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Blanco F, Heinonen SE, Gurzeler E, Berglund LM, Dutius Andersson AM, Kotova O, Jönsson-Rylander AC, Ylä-Herttuala S, Gomez MF. In vivo inhibition of nuclear factor of activated T-cells leads to atherosclerotic plaque regression in IGF-II/LDLR -/-ApoB 100/100 mice. Diab Vasc Dis Res 2018; 15:302-313. [PMID: 29499628 PMCID: PMC6039864 DOI: 10.1177/1479164118759220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Despite vast clinical experience linking diabetes and atherosclerosis, the molecular mechanisms leading to accelerated vascular damage are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of nuclear factor of activated T-cells inhibition on plaque burden in a novel mouse model of type 2 diabetes that better replicates human disease. METHODS & RESULTS IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice were generated by crossbreeding low-density lipoprotein receptor-deficient mice that synthesize only apolipoprotein B100 (LDLR-/-ApoB100/100) with transgenic mice overexpressing insulin-like growth factor-II in pancreatic β cells. Mice have mild hyperglycaemia and hyperinsulinaemia and develop complex atherosclerotic lesions. In vivo treatment with the nuclear factor of activated T-cells blocker A-285222 for 4 weeks reduced atherosclerotic plaque area and degree of stenosis in the brachiocephalic artery of IGF-II/LDLR-/-ApoB100/100 mice, as assessed non-invasively using ultrasound biomicroscopy prior and after treatment, and histologically after termination. Treatment had no impact on plaque composition (i.e. muscle, collagen, macrophages). The reduced plaque area could not be explained by effects of A-285222 on plasma glucose, insulin or lipids. Inhibition of nuclear factor of activated T-cells was associated with increased expression of atheroprotective NOX4 and of the anti-oxidant enzyme catalase in aortic vascular smooth muscle cells. CONCLUSION Targeting the nuclear factor of activated T-cells signalling pathway may be an attractive approach for the treatment of diabetic macrovascular complications.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein B-100
- Apolipoproteins B/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins B/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Atherosclerosis/prevention & control
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/drug effects
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/metabolism
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/pathology
- Catalase/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/pathology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/deficiency
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor II/genetics
- Male
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- NADPH Oxidase 4/metabolism
- NFATC Transcription Factors/antagonists & inhibitors
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Phenotype
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Pyrazoles/pharmacology
- Receptors, LDL/deficiency
- Receptors, LDL/genetics
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Blanco
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
- Departamento de Biofísica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Suvi E Heinonen
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Erika Gurzeler
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Lisa M Berglund
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Anna-Maria Dutius Andersson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Olga Kotova
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Ann-Cathrine Jönsson-Rylander
- Bioscience, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolic diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Heart Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Maria F Gomez
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University Diabetes Centre (LUDC), Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Kostogrys RB, Johann C, Czyżyńska I, Franczyk-Żarów M, Drahun A, Maślak E, Jasztal A, Gajda M, Mateuszuk Ł, Wrobel TP, Baranska M, Wybrańska I, Jezkova K, Nachtigal P, Chlopicki S. Characterisation of Atherogenic Effects of Low Carbohydrate, High Protein Diet (LCHP) in ApoE/LDLR-/- Mice. J Nutr Health Aging 2015; 19:710-8. [PMID: 26193853 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-015-0543-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Low Carbohydrate High Protein diet represents a popular strategy to achieve weight loss. