92111
- Department of Surgery, University of California, 200 West Arbor Drive, San Diego, CA 92103-8820
| | - Sangeeta Bhatia
- Harvard–Massachusetts Institute of Technology Division of Health Sciences and Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139; and
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology/Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Michael J. Sailor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0358
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California at San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0418
| | - Erkki Ruoslahti
- Cancer Research Center, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
- Burnham Institute for Medical Research at University of California Santa Barbara, 1105 Life Sciences Technology Building, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-9610
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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347
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Kateb B, Van Handel M, Zhang L, Bronikowski MJ, Manohara H, Badie B. Internalization of MWCNTs by microglia: Possible application in immunotherapy of brain tumors. Neuroimage 2007; 37 Suppl 1:S9-17. [PMID: 17601750 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.03.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2007] [Revised: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 03/12/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a pressing need for new therapeutic, diagnostic, and drug delivery approaches for treating brain cancers. Nanotechnology offers a new method for targeted brain cancer therapy and could play a major role in gene and drug delivery. The goals of our study were to visualize in vitro ingestion, cytotoxicity, and loading capacity of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNTs) in microglia. Furthermore, we investigated internalization differences between microglia and glioma cells. BV2 microglia and GL261 glioma cells were incubated with MWCNTs, which were synthesized through catalytic chemical vapor deposition technique. Real-time RT-PCR, cell proliferation analysis, siRNA and DNA loading, electron microscopy, and flow cytometry were performed. We demonstrated that MWCNTs do not result in proliferative or cytokine changes in vitro, are capable of carrying DNA and siRNA and are internalized at higher levels in phagocytic cells as compared to tumor cells. This study suggests MWCNTs could be used as a novel, non-toxic, and biodegradable nano-vehicles for targeted therapy in brain cancers. Further studies are needed to demonstrate the full capacity of MWCNTs as nanovectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babak Kateb
- Brain Tumor Program, Department of Neurosurgery, 1500 East Duarte Road, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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348
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Schulte PA, Salamanca-Buentello F. Ethical and scientific issues of nanotechnology in the workplace. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:5-12. [PMID: 17366812 PMCID: PMC1817662 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the absence of scientific clarity about the potential health effects of occupational exposure to nanoparticles, a need exists for guidance in decisionmaking about hazards, risks, and controls. An identification of the ethical issues involved may be useful to decision makers, particularly employers, workers, investors, and health authorities. Because the goal of occupational safety and health is the prevention of disease in workers, the situations that have ethical implications that most affect workers have been identified. These situations include the a) identification and communication of hazards and risks by scientists, authorities, and employers; b) workers' acceptance of risk; c) selection and implementation of controls; d) establishment of medical screening programs; and e) investment in toxicologic and control research. The ethical issues involve the unbiased determination of hazards and risks, nonmaleficence (doing no harm), autonomy, justice, privacy, and promoting respect for persons. As the ethical issues are identified and explored, options for decision makers can be developed. Additionally, societal deliberations about workplace risks of nanotechnologies may be enhanced by special emphasis on small businesses and adoption of a global perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Schulte
- National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Cincinnati, Ohio 45226, USA.
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Cherukuri P, Gannon CJ, Leeuw TK, Schmidt HK, Smalley RE, Curley SA, Weisman RB. Mammalian pharmacokinetics of carbon nanotubes using intrinsic near-infrared fluorescence. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:18882-6. [PMID: 17135351 PMCID: PMC1665645 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0609265103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 309] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Individualized, chemically pristine single-walled carbon nanotubes have been intravenously administered to rabbits and monitored through their characteristic near-infrared fluorescence. Spectra indicated that blood proteins displaced the nanotube coating of synthetic surfactant molecules within seconds. The nanotube concentration in the blood serum decreased exponentially with a half-life of 1.0 +/- 0.1 h. No adverse effects from low-level nanotube exposure could be detected from behavior or pathological examination. At 24 h after i.v. administration, significant concentrations of nanotubes were found only in the liver. These results demonstrate that debundled single-walled carbon nanotubes are high-contrast near-infrared fluorophores that can be sensitively and selectively tracked in mammalian tissues using optical methods. In addition, the absence of acute toxicity and promising circulation persistence suggest the potential of carbon nanotubes in future pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Cherukuri
- *Department of Chemistry, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005; and
| | - Christopher J. Gannon
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Tonya K. Leeuw
- *Department of Chemistry, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005; and
| | - Howard K. Schmidt
- *Department of Chemistry, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005; and
| | - Richard E. Smalley
- *Department of Chemistry, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005; and
| | - Steven A. Curley
- Department of Surgical Oncology, University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Houston, TX 77030
| | - R. Bruce Weisman
- *Department of Chemistry, Carbon Nanotechnology Laboratory, Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and Center for Biological and Environmental Nanotechnology, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005; and
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Borm PJA, Müller-Schulte D. Nanoparticles in drug delivery and environmental exposure: same size, same risks? Nanomedicine (Lond) 2006; 1:235-49. [PMID: 17716113 DOI: 10.2217/17435889.1.2.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Engineered nanoparticles are an important tool for future nanomedicines to deliver and target drugs or bring imaging agents to the targets where they are required. Since the original application of liposomes in the 1970s, a wealth of carrier and imaging systems has been developed, including magnetoliposomes, dendrimers, fullerenes and polymer carriers. However, to make use of this potential, toxicological issues must be addressed, in particular because of findings on combustion-derived nanoparticles in environmentally exposed populations, which show effects in those with respiratory or cardiovascular diseases. These effects are mediated by oxidative stress, lung and systemic inflammation and different mechanisms of internalization and translocation. Many effects found with combustion-derived nanoparticles have now tested positive with engineered nanoparticles, such as single-wall nanotubes. This article aims to identify common concepts in the action of nanoparticles in order to enable future cross-talk and mutual use of concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J A Borm
- Zuyd University, Centre of Expertise in Life Sciences, Nieuw Eyckholt 300, An Heerlen, The Netherlands.
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