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to characterize effects of low carbohydrate, high protein diet (LCHP) on atherosclerotic plaque development in brachiocephalic artery (BCA) in apoE/LDLR-/- mice and to elucidate mechanisms of proatherogenic effects of LCHP diet. MATERIALS AND METHODS Atherosclerosis plaques in brachiocephalic artery (BCA) as well as in aortic roots, lipoprotein profile, inflammation biomarkers, expression of SREBP-1 in the liver as well as mortality were analyzed in Control diet (AIN-93G) or LCHP (Low Carbohydrate High Protein) diet fed mice. RESULTS Area of atherosclerotic plaques in aortic roots or BCA from LCHP diet fed mice was substantially increased as compared to mice fed control diet and was characterized by increased lipids and cholesterol contents (ORO staining, FT-IR analysis), increased macrophage infiltration (MOMA-2) and activity of MMPs (zymography). Pro-atherogenic phenotype of LCHP fed apoE/LDLR-/- mice was associated with increased plasma total cholesterol concentration, and in LDL and VLDL fractions, increased TG contents in VLDL, and a modest increase in plasma urea. LCHP diet increased SCD-1 index, activated SREBP-1 transcription factor in the liver and triggered acute phase response as evidence by an increased plasma concentration of haptoglobin, CRP or AGP. Finally, in long-term experiment survival of apoE/LDLR-/- mice fed LCHP diet was substantially reduced as compared to their counterparts fed control diet suggesting overall detrimental effects of LCHP diet on health. CONCLUSIONS The pro-atherogenic effect of LCHP diet in apoE/LDLR-/- mice is associated with profound increase in LDL and VLDL cholesterol, VLDL triglicerides, liver SREBP-1 upregulation, and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Kostogrys
- Renata B. Kostogrys, Department of Genetic Diagnostics and Nutrigenomics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, ul. Kopernika 21, 31-531 Kraków, Poland, Phone/fax numbers: 48 12 662 48 21/ 48 12 662 48 12,
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3
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Theelen TL, Lappalainen JP, Sluimer JC, Gurzeler E, Cleutjens JP, Gijbels MJ, Biessen EAL, Daemen MJAP, Alitalo K, Ylä-Herttuala S. Angiopoietin-2 blocking antibodies reduce early atherosclerotic plaque development in mice. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:297-304. [PMID: 26062989 PMCID: PMC4549395 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) blocking agents are currently undergoing clinical trials for use in cancer treatment. Ang-2 has also been associated with rupture-prone atherosclerotic plaques in humans, suggesting a role for Ang-2 in plaque stability. Despite the availability of Ang-2 blocking agents, their clinical use is still lacking. Our aim was to establish if Ang-2 has a role in atheroma development and in the transition of subclinical to clinically relevant atherosclerosis. We investigated the effect of antibody-mediated Ang-2 blockage on atherogenesis after in a mouse model of atherosclerosis. METHODS Hypercholesterolemic (low-density lipoprotein receptor(-/-) apolipoprotein B(100/100)) mice were subjected to high-cholesterol diet for eight weeks, one group with and one group without Ang-2 blocking antibody treatment during weeks 4-8.To enhance plaque development, a peri-adventitial collar was placed around the carotid arteries at the start of antibody treatment. Aortic root, carotid arteries and brachiocephalic arteries were analyzed to evaluate the effect of Ang-2 blockage on atherosclerotic plaque size and stable plaque characteristics. RESULTS Anti-Ang-2 treatment reduced the size of fatty streaks in the brachiocephalic artery (-72%, p < 0.05). In addition, antibody-mediated Ang-2 blockage reduced plasma triglycerides (-27%, p < 0.05). In contrast, Ang-2 blockage did not have any effect on the size or composition (collagen content, macrophage percentage, adventitial microvessel density) of pre-existing plaques in the aortic root or collar-induced plaques in the carotid artery. CONCLUSIONS Ang-2 blockage was beneficial as it decreased fatty streak formation and plasma triglyceride levels, but had no adverse effect on pre-existing atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L Theelen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jari P Lappalainen
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Judith C Sluimer
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Erika Gurzeler
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jack P Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Marion J Gijbels
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Molecular Genetics, CARIM, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Erik A L Biessen
- Department of Pathology, CARIM, Maastricht University Medical Center, P. Debyelaan 25, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mat J A P Daemen
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, University of Helsinki, Biomedicum Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Ylä-Herttuala
- Department of Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Neulaniementie 2, 70150 Kuopio, Finland.
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Abstract
Background Bisphenol A (BPA) is a base chemical used extensively in many consumer products. BPA has recently been associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in multiple large‐scale human population studies, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. We previously reported that BPA activates the pregnane X receptor (PXR), which acts as a xenobiotic sensor to regulate xenobiotic metabolism and has pro‐atherogenic effects in animal models upon activation. Interestingly, BPA is a potent agonist of human PXR but does not activate mouse or rat PXR signaling, which confounds the use of rodent models to evaluate mechanisms of BPA‐mediated CVD risk. This study aimed to investigate the atherogenic mechanism of BPA using a PXR‐humanized mouse model. Methods and Results A PXR‐humanized ApoE deficient (huPXR•ApoE−/−) mouse line was generated that respond to human PXR ligands and feeding studies were performed to determine the effects of BPA exposure on atherosclerosis development. Exposure to BPA significantly increased atherosclerotic lesion area in the aortic root and brachiocephalic artery of huPXR•ApoE−/− mice by 104% (P<0.001) and 120% (P<0.05), respectively. By contrast, BPA did not affect atherosclerosis development in the control littermates without human PXR. BPA exposure did not affect plasma lipid levels but increased CD36 expression and lipid accumulation in macrophages of huPXR•ApoE−/− mice. Conclusion These findings identify a molecular mechanism that could link BPA exposure to increased risk of CVD in exposed individuals. PXR is therefore a relevant target for future risk assessment of BPA and related environmental chemicals in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Sui
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Se‐Hyung Park
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Robert N. Helsley
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
| | - Manjula Sunkara
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.S., A.J.M.)
| | - Frank J. Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Metabolism, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD (F.J.G.)
| | - Andrew J. Morris
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., C.Z.)
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (M.S., A.J.M.)
| | - Changcheng Zhou
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (Y.S., S.H.P., R.N.H., C.Z.)
- Saha Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY (A.J.M., C.Z.)
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Evlakhov VI, Poiasov IZ. [Hemodynamic mechanisms of the superior and inferior vena cava flow changes following experimental myocardial ischemia]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova 2014; 100:328-338. [PMID: 25464733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In acute experiments in anesthetized cats myocardial left ventricular ischemia caused the decreasing of the arterial pressure, cardiac output, superior and inferior vena cava flow and venous return. The diminishing of the superior vena cava flow was caused by the decreasing of the cardiac output, increasing of the vascular resistance and decreasing of the blood flow in the region of the brachiocephalica artery. The inferior vena cava flow decreased following the diminishing of the cardiac output and abdominal aorta blood flow, while vascular resistance in this region did not change. In acute experiments in anesthetized rabbits following myocardial ischemia after the blockade of N-cholinoreceptors the superior and inferior vena cava flow decreased in the same level as in control animals. Following myocardial ischemia after the blockade of α-adrenoreceptors the superior and inferior vena cava flow decreased more significant, than in control animals.
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Reimers GJ, Jackson CL, Rickards J, Chan PY, Cohn JS, Rye KA, Barter PJ, Rodgers KJ. Inhibition of rupture of established atherosclerotic plaques by treatment with apolipoprotein A-I. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:37-44. [PMID: 21354994 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol correlate inversely with the incidence of myocardial infarction in humans. We investigated the effect of treatment with human apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the principal protein of HDL, on plaque disruption in an animal model. METHODS AND RESULTS Seventy apolipoprotein E knockout mice were induced to develop atherosclerotic lesions in the brachiocephalic artery by feeding a high-fat diet for 9 weeks. Mice then received twice-weekly treatment with human apoA-I (8 mg/kg) or vehicle, for 2 weeks. The incidence of acute plaque disruption was reduced by 65% in mice receiving apoA-I (P < 0.01). Plaques in treated mice had a more stable phenotype, with an increase in smooth muscle cell (SMC): macrophage ratio (P = 0.05), principally the consequence of an increase in the number of SMC in plaques. In the fibrous cap, there were reductions in matrix metalloproteinase-13 (-69%, P < 0.0001) and S100A4, a marker of SMC de-differentiation (-60%, P < 0.0001). These results indicate that 2 weeks of treatment with small amounts of human apoA-I produces more stable plaques in a mouse model. CONCLUSION Treatment with apoA-I has the potential to stabilize plaques and prevent plaque rupture in humans.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apolipoprotein A-I/administration & dosage
- Apolipoproteins E/deficiency
- Apolipoproteins E/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/blood
- Atherosclerosis/drug therapy
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/drug effects
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/metabolism
- Brachiocephalic Trunk/pathology
- Cardiovascular Agents/administration & dosage
- Cell Dedifferentiation
- Cholesterol, HDL/blood
- Collagen/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fibrosis
- Humans
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/pathology
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 13/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/blood
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/drug therapy
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/genetics
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic/pathology
- Rupture, Spontaneous
- S100 Calcium-Binding Protein A4
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerrit J Reimers
- The Heart Research Institute, 7 Eliza Street, Newtown NSW 2042, Australia
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Li Z, Hulderman T, Salmen R, Chapman R, Leonard SS, Young SH, Shvedova A, Luster MI, Simeonova PP. Cardiovascular effects of pulmonary exposure to single-wall carbon nanotubes. Environ Health Perspect 2007; 115:377-82. [PMID: 17431486 PMCID: PMC1849906 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.9688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2006] [Accepted: 12/04/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Engineered nanosized materials, such as single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), are emerging as technologically important in different industries. OBJECTIVE The unique physical characteristics and the pulmonary toxicity of SWCNTs raised concerns that respiratory exposure to these materials may be associated with cardiovascular adverse effects. METHODS In these studies we evaluated aortic mitochondrial alterations by oxidative stress assays, including quantitative polymerase chain reaction of mitochondrial (mt) DNA and plaque formation by morphometric analysis in mice exposed to SWCNTs. RESULTS A single intrapharyngeal instillation of SWCNTs induced activation of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a marker of oxidative insults, in lung, aorta, and heart tissue in HO-1 reporter transgenic mice. Furthermore, we found that C57BL/6 mice, exposed to SWCNT (10 and 40 mug/mouse), developed aortic mtDNA damage at 7, 28, and 60 days after exposure. mtDNA damage was accompanied by changes in aortic mitochondrial glutathione and protein carbonyl levels. Because these modifications have been related to cardiovascular diseases, we evaluated whether repeated exposure to SWCNTs (20 mug/mouse once every other week for 8 weeks) stimulates the progression of atherosclerosis in ApoE(-/-) transgenic mice. Although SWCNT exposure did not modify the lipid profiles of these mice, it resulted in accelerated plaque formation in ApoE(-/-) mice fed an atherogenic diet. Plaque areas in the aortas, measured by the en face method, and in the brachiocephalic arteries, measured histopathologically, were significantly increased in the SWCNT-treated mice. This response was accompanied by increased mtDNA damage but not inflammation. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the findings are of sufficient significance to warrant further studies to evaluate the systemic effects of SWCNT under workplace or environmental exposure paradigms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
| | | | | | | | - Stephen S. Leonard
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Shih-Houng Young
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Anna Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | | | - Petia P. Simeonova
- Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch and
- Address correspondence to P. Simeonova, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505 USA. Telephone: (304) 285-6126. Fax: (304) 285-6038. E-mail:
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Rosenfeld ME, Kauser K, Martin-McNulty B, Polinsky P, Schwartz SM, Rubanyi GM. Estrogen inhibits the initiation of fatty streaks throughout the vasculature but does not inhibit intra-plaque hemorrhage and the progression of established lesions in apolipoprotein E deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2002; 164:251-9. [PMID: 12204795 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9150(02)00178-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen has previously been shown to inhibit development of early atherosclerotic lesions in hyperlipidemic mice. However, it is still not known whether estrogen also inhibits progression and destabilization of lesions once established and whether there are other effects of long-term hormone therapy in mice. To address this question, male, 20-week old, apolipoprotein E deficient mice were administered 17-beta estradiol or placebo subcutaneously for between 4 and 40 weeks. Estrogen administration did not cause regression of established lesions in the carotid arteries, aortic arch and thoracic aorta but prevented the initiation of new lesions in the abdominal aorta and iliac, femoral and popliteal arteries. Although the established lesions were slightly smaller in the innominate artery of the estrogen treated mice, estrogen did not prevent lesion progression. Estrogen administration also had no effect on the frequency of intra-plaque hemorrhage, atrophy of the fibrous cap, medial erosion, and fibro-fatty nodules, but did reduce the frequency of fatty streaks that form on top of or adjacent to the established lesions in the innominate artery. These data suggest that estrogen inhibits the initiation of the fatty streak but does not alter the progression of established lesions through stages of instability and healing.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Red wine polyphenols and ethanol reduce fatty streak formation (early atherosclerosis) in various animal models. These experimental results support the observation that alcoholic beverages protect against myocardial infarction in humans. However, fatty streaks may not reflect the pathology of mature and clinically relevant atherosclerosis. The present study examined the effects of red wine polyphenols and ethanol on mature atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-four 7-week-old mice were randomized to receive water, red wine (diluted to 6% ethanol v/v), 6% ethanol v/v, or red wine powder in water. All mice were fed a normal chow diet. At 26 weeks of age, the mice were killed. HDL cholesterol was raised 12.0% (95% CI, 4.0% to 20.0%) and 9.2% (95% CI, 1.5% to 16.9%) by red wine and ethanol, respectively. At the end of study, all mice exhibited advanced atherosclerosis in the aortic bulb, whereas less mature atherosclerosis predominated in the brachiocephalic trunk. The amount of atherosclerosis in the aortic bulb and the brachiocephalic trunk were similar in all groups (P:=0.92 and P:=0.14, respectively). To evaluate whether ethanol or red wine polyphenols were protective by stabilizing atherosclerotic plaques rather than reducing their size, we measured the percentage of collagen-poor areas in left coronary sinus plaques as a morphological criterion of plaque stability. The percentage of collagen-poor areas did not differ between groups (P:=0.71). CONCLUSIONS Neither ethanol nor red wine polyphenols reduced mature atherosclerosis or changed the content of collagen in plaques in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Bentzon
- Department of Cardiology and Institute of Experimental Clinical Research, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark.
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10
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Pokrovskiĭ AV, Varava BN, Zotikov AE, Iudin VI. [Indications for using a method of pulsed therapy with cyclophosphamide and 6-methylprednisolone in patients with nonspecific aortoarteritis in the acute and subacute stages]. Kardiologiia 1990; 30:35-9. [PMID: 2097394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Terpin T, Roach MR. A biophysical and histological analysis of factors that lead to aortic rupture in normal and lathyritic turkeys. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1987; 65:395-400. [PMID: 3555748 DOI: 10.1139/y87-066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
These experiments were designed to determine if local differences in elastic properties or wall structure contributed to the development of aortic rupture in turkeys. Static elastic properties were measured from pressure-volume curves of cylindrical segments of upper and lower thoracic aorta and innominate artery in two groups of lathyritic birds and two age-matched control groups. The biggest changes were in the young lathyritic group that was on 0.04% beta-aminoproprionitrile at 3 weeks of age and continued for 2, 3, or 4 weeks. Much smaller changes were seen in the older group that started on 0.05% beta-aminoproprionitrile at 6 weeks of age for 10 days and then 0.02% beta-aminoproprionitrile for the next 9-12 weeks. The biggest changes were seen in the abdominal aorta, which ruptured spontaneously in 50% of the young lathyritic group. The birds had a marked decrease in the number of elastin layers per unit wall thickness. Analysis of the elastic diagrams showed that the elastance of both elastin and collagen were altered in the young lathyritic group. Rupture appeared to follow partial dissection of plaques, but true longitudinal dissection did not occur.
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